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1
Pole, Nnamdi. Race and Ethnicity. Editado por Charles B. Nemeroff e Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0029.
Resumo:
Empirical evidence shows consistent elevations in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence for Black and Native American (and, to some extent, Latino American) trauma survivors in comparison to their White and Asian American counterparts. Certain subgroups within these larger groups (e.g., Caribbean Blacks and Latinos, Southeast Asians, sexual minorities) appear to show greater risk than the rest of their group members. Ethnoracial disparities in PTSD appear to be partially accounted for by disparities in trauma exposure, racial discrimination, coping style, and cultural expressive style. Ethnoracial minorities also show lower utilization of professional PTSD treatment, even though most evidence suggests that these therapies can be equally effective for all ethnoracial groups. Culturally adapted PTSD therapies have been proposed that may encourage greater utilization of evidence-based trauma treatments and thereby reduce ethnoracial disparities in PTSD.
2
Tanaka, Shin’ichi. The relation between L2 perception and L1 phonology in Japanese loanwords. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0014.
Resumo:
This chapter examines how geminates in words from a donor language are borrowed by a recipient language that already has a geminate/singleton contrast. It analyses the loanword adaptation of Italian geminates in Japanese and its relationship to Japanese speakers’ perception of geminates. A corpus study and a perception experiment show that both phonological and phonetic factors affect adaptation patterns. Although Japanese speakers are essentially capable of perceiving geminates in Italian, their adaptation of geminates in actual loanwords is affected by the class of the consonant and the phonological environments in which it appears. Specifically, geminate consonants are more likely to be perceived as geminates by native Japanese listeners the further they appear towards the end of the source words.
3
Rippon, Stephen. Kingdom, Civitas, and County. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759379.001.0001.
Resumo:
This book explores the development of territorial identity in the late prehistoric, Roman, and early medieval periods. Over the course of the Iron Age, a series of marked regional variations in material culture and landscape character emerged across eastern England that reflect the development of discrete zones of social and economic interaction. The boundaries between these zones appear to have run through sparsely settled areas of the landscape on high ground, and corresponded to a series of kingdoms that emerged during the Late Iron Age. In eastern England at least, these pre-Roman socio-economic territories appear to have survived throughout the Roman period despite a trend towards cultural homogenization brought about by Romanization. Although there is no direct evidence for the relationship between these socio-economic zones and the Roman administrative territories known as civitates, they probably corresponded very closely. The fifth century saw some Anglo-Saxon immigration but whereas in East Anglia these communities spread out across much of the landscape, in the Northern Thames Basin they appear to have been restricted to certain coastal and estuarine districts. The remaining areas continued to be occupied by a substantial native British population, including much of the East Saxon kingdom (very little of which appears to have been 'Saxon'). By the sixth century a series of regionally distinct identities - that can be regarded as separate ethnic groups - had developed which corresponded very closely to those that had emerged during the late prehistoric and Roman periods. These ancient regional identities survived through to the Viking incursions, whereafter they were swept away following the English re-conquest and replaced with the counties with which we are familiar today.
4
Löfqvist, Anders. Articulatory coordination in long and short consonants. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0006.
Resumo:
This study examined interarticulator programming of lip and tongue movements in the production of single and geminate consonants in Japanese and Italian. One issue addressed is whether the traditional description of Japanese as mora-timed and Italian as syllable-timed is associated with differences in interarticulator programming at the segmental level. Native speakers of Japanese and Italian served as subjects. The linguistic material consisted of Italian and Japanese words forming minimal pairs, with a sequence of vowel-bilabial nasal-vowel, where the duration of the consonant was either long or short. Recordings were made of lip and tongue movements using a magnetometer system. The results show no evidence of any stable relative timing differences between Japanese and Italian. These findings are also very similar to the results of a study of American English. Thus, rhythm class does not appear to reliably influence the timing of lip and tongue movements.
5
Hummer, Hans. Kinship in the City. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797609.003.0006.
Resumo:
This chapter examines the ancient traditions of thought bequeathed to the Middle Ages to show that in antiquity kinship was neither an object of analysis nor considered an elemental or primitive social form. Kinship did not loom large when the ancients pondered prehistory, neither in origin myths, nor in the philosophical works of Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine. What consumed them was human sociality in the preeminent mark of human civilization, the city. The fullest discussions of matters that we associate with kinship appear in discussions of civic life, where familial forms testify to the associative impulses inherent in friendship, rulership, and civic life. In his City of God, Augustine expressed a native view of kinship that became dominant in medieval Europe, that kinship is love and that humans instinctively multiply the bonds of kinship to extend the net of peace, a process perfected in the spiritual regeneration of the Church.
6
Szalontai, Balázs. Political and Economic Relations between Communist States. Editado por Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.017.
Resumo:
This chapter investigates the relations between the various communist states, particularly the USSR, the East European countries, and the Asian communist regimes, from the perspective of empire studies. It seeks to refine the concept of ‘totalitarian empire’ by making brief comparisons between communist and fascist practices of domination, and argues that the relations between the various communist states were considerably influenced both by internationalist and nationalist conceptions, which did not appear as mutually exclusive forces. A peculiar feature of communist imperial policies was that the dominant powers selected the (nominally) sovereign nation-state as the basic unit of their ‘outer empires’, rather than simply annexing the occupied countries or creating semi-sovereign structures.
7
Smokowski, Paul Richard, Martica Bacallao, Corrine David-Ferdon e Caroline B. R. Evans. Acculturation and Violence in Minority Adolescents. Editado por Seth J. Schwartz e Jennifer Unger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.32.
Resumo:
This chapter provides a comprehensive review of research linking acculturation and violent behavior for adolescents of three minority populations: Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI), and American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN). Studies on Latino and A/PI youth indicate that higher levels of adolescent assimilation were a risk factor for violence. Ethnic group identity or culture of origin involvement appear to be cultural assets against youth violence, with supporting evidence from studies on A/PI youth; however, more studies are needed on Latino and AI/AN youth. Although some evidence shows low acculturation or cultural marginality to be a risk factor for higher levels of fear, victimization, and being bullied, low acculturation also serves as a protective factor against dating violence victimization for Latino youth. An emerging trend, in both the Latino and A/PI youth literature, shows the impact of acculturation processes on youth aggression and violence can be mediated by family dynamics.
8
Mellard, Jason. “These Are My People”. Editado por Travis D. Stimeling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190248178.013.11.
Resumo:
This chapter covers the politics of country music through a variety of different angles. First, it explores country music’s intersections with electoral politics, as candidates have employed country songs or artists in support of their campaigns, or as country artists themselves have run for political office. Second, it looks to the history of political subjects appearing in country songs, from the beginning of hillbilly recording in the 1920s through the debates over the Iraq War in the 2000s. Finally, the article posits a shifting cultural politics of populism that surges through the history of the genre, a tendency of identifying the “nation” and the “people” with the audience for country music. Artists of note who appear in the analysis include Jimmie Davis, the Dixie Chicks, Steve Earle, Merle Haggard, Toby Keith, Willie Nelson, Eck Robertson, and Woody Guthrie.
9
Atkinson, Timothy, John J. Coleman e Jeffrey Fudin. Opioid Medications. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199981830.003.0001.
Resumo:
This chapter describes the dilemma of today’s chronic pain patient in the face of well-intentioned regulatory efforts to reduce opioid-related mortality. From the beginning of recorded history, there has been interest in substances derived from opium poppy. As modern governments evolved, efforts were made to ensure the availability of opiates for medicinal use while restricting their nonmedical use. This chapter discusses US efforts to control opiates and the severe problem of opiate abuse in the United States that gave rise to these efforts. The United States was the first nation to establish specialized drug treatment centers, serving also as prison-hospitals, devoted solely to treating opiate addiction. Today’s liberal policies on the use of opioids to treat chronic pain appear to have unintentionally produced an epidemic of prescription opioid abuse. Meanwhile, legitimate concerns remain for treating chronic pain, despite the growing morbidity and mortality associated with such treatment.
10
Anghelescu, Andrei, Joash J. Gambarage, Zoe Wai-Man Lam e Douglas Pulleyblank. Nominal and Verbal Tone in Nata. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0005.
Resumo:
This chapter examines core tonal properties of Nata, a Lacustrine Bantu language (Guthrie E-45) spoken in the Mara region of Tanzania. In most instances, both in nouns and verbs, a Nata word exhibits a single high tone, which is restricted to a small number of locations. Though Nata’s tone system might appear simple, close examination of nouns and verbs uncovers considerable complexity in the system. Nouns exhibit lexically encoded distinctions; verb roots exhibit no lexical distinctions, but inflected verbs differ tonally depending on tense/aspect/mood. The sparse distribution of high tones follows from simple edge effects whereby tones are located relative to well-motivated morphosyntactic boundaries. The analysis, framed in a lexical allomorphy approach, crucially depends on correct identification of the macrostem, with a novel aspect being the extension of the macrostem to nouns. This extension is adopted on the grounds that nouns and verbs share similar surface patterns, captured by reference to a common domain.
11
Buchanan, John, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew e Chris Warhurst. Introduction. Editado por John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew e Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.33.
Resumo:
While there are diverse perspectives on skills and training, the divergence in disciplinary outlooks is not as great as it once may have been. Important new knowledge has identified the nature and importance of demand side factors like skill utilisation and the social determinants of skill development and outcomes. Despite this analytical flourishing, the reality of who pays for skills is becoming more narrowly defined as a ‘personal benefit’, the cost burden of which is shifting from businesses and nation states to individuals. The chapter finishes by noting while huge structural shifts in skill demand and supply are intensifying, the outcomes of these developments will depend on how skills are defined and the costs of skill development distributed. These will be settled at national and sectoral/regional level. Consequently, while the forces of change appear to be converging around the globe, the diversity in skill systems is set to continue – but in different forms.
12
Kobrin, Stephen J. Sovereignty@Bay. Editado por Alan M. Rugman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234257.003.0007.
Resumo:
This article is concerned with only one aspect of the vast literature on MNE–state relations: the impact of the MNE on sovereignty, autonomy, and control. It argues that the mainstream literature of the sovereignty at bay era did not predict the end of the nation-state or conclude that sovereignty is critically compromised either in theory or practice. In fact, while the terms ‘sovereignty’, autonomy', and ‘control’ appear frequently in these discussions, they are rarely defined or even used precisely. At the end of the day MNEs are international or cross-border entities which are of the existing inter-state system firmly rooted in national territorial jurisdiction. The problems posed by the traditional MNE for both states and the inter-state system tend to involve issues of jurisdictional asymmetry, jurisdictional overlap and control, rather than sovereignty in its formal sense. The hierarchical or Fordist structure of the traditional MNE reinforces the core values of the modern international political system: state sovereignty and mutually exclusive territoriality.
13
Einstein, Mara. Advertising. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190625887.001.0001.
Resumo:
3000. That's the number of marketing messages the average American confronts on a daily basis from TV commercials, magazine and newspaper print ads, radio commercials, pop-up ads on gaming apps, to pre-roll on YouTube videos and native advertising on mobile news apps. These commercial messages are so pervasive that we cannot help but be affected by perpetual come-ons to keeping buying. Over the last decade, advertising has become more devious, more digital, and more deceptive, with an increasing number of ads designed to appear to the untrained eye to be editorial content. It's easy to see why. As we have become smarter at avoiding ads, advertisers have become smarter about disguising them. Mara Einstein exposes how our shopping, political and even dating preferences are unwittingly formed by brand images and the mythologies embedded in them. Advertising: What Everyone Needs to Know® helps us combat the effects of manipulative advertising, and enables the reader to understand how marketing industries work in the digital age, particularly in their uses and abuses of Big Data. Most importantly, it awakens us to advertising's subtle and not so subtle impact on our lives-both as individuals and as a global society. What ideas and information are being communicated to us-and to what end?
14
Leheny, David. Empire of Hope. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501729072.001.0001.
Resumo:
How do emotions become meaningful in public life? Closely examining key episodes in Japanese politics, Empire of Hope examines the varied roles that feelings play in contemporary politics. They construct the boundaries of the national body, they inform and discipline appropriate expression, and they depoliticize messy problems that could quickly produce divisive questions about winners and losers. And most important, they work because they appear to be so natural: the simple and expected expression of how the nation shares feelings, even when they paper over the extraordinary divergence in how the nation’s members experience each incident. By emphasizing the embeddedness of emotional expression in national narratives, the book challenges recent arguments in the social sciences and humanities about role that emotions should play in political analysis. A unique array of case studies — from the medical treatment of two Vietnamese victims of Agent Orange to the global promotion of Japanese popular culture, and from a tragic maritime accident involving a US Navy submarine to the 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster — illustrates the myriad ways in which political expression of feelings matter even as they are divorced from the messiness of people’s emotional lives.
15
Vickers, Tom. Borders, Migration and Class in an Age of Crisis. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529201819.001.0001.
Resumo:
This book examines how borders structure the working class, shaping exploitation and resistance. The book uses the example of Britain to demonstrate the contemporary relevance of a Marxist approach and develop insights that have international relevance. In the wake of the 'Brexit referendum' and facing an uncertain future, debate rages as to whether immigration is good or bad for British society, in economic and cultural terms. Within the political mainstream, both sides in this debate share the assumptions that categories based on nationality, citizenship and country of origin are fixed, legitimate, and appropriate for assessing social change, measuring social benefit and harm, and allocating resources. Likewise, both sides of the debate limit their horizons to what is possible within the capitalist mode of production. Given the long history of migration to and from Britain, and the historically recent development of ideas of nation and citizenship, it is necessary to ask how and why borders and the divides they produce have become so deeply rooted and widely accepted, to the point that they appear as a ‘common sense’ division of humanity. Perhaps more importantly, what role do these ideas play in shaping responses to the crisis, and what are the alternatives?
16
Desai, Ashwin, e Goolam Vahed. A History of the Present. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199498017.001.0001.
Resumo:
While small in number, the place of the Indian in South Africa has historically loomed large because of their strong commercial and professional middle class, international influence through India, the commitment of many Indians to the anti-apartheid struggle and the prominent role that they have played in political and economic life post-apartheid. A History of the Present is the first book-length overview of Indian South Africans in the quarter century following the end of apartheid. Based on oral interviews and archival research it threads a narrative of the lives of Indian South Africans that ranges from the working class men and women to the heady heights of the newly minted billionaires; the changes wrought in the fields of religion and gender; opportunities offered on the sporting fields; the search for roots both locally and in India that also witnesses the rise of transnational organizations. Indians in South Africa appear to be always caught in an infernal contradiction; too traditional, too insular, never fitting in, while also too modern, too mobile. While focusing on Indian South Africans, this study makes critical interventions into several charged political discussions in post-apartheid South Africa, especially the debate over race and identity, while also engaging in discussions of wider intellectual interest, including diaspora, nation, and citizenship.
17
Fox, Brian. James Joyce's America. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814023.001.0001.
Resumo:
James Joyce’s America is the first study to address comprehensively and integrally the nature of Joyce’s relationship with the United States. It challenges the most prevalent view of Joyce as merely indifferent or hostile towards America, arguing that his works show an increasing level of engagement with American history, culture, and politics that culminates in the abundance of allusions to the United States in Finnegans Wake, the very title of which (from an Irish-American song) signals the importance of America to that work. The focus throughout remains consistently on Joyce’s concept of America within the framework of an Irish history to which his works obsessively return. That is, Joyce’s thematic preoccupation with Ireland and its history corresponds to a formal concentration in this study on America’s relation to that specifically post-Famine history. Within that context, it explores first Joyce’s relation to Irish America and how post-Famine Irish history as Joyce saw it transformed the country from a nation of invasions and settlements to one spreading out across the globe, ultimately connecting Joyce’s response to this historical phenomenon to the diffusive styles of Finnegans Wake. This then leads into discussions on American popular and literary cultures in terms of how they appear in relation to or as a function of the British-Irish colonial context in the post-Famine era, before concluding with a consideration of how Joyce incorporated aspects of his American reception into the Wake.