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1
Paine, Lynn Sharp. Value Shift. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.
2
Lehto, Marja. International responsibility for terrorist acts: A shift towards more indirect forms of responsibility. Rovaniemi: Lapland University Press, 2008.
3
Bhattacharya, Debasis. Corporate social development: A paradigm shift. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co., 2006.
4
United States. Congress. Senate. A bill to shift financial responsibility for providing welfare assistance to the States and shift financial responsibility for providing medical assistance under title XIX of the Social Secuirty Act to the Federal Government, and for other purposes. [Washington, D.C.?]: [United States Government Printing Office], 1994.
5
Paine, Lynn Sharp. Value shift: Why companies must merge social and financial imperatives to achieve superior performance. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
6
Paine, Lynn Sharp. Value shift: Why companies must merge social and financial imperatives to achieve superior performance. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
7
Haan, Mia Den. New concepts for business and humanity: A new paradigm shift in global consciousness is needed for humanity, in business and towards the environment, to survive a future global environmental crisis. [United States?]: Xlibris, 2007.
8
Breau, Susan. Responsibility to Protect in International Law: An Emerging Paradigm Shift. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
9
Breau, Susan. Responsibility to Protect in International Law: An Emerging Paradigm Shift. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
10
J, Sameroff Arnold, e Haith Marshall M. 1937-, eds. The five to seven year shift: The age of reason and responsibility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
11
de, Bettignies Henri Claude, e Lépineux François 1968-, eds. Finance for a better world: The shift toward sustainability. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
12
Whiteley, Philip, e Neela Bettridge. New Normal, Radical Shift: Changing Business and Politics for a Sustainable Future. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
13
Whiteley, Philip, e Neela Bettridge. New Normal, Radical Shift: Changing Business and Politics for a Sustainable Future. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
14
Whiteley, Philip, e Neela Bettridge. New Normal, Radical Shift: Changing Business and Politics for a Sustainable Future. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
15
Whiteley, Philip, e Neela Bettridge. New Normal, Radical Shift: Changing Business and Politics for a Sustainable Future. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
16
Whiteley, Philip, e Neela Bettridge. New Normal, Radical Shift: Changing Business and Politics for a Sustainable Future. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
17
Whiteley, Philip, e Neela Bettridge. New Normal, Radical Shift: Changing Business and Politics for a Sustainable Future. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
18
Stitzlein, Sarah M. Our Schools, Our Responsibility, Our Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657383.003.0005.
Resumo:
eIn chapter five, I distinguish accountability from responsibility. Accountability is a backward-looking justification of fulfilling public demands, while responsibility is a forward-moving commitment to democracy, motivated by care for other citizens and carried out through social and political action. I therefore shift the focus from the accountability requirements of schools to the responsibility obligations of citizens. I contend that as democratic citizens, we have a responsibility to ensure that the practices, institutions, and ways of life that sustain democracy are preserved and nurtured. I claim that this is perhaps most achievable in public schools. Therefore, in order to preserve and improve democracy for future generations, citizens have a responsibility to protect and support public schools. I conclude that our current educational crisis of accountability is, in significant part, a failure of citizens and should be seen as a call to responsibility, action, and support for our public schools.
19
Hutchison, Katrina, Catriona Mackenzie e Marina Oshana, eds. Social Dimensions of Moral Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609610.001.0001.
Resumo:
Philosophical theorizing about moral responsibility has recently taken a “social” turn, marking a shift in focus from traditional metaphysical concerns about free will and determinism. Yet despite this social turn, the implications of structural injustice and inequalities of power for theorizing about moral responsibility remain surprisingly neglected in philosophical literature. Recent theories have attended to the interpersonal dynamics at the heart of moral responsibility practices, and the role of the moral environment in scaffolding agential capacities. However, they assume an overly idealized conception of agency and of our moral responsibility practices as reciprocal exchanges between equally empowered and situated agents. The essays in this volume systematically challenge this assumption. Leading theorists of moral responsibility, including Michael McKenna, Marina Oshana, and Manuel Vargas, consider the implications of oppression and structural inequality for their respective theories. Neil Levy urges the need to refocus our analyses of the epistemic and control conditions for moral responsibility from individual to socially extended agents. Leading theorists of relational autonomy, including Catriona Mackenzie, Natalie Stoljar, and Andrea Westlund develop new insights into the topic of moral responsibility. Other contributors bring debates about moral responsibility into dialogue with recent work in feminist philosophy, and topics such as epistemic injustice, implicit bias and blame. Collectively, the essays in this volume reorient philosophical debates about moral responsibility in important new directions.
20
Paine, Lynn Sharp. Value Shift: Why Companies Must Merge Social and Financial Imperatives to Achieve Superior Performance. McGraw-Hill, 2002.
21
Ellis, Jenny. Holy Shift! The Student's Role in the Accountability Game: The Fearless Teacher's Plan to Build Student Responsibility in the Classroom. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012.
22
Elies, van Sliedregt. Part 1 Introduction, 1 Criminal Responsibility in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560363.003.0001.
Resumo:
The reality of warfare has changed considerably over time. While most, if not all, armed conflicts were once fought between states, many are now fought within states. Particularly since the end of the Cold War the world has witnessed an outbreak of non-international armed conflicts, often of an ethnic nature. Since the laws of war are for the most part still premised on the concept of classic international armed conflict, it proved difficult to fit this law into ‘modern’ war crimes trials dealing with crimes committed during non-international armed conflicts. The criminal law process has therefore ‘updated’ the laws of war. The international criminal judge has brought the realities of modern warfare into line with the purpose of the laws of war (the prevention of unnecessary suffering and the enforcement of ‘fair play’). It is in war crimes law that international humanitarian law has been further developed. This chapter discusses the shift from war crimes law to international criminal law, the concept of state responsibility for individual liability for international crimes, and the nature and sources of international criminal law.
23
Sicilianos, Linos-Alexandre. The UN Security Council, State Responsibility, and the European Court of Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830009.003.0012.
Resumo:
The European Court of Human Rights is in the process of refining its conceptual tools for determining the responsibility of the States Parties to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) acting in execution of a Security Council resolution. Where the implementation of resolutions involving the use of force is concerned, the Court’s recent case law has shown a shift towards systematic acceptance of the extraterritorial scope of the ECHR. As to whether the conduct in issue should be attributed to the States Parties or to the UN, the Court now makes a clear distinction between operations authorized by the Security Council and UN peacekeeping operations. The implementation of UN economic sanctions will be addressed differently according to whether or not the respondent State is a member of the EU. The criterion of ‘equivalent protection’ is only applicable in the former scenario. And in any event, it needs to be applied cautiously on a case-by-case basis. As regards the enforcement of economic sanctions by non-EU Member States, the Court tends to interpret Security Council resolutions in a manner consistent with the obligations deriving from the ECHR. More generally, the Court’s approach is oriented towards systemic harmonization rather than towards normative conflict.
24
Hanlon, Gerard. Rethinking Corporate Social Responsibility and the Role of the Firm—On the Denial of Politics. Editado por Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon e Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0007.
Resumo:
This article argues that corporate social responsibility (CSR) does not represent a challenge to business. On the contrary, it suggests that CSR represents a further embedding of capitalist social relations and a deeper opening up of social life to the dictates of the marketplace. Furthermore, it protests that CSR is not a driving force of change but rather an outcome of changes brought on by other forces. Most particularly, it is the result of a shift from a fordist to a post-fordist regime of accumulation at the heart of which is both an expansion and a deepening of wage relations. This article somewhat conveniently traces the (re)emergence of CSR as an issue beyond the academy from the 1990s whilst acknowledging the academic work on CSR carried out earlier (Carroll, 1979 or Owen, 2003 on the democratic push in CSR during the 1970s).
25
The Five to Seven Year Shift: The Age of Reason and Responsibility (The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Mental Health and De). University Of Chicago Press, 1996.
26
Carpenter, Amber. Ethics without Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499778.003.0017.
Resumo:
The language of justice belongs to a discourse of free, autonomous individuals who can be properly responsible for their actions, and appropriately blamed and resented. The Buddhist critique of these latter attitudes goes beyond prudential considerations of the bad effects of anger. Getting to the roots of anger means getting to the metaphysical picture of distinct individuals that is necessary for resentment of injustice to arise. This essay argues that dependent arising moves the criterion of correctness in individuation from correspondence with reality to efficacy in eliminating suffering. This shift carries with it a shift in attributions of agency and patient, of perpetrator and victim. Such attributions are correct when so ascribing agency facilitates the elimination of suffering. “Real” responsibility, and the freedom this requires as well as the determinism that threatens it, disappear as issues, replaced with a Buddhist ethics of care (karuṇ ā) grounded in dependent arising.
27
Leader-Picone, Cameron. Black and More than Black. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496824516.001.0001.
Resumo:
This book analyzes twenty-first century African American fiction through the proliferation of post categories that arose in the new millennium. These post categories—post-black, post-racialism, post-Soul—articulate a shift away from the racial aesthetics associated with the Black Arts Movement and argue for the individual agency of Black artists over the meaning of racial identity in their work. Analyzing key works by Colson Whitehead, Alice Randall, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Paul Beatty, Jesmyn Ward, and Kiese Laymon, this book argues that twenty-first century African American fiction highlights the push and pull between claims of post-civil rights progress and the recognition of the entrenchment of structural racism. The book contextualizes this shift through the rise of, and presidency of, Barack Obama and the revision of Du Boisian double consciousness. It examines Obama through an analysis of the discourse surrounding his rise, Obama’s own writings, and his appearance as a character. The book concludes that while the claims of progress associated with Barack Obama’s presidency and the post era categories to which it was connected were overly optimistic, they represent a major shift towards an individualistic conception of racial identity that continues to resist claims of responsibility imposed on Black artists.
28
Bonds, Mark Evan. Turning Liebhaber into Kenner. Editado por Christian Thorau e Hansjakob Ziemer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466961.013.6.
Resumo:
Johann Nikolaus Forkel’s Ueber die Theorie der Musik (1777) is one of the earliest music guides aimed specifically at listeners. Nature, he argues, is not the best guide for listening; only a thorough knowledge of the elements of music will help music lovers understand what they hear. Forkel promises to elevate amateurs to the level of connoisseurs. An unpublished manuscript of Forkel’s university lectures based on Ueber die Theorie der Musik allows us to reconstruct his vision of the ideal listener in greater detail. These lectures advocate a fundamental shift in the relationship between the listener and the musical work. Forkel speaks repeatedly of the demands made by music on its audiences and the listener’s responsibility to understand the work. The idea that a concert audience member might have a responsibility to develop a skill that can be refined and developed marks the beginning of a new and fundamentally modern attitude toward the art of listening.
29
Youde, Jeremy. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813057.003.0001.
Resumo:
The introduction lays out the basic questions at the heart of the book: why has the international community moved from seeing health as a marginal issue to understanding it as something vital and deserving of attention? It presents the notion that this shift can be understood by interpreting global health governance as a secondary institution within international society and as part of a larger notion of moral obligation and responsibility. In this way, it draws on the English School of international relations theory to explain an empirical reality in global politics. Finally, the introduction outlines the rest of the chapters in the book and how they will help build the argument.
30
Scherer, Andreas Georg, e Guido Palazzo. Globalization and Corporate Social Responsibility. Editado por Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon e Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0018.
Resumo:
This article analyzes the advent of globalization and delineates its impact on the corporation and its social responsibilities. It begins with an explanation of the concept of globalization. Next, it describes the traditional paradigm of corporate social responsibility (CSR) where the responsibilities of businesses are discussed vis-à-vis a more or less properly working nation-state system and a homogeneous moral. It describes the new situation of regulatory gaps in global regulation, an erosion of national governance, and a loss of moral and cultural homogeneity in the corporate environment. It also discusses the consequences of the post-national constellation with the help of two recent observations of business firms' behavior which call for a fresh view of the concept of CSR. Finally, it describes the necessary paradigm shifts toward a new politically enlarged concept of CSR in a globalized world.
31
Empson, Laura. Leading Discreetly. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744788.003.0007.
Resumo:
Senior management professionals have overall responsibility for business services functions, such as Finance, Human Resources, and Marketing. To perform their role effectively they need to develop a very close working relationship with the senior leadership dyad and engage in a complex range of political activities. To bring about the change they have been tasked with achieving, they must become consummate politicians, displaying a range of political skills, from networking ability and interpersonal influence to social astuteness and apparent sincerity. Through a complex set of political activities, management professionals work with the Managing and Senior Partners to help shift the balance of power, away from senior fee-earning professionals and towards the leadership of the organization, without the fee-earning professionals necessarily recognizing or accepting that this change is occurring. This chapter, therefore, shows how it is possible for outsiders to lead discreetly.
32
King, David P. Preaching Good News to the Poor. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190683528.003.0006.
Resumo:
The chapter examines how Billy Graham’s encounters with domestic and global poverty offer a window into the evolution of Graham’s social ethic that sheds light on American evangelicals’ public engagement at home and abroad. As his public platform grew, he began to draw attention to the world’s most pressing needs. Graham’s evolving humanitarianism helped set the boundaries of a postwar American evangelicalism. As Graham came to speak of both evangelism and social concern as necessary parts of the gospel, debates over their exact relationship continued to rally and fragment evangelicals. Graham’s social ethic also illuminated American evangelicals’ view of the world. Finally, Graham’s humanitarianism highlighted the contested relationships between government and religious agencies. As his social ethic moved from the abstract to the specific, Graham embraced terms like social justice and social responsibility. This shift may serve as Graham’s closest link to the global activism of contemporary evangelicalism.
33
Weiss‐Wendt, Anton. The State and Genocide. Editado por Donald Bloxham e A. Dirk Moses. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0005.
Resumo:
This article explores the connection between the state and genocide. It argues that no form of mass violence, and least of all genocide, erupts spontaneously. It requires premeditation, usually by a government with a record of gross human rights violations. Indeed, the discussion contends that genocide is intricately linked to the idea of the modern state, despite a body of scholarship that questions that link. Non-state agents such as radical political parties or armed militias are usually incorporated into the governing structure and therefore rarely perform on their own. The state may deliberately use them as proxies to obscure the decision-making process and thus to shift responsibility for the crimes committed. Even though the ruling body may not always emphasize state interests in genocide, the painstaking reconstruction of the chain of command, where possible, inevitably points to the upper echelons of power as the original source of mass violence.
34
Blokker, Niels. Reconfiguring the Un System of Collective Security. Editado por Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0009.
Resumo:
This chapter examines pacific settlement and collective security as the primary instruments of the United Nations for promoting and underwriting international security. It begins by focusing on the development of newer approaches to UN-centred collective security in the new millennium in response to increased security threats. The chapter discusses economic sanctions, consent-based peacekeeping, robust peace operations, the coercive responsibility to protect (R2P), and nuclear security. In particular, it considers the evolution of peacekeeping side by side with preventive diplomacy, as well as the increase in the number of UN operations after the end of the Cold War to resolve outstanding conflicts. It also evaluates the report prepared by Algerian diplomat Lakhdar Brahimi, chair of a high-level international panel appointed by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan to make recommendations for changes in UN peacekeeping. The chapter concludes by considering the shift from collective security to global governance.
35
Brown, Chris. Revisionist Just War Theory and the Impossibility of a Moral Victory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801825.003.0006.
Resumo:
Recently, the militarization of the police has received much comment while less attention has been given to the application of civilian legal and moral standards to soldiers in combat zones. This shift is partly the product of ‘revisionist’ just war theorists, who understand war in terms of individual responsibility, challenging conventional views on the rights of states to defend themselves and replacing the Law of Armed Conflict with International Human Rights Law. This is a retrograde step; it loses contact with realities of warfare and validates the critique of just war thinking as encouraging a Manichean worldview. Classical just war thinking is about discrimination, avoiding the absolutism of both pacifism and an amoral realpolitik; revisionist just war theory is effectively pacifist insofar as no actual war could be fought that would satisfy its conditions. Discrimination disappears, and with it the possibility of a moral or any other kind of victory.
36
Reike, Ruben. Conflict Prevention and R2P. Editado por Alex J. Bellamy e Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.31.
Resumo:
This chapter examines how the agenda of prevention of armed conflict relates to the principle of the responsibility to protect (R2P). While R2P was originally assumed to be fully compatible with the goals and principles of traditional conflict prevention, subsequent research has disentangled the relationship between R2P and conflict prevention, arguing that conflict prevention is a necessary but not a sufficient component of atrocity prevention, and that atrocity prevention needs to include a strategy for deterring potential perpetrators. Recent scholarship has started to examine the implications of marrying R2P to international criminal law categories. What follows from R2P’s move to crimes is an individualization of the principle, as well as a shift towards partiality, intrusion, and coercion. This means that where a threat of atrocity crimes occurs in the context of armed conflict, it cannot simply be assumed that R2P and conflict prevention are pulling in the same direction.
37
Boutellis, Arthur J. The Democratic Republic of Congo. Editado por Alex J. Bellamy e Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.39.
Resumo:
Authorized in the wake of the Srebrenica massacre and Rwandan genocide, the United Nations peacekeeping mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) was the first of two UN peacekeeping missions to receive an explicit protection of civilians (POC) mandate in 2000. This chapter discusses the challenges the UN mission faced in implementing this POC mandate over 15 years of existence. It analyses how lessons from early protection crises led the mission to develop a series of innovative tools for a better peacekeeping response, up to the establishment of the Force Intervention Brigade (FIB) in 2013. This chapter concludes with some lessons including the need for a shift from a largely UN-centric and troop-intensive approach to physical protection to a greater focus on strengthening national protection capacities as part of a broader political/stabilization strategy, which encourages and empowers the host government to shoulder its primary responsibility to protect its citizens.
38
Goodhart, Michael. Injustice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692421.001.0001.
Resumo:
Injustice offers a radical alternative to familiar ways of thinking about problems of justice and injustice, one motivated by the urgency of concrete struggles over injustice in the real world. It rejects the paradigm of ideal moral theory, which suffers from theoretical paralysis, distortional thinking, and a reflexive tendency to subordinate politics to morality. Instead, this book proposes an innovative approach that integrates realistic analysis of conflict, power, and politics with substantive normative critique and prescription. It does so by developing a bifocal theoretical framework that treats claims about justice and injustice as ideological claims. This framework enables theorists to shift their focus between two complementary perspectives, distinguishing the work of analyzing politics and advocating for particular substantive points of view. The book outlines a substantive democratic account of injustice and uses it to show what practical difference it makes if one adopts the approach it recommends. Injustice describes the work that political theory and political theorists can do to combat injustice and illustrates it through a novel reconceptualization of responsibility for injustice.
39
Barnhurst, Kevin G. Authorities Replaced Others. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040184.003.0005.
Resumo:
This chapter examines the shift in the roles persons play in the news. Studies of newspapers and newscasts show that by the mid-twentieth century, the number of individuals who take action in a news event, or become the victims of those actions in the press, dropped to less than three in the average crime, accident, or job story. Others took their places. A century ago, an official would appear in only one of four stories. However, the number of officials involved in or having direct responsibility over activities in the news has increased steadily until at least one official appeared in almost every news story. Studies of Internet editions for the same newspapers found that the number of officials continued to be large through 2010. Ordinary citizens and unaffiliated individuals continued to appear in stories, but as news grew longer, it replaced more of them. Political stories from the newspapers and their Internet editions are the most pronounced example: officials and others have come to outnumber individual actors.
40
Harrod, Molly, Sanjay Saint e Robert W. Stock. Teaching Inpatient Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190671495.001.0001.
Resumo:
Each year, roughly 18,000 medical students graduate from 170 plus medical schools in the United States. Nearly all of these graduates will continue their medical education at one of the more than 1,000 teaching hospitals across the country. Because of the reduction in the resident work week and the more recent intern shift cap, medical education on the wards must be high yield. This educational responsibility falls on the shoulders of attending physicians, few of whom have had formal education in teaching. This book utilized an in-depth exploratory, qualitative approach to uncover how a group of attendings, identified as experts in the field of medical teaching, construct learning environments that promote team-based learning while delivering high-quality patient-centered care. We observed attendings with their teams on rounds and conducted interviews and focus groups with the attendings and current and former learners in order to obtain multiple perspectives on what makes an attending a great teacher and clinician. Using real examples derived from the inpatient teaching environment, this book will provide readers with strategies they can modify and incorporate into their own teaching repertoire, including how to utilize the expertise of other allied health professionals and involve the patient in the teaching process.
41
Stitzlein, Sarah M. American Public Education and the Responsibility of its Citizens. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657383.001.0001.
Resumo:
Not only is the future of our public schools in jeopardy, so is our democracy. Public schools are central to a flourishing democracy, where children learn how to deliberate and solve problems together, build shared identities, and come to value justice and liberty. As citizen support for public schools wanes, our democratic way of life is at risk. While we often hear about the poor performance of students and teachers, the current educational crisis is at heart not about accountability, but rather about citizen responsibility. Yet citizens increasingly do not feel that public schools are our schools, that we have influence over them or responsibility for their outcomes. Citizens have become watchdogs of public institutions largely from the perspective of consumers, without seeing ourselves as citizens who compose the public of public institutions. Accountability becomes more about finding fault with and placing blame on our schools and teachers, rather than about taking responsibility as citizens for shaping our expectations of schools, determining the criteria we use to measure their success, or supporting schools in achieving those goals. This book sheds light on recent shifts in education and citizenship, helping the public to understand not only how schools now work, but also how citizens can take an active role in shaping them. It provides citizens with tools, habits, practices, and knowledge necessary to support schools. It offers a vision of how we can cultivate citizens who will continue to support public schools and thereby keep democracy strong.
42
Zrilic, Jure. The Protection of Foreign Investment in Times of Armed Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830375.001.0001.
Resumo:
Foreign investors often sustain injuries during violent situations, such as riots, revolutions, civil wars, and international armed conflicts. There is a great deal of uncertainty about how effective investment treaty protections are in volatile times, how they relate to other applicable legal frameworks, and how they affect the state security policy and the post-conflict transition to peace. This book explores how foreign investment is protected in times of armed conflict under the investment treaty regime. It does so by combining insights from different areas of international law, including international investment law, international humanitarian law, international human rights law, the law of state responsibility, and the law of treaties. While the protections have evolved over time, with the investment treaty regime providing the strongest legal framework for protecting investors yet, there has been an apparent shift towards safeguarding a state’s security interests in recent treaty practice. The book identifies and analyses the flaws in the existent normative framework, but also highlights the potential that investment treaties have for minimizing the devastating effects of armed conflict. It offers an analytical framework for assessing the investment treaty regime in times of armed conflict, distinguishing between different paradigms and different types conflicts. It argues that a new approach is needed to appropriately balance the competing interests of host states and investors when it comes to investment protection in armed conflicts.
43
McLaren, Margaret A. Women's Activism, Feminism, and Social Justice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947705.001.0001.
Resumo:
Informed by practices of women’s activism in India, this book proposes a feminist social justice framework to address the wide range of issues women face globally, including economic exploitation; sexist oppression; racial, ethnic, and caste oppression; and cultural imperialism. The feminist social justice framework provides an alternative to mainstream philosophical frameworks that analyze and promote gender justice globally: universal human rights, economic projects such as microfinance, and cosmopolitanism. These frameworks share a commitment to individualism and abstract universalism that underlie certain liberal and neoliberal approaches to justice. Arguing that these frameworks emphasize individualism over interdependence, similarity over diversity, and individual success over collective capacity, McLaren draws on the work of Rabindranath Tagore to develop the concept of relational cosmopolitanism. Relational cosmopolitanism prioritizes our connections, while acknowledging power differences. Extending Iris Young’s theory of political responsibility, McLaren shows how Fair Trade connects to the economic solidarity movement. The Self-Employed Women’s Association and MarketPlace India empower women through access to livelihoods as well as fostering leadership capabilities that allow them to challenge structural injustice through political and social activism. Their struggles to resist economic exploitation and gender oppression through collective action show the importance of challenging individualist approaches to achieving gender justice. The book concludes with a call for a shift in our thinking and practice toward reimagining the possibilities for justice from a relational framework, from independence to interdependence, from identity to intersectionality, and from interest to sociopolitical imagination.
44
Thackeray, David, e Richard Toye. Age of Promises. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843030.001.0001.
Resumo:
Age of Promises explores the issue of electoral promises in twentieth century Britain—how they were made, how they were understood, and how they evolved across time. It does so through a study of general election manifestos and election addresses. The premise of the book is that a history of the act of making promises—which is central to the political process, but which has not been sufficiently analysed—illuminates the development of political communication and democratic representation. The twentieth century saw a broad shift away from politics viewed as a discursive process whereby, at elections, it was enough to set out broad principles, with detailed policymaking to follow once in office, following reflection and discussion. Over the first part of the century, parties increasingly felt required to compile lists of specific policies to offer to voters and detailed, costed pledges. We live in an age of growing uncertainty over the authority and status of political promises. In the wake of the 2016 EU referendum––during which an (alleged) promise was famously written on the side of a bus––controversy erupted over parliamentary sovereignty. Should ‘the will of the people’ as manifested in the referendum result be supreme, or did MPs owe a primary responsibility to their constituents and/or to the party manifestos on which they had been elected? Age of Promises demonstrates that these debates build on a long history of differing understandings about what status manifestos and addresses should have in shaping the actions of government.
45
Rushton, Cynda Hylton, ed. Moral Resilience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.001.0001.
Resumo:
Suffering is an unavoidable reality in healthcare. Not only are patients and families suffering but also the clinicians who care for them. Commonly the suffering experienced by clinicians is moral in nature, in part a reflection of the increasing complexity of health care, their roles within it, and the expanding range of available interventions that challenge their moral foundations. Moral suffering is the anguish that arises occurs in response to moral adversity that challenges clinicians’ integrity: the inner harmony that arises when their essential values and commitments are aligned with their choices and actions. The sources and sequelae of moral distress, one type of moral suffering, have been documented among clinicians across specialties. Transforming their suffering will require solutions that expanded individual and system strategies. Moral resilience, the capacity of an individual to restore or sustain integrity in response to moral adversity, offers a path forward. It encompasses capacities aimed at developing self- regulation and self-awareness, buoyancy, moral efficacy, self-stewardship and ultimately personal and relational integrity. Whether it involves gradual or profound radical change clinicians have the potential to transform themselves and their clinical practice in ways that more authentically reflect their character, intentions and values. The burden of healing our healthcare system is not the sole responsibility of individuals. Clinicians and healthcare organizations must work together to transform moral suffering by cultivating the individual capacities for moral resilience and designing a new architecture to support ethical practice. Used worldwide for scalable and sustainable change, the Conscious Full Spectrum approach, offers a method to solve problems to support integrity, shift patterns that undermine moral resilience and ethical practice, and leverage the inner potential of clinicians and leaders to produce meaningful and sustainable results that benefit all.
46
Taylor-Gooby, Peter, Benjamin Leruth e Heejung Chung. The Context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790266.003.0001.
Resumo:
Welfare states across Europe are changing: the future will not be like the past. This chapter examines the economic, social, and political challenges that have confronted European welfare states during the past fifteen years, including globalization and the post-industrial transformation, population ageing and shifts in family life, the ascendancy of neo-liberalism, and the growth of populist nationalism. It identifies new directions in policy: neo-liberal austerity; individual responsibility; neo-Keynesian interventionism; social investment; predistribution; fightback; and welfare chauvinism or protectionism. It argues that the European welfare state is undergoing radical transformation. Whether the European tradition of state intervention to meet the needs of citizens will survive in all countries is at present unclear.
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Pattison, James. The Alternatives to War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755203.003.0001.
Resumo:
This chapter sets the scope for the ensuing analysis. It first introduces the measures, before highlighting the political and theoretical significance of considering the alternatives and delineating the problems caused by the lack of clarity surrounding them. It highlights the need to develop the responsibility to protect (R2P) doctrine, to have a fuller understanding of Just War Theory and the requirements of last resort, and to offer appropriate guidance as geopolitical shifts render the alternatives to war increasingly significant. It also makes clear the scope of the analysis and outlines the measures that the book will focus on. These are the central international alternatives to war that are used to address ongoing or imminent mass atrocities and serious external aggression.
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Gross, Matthias, e Debra J. Davidson. In Closing. Editado por Debra J. Davidson e Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.33.
Resumo:
This chapter summarizes the key contributions offered by the authors of the present volume and calls on social scientists to open up the many black boxes that may prevent further understanding of complex energy-society systems, and to use those insights in energy planning. It discusses some of the book’s major themes with respect to energy supply and demand, focusing on the pressures and opportunities for continued development of fossil-fuel resources, the agreement among authors that renewable energy will not be a panacea, the link between energy poverty and climate justice, and the overriding tendency to attribute responsibility for changing energy consumption to middle-class families by voluntary means. The chapter also considers the influence of shifts in supply and demand on markets, politics, and governance, along with the implications of technological optimism for energy-society relations.
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Gardner, John. That’s the Story of My Life. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818755.003.0003.
Resumo:
This chapter shifts attention from the wrong to the loss that is suffered by the person who is wronged. It considers the basis on which such losses can intelligibly be attributed to the wrongdoer. The chapter argues that the problem goes right to the heart of the theory of human action. There cannot be human action at all—or even a decision to act—if there cannot be human action that is partly constituted by the way it turns out. There is no reason to decide, never mind a reason to attempt, if there is no reason to achieve, succeed, bring about what one decided, and so on. An explanation of action, in short, depends on an explanation of the possibility of causal responsibility. The problem faced by private law, then, is not so much the problem of explaining how losses matter, as much as the problem of explaining where we should stop.
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French, Jeff. The case for social marketing in public health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198717690.003.0001.
Resumo:
This chapter explores the influence of paternalistic conceptions of public health fostered by more generic state paternalism that stresses the responsibility of the state to influence health and the conditions that create it. The limitations of such an approach are reviewed. The chapter also explores the growing realization that governments and their agencies cannot deliver the significant shifts in population-level behaviour change alone, and the implications of this realization. The second half of the chapter sets out the case for a new citizen-informed model of public health practice informed by social marketing principles. The rationale and practical implications of this new citizen-focused model are explored, including the added value contribution that can be made to public health programmes and policy through the application of social marketing principles. The chapter ends with a review of why social marketing is being increasingly applied as standard practice in many parts of the world.