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Статті в журналах з теми "2nd generation biofuels' productions":
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Ahorsu, Richard, Francesc Medina, and Magda Constantí. "Significance and Challenges of Biomass as a Suitable Feedstock for Bioenergy and Biochemical Production: A Review." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 3366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123366.
Анотація:
Fossil fuels have been a major contributor to greenhouse gases, the amounts of which could be reduced if biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel were used for transportation. One of the most promising biofuels is ethyl alcohol. In 2015, the world production of ethanol was 25.6 billion gallons and the USA, Brazil, China, the European Union, and 28 other countries have set targets for blending ethanol with gasoline. The two major bio-source materials used for ethanol production are corn and sugarcane. For 1st generation biofuels, sugarcane and corn feedstocks are not able to fulfill the current demand for alcohol. Non-edible lignocellulosic biomass is an alternative bio-source for creating 2nd generation biofuels and algae biomass for 3rd and 4th generation biofuels. This review discusses the significance of biomass for the different generations of biofuels, and biochemical and thermochemical processes, and the significance of biorefinery products.
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Szadkowska, Dominika, and Jan Szadkowski. "The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 111 (September 30, 2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6571.
Анотація:
The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS. The aim of the study was to develop the method of analysis by gas chromatography of the liquid obtained after extraction with cyclohexane of wood of different poplar varieties (Populus sp.). After applying an appropriate method, the application of gas chromatography with mass detector facilitates the analysis of the chemical composition of extracts from different types of lignocellulosic biomass. It is also possible to verify included compounds as well as to compare the content of individual compounds contained in the analysed sample. Moreover, this sample will make it possible to determine the significance of the influence of given substances on biofuel production processes based on lignocellulosic materials. One of the key chemical substances influencing the process of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are extraction substances contained in lignocellulose materials used in 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels. These compounds can inhibit the whole process of producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass.
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Pérez, Laura, Iván Aranda, and Tatiana Loureiro. "Novel Process to Convert Wet and Dry Organic Feedstocks into 2nd Generation Biofuels: A Scientific Review of the Heat-to-Fuel Project." Proceedings 65, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020065013.
Анотація:
Heat-to-Fuel is a 48-month research and innovation project, funded under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 (EU H2020) Framework Program, which the main objective is to deliver the next generation of biofuel production technologies supporting the decarbonization of the transportation sector by integrating its novel technologies together with innovative activities on design, modeling, development of hardware and processes, testing and life cycle analysis of a fully integrated system. The Heat-to-Fuel concept consists of a biorefinery that combines hydrothermal liquefaction, aqueous phase reforming and Fischer–Tropsch processes to convert wet and solid organic wastes into 2nd generation biofuels with the highest efficiency. Having reached almost 75% of the Heat-to-Fuel project’s execution, a review on the main research outcomes and publications derived from the Heat-to-Fuel project activities are presented within this paper.
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Frankiewicz, Andrzej, Marcin Przedlacki, and Katarzyna Janecka. "Synthesis of Ethyl Levulinate, a Perspective Biocomponent of Motor Fuels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 797 (November 2015): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.797.357.
Анотація:
In this work the importance of levulinic acid obtained from lignocellulosic biomass, as a feedstock for the production of 2nd generation biofuels, was presented. One of the derivatives of levulinic acid, having physicochemical properties appropriate for biofuels is ethyl levulinate. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of this ester in an autoclave (temperature, reaction time) were determined. The reaction product was separated from the post-reaction mixture by simple distillation and its purity was determined using gas chromatography. Under optimal conditions the yield of ethyl levulinate was 74% and its purity after distillation was 96,87% (m/m).
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Beca Figueiredo, Beatriz, and Francisco Ignácio Giocondo César. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY IN THE PRODUCTION OF SECOND GENERATION ALCOHOL." REVISTA CIENTÍFICA ACERTTE - ISSN 2763-8928 1, no. 6 (December 5, 2021): e1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/acertte.v1i6.43.
Анотація:
The use of biofuels, such as ethanol, is seen as a viable alternative, due to the growing need for alternative clean energy sources, research on the subject has been intensified, especially when it comes to fuels, the search for a reduction in energy consumption. The rate of gases responsible for the greenhouse effect, therefore, makes it necessary to replace fossil fuels with clean and renewable fuels. The 2nd. Generation (E2G), compared to 1st Ethanol. Generation (E1G), has shown significant environmental and social gains, as it is produced from waste, uses less natural resources and energy. Within this context, this work aims to analyze the efficiency and economic viability of the production of second generation alcohol – E2G. Based on an exploratory bibliographic research, in the following databases, academic google and web of Science, in articles published on the topic discussed here, from 2010 onwards. second-generation alcohol with first-generation alcohol, to discover its economic viability and production efficiency.
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Loureiro, Tatiana, and Raymond Sterling. "Biorefinery Combining HTL and FT to Convert Wet and Solid Organic, Industrial Wastes into 2nd Generation Biofuels with Highest Efficiency: Heat-to-Fuel." Proceedings 2, no. 15 (August 28, 2018): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2151128.
Анотація:
Heat-to-Fuel is a 48 months Horizon 2020 project which main objective is to deliver the next generation of biofuel production technologies supporting the de-carbonisation of the transportation sector by integrating its novel technologies together with innovative activities on design, modelling, development of hardware and processes, testing and life cycle analysis of a fully integrated system.
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Gomes, João, Jaime Puna, António Marques, Jorge Gominho, Ana Lourenço, Rui Galhano, and Sila Ozkan. "Clean Forest—Project Concept and Early Results." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 9294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249294.
Анотація:
The Clean Forest project aims to valorize forest biomass wastes (and then prevent their occurrence as a fuel source in forests), converting it to bioenergy, such as the production of 2nd generation synthetic biofuels, like bio-methanol, bio-DME, and biogas, depending on the process operating conditions. Valorization of potential forest waste biomass thus enhances the reduction of the probability of occurrence of forest fires and, therefore, presents a major value for local rural communities. The proposed process is easy to implement, and energetically, it shows significantly reduced costs than the conventional process of gasification. Additionally, the input of energy necessary to promote electrolysis can be achieved with solar energy, using photovoltaic panels. This paper refers to the actual progress of the project, as well as the further steps which consist of a set of measures aimed at the minimization of the occurrence of forest fires by the valorization of forest wastes into energy sources.
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Dąbkowska, Katarzyna, Monika Mech, Kamil Kopeć, and Maciej Pilarek. "Enzymatic Activity of Some Industrially-Applied Cellulolytic Enzyme Preparations." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2017-0001.
Анотація:
Abstract Enzymatic hydrolysis is the essential step in the production of 2nd generation biofuels made from lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. agricultural or forestry solid wastes. The enzyme-catalysed robust degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose to monosaccharides requires the synergistic action of the independent types of highly-specific enzymes, usually offered as ready-to-use preparations. The basic aim of the study was to experimentally determine the enzymatic activity of two widely industrially-applied, commercially available cellulolytic enzyme preparations: (i) Cellic® CTec2 and (ii) the mixture of Celluclast® 1.5L and Novozyme 188, in the hydrolysis of pre-treated lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. (a) energetic willow and (b) rye straw, or untreated (c) cellulose paper as well, used as feedstocks. Before the hydrolysis, every kind of utilized lignocellulosic biomass was subjected to alkaline-based (10% NaOH) pre-treatment at high-temperature (121°C) and overpressure (0.1 MPa) conditions. The influence of the type of applied enzymes, as well as their concentration, on the effectiveness of hydrolysis was quantitatively evaluated, and finally the enzyme activities were determined for each of tested cellulolytic enzyme preparations.
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Sheridan, Cormac. "Europe lags, US leads 2nd-generation biofuels." Nature Biotechnology 26, no. 12 (December 2008): 1319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1208-1319.
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Zabaniotou, A., O. Ioannidou, and V. Skoulou. "Rapeseed residues utilization for energy and 2nd generation biofuels." Fuel 87, no. 8-9 (July 2008): 1492–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.09.003.
Дисертації з теми "2nd generation biofuels' productions":
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Ben, Fradj Nosra. "Analyse micro-économique spatialisée des enjeux environnementaux de l’introduction de productions agricoles à finalité énergétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0007.
Анотація:
Cette thèse a pour premier objectif d'intégrer le changement de l'usage des sols et des pratiques en relation avec le développement des biocarburants de seconde génération (2nde G) dans l'analyse économique à travers les effets privés (conséquences pour les producteurs) et les effets externes (pollutions). L'effort est porté sur les impacts de ce changement sur l'environnement en privilégiant les effets de la consommation d'intrants azotés sur les émissions de polluants (N2O, NH3 et NO3). Le deuxième objectif est de pouvoir évaluer le potentiel de développement de la filière éthanol de 2nde G. L'analyse économique proposée ici privilégie la dimension spatiale à un niveau aussi fin que le permettront les outils de modélisation économique et les données disponibles. En effet, les résultats d'offre en ressources de biomasse fournis par le modèle AROPAj sont par la suite confrontés aux différentes demandes de bioénergie à l'échelle française sous contraintes de différents types de politiques publiques, modélisées dans le modèle TIMES-GeoMIRET. Ce travail de modélisation a permis notamment de mettre en évidence la cohérence des objectifs bioénergie avec le potentiel de ressource à travers l'analyse des choix technologiques et la régionalisation des unités industrielles. Les résultats ont montré que la compétition avec "le fuel" serait plus "feed" que "food" puisque la production de la biomasse dédiée à l'énergie est induite par les modifications affectant l'alimentation et la production animale. La production d'une culture dédiée à la biomasse réduit la surface des terres allouées aux cultures à forte consommation d'azote ce qui réduit les pertes en azote. Il ressort du couplage entre AROPAj et TIMES-GeoMIRET qu'une production de 0.5 Mt d'éthanol/an devrait être atteinte à l'horizon de 2030 (l'équivalent de trois sites de production). Les unités de production seraient implantées dans la région nord-ouest de la France plus particulièrement à Lillebonne où existe déjà une unité de production d'éthanol de première générationThe main objective of this thesis is to perform an economic analysis of the impacts of second generation (2G) biofuel crops production on land use, agricultural practices and the environment. As for the environmental impacts, we focus on the relationship between the nitrogen fertilizers' consumption and the pollutants emissions (N2O, NH3 et NO3). The second objective is to estimate the potential development of 2G ethanol production in France. The available data and modeling tools that we use in this thesis allow for an economic analysis on a fine spatial dimension. The agricultural supply, given by the AROPAj model, is then combined with the different French bioenergy demands and public policies, which are modeled by the TIMES-GeoMIRET model. This modeling framework allows us to highlight the coherence of bioenergy objectives with the biomass resource potential through the analysis of the technological choices and the regionalisation of the bioenergy plants. Results indicate that "fuel" is not competing only with food, but also with "feed" because producing biomass is achieved at the expense of food and feed production. Cultivating dedicated biomass crops decreases land allocated to crops with high nutrient requirements, and consequently reduces the nitrogen losses. The coupling between AROPAj and TIMES-GeoMIRET has shown that 0.5 Mt of ethanol/year should be produced in 2030, which corresponds approximately to an output capacity of 3 processing plants. These plants should be built in the French northwest region, more precisely at Lillebonne where a 1G ethanol plant already exists
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Jin, Ying. "Sustainable Production of Fuel : A Study for Customer Adoption of 2nd Generation of Biofuel." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-131910.
Анотація:
Abstract Finding a new fuel to substitute gasoline which reducing rapidly every year, is an urgent problem in the world. In this situation, biofuel is considered to be one kind of new fuel which make no pollution. Nowadays, 1st generation biofuel is familiar with people and adopted by customers, which make it have a stable market share. Since it also brings new problems, 2nd generation biofuel appear and solve all the problems.In the thesis, I compared the pros and cons between the 1st and 2nd generation biofuel in order to find the possibility if the 2nd generation biofuel can substitute the 1st generation biofuel in the petroleum market. And the customer surveys will also show the detail ideas and data about the customers’ options. If people trust the 2nd generation biofuel can substitute the 1st generation one, the new biofuel will have the stable market share in the future . It means 2nd generation biofuel could be easily introduced in the market.This thesis investigate the possibility for introducing 2nd generation biofuels into the petroleum market. The theories based on the market segments, customer buying behavior, customer value, adopt decision making and characteristic of innovations.This study contain data which includes five interviews and one hundred customer surveys. It shows consumers’ personal idea and some managers’ thinking about whether 2nd generation biofuels will be potential in the market.In the thesis, it will indicate whether customers will be easily or difficult to adopt the new product and find the critical issues for the adoption.
3
Poole, David A. "A Production and Cost Modeling Methodology of 2nd Generation Biofuel in the United States." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5373.
Анотація:
The use of biofuels in the United States has increased dramatically in the last few years. The largest source of feedstock for ethanol to date has been corn. However, corn is also a vitally important food crop and is used commonly as feed for cattle and other livestock. To prevent further diversion of an important food crop to production of ethanol, there is great interest in developing commercial-scale technologies to make ethanol from non-food crops, or other suitable plant material. This is commonly referred to as biomass. A review is made of lignocellulosic sources being considered as feedstocks to produce ethanol. Current technologies for pretreatment and hydrolysis of the biomass material are examined and discussed. Production data and cost estimates are culled from the literature, and used to assist in development of mathematical models for evaluation of production ramp-up profiles, and cost estimation. These mathematical models are useful as a planning tool, and provide a methodology to estimate monthly production output and costs for labor, capital, operations and maintenance, feedstock, raw materials, and total cost. Existing credits for ethanol production are also considered and modeled. The production output in liters is modeled as a negative exponential growth curve, with a rate coefficient providing the ability to evaluate slower, or faster, growth in production output and its corresponding effect on monthly cost. The capital and labor costs per unit of product are determined by dividing the monthly debt service and labor costs by that month's production value. The remaining cost components change at a constant rate in the simulation case studies. This methodology is used to calculate production levels and costs as a function of time for a 25 million gallon per year capacity cellulosic ethanol plant. The parameters of interest are calculated in MATLAB with a deterministic, continuous system simulation model. Simulation results for high, medium, and low cost case studies are included. Assumptions for the model and for each case study are included and some comparisons are made to cost estimates in the literature. While the cost per unit of product decreases and production output increases over time, some reasonable cost values are obtained by the end of the second year for both the low and medium cost case studies. By the end of Year 2, total costs for those case studies are $0.48 per liter and $0.88 per liter, respectively. These cost estimates are well within the reported range of values from the reviewed literature sources. Differing assumptions for calculations made by different sources make a direct cost comparison with the outputs of this modeling methodology extremely difficult. Proposals for reducing costs are introduced. Limitations and shortcomings of the research activity are discussed, along with recommendations for potential future work in improving the simulation model and model verification activities. In summary, the author was not able to find evidence--within the public domain--of any similar modeling and simulation methodology that uses a deterministic, continuous simulation model to evaluate production and costs as a function of time. This methodology is also unique in highlighting the important effect of production ramp-up on monthly costs for capital (debt service) and labor. The resultant simulation model can be used for planning purposes and provides an independent, unbiased estimate of cost as a function of time.ID: 031001414; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Peter Kincaid.; Title from PDF title page (viewed June 14, 2013).; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-48).
M.S.
Masters
Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Modeling and Simulation
4
Adamovska, Jana. "A larger laboratory scale investigation into the thermal liquefaction of high potential 2nd and 3rd generation biofuel feedstocks." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/95783/1/Jana_Adamovska_Thesis.pdf.
Анотація:
This thesis contributes to the development of thermochemical liquefaction as a process for biofuel production. This study investigated residues from sugarcane, energy crops and algae. The potential amount of energy from biomass resources were investigated for each region in Australia. The work was at a larger laboratory scale than other workers which allowed more detailed characterisation of each sample and more thorough investigation of the fuels. Importantly, various bio-crude oils were successfully generated which were comparable with heavy fossil fuel based oils by changing only the processing conditions and without catalytic upgrading.
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Simon, William E. "INVESTIGATION OF PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM AND CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOCELLUM FOR IMPROVED SACCHARIFICATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSE UNDER NONSTERILE CONDITIONS." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/35.
Анотація:
Current research efforts are directed at developing competitive processes that can utilize lignocellulose as a feedstock for biorefineries. The purpose of this study was to investigate methods of processing lignocellulosic material so that its monosacharides can be more easily accessed for fermentation, the lack of which is hindering the economics and widescale adoption of lignocellulosic biorefining. The monosaccharides are of interest because they can be used by Clostridium beijerinckii downstream of P. chrysosporium and C. thermocellum in a sequential bioprocess to produce butanol. Butanol is an attractive biofuel because it can be utilized without modifying current transportation infrastructure. Butanol is also used as a starting material in organic synthesis. In the first study, the potential for C. thermocellum' s (ATCC 27405) cellulase system to operate outside its optimal temperature range in a high-solids environments was assessed by quantification of the fermentation products lactate, acetate, and ethanol and by quantification of xylose, glucose, and cellobiose remaining. Additionally, the lignin degrading white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium RP 78 was investigated as a potential pretreatment for lignocellulose. Elevated temperatures required for Clostridium thermocellum fermentation were examined as a means to improve poor competiveness that is characteristic of P. chrysosporium on unsterile corn stover substrate.
Книги з теми "2nd generation biofuels' productions":
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Zah, Rainer. Future perspectives of 2nd generation biofuels. [S.l.]: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, 2010.
Частини книг з теми "2nd generation biofuels' productions":
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Hirani, Arvind H., Nasir Javed, Muhammad Asif, Saikat K. Basu, and Ashwani Kumar. "A Review on First- and Second-Generation Biofuel Productions." In Biofuels: Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Global Warming, 141–54. New Delhi: Springer India, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3763-1_8.
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Wang, Xin, and Xin Lü. "More than biofuels." In Advances in 2nd Generation of Bioethanol Production, 31–51. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818862-0.00001-7.
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Paulova, Leona, Petra Patakova, Mojmir Rychtera, and Karel Melzoch. "Production of 2nd Generation of Liquid Biofuels." In Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques. InTech, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53492.
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Wang, Panpan, and Xin Lü. "General introduction to biofuels and bioethanol." In Advances in 2nd Generation of Bioethanol Production, 1–7. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818862-0.00006-6.
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Guo, Xing, and Xin Lü. "The need for biofuels in the context of energy consumption." In Advances in 2nd Generation of Bioethanol Production, 9–30. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818862-0.00004-2.
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Zhao, Fan, Yanglei Yi, and Xin Lü. "Essential process and key barriers for converting plant biomass into biofuels." In Advances in 2nd Generation of Bioethanol Production, 53–70. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818862-0.00009-1.
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Gomes, João, Jaime Puna, António Marques, Jorge Gominho, Ana Lourenço, Rui Galhano, and Sila Ozkan. "Clean Forest – Project concept and preliminary results." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1597–600. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_243.
Анотація:
The aim of this project is to valorize forest biomass wastes into bioenergy, more precisely, production of 2nd generation synthetic biofuels, such as, biogas, biomethanol, bio-DME, etc., depending on process operating conditions, such as, pressure, temperature and type of solid catalyst used. The valorization of potential forest wastes biomass enhances the reduction of probability of occurrence of forest fires and, presents a major value for local communities, especially, in rural populations. Biogas produced can be burned as biofuel to produce heat and/or electricity, for instance, in cogeneration engines applied for domestic/industrial purposes. After the removal of forest wastes from the forest territory, this biomass is dried, grounded to reduce its granulometry and liquified at temperatures between 100-200 ºC. Then, using the electrocracking technology, this liquified biomass is mixed with an alkaline aqueous electrolyte located in an electrolyser (electrochemical reactor which performs an electrolysis process), using a potential catalyst, in order to produce syngas (fuel gas, mainly composed by CO, H2 and CO2). In a second reaction step, this syngas produced can be valorized in the production of synthetic biofuels, in a tubular catalytic reactor. The whole process is easy to implement and energetically, shows significative less costs than the conventional process of syngas gasification, as the energy input in conventional pyrolysis/gasification process is higher than 500 ºC, with higher pressures, while, in the electrochemical process, applied in this project, the temperatures are not higher than 70 ºC, with 4 bars of pressure, at maximum. Besides that, the input of energy necessary to promote the electrolysis process can be achieved with solar energy, using a photovoltaic panel. In the production of biogas in the catalytic reactor, there is another major value from this process, which is the co-production of water, as Sabatier reaction converts CO2 and H2 into biomethane (CH4) and steam water, at atmospheric pressure, with 300 ºC of temperature, maximum, with a high selective solid catalyst. Finally, it is expected to produce a new bio-oil from this kind of biomass, with properties more closer to a fossil fuel than wood bio-oils, which can be used as a fuel or as a diolefins/olefins source and, also, to produce, from forest biomass wastes, pyrolytic bio-oils with complementary properties and valorised characteristics. This can be used in wood treatment or as a phenol source, for several industrial applications. A new and valorised application can be found for forest biomass wastes, which can be incorporated in the biorefinery concept.
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Henrique Dario Capitani, Daniel. "The Sustainability of Sugarcane Ethanol in Brazil: Perspective and Challenges." In Sugarcane - Its Products and Sustainability [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108070.
Анотація:
The chapter proposes to illustrate the challenges, concerns, and perspectives of ethanol production in Brazil. First, to give an overall of the sugarcane production and market conjecture, taking into account issues such as the public policies to promote biofuels improvement as well as those applied to energy markets and their connection (implications) with (into) sugar-ethanol market. Then, we propose the discussion of the challenges derived from sugarcane expansion from a sustainability perspective, as the environmental impacts, land use change and their impacts on crop productions and regional socioeconomics indicators, and the risk management strategies and tradeoffs between sugar-ethanol and second-generation ethanol-electricity cogeneration. Lastly, we bring a debate over the concerns and perspectives that are related to the development of this market, pointing out institutional risks that can affect strategies and competition in the production chain, such as policies to energy production, taxes changes, the increase in corn and sugarcane second generation ethanol production, and international trade agreements. Overall, there is an understanding that Brazilian ethanol production is following sustainable patterns. Currently, major challenges are related to the improvement of risk management strategies, as well as to create a more predictable scenario on the direction of public policies to the energy market.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "2nd generation biofuels' productions":
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Cannuscio, Robert E. "Fencing in Green: Intellectual Property Protection of Developments in Sustainability and Energy Efficient Systems." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54306.
Анотація:
The increasing interest in recent years in energy efficiency and sustainability has generated a wealth of new innovations. Whether it is improved systems for generating energy from wind or water, new biofuels, or methods for increasing energy production from conventional fossil fuels, such innovations require expenditure of considerable research and development money. Failure to take measures to protect those innovations leave a company’s treasures open for others to use. While some feel that no protection should be granted on methods and devices that are designed to heal our Earth, the law was developed to encourage companies to invest in research. As it is, a large number of companies have already sought Intellectual Property protection for the advances they have conceived. Automotive companies have been protecting hybrid and hydrogen developments for many years. Other fields, such as solar power and wind generation, have seen a recent increase in patent applications on new developments. Navigating through these developments is becoming more and more complex as companies seek not only to protect devices that they have brought to market, but also improved concepts and advanced stages of research. Many companies blindly spend vast sums of money researching advances in a particular field, only to find out that another company has placed an Intellectual Property obstacle that inhibits bringing the advanced technology to market. Recent cases, including those from the Supreme Court have significant impact on how and whether new technology can be protected. This paper explains why patenting of green technology is beneficial to our society and some important things that companies involved in sustainability and energy advances need to know to protect themselves in this new green tinted world.
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Gabrijelčič Tomc, Helena, and Tanja Nuša Kočevar. "Observation on creativity and spatial visualisation skills of graphic arts’ students." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p63.
Анотація:
The aim of our research was to discover whether education in 3D computer graphics and visualisation can improve students' spatial visualisation skills and how the complex project as a design and synthesis of a 3D animation influences students' creativity. Spatial visualisation skills are extremely valuable in various professions, including graphic design and engineering, where 3D modelling and visualisation is becoming increasingly important for the qualitative execution of professional projects. Scientists define two types of three-dimensional skills, spatial visualisation and spatial orientation, where visualisation is understood as the ability to mentally rotate, flip and flip over presented images, while spatial orientation describes the ability to recognise the position or direction of objects in space. Creative process is defined as a sequence of thoughts and actions that lead to original and appropriate productions. The creative process can be discussed on two levels, i.e. macro and micro level with the related phases of the creative process: orientation, preparation, complementary stages after preparation, incubation, idea generation, production. The facultative course Advanced computer 3D graphic and visualisations is taught in the 2nd level studies of Graphic and interactive communication. Through project work, students are encouraged to use their creativity and imagination to create a visually attractive 3D animation that is also interesting in terms of content and in which they can convey the story they want to tell. For this reason, we often held individual sessions in which the teachers made profound corrections to the students' work and made suggestions for the further development of their projects. Experimental methods were: Questionnaires for self-assessment of the creativity process, whereby the students also interpreted their creative process with an illustration and the spatial visualisation test before and after the course. Regular evaluation of their project work with regard to the entire design process, i.e. 3D content creation, planning, technical approach and production, were also carried out. Results of the analysis present an interesting insight in students’ creative process, spatial ability and comprehension of 3D computer graphic that could be considered as teaching/learning guidelines in the coming academic years.