Статті в журналах з теми "3801 Applied economics"

The biological treatments are convenient and economical methods for improving the efficiency of industrial waste water treatment. Activated sludge is the most important biological wastewater treatment processes. Batch cultures for the treatment of whey with activated sludge were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). A second-order central composite design was applied to evaluate the effects of three independent variables (aeration time, pH and percentage of sludge volume) on COD removal percent. Optimum conditions were estimated through RSM at 23.4 h aeration time, pH=6.8 and 5.6 (%v/v) sludge volume/ wastewater volume and to achieve 38.1% COD removal. 1 (g/L) addition of PAC reduction COD until 48.7%.

Most community enterprises in Thailand are not successful because of limited marketing channels and technology. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of platform capability and web capability on marketing effectiveness with a consideration of the mediating effect of digital marketing capability to community enterprises in Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand. The study uses a multi-stage sampling method surveying 400 community enterprise members in Nakhon Pathom Province. The model applies and combines the concepts of dynamic capability. Data analysis uses structural equation modelling and the LISREL program for path analysis and testing the congruence of the causal relationship model. The causal model of factors influencing marketing effectiveness significantly fits the empirical data. The fit statistics are c2= 349.046, df = 245, p-value = 0.158, c2/df = 1.425, RMSEA = 0.024, NFI = 0.996, NNFI = 0.998, CFI = 0.996, RMR = 0.024, SRMR = 0.024, GFI = 0.933 and AGFI = 0.910. The results show that digital marketing is a full mediating effect of platform and web capabilities on marketing effectiveness of community enterprises. Community enterprises need to implement more online marketing channels for better performances. Moreover, the study serves as a guideline for developing community enterprises and the capability level of grassroots, which are a significant base of local economic development of Thailand. Importantly, grassroots development has been a national agenda of the Thai government. Keywords: Community enterprise, mediating effect, dynamic capability, marketing effectiveness, digital marketing.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the relative effectiveness of bilateral and multilateral concessional debts on economic growth in 32 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the period 1985–2016. Design/methodology/approach The recently developed dynamic panel autoregressive distributed lag models which comprise three different estimators, the mean group, pooled mean group (PMG) estimator and dynamic fixed effect, were applied to estimate the model. Following these estimators, the Hausman test was employed to determine the efficient and consistent estimator. Findings The results showed that bilateral concessional debts had a negative impact on growth. From the findings, a 1 percent increase in bilateral concessional debts induced economic growth to decline by 38.1 percent points in the short run, and by 7.1 percent points in the long run; convergence to long-run equilibrium adjusted at the speed of 90 percent on an annual basis. Multilateral concessional debts were found to have a positive impact on growth both in the short and long run. The coefficient of the error term was negatively signed and indicates that deviations from the long-run equilibrium path were being corrected at the speed of 89.4 percent annually. Originality/value To the authors’ best knowledge, empirical studies that specifically seek to examine how bilateral and multilateral concessional debts impacted on growth are yet to attract the attention of researchers. As a result, this study will complement related extant growth studies, especially in the case of SSA.

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of phosphorus (P) on kharif rice(Oryza sativa L.) in rice-greengram cropping system in Mid-Central Table Land Zone of Odisha. The experiment was conducted in split-plot design with three replications. Four main plots viz., P1-100% soil test dose (STD) for P as basal to rice, P2- 100% STD for P to both the crops, P3-50 % STD for P to rice and 100% STD for P to greengram, P4 - No P to rice and 100% STD for P to both the crops was applied to greengram, were allotted to the main plots and three rice varieties viz., V1-Mandakini, V2-Lalat and V3- Pratikhya were considered in the sub plots. Application of 100% STD for P to both the crops (P2) resulted in the highest grain and straw yield of 3980 and 4715 kg/ha, respectively. Rice variety ‘Pratikshya’ produced the highest grain and straw yields of 3808 and 4399 kg/ha, respectively. Similarly, the same P management practice and rice cv. ‘Pratikshya’ recorded the highest chlorophyll content (3.54 mg/g of fresh leaf weight), nutrient uptake (N 68.9 kg/ha , P 27.2 kg/ha , K 88.2 kg/ha ) gross and net returns and B: C ratio (1.94). However, the post harvest soil nutrients status were maximum with P2 where rice cv. ‘Mandakini’ was taken.

The notion of self-sufficiency (Greek autarkeia) is gaining prominence in the context of probably the most pressing dilemma of our times, namely that of the conflicting demands of economic growth and ecological sustainability. Within this controversy, self-sufficiency is promoted as a viable counter-ideal to rampant consumerism. This article presents a survey of the use of the notion in ancient Greek literature of the classical era, in order to show that, by itself, autarkeia does not present a simple solution, due to the variety in its ancient usage. While the Greeks of archaic and classical times widely agreed on the desirability of the condition, some interpreted it as being able to fulfil any need that might arise and others as restricting need to the bare minimum. The notion was furthermore applied to both individual and state. There was no consensus that the individual could in fact reach a state of complete self-sufficiency: the radical but experimental autarkeia of the Cynic sage was admired but nonetheless generally rejected as incompatible to civil society. Consequently, authors of the fourth century transposed autarkeia to the social units of household and city-state, although even here its attainability remained dubious. The notion lived on in the restricted form of the self-sufficiency of virtue in the Stoic pursuit of happiness.

One of the most economical ways of whey processing is the production of beverages, that represents a single process that exploits all the potential of whey as a raw material. Functional and sensory characteristics of whey based beverages are a criterion that is crucial to the marketing of products and win over consumers. The aim of this study was to determine nutritional and functional characteristics of fermented whey beverage with milk and commercial ABY-6 culture. The results showed that the applied starter culture can be used for the production of fermented whey based beverage with satisfactory nutritional properties. Addition of milk was important not only in the nutritional quality of the resulting product, but also improved the taste, the homogeneity and stability. Analysis of the chemical composition of fermented whey based beverage and nutritional information about it indicates that the product is a good source of protein and calcium. Fermented beverage contained 8.07 log (CFU/mL), showed antioxidant activity of at least 38.1% and the titratable acidity of 28.2?SH corresponding to the acidity of the product in this category.

The highest yield of the promising cotton variety Pakhtakor-1 was achieved by irrigating the cotton with placing black plastic film. Accordingly, the average yield for 3 years was 37.2 q/ha, which was more by 7.9 q/ha than the control variant, whereas it was higher by 2.7 q/ha than Bayaut-2 variety of cotton, in which the same irrigation method was applied. It was found that in Pakhtakor-1 variety, fiber yield was 38.1-39.9%, followed by fiber length 33.5-34.0 mm and weight of 1000 seeds was 115-120.1 grams. Cotton fiber yield, fiber length and weight of 1000 seeds in Pakhtakor-1 for the three years were higher by 0.2-1.0 %, 0.1-0.7 mm and 0.4-1.6 mm, correspondingly, than the standard An-Bayaut-2. The highest economic efficiency of cultivating standard An-Bayaut-2 and promising cotton varieties Pakhtakor-1 through various irrigation technologies was achieved in the form of irrigated with black plastic film, accounted for net profit of 1943902 sums/ha (45 % profitability rate) and 870,583 sums of additional income (17.2 % the profitability rate) than the control.

ObjectivesTo estimate the changes in costs associated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) admissions in New Zealand (NZ) public hospitals over a 12-year period.DesignA cost-burden study of ACS in NZ was conducted from the NZ healthcare system perspective.SettingHospital admission costs were estimated using relevant diagnosis-related groups and their costs for publicly funded casemix hospitalisations, and applied to 190 364 patients with ACS admitted to NZ public hospitals between 2007 and 2018 identified from routine national hospital datasets. Trends in the costs of index ACS hospitalisation, hospital admissions costs, coronary revascularisation and all-cause mortality up to 1 year were evaluated. All costs were presented as 2019 NZ dollars.Primary outcome measuresHealthcare costs attributed to ACS admissions in NZ over time.ResultsBetween 2007 and 2018, there was a 42% decrease in costs attributed to ACS (NZ$7.7 million (M) to NZ$4.4 M per 100 000 per year), representing a decrease of NZ$298 827 per 100 000 population per year. Mean admission costs associated with each admission declined from NZ$18 411 in 2007 to NZ$16 898 over this period (p<0.001) after adjustment for key clinical and procedural characteristics. These reductions were against a background of increased use of coronary revascularisation (23.1% (2007) to 38.1% (2018)), declining ACS admissions (366–252 per 100 000 population) and an improvement in 1-year survival post-ACS. Nevertheless, the total ACS cost burden remained considerable at NZ$237 M in 2018.ConclusionsThe economic cost of hospitalisations for ACS in NZ decreased considerably over time. Further studies are warranted to explore the association between reductions in ACS cost burden and changes in the management of ACS.

Стратегическая цель современного образования – формирование гармонично развитой личности, способной и мотивированной к непрерывному образованию и самообразовании. Для этого в образовательном процессе приоритетным является использование личностно-деятельностного подхода, уделяющего особое внимание идеям развития образовательной мотивации учащихся. Основными аспектами мотивации на уроках биологии в восьмом классе являются: прикладной характер информации, интересные факты, нестандартные методики ведения уроков, интегрирование с другими областями знаний, проектная деятельность. Эмоциональная включенность, на основании которой осознаётся значимость материала для себя и других, используется на интегрированных уроках географии и биологии – особенно при рассмотрении тем о хозяйственной деятельности человека, экологическом состоянии территорий, а также о курортах и заповедниках, о погодно-климатических закономерностях и акклиматизации человека. Осознание тех или иных связей нового материала с уже изученным на интегрированных уроках также очень важно – тем более, что современный педагогический опыт предлагает максимальное разнообразие таких уроков. Вот только несколько примеров межпредметной интеграции из доклада И.В. Паниной на международной конференции по инновационным педагогическим технологиям. Все эти методики так или иначе формируют мотивацию школьников к познанию собственного организма на уроках естественнонаучного цикла, имеется и взаимосвязь между формированием мотивации к учению и эффективностью деятельности учащихся на классных и внеклассных занятиях по предметам естественнонаучного цикла. The strategic goal of modern education is the formation of a harmoniously developed personality, capable and motivated for continuous education and self-education. For this purpose, the priority in the educational process is the use of a personal-activity approach, which pays special attention to the ideas of developing the educational motivation of students. The main aspects of motivation in biology lessons in the eighth grade are: the applied nature of information, interesting facts, non-standard methods of conducting lessons, integration with other areas of knowledge, project activities. Emotional inclusion, on the basis of which the importance of the material for oneself and others is realized, is used in integrated geography and biology lessons – especially when considering topics about human economic activity, the ecological state of territories, as well as about resorts and nature reserves, about weather and climate patterns and human acclimatization. It is also very important to be aware of certain connections between new material and what has already been studied in integrated lessons, especially since modern pedagogical experience offers the maximum variety of such lessons. Here are just a few examples of intersubject integration from the report of I. V. Panina at the international conference on innovative pedagogical technologies. All these methods somehow form the motivation of students to learn about their own body in the lessons of the natural science cycle, there is also a relationship between the formation of motivation for learning and the effectiveness of students ' activities in classroom and extracurricular classes in the subjects of the natural science cycle.

BackgroundThe IMPACT trial demonstrated superior outcomes following 52 weeks of once-daily single-inhaler treatment with fluticasone furoate (FF)/umeclidinium (UMEC)/vilanterol (VI) (100/62.5/25 μg) compared with once-daily FF/VI (100/25 μg) or UMEC/VI (62.5/25 μg). This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of FF/UMEC/VI compared with FF/VI or UMEC/VI for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from a UK National Health Service perspective.MethodsPatient characteristics and treatment effects from IMPACT were populated into a hybrid decision tree/Markov economic model. Costs (GB£ inflated to 2018 equivalents) and health outcomes were modelled over a lifetime horizon, with a discount rate of 3.5% per annum applied to both. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of key assumptions and input parameters.ResultsCompared with FF/VI and UMEC/VI, FF/UMEC/VI provided an additional 0.296 and 0.145 life years (LYs) (discounted) and 0.275 and 0.118 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), at an additional cost of £1129 and £760, respectively. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for FF/UMEC/VI were £4104/QALY and £3809/LY gained versus FF/VI and £6418/QALY and £5225/LY gained versus UMEC/VI. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of £20 000/QALY, the probability that FF/UMEC/VI was cost-effective was 96% versus FF/VI and 74% versus UMEC/VI. Results were similar in a subgroup of patients recommended triple therapy in the 2019 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence COPD guideline.ConclusionsFF/UMEC/VI single-inhaler triple therapy improved health outcomes and was a cost-effective option compared with FF/VI or UMEC/VI for patients with symptomatic COPD and a history of exacerbations in the UK at recognised cost-effectiveness threshold levels.

Objective To describe the clinical characteristics and sociodemographic factors associated with COVID-19 among pregnant women in a maternal and children's hospital in Lima, Peru. Methods Quantitative observational study. The population under study consisted of pregnant women who attended an emergency room and had a COVID-19 test. These women were assessed for age, gestational age, place of origin, occupation, education, marital status, number of children, previous body mass index, gestational body mass index, tetanus vaccination, prenatal controls, and hemoglobin. After bivariate analysis, a generalized linear regression model was applied. Results We included 200 women aged between 18 and 34 years (84.5%) with a median gestational age of 36 weeks. More than half were from Lima (52.5%), most were housewives (79%), had high school education (71.9%), and had a cohabiting marital status (60%). The COVID-19 test positivity was 31.5% by rapid tests. Pregestational body mass index assessment showed that 36.7% of normal weight, 38,1% of overweight, and 30.3% of obese pregnant women had COVID-19 infection. 39.7% of patients with hemoglobin levels greater than or equal to 11 g/dL, 21.2% of patients with values between 10 and 10.9 g/dL, and 20% of patients with values between 7 and 9.9 g/dL had COVID-19 infection. The prevalence ratio (with a 95% confidence interval) found that cohabitation was associated with a lower risk of having COVID-19 infection in pregnant women (prevalence ratio: 0.41, p < 0.001). Conclusion Cohabiting pregnant women had a lower risk of COVID-19 infection compared with other marital statuses. Further research is needed to evaluate COVID-19 associated factors in pregnant women and possible sociodemographic or economic factors behind cohabiting marital status association among this population.

A agricultura familiar vem buscando redução nos custos de produção com incremento de novas tecnologias e máquinas agrícolas de baixa potência para proporcionar um aumento na eficiência das operações e obter maior lucratividade nas lavouras. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho operacional e energético de um protótipo de quadriciclo agrícola desenvolvido para atua na agricultura familiar, trabalhando com duas rotações e duas marchas. O experimento foi conduzido na área de experimental do Laboratório de Investigação de Acidentes com Máquinas Agrícolas - LIMA na Universidade Federal do Ceará. Foi utilizado duas rotações R1 de 2700 rpm e R2 de 3800 rpm e duas marchas M1 (1ª marcha) e M2 (2ª marcha). O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados, com arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 com cinco repetição por cada tratamento. Os dados foram submetidos a analise de variância (ANOVA) e ao Teste F utilizando-se software Assistat versão 7.7 beta ® e quando necessário, foi aplicado o Teste de Tukey (p<0,05) para comparação das médias. O protótipo de quadriciclo agrícola acoplado com uma grade de disco mostrou-se uma boa alternativa para auxiliar os pequenos produtores de agricultura familiar nas lavouras no trabalho de preparo do solo e controle das ervas daninhas que atacam as culturas de interesse econômico.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Agricultura familiar; grade de disco; preparo do solo; ervas daninhas. OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY OF A PROTOTYPE OF AGRICULTURAL ATV OPERATION WITH DISCO GRILL SUMMARY: Family farming has sought reduction in production costs with an increase of new technologies and low-power farm machinery to provide an increase in efficiency of operations and achieve greater profitability in the fields. The objective was to evaluate the operational and energy performance of a prototype developed for agricultural ATV engaged in family farming, working with two rotations and two gears. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Accident Research Laboratory in Agricultural Machinery - LIMA the Federal University of Ceará. R1 was used two rotations 2700 rpm and 3800 rpm R2 and two gears M1 (1st gear) and M2 (2nd gear). The experimental design was a randomized block with factorial arrangement 2 x 2 with five repetition for each treatment. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the F test using software version 7.7 beta Assistat ® and when necessary, it applied the Tukey test (p <0.05) to compare means. The prototype coupled agricultural quadricycle with a disc harrow proved to be a good alternative to help small producers of family agriculture in crops in soil preparation work and control of weeds that attack crops of economic interest.KEYWORDS: Family farming; disc harrow; soil preparation; weeds.

Abstract Background At the 10-year follow-up in the IBSEN (Inflammatory Bowel in South-Eastern Norway) study, there was an increased relative risk of permanent work disability for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), compared with the age-matched background population. Now we aimed to assess the prevalence of work disability benefits among Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients 20 years after diagnosis, using data from the IBSEN study and the Norwegian Registry for social security benefits (FD-Trygd). Methods In the IBSEN study the participants have had planned a scheduled follow-up visit after 1-, 5-, 10- and 20-years. At the 20-year follow-up, they received a questionnaire about temporary and permanent work disability benefits and those who answered at least one of the questions were included in this study. Patients above 67 years of age (i.e. the standard retirement age in Norway) at the time of diagnosis were excluded. From FD-Trygd, we acquired officially registered information about the patients’ work disability status. UC and CD patients were compared using the Pearson’s Chi-squared (χ 2) test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Results A total of 421 patients attended a 20-year follow-up and information from 418 were included for analysis. Out of those, 281 had UC (51.2% women) with a median age at the 20-year follow-up of 54.3 years (range 29.5–85.2) and 137 had CD (49.6% women) with a median age of 47.8 (range 27.4–84.8). At the 20-year follow-up, 38.1% of the IBD patients (UC 34.9% and CD 44.6%, p=0.061) reported that they had applied for and/or received temporary or permanent work disability benefits. In total 20.3% (UC 18.3% and CD 24.4%, p=0.181) reported they had been granted a permanent work disability benefit, while 10.2% reported that this was due to their IBD (UC 8.2% and CD 14.2%, p=0.067). In FD-Trygd, 27.3% of the IBD patients in the IBSEN cohort (UC 26.3%, CD 29.2%, p=0.537) were registered as having been granted permanent work disability benefits during the 20-year period. Conclusion Every fifth patient reported that they had been granted permanent work disability benefits after 20 years with IBD, but this was related to other diseases (or reasons) in half of them. According to FD-Trygd, however, more than one in four patients had been granted permanent work disability benefits in the same time-period. While differences between the UC and CD patients were found to be insignificant in these data, the difference between patient-reported and registry data is important for further socio-economic analyses and should be examined more closely.

Summary The Cambridge Minnelusa field alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flood was an economic and technical success, with ultimate incremental oil of 1,143,000 bbl at a cost of $2.42 per barrel. This success was due to an integrated approach of the application, including: reservoir engineering and geologic studies, laboratory chemical system design, numerical simulation, facilities design, and ongoing monitoring. This paper discusses how each of these was used in the design and evaluation of the Cambridge ASP project. Introduction The purpose of the alkaline-surfactant-polymer technology is to produce incremental oil by reducing the waterflood residual oil saturation. The technology combines interfacial tension-reducing chemicals (alkali and surfactant) with a mobility control chemical (polymer). The interfacial tension reducing chemicals minimize the capillary forces that trap waterflood residual oil while the mobility control chemical improves reservoir contact and flood efficiency. The first alkaline-surfactant-polymer project was performed in a nearby Minnelusa field.1,2 Other alkaline-surfactant-polymer projects include a pilot in an Oklahoma field,3 and three in People's Republic of China oil fields.4–9 Lessons learned from these projects and applied to the Cambridge alkaline-surfactant-polymer project are: good mobility control is essential for a successful project; a detailed study of the reservoir including geology, reservoir engineering, laboratory fluid design, and numerical simulation improve the probability of success; injection facilities must mix the injected solution according to the design parameters for a successful project; and attention to detail, including quality control of injected materials and scheduled maintenance of injection and mixing equipment, is important. The Cambridge field, located in Section 28 of Township 53N and Range 68W in Crook County, Wyoming, is operated by Plains Petroleum Operating Co., a subsidiary of Barrett Resources Corp. The field produces 31 cp, 20° API gravity crude oil from the Permian Minnelusa upper "B" sand at 2139 m [7,108 ft]. The reservoir temperature is 55.6°C [132°F] and the average thickness is 8.75 m [28.7 ft]. The crude oil formation volume factor is 1.03 with a bubblepoint of 586 kPa [85 psi]. The average porosity and permeability are 18% and 0.834 µm2 [845 md], respectively. Connate water saturation was 31.6% with an initial reservoir pressure of 12 355 kPa [1792 psi]. Field History The Cambridge field is defined as 1 131 500 m3 [7,117 Mbbl] pore volume with 795 000 STm3 [4,875 MSTB] of original oil in place. The field was discovered by McAdams, Roux, and Associates in 1989 with the MRA Federal 31-28. All subsequent drilling locations were based on three-dimensional (3D) seismic data. Peak primary oil production was 77.7 m3/d [489 BOPD]. Within a year, the production rate declined to 5.9 m3/d [37 BOPD], as is typical of Minnelusa reservoirs. The producing mechanism is fluid and rock expansion with the initial gas-oil ratio (GOR) being essentially zero. The Federal 21-28 and 32-28 began production in June 1990 with peak production of 11.0 and 46.4 m3/d [69 and 292 BOPD], respectively. Federal 23-28 started production in October 1990 with peak production occurring in November 1990 of 33.7 m3/d [212 BOPD] of oil and 2.9 m3/d [18 BWPD] of water. Primary production was 34 600 m3 [217.7 Mbbl] oil and 3800 m3 [23.3 Mbbl] water from December 1989 to January 1993. Water injection began in January 1993 with the conversion of the Federal 32-28. Alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection started one month later in February 1993. Therefore, the alkaline-surfactant-polymer process was applied as a secondary flood. As a result, operating costs are not duplicated by running a waterflood followed by an alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood. The polymer drive solution began injection in October 1996 with the final water drive beginning in May 2000. The chemical injection sequence was: 30.7% Vp of alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution followed by 29.7% Vp of polymer drive solution followed by water to the economic limit. Percent pore volume is based on swept area pore volume. Swept area is defined as the volume of reservoir contacted by the injected fluid and is approximately 82% of the total pore volume for the Cambridge field. Swept area injected volume and oil recovery calculations are more comparable to radial coreflood results than total field values. For reservoirs like the Minnelusa in which well placement is limited by reservoir geometry, comparison of total field calculations can be misleading. Differences in total field calculations are often dictated by reservoir contact inefficiency and not process efficiency. When this condition exists, swept area calculation is a better comparison to delineate accurately the economic injected chemical volumes and oil recovery. 10 The calculated swept area pore volume is 926 400 m 3 [5,827 Mbbl] and the original oil in place is 647 300 m3 [4,071.8 Mbbl]. Interpretation of 3D seismic data resulted in the drilling of the Federal 41A-28 in November 1994 and the Federal 33-28 in February 1996. Federal 41A-28 was produced through March 1996 and Federal 33-28 was produced through October 1998. Geologic Description The Cambridge field is on the eastern flank of the Powder River basin and produces oil from the Permian Minnelusa upper B sandstone. The Minnelusa formation is unconformably overlain in this area by the Opeche siltstone member of the Permian Goose Egg formation, which in turn is overlain by the regional Minnekahta limestone, also a member of the Goose Egg formation. The Minnelusa vertical sequence consists of alternating carbonates and sandstones. The Minnelusa upper B reservoir is a friable, Eolian sandstone with modest amounts of dolomite and anhydrite cement and is a preserved remnant of a highly dissected coastal dune complex. Dolomite and anhydrite cement are the main chemical adsorbing sites of the Cambridge sand. Fig. 1 depicts the field's net-pay isopach. The reservoir dips approximately 1.7° to the southwest. A water-oil contact controls the field's producing limit on the southwest. Dystra-Parsons is 0.57. Preferential flow of injected fluids follows an axis along Wells 41A-28 and 21-28. The 3D seismic indicates the sand thins between Wells 33-28 and 23-28.

Abstract Background This study is a systematic literature review of cost analyses conducted within implementation studies on behavioral health services. Cost analysis of implementing evidence-based practices (EBP) has become important within implementation science and is critical for bridging the research to practice gap to improve access to quality healthcare services. Costing studies in this area are rare but necessary since cost can be a barrier to implementation and sustainment of EBP. Methods We followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology and applied the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist. Key search terms included: (1) economics, (2) implementation, (3) EBP, and (4) behavioral health. Terms were searched within article title and abstracts in: EconLit, SocINDEX, Medline, and PsychINFO. A total of 464 abstracts were screened independently by two authors and reduced to 37 articles using inclusion and exclusion criteria. After a full-text review, 18 articles were included. Results Findings were used to classify costs into direct implementation, direct services, and indirect implementation. While all studies included phases of implementation as part of their design, only five studies examined resources across multiple phases of an implementation framework. Most studies reported direct service costs associated with adopting a new practice, usually summarized as total EBP cost, cost per client, cost per clinician, and/or cost per agency. For studies with detailed analysis, there were eleven direct cost categories represented. For five studies that reported costs per child served, direct implementation costs varied from $886 to $9470 per child, while indirect implementation costs ranged from $897 to $3805 per child. Conclusions This is the first systematic literature review to examine costs of implementing EBP in behavioral healthcare settings. Since 2000, 18 studies were identified that included a cost analysis. Given a wide variation in the study designs and economic methods, comparison across studies was challenging, which is a major limitation in the field, as it becomes difficult to replicate studies or to estimate future costs to inform policy decisions related to budgeting. We recommend future economic implementation studies to consider standard economic costing methods capturing costs across implementation framework phases to support comparisons and replicability.

Recently, the interest of farmers in the mustard, as a culture of great opportunities, has increased due to the agronomic and agro-ecological benefits of growing it. The purpose of the research was to study the influence of doses of mineral fertilizers on different seed rates on the productivity of Sarepta and white mustard. The experiment was carried out in 2015-2017 in the experimental field of the Institute of Oilseed Crops. Four seeding rate were studied: 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 million germinating seeds per hectare. Mineral fertilisers have been applied in the following doses: N50; P60; N50P60; N75P90; N100P120 with presowing cultivation. The study included two varieties of mustard: leaf mustard Prima and white mustard Zaporizhanka. Based on the results of three years of research, the effect of additional mineral nutrition on the indicators of the elements of productivity and yield of varieties of mustard yarrow for different seed rates has been established. The application of different doses of mineral fertilizers has led to an increase in relation to the control of the performance indicators of the mustard element of the spring Sarept variety Prima: the number of pods from 27,0-37,6 to 24,0-42,8 pc. and seeds from 224.3-379.5 to 226.9-442.5 pcs. on one plant, the weight of seeds from one plant from 0,527-0,976 to 0,553-1,302 g and a mass of 1000 seeds from 2,39-2,62 to 2,47-3,03 g. A similar trend was observed in relation to the characteristics of the mustard of the white-seeded white Zaporizhanka: number of pods from 24,0-38,1 to 24,2-45,4 pcs. and seeds from 105,0-172,5 to 108,1-214,8 pc. on one plant, the weight of seeds from one plant from 0,458-0,818 to 0,491-1,152 g and a weight of 1000 seeds with 4,41-4,76 to 4,55-5,40 g. In turn, an increase in the seed rate from 1.5 to 3.0 million pounds per hectare led to a decrease in these indicators. Greater indices of the number of pods and seeds per plant, both in the Prima variety and in the Zaporizhanka variety, are marked by the combined introduction of nitrogen and phosphorus. The largest weight of seeds per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds for the mustard Sarepts Prima variety – respectively 1,302 and 3,03 grams and for white mustard Zaporizhanka – 1,152 and 5,40 grams were obtained in the version with fertilization in a dose N100P120 with a seed rate of 1, 5 million pcs/ha. Analysis of the data on the growth and development of plants of the studied mustard varieties showed that, compared to the control in the fertilizer variant in the dose N100P120, the data increased in accordance with: in the prima variety 0,208-0,326 and 0,36-0,41 g; Zaporizhanka variety is 0,186-0,334 and 0,49-0,65 g. The level of yield, depending on the dose of fertilizers and seed rates, varied: in the prima variety from 1.15-1.76 t/ha; in the Zaporizhanka variety 1.04-1.64 t/ha. The highest yield, as in the Prima variety (1.63-1.76 t/ha), and in the Zaporizhanka variety (1.48-1.64 t/ha) was formed for the introduction of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N100P120. The yield increase in relation to control, depending on the seed rate, was 0.44-0.48 t/ha and 0.44-0.46 t/ha, respectively. The optimum seed rate for the Prima variety, which yielded the highest yield – 1.76 t/ha, was 2.0 million similar seed per hectare, and for Zaporizhanka with a yield of 1.64 t/ha – 2.5 million similar seed per hectare. On average, over three years of research, the content of fat in the mustard seed of the Sarept variety of Prima was within the range: 41.8- 42.2 % in control; in variants with the introduction of mineral fertilizers 41.9-42.4 %, and white mustard Zaporizhanka respectively: 30.0-30.3 % and 29.9-30.7 %. That indicates a rather insignificant influence of the factors studied on this indicator. Taking into account the yield, the maximum yield of oil per hectare for the Prima variety is 655 kg and for the Zaporizhanka variety 429 kg, obtained under the same conditions as yields. Among the agro methods that were studied for the crop formation, the use of mineral fertilizers (r = 0.85) and the poorly cultivar and the seeding rate r = -0.29 and r = -0.06 influenced the use of mineral fertilizers. The content of fats in the seed depended only on the variety r = -0.99. The yield of oil strongly correlated with the grade r = -0,84 and moderate with mineral fertilizers r = -0,47. It should be noted the average yield of the crop with the number of pods r = 0,34 and seed per plant r = 0,45 and the weight of the seeds from one plant r = 0,57.

Background: High altitude like Aseer region has many challenges, where exposure to hypoxia is the most reported challenge. The ambient hypoxia activates a number of physiologic consequences including hyperventilation, increased resting heart rate and stimulation of erythrocyte production with the goal of preserving the oxygen content of arterial blood at or above sea level values. Aim: The current study aims to assess the association between blood donation and improved sleep quality among blood donors in Aseer Region, southern of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using self-administered questionnaire during the period from May to August 2022 targeting all Saudi population aged 18 years or more living in Aseer region. The study questionnaire was uploaded online using social media platforms by the researchers and their colleagues till no more answers were obtained. The study questionnaire included participants’ personal data, medical history, blood donation data including frequency, causes and associated symptoms. Sleep quality was assessed using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: A total of 447 participants fulfilling the inclusion criteria completed the study questionnaire. Participants ages ranged from 18 to 60 years with mean age of 26.9 ± 12.7 years old. A total of 215 (48.1%) participants reported donating blood which was only once among 68 (31.6%), and 2-3 times among 82 (38.1%). Regarding overall sleep quality among blood donors in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia, exactly 116 (54%) of the study participants with blood donation history were poor sleepers while 99 (46%) were good sleepers. Better sleep quality was significantly associated with more frequent blood donation times. Conclusion: In conclusion, the current study showed that sleep quality among Aseer residents after blood donation was much lower than reported incidence especially among participants who donated blood more than once. Also, the attitude toward blood donation was good where nearly 1 out of each 2 participants donated blood for moral issues. Key words Blood donation, sleep hygiene, relation, Aseer region, high altitude

Cultural Studies has tended to prioritise the domain of leisure and consumption over work as an area for meaning making, in many ways defining everyday life in opposition to work. Greg Noble, a cultural researcher who examined work in the context of the early computerisation of Australian universities made the point that "discussions of everyday life often make the mistake of assuming that everyday life equates with home and family life, or leisure" (87). This article argues for the need within Cultural Studies to focus on work and media as a research area of everyday life. With the growth of flexible and creative labour and the widespread uptake of an array of new media technologies used for work, traditional ways to identify and measure the space and time of work have become increasingly flawed, with implications for how we account for work and negotiate its boundaries. New approaches are needed to address the complex media environments and technological practices that are an increasing part of contemporary working life. Cultural Studies can make a significant impact towards this research agenda by offering new ways to analyse the complex interrelations of space, time and technology in everyday work practice. To further this goal, a new material practices account of work termed Officing is introduced, developed through my doctoral research on professionals' daily use of information and communication technology (ICT). This approach builds on the key cultural concepts of "bricolage" and "appropriation" combined with the idea of "articulation work" proposed by Anselm Strauss, to support the analysis of the office workplace as a contingent and provisional arrangement or process. Officing has a number of benefits as a framework for analysing the nature of work in a highly mediated world. Highlighting the labour that goes into stabilising work platforms makes it possible to assess the claims of productivity and improved work-life balance brought about by new mobile media technologies; to identify previously unidentified sources of time pressure, overwork and intensification and ultimately, to contribute to the design of more sustainable work environments. The Turn Away from Work Work held a central position in social and cultural analysis in the first half of the twentieth century but as Strangleman observed, there was a marked shift away from the study of work from the mid 1970s (3.1). Much of the impulse for this shift came from critiques of the over-emphasis on relations of production and the workplace as the main source of meaning and value (5.1). In line with this position, feminist researchers challenged the traditional division of labour into paid and unpaid work, arguing that this division sustained the false perception of domestic work as non-productive (cf. Delphy; Folbre). Accompanying these critiques were significant changes in work itself, as traditional jobs literally began to disappear with the decline of manufacturing in industrialised countries (6.1). With the turn away from work in academia and the changes in the nature of work, attention shifted to the realm of the market and consumption. One of the important contributions of Cultural Studies has been the focus on the role of the consumer in driving social and technological change and processes of identity formation. Yet, it is a major problem that work is largely marginalised in cultural research of everyday life, especially since, in most industrialised nations, we are working in new ways, in rapidly changing conditions and more than ever before. Research shows that in Australia there has been a steady increase in the average hours of paid work and Australians are working harder (cf. Watson, Buchanan, Campbell and Briggs; Edwards and Wajcman). In the 2008 Australian Work and Life Index (AWALI) Skinner and Pocock found around 55 per cent of employees frequently felt rushed or pressed for time and this was associated with long working hours, work overload and an overall poor work–life interaction (8). These trends have coincided with long-term changes in the type and location of work. In Australia, like many other developed countries, information-based occupations have taken over manufacturing jobs and there has been an increase in part-time and casual work (cf. Watson et al.). Many employees now conduct work outside of the traditional workplace, with the ABS reporting that in 2008, 24 per cent of employees worked at least some hours at home. Many social analysts have explained the rise of casual and flexible labour as related to the transition to global capitalism driven by the expansion of networked information processes (cf. Castells; Van Dijk). This shift is not simply that more workers are producing ideas and information but that the previously separated spheres of production and consumption have blurred (cf. Ritzer and Jurgenson). With this, entirely new industries have sprung up, predicated on the often unpaid for creative labour of individuals, including users of media technologies. A growing chorus of writers are now pointing out that a fragmented, polarised and complex picture is emerging of this so-called "new economy", with significant implications for the quality of work (cf. Edwards and Wajcman; Fudge and Owens; Huws). Indeed, some claim that new conditions of insecure and poor quality employment or "precarious work" are fast becoming the norm. Moreover, this longer-term pattern runs parallel to the production of a multitude of new mobile media technologies, first taken up by professionals and then by the mainstream, challenging the notion that activities are bound to any particular place or time. Reinvigorating Work in Social and Cultural Analysis There are moves to reposition social and cultural analysis to respond to these various trends. Work-life balance is an example of a research and policy area that has emerged since the 1990s. The boundary between the household and the outside world has also been subject to scrutiny by cultural researchers, and these critically examine the intersection between work and consumption, gender and care (cf. Nippert-Eng; Sorenson and Lie; Noble and Lupton, "Consuming" and "Mine"; Lally). These responses are examples of a shift away from what Urry has dubbed "structures and stable organisations" to a concern with flows, movements and the blurring of boundaries between life spheres (5). In a similar vein, researchers recently have proposed alternative ways to describe the changing times and places of employment. In their study of UK professionals, Felstead, Jewson and Walters proposed a model of "plural workscapes" to explain a major shift in the spatial organisation of work (23). Mobility theorists Sheller and Urry have called for the need to "develop a more dynamic conceptualisation of the fluidities and mobilities that have increasingly hybridised the public and private" (113). All of this literature has reinforced a growing concern that in the face of new patterns of production and consumption and with the rise of complex media environments, traditional models and measures of space and time are inadequate to account for contemporary work. Analyses that rely on conventional measures of work based on hourly units clearly point to an increase in the volume of work, the speed of work and to the collision (cf. Pocock) of work and life but fall down in accounting for the complex and often contradictory role of technology. Media technologies are "Janus-faced" as Michael Arnold has suggested, referring to the two-faced Roman god to foreground the contradictory effects at the centre of all technologies (232). Wajcman notes this paradox in her research on mobile media and time, pointing out that mobile phones are just as likely to "save" time as to "consume" it (15). It was precisely this problematic of the complex interactions of the space, time and technology of work that was at stake in my research on the daily use of ICT by professional workers. In the context of changes to the location, activity and meaning of work, and with the multiplying array of old and new media technologies used by workers, how can the boundary and scope of work be determined? What are the implications of these shifting grounds for the experience and quality of work? Officing: A Material Practices Account of Office Work In the remaining article I introduce some of the key ideas and principles of a material practices account developed in my PhD, Officing: Professionals' Daily ICT Use and the Changing Space and Time of Work. This research took place between 2006 and 2007 focusing in-depth on the daily technology practices of twenty professional workers in a municipal council in Sydney and a unit of a global telecommunication company taking part in a trial of a new smart phone. Officing builds on efforts to develop a more accurate account of the space and time of work bringing into play the complex and highly mediated environment in which work takes place. It extends more recent practice-based, actor-network and cultural approaches that have, for some time, been moving towards a more co-constitutive and process-oriented approach to media and technology in society. Turning first to "bricolage" from the French bricole meaning something small and handmade, bricolage refers to the ways that individuals and groups borrow from existing cultural forms and meanings to create new uses, meanings and identities. Initially proposed by Levi-Strauss and then taken up by de Certeau, bricolage has been a useful concept within subculture and lifestyle studies to reveal the creative work performed on signs and meaning systems in forming cultural identities (cf. O'Sullivan et al.). Bricolage is also an important concept for understanding how meanings and uses are inscribed into forms in use rather than being read or activated off their design. This is the process of appropriation, through which both the object and the person are mutually shaped and users gain a sense of control and ownership (cf. Noble and Lupton; Lally; Silverstone and Haddon). The concept of bricolage highlights the improvisational qualities of appropriation and its status as work. A bricoleur is thus a person who constructs new meanings and forms by drawing on and assembling a wide range of resources at hand, sourced from multiple spheres of life. One of the problems with how bricolage and appropriation has been applied to date, notwithstanding the priority given to the domestic sphere, is the tendency to grant individuals and collectives too much control to stabilise the meanings and purposes of technologies. This problem is evident in the research drawing on the framework of "domestication" (cf. Silverstone and Haddon). In practice, the sheer volume of technologically-related issues encountered on a daily basis and the accompanying sense of frustration indicates there is no inevitable drift towards stability, nor are problems merely aberrational or trivial. Instead, daily limits to agency and attempts to overcome these are points at which meanings as well as uses are re-articulated and potentially re-invented. This is where "articulation work" comes in. Initially put forward by Anselm Strauss in 1985, articulation work has become an established analytical tool for informing technology design processes in such fields as Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) and Workplace Studies. In these, articulation work is narrowly defined to refer to the real time activities of cooperative work. It includes dealing with contingencies, keeping technologies and systems working and making adjustments to accommodate for problems (Suchman "Supporting", 407). In combination with naturalistic investigations, this concept has facilitated engagement with the increasingly complex technological and media environments of work. It has been a powerful tool for highlighting practices deemed unimportant but which are nevertheless crucial for getting work done. Articulation work, however, has the potential to be applied in a broader sense to explain the significance of the instability of technologies and the efforts to overcome these as transformative in themselves, part of the ongoing process of appropriation that goes well beyond individual tasks or technologies. With clear correspondences to actor-network theory, this expanded definition provides the basis for a new understanding of the office as a temporary and provisional condition of stability achieved through the daily creative and improvisational activities of workers. The office, then, is dependent on and inextricably bound up in its ongoing articulation and crucially, is not bound to a particular place or time. In the context of the large-scale transformations in work already discussed, this expanded definition of articulation work helps to; firstly, address how work is re-organised and re-rationalised through changes to the material conditions of work; secondly, identify the ongoing articulations that this entails and thirdly; understand the role of these articulations in the construction of the space and time of work. This expanded definition is achieved in the newly developed concept of officing. Officing describes a form of labour directed towards the production of a stable office platform. Significantly, one of the main characteristics of this work is that it often goes undetected by organisations as well as by the workers that perform it. As explained later, its "invisibility" is in part a function of its embodiment but also relates to the boundless nature of officing, taking place both inside and outside the workplace, in or out of work time. Officing is made up of a set of interwoven activities of three main types: connecting, synchronising and configuring. Connecting can be understood as aligning technical and social relations for the performance of work at a set time. Synchronising brings together and coordinates different times and temporal demands, for example, the time of "work" with "life" or the time "out in the field" with time "in the workplace". Configuring prepares the space of work, making a single technology or media environment work to some planned action or existing pattern of activity. To give an example of connecting: in the Citizens' Service Centre of the Council, Danielle's morning rituals involved a series of connections even before her work of advising customers begins: My day: get in, sit down, turn on the computer and then slowly open each software program that I will need to use…turn on the phone, key in my password, turn on the headphones and sit there and wait for the calls! (Humphry Officing, 123) These connections not only set up and initiate the performance of work but also mark Danielle's presence in her office. Through these activities, which in practice overlap and blur, the space and time of the office comes to appear as a somewhat separate and mostly invisible structure or infrastructure. The work that goes into making the office stable takes place around the boundary of work with implications for how this boundary is constituted. These efforts do not cluster around boundaries in any simple sense but become part of the process of boundary making, contributing to the construction of categories such as "work" and "life". So, for example, for staff in the smart phone trial, the phone had become their main source of information and communication. Turning their smart phone off, or losing connectivity had ramifications that cascaded throughout their lifeworld. On the one hand, this lead to the breakdown of the distinction between "work" and "life" and a sense of "ever-presence", requiring constant and vigilant "boundary work" (cf. Nippert-Eng). On the other hand, this same state also enabled workers to respond to demands in their own time and across multiple boundaries, giving workers a sense of flexibility, control and of being "in sync". Connecting, configuring and synchronising are activities performed by bodies, producing an embodied transformation. In the tradition of phenomenology, most notably in the works of Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty and more recently Ihde, embodiment is used to explain the relationship between subjects and objects. This concept has since been developed to be understood as not residing in the body but as spread through social, material and discursive arrangements (cf. Haraway, "Situated" and Simians; Henke; Suchman, "Figuring"). Tracing efforts towards making the office stable is thus a way of uncovering how the body, as a constitutive part of a larger arrangement or network, is formed through embodiment, how it gains its competencies, social meanings and ultimately, how workers gain a sense of what it means to be a professional. So, in the smart phone trial, staff managed their connections by replying immediately to their voice, text and data messages. This immediacy not only acted as proof of their presence in the office. It also signalled their commitment to their office: their active participation and value to the organisation and their readiness to perform when called on. Importantly, this embodied transformation also helps to explain how officing becomes an example of "invisible work" (cf. Star and Strauss). Acts of connecting, synchronising and configuring become constituted and forgotten in and through bodies, spaces and times. Through their repeated performance these acts become habits, a transparent means through which the environment of work is navigated in the form of skills and techniques, configurations and routines. In conclusion, researching work in contemporary societies means confronting its marginalisation within cultural research and developing ways to comprehend and measure the interaction of space, time and the ever-multiplying array of media technologies. Officing provides a way to do this by shifting to an understanding of the workplace as a contingent product of work itself. The strength of this approach is that it highlights the creative and ongoing work of individuals on their media infrastructures. It also helps to identify and describe work activities that are not neatly contained in a workplace, thus adding to their invisibility. The invisibility of these practices can have significant impacts on workers: magnifying feelings of time pressure and a need to work faster, longer and harder even as discrete technologies are utilised to save time. In this way, officing exposes some of the additional contributions to the changing experience and quality of work as well as to the construction of everyday domains. Officing supports an evaluation of claims of productivity and work-life balance in relation to new media technologies. In the smart phone trial, contrary to an assumed increase in productivity, mobility of work was achieved at the expense of productivity. Making the mobile office stable—getting it up and running, keeping it working in changing environments and meeting expectations of speed and connectivity—took up time, resulting in an overall productivity loss and demanding more "boundary work". In spite of their adaptability and flexibility, staff tended to overwork to counteract this loss. This represented a major shift in the burden of effort in the production of office forms away from the organisation and towards the individual. Finally, though not addressed here in any detail, officing could conceivably have practical uses for designing more sustainable office environments that better support the work process and the balance of work and life. Thus, by accounting more accurately for the resource requirements of work, organisations can reduce the daily effort, space and time taken up by employees on their work environments. In any case, what is clear, is the ongoing need to continue a cultural research agenda on work—to address the connections between transformations in work and the myriad material practices that individuals perform in going about their daily work. References Arnold, Michael. "On the Phenomenology of Technology: The 'Janus-Faces' of Mobile Phones." Information and Organization 13.4 (2003): 231–56. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 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