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Статті в журналах з теми "4008 Electrical engineering"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Shah, Hurmat Ali, and Insoo Koo. "Improving physical layer security via cooperative diversity in energy-constrained cognitive radio networks with multiple eavesdroppers." International Journal of Communication Systems 32, no. 14 (July 1, 2019): e4008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.4008.

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2

Ai, Xiaolin, Jianqiao Yu, Zhenyue Jia, Di Yang, Xuan Xu, and Yuanchuan Shen. "Disturbance observer-based consensus tracking for nonlinear multiagent systems with switching topologies." International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 28, no. 6 (December 18, 2017): 2144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rnc.4008.

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3

Pappalardo, Carmine M., Zhigang Zhang, and Ahmed A. Shabana. "Use of independent volume parameters in the development of new large displacement ANCF triangular plate/shell elements." Nonlinear Dynamics 91, no. 4 (January 4, 2018): 2171–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11071-017-4008-x.

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4

Islam, Aminul, N. S. Ranjan, and Amit Krishna Dwivedi. "Compact design of an MTJ-based non-volatile CAM cell with read/write operations." Microsystem Technologies 26, no. 10 (June 23, 2018): 3259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-018-4008-x.

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5

Tapp, H. S., A. J. Peyton, E. K. Kemsley, and R. H. Wilson. "Chemical engineering applications of electrical process tomography." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 92, no. 1-2 (July 2003): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(03)00126-6.

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6

Kim, Hyosung. "Gate Drive Controller for Low Voltage DC Hybrid Circuit Breaker." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061753.

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Анотація:
With the advent of direct current (DC) loads such as LED lighting, IT equipment, electric vehicles, and DC powers generated from renewable energy sources, low voltage DC (LVDC) distribution system is becoming a hot issue. One of the hurdles in the LVDC distribution system is arc flash at the contact points that occurs during the circuit is opening. Unlike alternating current, direct current has no zero points and sustains constantly. Therefore, there is a risk of electric fire due to continuous generating arcs when the load current is interrupted with an existing electrical contact type circuit breaker. Recently, the concept of a hybrid circuit breaker that takes advantage of traditional electrical contact type switch and the arcless semiconductor switch has been proposed, but how to cooperatively operate the two switches has become an issue. This paper analyzes the principle of a hybrid circuit breaker for blocking LVDC current and proposes a gate drive controller for it. Through 400V class LVDC cutoff test, the operation of the proposed hybrid circuit breaker is verified and the characteristics are analyzed.
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7

Zainal Abidin, Mohd Hazreek, Rosli Saad, Devapriya Chitral Wijeyesekera, Fauziah Ahmad, and Nur Azwin Ismail. "The Influence of Electrical Resistivity Array on its Soil Electrical Resistivity Value." Applied Mechanics and Materials 510 (February 2014): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.510.185.

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Electrical resistivity technique has become a popular alternative tool by the geotechnical engineers in subsurface investigation. This study presents the influence of soil electrical resistivity value (ERV) due to the different types of electrical resistivity array used in practice. The dissimilarity of ERV was become a popular debate by the engineers which posses less fundamental knowledge in this area. In the past, the theory of electrical resistivity technique was less being discovered by the engineer which creates lots of black boxes during the utilization of electrical resistivity method (ERM) in engineering purposes. Hence, the result which produced from the ERM was difficult to deliver in a sound of definitive ways due to lack of knowledge and experienced of most engineers. Hence, this study presents the influence of soil ERV due to the different types of array used with particular reference to as Dipole-dipole and Pole-dipole. A line of electrical resistivity imaging was performed on small embankment of sandy and lateritic soil with different types of array using ABEM SAS (4000) equipment. Three in line of soil samples were tested for moisture content (w) test immediately after the electrical resistivity data acquisition was completely measured. Moreover, particle size distribution test also was performed for all soil samples in order to support the findings. It was found that the ERV was never be the same for each types of array used even on the same particular location of the survey line. However, it was found that there was a consistent relationship between ERV and moisture content for both types of soil tested which can be represent by ERV 1/w. Hence, it was found that ERV produced was relative to the types of array used during the field measurement. Each types of array were applicable to be used in subsurface profiling and its selection was subjected to the target of interest.
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8

Wu, Ruili, Haocheng Yuan, Chan Liu, Jin-Le Lan, Xiaoping Yang, and Yuan-Hua Lin. "Flexible PANI/SWCNT thermoelectric films with ultrahigh electrical conductivity." RSC Advances 8, no. 46 (2018): 26011–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04863k.

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9

Shima, Masatoshi. "The 4004 CPU of my youth." IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine 1, no. 1 (2009): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mssc.2008.930946.

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10

Abidin, Mohd Hazreek Zainal, Mohamad Faizal Tajul Baharuddin, Mohd Hafiz Zawawi, Nor’aishah Md Ali, Aziman Madun, and Saiful Azhar Ahmad Tajudin. "Groundwater Seepage Mapping Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1524–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1524.

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Анотація:
In recent years, electrical resistivity method (ERM) has widely being applied as an alternative tool in engineering, environmental and archeological studies. A global image of groundwater seepage problem was difficult to obtained using conventional geotechnical method due to the efficiency of cost, time and result coverage. This study was conducted using electrical resistivity survey in order to investigate the potential of the problematic zone due to the groundwater seepage problem. ABEM SAS 4000 equipment set was used in during the resistivity data acquisition stage. Six (6) resistivity spread lines (SP) were performed across the slopes area using 2-D electrical resistivity imaging. The raw data was processed using RES2DINV and SURFER software for 2-D and 3-D subsurface image. Interpretation of electrical resistivity results was verified using the existing borehole and geochemistry results. Geochemistry results analyses were used Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) for determining cation and Ion Chromatography (IC) is for anions. Anion elements were studied consists of chloride, bicarbonate, nitrate and sulfate while cation elements consists of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. All the elements were analyzed by using Piper Diagram to determine geochemistry facies in the groundwater. It was found that low resistivity value (ERV) which associated to groundwater (10 ~ 100 Ωm) can be found starts from the ground surface (0 m) to a greater (> 10 m) depth of the subsurface profile. The finding of the study water seepage can be categorized as Ca-HCO that indicator a typical of shallow fresh groundwater. The finding of the study is important to determine source process of water seepage on that area. This study has successfully demonstrates that the application of ERM with supporting borehole and geochemistry data was able to provide a comprehensive results due to the groundwater leakage detection.
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11

Abbas, Sameer Sh, Muhanna M. Ahmed, Ali M. Abed, and Firas H. Al-Menshed. "Application of 2D and 3D Electrical Resistivity Imaging Techniques for Site Investigation in Ramadi City, Western Iraq." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1080, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1080/1/012011.

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Abstract Ramadi city, western Iraq, is considered an area with risks resulting from the presence of gypsum soil near the surface and the water table on shallow depth which facilitates the solubility of the soil and creates a weak area. So a dipole-dipole array with an n factor of 6 and a -spacing of 2 m was used. Ten 2D resistivity imaging traverses and 3D resistivity imaging station were done. The robust constrained inversion method is used to obtain 2D and 3D models. The results show that the topsoil layer extends to 2m depth with resistivity of 800 to 4000 Ωm. This is caused by high inhomogeneities in the deposits. The weakness zones and Depositional lenses appears after 2m depth and extent to 9m with resistivity value extend from 200 to 800 Ωm. Finally, it is concluded that four main reasons for civil engineering failure in Ramadi city. These reasons may be the inhomogeneity of the underground deposition material. In addition, the existence of weak areas and sedimentation lenses, and the change of water table.
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12

Gupta, S., M. Muralikiran, J. Farmer, L. R. Cao, and R. G. Downing. "The effect of boron doping and gamma irradiation on the structure and properties of microwave chemical vapor deposited boron-doped diamond films." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 4 (April 2009): 1498–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0170.

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Анотація:
We investigated the effects of gamma irradiation doses of 50, 100, and 103 kGy on boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin films synthesized using microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition with varying boron concentrations of [B]/[C]gas = 100, 1000, 2000, and 4000 ppm. The diamond thin films were characterized prior to and post-irradiation and the influence was assessed in terms of morphology, structure, and physical properties using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and IR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrical measurement techniques. The results clearly showed that the response of gamma irradiation on BDD films was distinctive compared to those of undoped diamond films with changes in electronic behavior from metallic (>1019 to 1020 cm–3) to semiconducting (≤1019 cm–3), especially in the case of heavily boron-doped diamond films demonstrated by micro-Raman spectroscopy and electrical property characteristics. In fact, this modification in electrical property behavior induced by “gamma conditioning” can be effectively used to fine control boron doping in chemically vapor deposited diamond much needed for various electronic devices. The “gamma conditioning” refers to material processing by radiation which helps to passivate electrically active boron and defects with hydrogen migration thus fine tunes the boron acceptor concentration albeit that this is difficult to achieve during BDD film deposition. In addition, the results also indicate that almost all of the BDD films studied hereby tend to reach a state of damage saturation when submitted to gamma irradiation of 103 kGy. We discuss our novel findings in terms of the interplay of boron-hydrogen in diamond with possible multiple scenarios: (i) the generation of point/Frenkel defects due to Compton scattered electrons, (ii) the formation of a nonmetallic boron-rich borocarbide (e.g., B13C2) phase, (iii) the passivation of electrically active acceptor (B) sites due to the invariable presence of H in the grains and at the grain boundaries, (iv) the desorption of H from the diamond surface, and (v) the “priming or pumping” effect, which improves the electronic properties by compensating for the shallow boron acceptors to produce semiconducting/insulating material, verified by the cold neutron depth profiling technique.
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13

Hamid, Y., and P. Svoboda. "A Study on Thermal and Electrical Conductivities of Ethylene-Butene Copolymer Composites with Carbon Fibers." International Polymer Processing 36, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2020-4003.

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Abstract Ethylene-butene copolymer (EBC)/carbon-fiber (CF) composites can be utilized as an electromechanical material due to their ability to change electric resistance with mechanical strain. The electro-mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of ethylene butene copolymer (EBC) composites with carbon fibers were studied. Carbon fibers were introduced to EBC with various concentrations (5 to 25 wt%). The results showed that carbon fibers’ addition to EBC improves the electric conductivity up to 10 times. Increasing the load up to 2.9 MPa will raise the electric resistance change by 4 500% for a 25% fiber sample. It is also noted that the EBC/CF composites’ electric resistance underwent a dramatic increase in raising the strain. For example, the resistance change was around 13 times higher at 15% strain compared to 5% strain. The thermal conductivity tests showed that the addition of carbon fibers increases the thermal conductivity by 40%, from 0.19 to 0.27 Wm–1K–1.
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14

Yuan, Dafei, Liyao Liu, Xuechen Jiao, Ye Zou, Christopher R. McNeill, Wei Xu, Xiaozhang Zhu, and Daoben Zhu. "Quinoid-Resonant Conducting Polymers Achieve High Electrical Conductivity over 4000 S cm−1 for Thermoelectrics." Advanced Science 5, no. 10 (August 23, 2018): 1800947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.201800947.

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15

Nivrtirao, Eknath, and Basavaraja Sannakki. "Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Blends of Ethyl Cellulose and its Composites." Advanced Materials Research 665 (February 2013): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.665.336.

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The polymer blend of Ethyl Cellulose (EC) with Poly (vinyl) pyrrolidone (PVP) of various weight percentages at different thickness are used for measurement of dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity and optical properties. The activation energies of the EC and its blend with PVP are obtained through measurement of dc conductivity. The samples are characterized by using X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The blends of EC with PVP in the ratio of 50:50 weight percent using FTIR over the range of wavenumber 4000-500 cm-1. Key words: Polymer Blend, XRD, SEM, FTIR, dielectric permittivity, activation energy.
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16

Gómez Vilchez, Jonatan J., and Christian Thiel. "The Effect of Reducing Electric Car Purchase Incentives in the European Union." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4 (October 16, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040064.

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Анотація:
The importance of electric car purchase incentives is starting to be questioned. The objective of this paper is to explore the potential effect of reducing or removing electric car purchase public subsidies in the European Union. To this end, the system dynamics Powertrain Technology Transition Market Agent Model is used. The size and timing of purchase incentives for this technology in European countries are investigated under eight scenarios and sensitivity analysis performed. The simulations suggest that, in the short-run, the electric car market share is higher when the subsidies remain in place. In the medium-run, a purchase subsidy scheme granting €3000 for plug-in hybrid electric cars and €4000 for battery electric cars over the period 2020–2024 yields the fastest electric car market uptake of all the scenarios considered. We conclude that, though the current evolution of the battery price is favorable, electric car purchase subsidies remain an effective policy measure to support electro-mobility in the next years.
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17

He, Guoliang. "Time Parallel Denoising Algorithm Based on P-M Equation for Real Image." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (August 11, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8008912.

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Анотація:
This paper combines the regularized Perona and Malik model with the time parareal algorithm to denoise the real image which has the characteristics of typical Gaussian noise. This method can remove the noise stably and effectively and has high calculation efficiency. For the real color image of 6000 × 4000 pixels, the time cost can be shortened from one minute in serial computing to a few seconds based on our combination method if we do not care about the requirement of computing hardware. This provides some reference for practical engineering application.
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18

Ma, Yiran, Sergejs Makovejs, Qing Wang, William A. Wood, Nikolay Kaliteevskiy, Junjie Li, and Chengliang Zhang. "Evaluating 200G/400G solutions for practical deployments in long‐haul network." Electronics Letters 52, no. 19 (September 2016): 1624–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2016.2221.

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19

Alrobei, Hussein, Adnan Maqbool, Muhammad Asif Hussain, Rizwan Ahmed Malik, Muhammad Ramzan Abdul Karim, Ibrahim AlBaijan, Azeem Hafiz, and Muhammad Latif. "Single-Step Fabrication and Characterization of Nanoscale Cu Thinfilms for Optoelectronic Applications." Crystals 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010062.

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Анотація:
Nanostructured materials with optical transmittance with sufficient electrical conductivity are feasible for the transparent electrical devices and optoelectronic applications. Copper (Cu) possesses inherent superior electrical conductivity. Cu thin films on glass substrates provide the basic design understanding of the transparent electrodes for humidity sensors and solar cells applications. To understand the fundamental fabrication and electrical properties, a single-step facile fabrication approach was applied for Cu nanofilms through the DC sputtering method. Correlation of thickness of Cu nanofilms with optical and electrical properties was established. Parameters such as current, voltage, vacuum pressure, and time of coating were varied to develop different thickness of metal coating. Under optimized conditions of 10−1 torr vacuum, 1.45 KV voltage, and 4–6 min coating time, a conductive path is successfully established. A 1 min coated sample demonstrated resistance of 4000 ohm and conductance of a 6 min coated sample was raised to 56 m-mho. A higher surge of voltage assisted the production of relatively thick and uniform coatings with the crystallite size of 12 nm. The average coating thickness of 19.8 nm and roughness of 4.5 nm was obtained for a 5 min coated sample through AFM analysis. Further, it was observed that uniform nanostructured coating is essential to establish a mean free path of coated particles.
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20

Gusmano, Gualtiero, Giampiero Montesperelli, Enrico Traversa, and Andrea Bearzotti. "Humidity-sensitive electrical properties of MgAl2O4 thin films." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 14, no. 1-3 (June 1993): 525–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(93)85076-m.

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21

Jo, Gahyung, Jae-Min Kwon, Ara Cho, Hyun-Kyung Chung, and Bong-Guen Hong. "Cost Assessment of a Tokamak Fusion Reactor with an Inventive Method for Optimum Build Determination." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 18, 2021): 6817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206817.

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Анотація:
An inventive method was applied to determine the minimum major radius, R0, and the optimum build of a tokamak fusion reactor that simultaneously meets all physics, engineering, and neutronics constraints. With a simple cost model, tokamak systems analyses were carried out over ranges of system parameters to find an optimum build of a tokamak fusion reactor at minimum cost. The impact of a wide range of physics parameters and advanced engineering elements on costs were also addressed. When a central solenoid was used to ramp up a plasma current, design solutions with a cost of electricity (COE) between 109 and 140 mills/kWh, direct capital cost between 5000 and 6000 M/USD, and net electric power, Pe between 1000 and 1600 MW could be found with a minimum R0 between 6.0 and 7.0 m, and fusion power, Pfusion between 2000 and 2800 MW. When the plasma current was driven by a non-inductive external system, the system size and costs could be reduced further; a COE between 98 and 130 mills/kWh, direct capital cost between 4000 and 5000 M$, and Pe between 1000 and 1420 MW could be found with a minimum R0 between 5.1 and 6.7 m, and Pfusion between 2000 and 2650 MW.
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22

Zhu, Z., A. Kathuria, S. G. Krishna, M. Mojarradi, B. Jalali-Farahani, H. Barnaby, W. Wu, and G. Gildenblat. "Design applications of compact MOSFET model for extended temperature range (60–400K)." Electronics Letters 47, no. 2 (2011): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2010.3468.

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23

Wu, Peng, Jing Ji Zhang, Li Na Sun, Jing Tao Liu, Huang Zhou, Sheng Yong Jin, and Jiang Ying Wang. "A Study on the Phase Transformation Behavior and Characteristics of BaTi1-X(Li2/3 Nb2/3 )XO3 Solid Solution." Advanced Materials Research 279 (July 2011): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.279.66.

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Анотація:
Microstructure, phase transformation behavior and electrical properties of BaTi1-x(Li2/3Nb2/3)xO3 with x=0.01-0.40 ceramics have been investigated. Only perovskite phase is detected for all the compositions. The room temperature state of BaTi1-x(Li2/3Nb2/3)xO3 ceramics experiences a transformation from a ferroelectric phase to a paraelectric phase with increasing x. Meanwhile, the permittivity of BaTi1-x(Li2/3Nb2/3)xO3 ceramics reduces, while the Q×f value increases. A degree of frequency dispersion of dielectric peak is obviously increased as x increases from 0.01 to 0.10. It is of great interest that a dielectric abnormity represented by a broad dielectric peak at 200-400K is observed for the composition with x=0.40.
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24

Xu, Chun Yu, Li Jun Zheng, Jian Cheng Song, and Yun Guang Gao. "Research and Application of Phase-Sensitive Protection in Load Control Center." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 1259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.1259.

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The malfunction of short-circuit protection became increasingly serious in the fully mechanized face casused by large power equipment, more kind of loads and long distance power. According to the field requirements, the electrical characteristics between motor starting and three-phase short-circuit are compared, the phase-sensitive protection circuit combining current signal amplitude with power factor is designed, the protection data is tested and the protection characteristic is analyzed. The phase-sensitive protection circuit has been uesd in KJZ-4000-10（6）/3.3 flameproof and intrinsically safe load control center. The circuit is stable, sensitive and reliable. It has been proved that the short-circuit protection of power in underground is reliably realized.
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25

Sajadi, Banafsheh, Farbod Alijani, Hans Goosen, and Fred van Keulen. "Effect of pressure on nonlinear dynamics and instability of electrically actuated circular micro-plates." Nonlinear Dynamics 91, no. 4 (December 22, 2017): 2157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11071-017-4007-y.

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26

Bian, Jin Long, Yong Jun Seo, Geun Woo Kim, Chang Hoon Sung, Shalendra Kumar, Chan Gyu Lee, and Bon Heun Koo. "Influence of CoO Phase on Structural, Magnetic and Electrical Properties of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and La0.7Sr0.3MnO3." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.125.

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Анотація:
The composites of (1-x)La0.7Ca0.3MnO3/xCoO and (1-x)La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/xCoO (x =0 ~ 0.09) were fabricated by conventional solid state reaction method, and their electrical transport and magnetoresistance (MR%) properties were investigated by physical property measurement system (PPMS). The result of x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) indicated that no new phase appeared in the composites except manganites matrix and CoO phases. CoO is mainly distributed at the grain boundaries and surfaces of the matrix. The resistivity LCMO and LSMO based composites were measured in the range 90-320K and 90-400K, respectively. The applied magnetic field is 0T and 0.5T. The observed variation of MR with varying Ca and Sr concentration has been qualitatively investigated.
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27

Bąk, Łukasz, Stanisław Noga, and Feliks Stachowicz. "The Experimental Investigation Of The Screen Operation In The Parametric Resonance Conditions." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ama-2015-0031.

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Анотація:
Abstract In this paper the experimental studies of the screen working in the parametric resonance condition are discussed. The investigations are conducted for laboratory parametric resonance screen. The measuring test is performed for four cases of tension force values. The full sheet metal instead of the sieve is used. For each considered case the natural frequency of the plate and the parameter modulation frequency are determined. The achieved results are presented and discussed. It is shown that the highest sieve plate amplitude is obtained when the parameter modulation frequency is two times larger than natural frequency of the sieve plate. This parametric resonance vibration was observed only for tension force equal to 4000 N because of the rotational speed limits of electrical vibratos.
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28

Carotta, Maria Cristina, Giuliano Martinelli, Yoshihiko Sadaoka, Patrizia Nunziante, and Enrico Traversa. "Gas-sensitive electrical properties of perovskite-type SmFeO3 thick films." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 48, no. 1-3 (May 1998): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(98)00011-2.

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29

Fedoruk, G. G., D. I. Sagaidak, A. V. Misevich, and A. E. Pochtenny. "Electrical and gas sensing properties of copper phthalocyanine–polymer composites." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 48, no. 1-3 (May 1998): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(98)00070-7.

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30

Ko, Sun Wook, Soon Kon Kim, Jong Min Kim, Jae Hee Cho, Hyoung Sun Park, and Byoung Deog Choi. "Electrical Properties and Reliability Analysis of Solution-Processed Indium Tin Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistors with O2-Plasma Treatment." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 7476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11168.

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In this paper, we report the effects of O2-plasma treatment on the reliability and electrical properties of indium tin zinc oxide (ITZO) films. Excellent electrical properties, including a saturation mobility (μsat) of ∼20.2 cm2/V · s, a threshold voltage (VTH) of ∼−6.8 V, a sub-threshold swing (S.S) of ∼0.956 V/decade, and an on/off current ratio (ION/OFF) of ∼105 can be found with a molarity of 0.4 M and ratio of In:Zn:Sn = 2:1:2. Following O2-plasma treatment, it was confirmed that the electrical properties of the ITZO films are improved when compared to the untreated films. The devices showed a decreased S.S of ∼0.51 V/decade, while the VTH and ION/OFF tended to increase. To determine the reliability of a-ITZO TFTs, we analyzed the electrical characteristics according to gate bias stress, VG, stress = 10 V for 4000 s. Improved reliability was confirmed when compared with the variation in threshold voltage prior to O2-plasma treatment, most likely stemming from a smooth surface on the active layer as a result of O2-plasma treatment. We were able to obtain a solution a-ITZO film transmittance of 92% in the visible light region (400∼700 nm). These results show that a-ITZO TFTs fabricated via solution process with optimized molar ratio exhibit good electrical properties. a-ITZO films fabricated via spin-coating are a visible alternative to those fabricated via high-cost sputtering methods, and are applicable in flexible and transparent electronics.
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31

Mabrook, M. F., and M. C. Petty. "Application of electrical admittance measurements to the quality control of milk." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 84, no. 2-3 (May 2002): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(02)00014-x.

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32

Yu, Ji Haeng, and Gyeong Man Choi. "Electrical and CO gas-sensing properties of ZnO/SnO2 hetero-contact." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 61, no. 1-3 (December 1999): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(99)00280-4.

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33

Vick, Brian D., R. Nolan Clark, Junyi Ling, and Shitao Ling. "Remote Solar, Wind, and Hybrid Solar/Wind Energy Systems for Purifying Water." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, no. 1 (January 27, 2003): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1531148.

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Solar energy, wind energy, and a combination of wind and solar energy have been used successfully to power an UV (ultraviolet) water purification system. Five different solar and wind energy systems have been tested and although these renewable energy systems have been used for water purification, graphs contained in the paper can be used to determine the feasibility of powering other electrical loads. Combining a 100-W solar-PV system with a 500-W wind turbine resulted in pumping and purifying enough water to satisfy the potable water requirements of 4000 people (16000 liters/day) at an estimated equipment cost of $4630.
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34

Aguir, K., C. Lemire, and D. B. B. Lollman. "Electrical properties of reactively sputtered WO3 thin films as ozone gas sensor." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 84, no. 1 (April 2002): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(02)00003-5.

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35

Wang, Yu-De, Chun-Lai Ma, Xing-Hui Wu, Xiao-Dan Sun, and Heng-De Li. "Electrical and gas-sensing properties of mesostructured tin oxide-based H2 sensor." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 85, no. 3 (July 2002): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(02)00131-4.

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36

Kim, Seon Jeong, Seoung Gil Yoon, Young Moo Lee, and Sun I. Kim. "Electrical sensitive behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) IPN hydrogel." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 88, no. 3 (February 2003): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(02)00371-4.

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37

Lauque, P., M. Bendahan, C. Jacolin, J. L. Seguin, M. Pasquinelli, and P. Knauth. "Electrical properties and sensor characteristics for NH3 gas of sputtered CuBr films." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 59, no. 2-3 (October 1999): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(99)00223-3.

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38

Guillen Bonilla, Guillen Bonilla, Rodríguez Betancourtt, Casillas Zamora, Sánchez Morales, Gildo Ortiz, and Guillen Bonilla. "Signal Analysis, Signal Demodulation and Numerical Simulation of a Quasi-Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor Based on FDM/WDM Techniques and Fabry-Pérot Interferometers." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081759.

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In civil engineering quasi-distributed optical fiber sensors are used for reinforced concrete monitoring, precast concrete monitoring, temperature monitoring, strain monitoring and temperature/strain monitoring. These quasi-distributed sensors necessarily apply some multiplexing technique. However, on many occasions, two or more multiplexing techniques are combined to increase the number of local sensors and then the cost of each sensing point is reduced. In this work, a signal analysis and a new signal demodulation algorithm are reported for a quasi-distributed optic fiber sensor system based on Frequency Division Multiplexing/Wavelength Division Multiplexing (FDM/WDM) and low-precision Fabry-Pérot interferometers. The mathematical analysis and the new algorithm optimize its design, its implementation, improve its functionality and reduce the cost per sensing point. The analysis was corroborated by simulating a quasi-distributed sensor in operation. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are in concordance. The optimization considers multiplexing techniques, signal demodulation, physical parameters, system noise, instrumentation, and detection technique. Based on our analysis and previous results reported, the optical sensing system can have more than 4000 local sensors and it has practical applications in civil engineering.
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39

Zheng, Xin, Yihui Sun, Sijia Jin, Minxuan Xu, Yanyan Ding, Fei Chen, Tao Yang, Qi Zhang, Xinyue Zheng, and Hao Chen. "Sulfidation of ZIF-Derived Core-Shell NiCo LDH/Ni MOF Heterostructure toward Supercapacitor Electrodes with Enhanced Performance." Batteries 8, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110241.

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Developing electrodes in a reasonable structure is essential to boost the performance of supercapacitors. Self-supporting heterostructures enriched active sites are promising as binder-free electrodes for supercapacitors. Here, core-shell layered double hydroxide (LDH)/Metal organic frame (MOF) heterostructure was directly grown on carbon cloth (CC) substrate derived from L-Co ZIF NWAs. Subsequently, the composite was treated with a sulfidation process to optimize its electrical conductivity. Thanks to its unique network structure, it facilitates active site exposure and efficient charge transfer, together with the synergetic effect between NiCo double hydroxide and Ni MOF nanosheets. This hybrid electrode possesses an excellent specific capacity (1200 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and stable cycle performance with 86% capacity maintained after 4000 cycles, indicating its potential superiority for use in high-efficiency electrochemical capacitors.
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40

Kim, Seon Jeong, Seoung Gil Yoon, Sang Min Lee, Jang Han Lee, and Sun I. Kim. "Characteristics of electrical responsive alginate/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) IPN hydrogel in HCl solutions." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 96, no. 1-2 (November 2003): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(03)00253-3.

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41

Maroufmashat, Azadeh, and Michael Fowler. "Policy Considerations for Zero-Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Incentives: Case Study in Canada." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 3 (August 23, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9030038.

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Transportation accounts for more than 20% of the total Greenouse Gas (GHG) emissions in Canada. Switching from fossil fuels to more environmentally friendly energy sources and to Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) is a promising option for future transportation but well to wheel emission and charging/refuelling patterns must also be considered. This paper investigates the barriers to and opportunities for electric charging and hydrogen refueling infrastructure incentives in Ontario, Canada and estimates the number of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) that would be offset by infrastructure incentives. The paper also assesses the potential of electric and hybrid-electric powertrains to enable GHG reductions, explores the impact of the electricity supply mix for supporting zero-emission vehicles in different scenarios and studies the effect of the utility factor for PHEVs in Ontario. The authors compare the use of electric vehicle charging infrastructures and hydrogen refueling stations regarding overall GHG emission reductions for an infrastructure incentive funded by a 20-million-dollar government grant. The results suggest that this incentive can provide infrastructure that can offset around 9000 ICEVs vehicles using electricity charging infrastructure and 4000–8700 when using hydrogen refuelling stations. Having appropriate limitations and policy considerations for the potential 1.7 million electric-based vehicles that may be in use by 2024 in Ontario would result in 5–7 million tonne GHG avoidances in different scenarios, equivalent to the removal of 1–1.5 million ICEVs from the road.
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42

Mishra, Darpan, and Ramesh Kumar Sonkar. "Analysis of a SiGe Mach–Zehnder modulator for 400G data communication." Applied Optics 60, no. 7 (March 1, 2021): 2083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.416785.

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43

Yamada, Ryuji, Satoru Fujita, and Keiji Wada. "Switching Power Supply with 200V or 400V Input Voltage using a 3-Level Circuit." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 141, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.141.46.

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44

Grosskopf, G., R. Ludwig, and H. G. Weber. "140 Mbit/s DPSK transmission using an all-optical frequency convertor with a 4000 GHz conversion range." Electronics Letters 24, no. 17 (1988): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19880751.

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45

Kim, Tae Song, Dong Joo Kim, Jeon Kook Leea, and Hyung Jin Jung. "Structural and electrical properties of excess PbO doped Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin films using rf magnetron sputtering method." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 12 (December 1998): 3436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0467.

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Well-crystallized Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin films (4000 Å thickness) can be synthesized on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrate at a temperature as low as 520 °C. The polycrystalline lead zirconate titanate (PZT) perovskite phase formation was confirmed with x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and growth morphologies were studied with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electrical properties of PZT thin films were characterized through P-E hysteresis curve, dielectric constant, and loss, fatigue, and leakage current measurements. Remanent polarization (Pr) and coercive field (Ec) of as-grown film were 8–30 μC/cm2 and 24–64 kV/cm with the variation of applied voltage (5–15 V). The post-annealing enhances the electrical properties even at 500 °C, which is below the as-grown temperatures (520 °C). The average polarization loss after applying rectangular pulse (Vp-p = 10 V) up to 1011 cycles was 40.9% for a 300 μm small dot and 22% for a 500 μm large dot, which are relatively improved values for platinum electrode. The values of dielectric constant (ε′) and tan δ measured with small signal sign wave (1 V, 10 kHz) were 1207 and 0.066 in the case of as-grown film.
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46

Silva, Regina M. M., Luis A. Minim, Jane S. R. Coimbra, Edwin E. Garcia Rojas, Luis Henrique Mendes da Silva, and Valeria Paula Rodrigues Minim. "Density, Electrical Conductivity, Kinematic Viscosity, and Refractive Index of Binary Mixtures Containing Poly(ethylene glycol) 4000, Lithium Sulfate, and Water at Different Temperatures." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 52, no. 5 (September 2007): 1567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je060480v.

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47

Zhang, C., and J. F. Vetelino. "Chemical sensors based on electrically sensitive quartz resonators." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 91, no. 1-3 (June 2003): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(03)00094-7.

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48

Lee, Ho-Yun, Chi-Wei He, and Ying-Chieh Lee. "The Effect of Yttrium Addition on the Microstructures and Electrical Properties of CuMn Alloy Thin Films." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (November 20, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6578350.

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In this study, we fabricated thin-film resistors using CuMn and yttrium targets by DC/RF magnetron cosputtering. CuMnY-resistive thin films were deposited onto glass and Al2O3 substrates. The electrical properties and microstructures of CuMn alloy films with different yttrium content were investigated. The CuMnY films were annealed at temperature ranging from 250°C to 350°C in N2 atmosphere. The phase variation, microstructure, film thickness, and constitutional analysis of CuMnY films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and related energy dispersive X-ray analyses (XRD, FESEM, and HRTEM/EDX). It was found that CuMnY alloy films separated into two parts after annealing. The first part is the MnO phase on the bottom side of the film. The second part is an amorphous structure on the upper side of the film. The MnO phase is a microcrystalline that exists in CuMn films, which is dependent on the Y content and annealing temperature. CuMn alloy films with 15.7% yttrium addition annealed at 300°C exhibited higher resistivity ∼4000 μΩ-cm with −41 ppm/°C of temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR).
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49

Chabani, Ines, Fateh Mebarek-Oudina, and Abdel Aziz I. Ismail. "MHD Flow of a Hybrid Nano-Fluid in a Triangular Enclosure with Zigzags and an Elliptic Obstacle." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020224.

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The current study uses the multi-physics COMSOL software and the Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer model with a porosity of ε = 0.4 to conduct a numerical study on heat transfer by Cu-TiO2/EG hybrid nano-fluid inside a porous annulus between a zigzagged triangle and different cylinders and under the influence of an inclined magnetic field. The effect of numerous factors is detailed, including Rayleigh number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), volume percent of the nano-fluid (0.02 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.08), and the rotating speed of the cylinder (−4000 ≤ w ≤ 4000). Except for the Hartmann number, which decelerates the flow rate, each of these parameters has a positive impact on the thermal transmission rate.
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50

Choe, Minjae, Dongho Sin, Priyanuj Bhuyan, Sangmin Lee, Hongchan Jeon, and Sungjune Park. "Ultrasoft and Ultrastretchable Wearable Strain Sensors with Anisotropic Conductivity Enabled by Liquid Metal Fillers." Micromachines 14, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14010017.

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Herein, ultrasoft and ultrastretchable wearable strain sensors enabled by liquid metal fillers in an elastic polymer are described. The wearable strain sensors that can change the effective resistance upon strains are prepared by mixing silicone elastomer with liquid metal (EGaIn, Eutectic gallium-indium alloy) fillers. While the silicone is mixed with the liquid metal by shear mixing, the liquid metal is rendered into small droplets stabilized by an oxide, resulting in a non-conductive liquid metal elastomer. To attain electrical conductivity, localized mechanical pressure is applied using a stylus onto the thermally cured elastomer, resulting in the formation of a handwritten conductive trace by rupturing the oxide layer of the liquid metal droplets and subsequent percolation. Although this approach has been introduced previously, the liquid metal dispersed elastomers developed here are compelling because of their ultra-stretchable (elongation at break of 4000%) and ultrasoft (Young’s modulus of <0.1 MPa) mechanical properties. The handwritten conductive trace in the elastomers can maintain metallic conductivity when strained; however, remarkably, we observed that the electrical conductivity is anisotropic upon parallel and perpendicular strains to the conductive trace. This anisotropic conductivity of the liquid metal elastomer film can manipulate the locomotion of a robot by routing the power signals between the battery and the driving motor of a robot upon parallel and perpendicular strains to the hand-written circuit. In addition, the liquid metal dispersed elastomers have a high degree of deformation and adhesion; thus, they are suitable for use as a wearable sensor for monitoring various body motions.
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