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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "4207 Sports science and exercise"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "4207 Sports science and exercise"

Berry, Michael J., J. W. Berryman, R. J. Park, and Robert G. McMurray. "Sports and Exercise Science." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, no. 1 (January 1994): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199401000-00020.

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Frisch, Suzanne G. "Exercise and Sports Science Reviews." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 68, no. 2 (April 1989): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002060-198904000-00017.

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Hyman, Stephen C. "Exercise and Sports Science Reviews." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 69, no. 1 (February 1990): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002060-199002000-00013.

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&NA;. "Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 22, no. 2 (April 1990): S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199004000-00001.

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McMurray, Robert G., David R. Lamb, and Carl V. Gisolfi. "Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, no. 6 (June 1993): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199306000-00020.

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Young, Andrew J. "Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, no. 2 (February 1994): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199402000-00023.

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Wathen, Dan. "Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise." Strength and Conditioning Journal 25, no. 3 (June 2003): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200306000-00017.

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Pujol, T. J., C. L. Elder, J. T. Barnes, and J. D. Wagganer. "EXERCISE SCIENCE CURRICULUM SURVEY." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 5 (May 2002): S256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200205001-01431.

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Sharp, C. "Sports and Exercise Science, Essays in the History of Sports Medicine." British Journal of Sports Medicine 28, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.28.1.64.

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Buskirk, E. R. "MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE???1985." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 17, no. 1 (February 1985): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198502000-00001.

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Дисертації з теми "4207 Sports science and exercise"

Gibbon, Karl. "Lumbopelvic muscle function during low impact weight-bearing exercise : development of the functional re-adaptive exercise device." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2017. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/32567/.

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The aim of this thesis was to develop our understanding of the Functional Re-adaptive Exercise Device (FRED): a novel prototype exercise device proposed to facilitate the activation the deep paraspinal and anterolateral abdominal wall musculature in a manner consistent with the requirements of motor control training in people with low back pain. Firstly, the intra- and interday reliability and precision of measurement of ultrasound imaging of the lumbar multifidus (LM) and transversus abdominis (TrA) were established. LM and TrA demonstrated good (ICC ≥ 0.75) to excellent (ICC ≥ 0.9) intrarater reliability for both intra- and interday measurements of absolute linear muscle thickness across all conditions. Normalised thickness change, expressed relative to resting values, also demonstrated good reliability between days, with ICCs in excess of 0.75 across all conditions. Secondly, the typical nature of LM and TrA function during this mode of exercise was evaluated in relation to commonly used assessment techniques such as the abdominal drawing-in manoeuvre, active straight-leg raise, and contralateral arm-lift. All contraction conditions successfully resulted in active relative thickness change of LM and TrA. Relative thickness change of the LM when using the FRED was favourable in that it was lower than that observed in loaded contralateral arm raise and walking conditions, suggesting that one of the key features of specific motor control training (contraction intensity of 30-40 % MVC) has been met. Thirdly, activity of the LM and TrA during this mode of exercise and other commonly used corrective/rehabilitative techniques based on relatively static challenges to stability was compared (gym ball, balance board). All stability challenges successfully induced non-volitional concomitant activation of both the LM and TrA. Additionally, it was observed that the LM followed a pattern where all standing conditions elicited greater recruitment than seated conditions, with no additional effect of surface lability. Contrastingly, the TrA only demonstrated an effect of surface instability during FRED conditions. The preferential contraction ratio of the TrA in comparison to IO and EO was greatest during use of the exercise device in the standing position. Fourthly, the intrinsic kinematic stability of the lumbopelvic region whilst using the exercise device was examined, revealing further evidence of the underlying mechanisms facilitating LM and TrA contraction. Key differences between FRED exercise and overground walking included reduced axial rotation of the trunk with respect to the pelvis (i.e. increased lumbopelvic stability) and a more anteriorly tilted pelvis. FRED exercise potentially moved the pelvis into a more advantageous position for the recruitment of TrA and LM. However, the unstable base of support afforded by FRED exercise would seem to add a challenge to movement control that could result in greater TrA and LM activity than overground walking. Finally, the pattern of global muscle activation during this exercise was examined, and provided evidence as to the tonic nature of FRED mediated muscle activity of the lumbar paraspinal and anterolateral abdominal muscles. FRED exercise a) promoted more tonic activity of the lumbopelvic musculature compared to overground walking, b) resulted in greater spinal extensor activity than spinal flexor muscles compared with overground walking, and c) resulted in greater knee extensor activity compared with overground walking.

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Walshe, Ian. "The effect of manipulating the IL-6 response to exercise on biomarkers and exercise performance." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2012. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/10131/.

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Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pluripotent cytokine which has inflammatory properties. It is suggested to mediate a variety of processes including increased perception of fatigue during inflammatory states. In addition, prolonged exercise can cause a marked increase in circulating IL-6, and although there is a widely reported association between plasma IL-6 and fatigue in disease and inflammatory conditions, this relationship has remained relatively unexplored in healthy individuals during exercise. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were firstly, to develop a repeatable preload time trial in order to examine the variability of circulating IL-6 and other signalling molecules in response to an exercise challenge; secondly, to investigate the effect of plasma IL-6 and signalling molecules on fatigue and performance during a pre-loaded time trial; and thirdly, to evaluate the impact of nutritional interventions (glutamine intake during exercise, manipulation of pre-exercise diet and carbohydrate intake during exercise) on the response of circulating IL-6, IL-6 signalling molecules and biomarkers associated with IL-6 during exercise and their effect on preload time trial performance. Results from the studies determined that there was large variability in the plasma IL-6 and signalling receptors response to the pre-loaded time trial (8-20%) but that the exercise protocol was repeatable. Nutritional interventions did not alter the signalling receptor response, nor biomarkers associated with IL-6, including hepcidin. However, carbohydrate intake during exercise attenuated the circulating IL-6 response to exercise by 49% which correlated well with an improved time trial performance. Regardless of the intervention, a consistent finding in all studies indicated that a greater plasma IL-6 response to the preload exercise bout correlated well with a reduced relative exercise performance as a percentage of velocity at VO 2max during the subsequent time trial. To summarise, the findings from this thesis indicate that elevated levels of plasma IL-6 are associated with a decrement in exercise performance. Associated IL-6 signalling molecules are elevated in response to exercise but are not associated with performance and are unaltered by nutritional interventions.

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Thomas, Kevin. "Regulation of power output during self-paced cycling exercise." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2013. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/15122/.

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Fatigue is a universal phenomenon with functional and perceptual consequences. The study of fatigue in the exercise sciences has historically focussed on factors that limit performance during exercise. More recent proposals have shifted the focus of this understanding to examine how intensity is regulated during exercise through the study of the pacing strategy, which has both physiological and practical consequences. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the biological basis of self-pacing and the optimum pacing strategy for endurance time-trial events. Study 1 assessed the reproducibility of the pacing strategy and the consistency of the performance, perceptual and physiological response during self-paced time-trial exercise in well-trained cyclists. This study demonstrated the existence of a global pacing strategy that was reproducible on repeat 20 km cycling time-trials (TTs), and consistent between 4, 20 and 40 km TTs. The performance, perceptual and physiological response was also reproducible, confirming the feasibility of studying manipulations of the self-pacing strategy and the subsequent impact on these variables. Studies 2 and 3 adopted a model whereby participant’s best self-paced TT performance was used to set time- and work-matched exercise bouts to study the effect of even- and variable-pacing. These studies revealed that a variable-pacing strategy that contains frequent periods of high-intensity exercise resulted in an augmented physiological response and higher perception of exertion compared to time- and work-matched even- and self-paced exercise. Conversely, even-pacing resulted in attenuation in the metabolic and perceptual cost of the bout, but only when the self-selected pacing strategy was sub-optimal. When self-pacing was optimal, time- and work-matched even-pacing resulted in cumulative metabolic stress that caused early exercise termination. In study 4 the biological basis to fatigue during 4, 20 and 40 km TTs was assessed. This study demonstrated that the contribution of central and peripheral mechanisms of fatigue during self-paced exercise is task-dependent. Specifically, the shorter, higher intensity 4 km time-trials were characterised by a greater degree of peripheral fatigue and less central fatigue compared to longer, lower intensity 20 and 40 km time-trials where less peripheral and more central fatigue was observed. The supraspinal contribution to fatigue was alsomgreater during longer TT exercise. These studies have provided novel insight in to the biological factors that underpin the regulation of self-paced exercise, and the optimum pacing strategy for endurance TT events.

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O'Doherty, Alasdair Fraser. "The effects of acute exercise and nutritional interventions on postprandial lipid metabolism." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:17126.

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Raised postprandial triglycerides (TG) is an independent risk factor for cardio-metabolic disorders. This is due, in part, to the increases in circulating remnant lipoproteins after TG have been transported for storage or hydrolysis. Raised TG, are also associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (High TG, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles). In addition, elevated TG contribute to ectopic storage of fatty acids in liver, adipose and muscle tissues, contributing to insulin resistance in all three tissues and consequent metabolic dysregulation. It is therefore paramount to prevent frequent and prolonged exposure to raised TG in the postprandial period, particularly in groups who are at increased risk of cardio-metabolic disease. The dyslipidaemic component of cardio-metabolic health can be inferred by assessing the capacity to breakdown and clear TG from circulation after high fat ingestion using an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). The OFTT can also be used to assess the efficacy of interventions targeting reductions in postprandial TG. Exercise and nutritional interventions have been shown to alter postprandial TG excursions and provide insight in to underlying mechanisms of postprandial lipid metabolism. However, there are several topics within this area of research that require further clarification. These topics have been addressed within this thesis. The first experimental chapter of this thesis (chapter 3) aimed to investigate the repeatability of an OFTT (75g fat, 22g carbohydrate, 14g protein) designed to meet recommendations from an expert panel statement. This study also aimed to evaluate the repeatability of the postprandial response to an OFTT preceded by 1 hour of acute moderate intensity exercise (cycling at a work rate eliciting 90% oxygen consumption anaerobic threshold). After an overnight fast, 11 healthy adult male participants consumed OFTT meals on 4 separate occasions; 2 preceded by rest and 2 preceded by exercise. TG area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each test and compared to the repeat condition using non-parametric Bland-Altman analysis. The 4-hour OFTT was repeatable in the rest condition, with 9 of 10 repeat measurements falling within ±15% of the median TG AUC (predefined as the upper limit of acceptable error). However, in the exercise condition repeatability was poor with only 2 of 11 repeat measurements falling within 15% of the median TG AUC. Adult offspring of type 2 diabetics (OT2D) show irregular TG responses to OFTT with high or low carbohydrate content, compared to healthy controls. Prior acute aerobic exercise may favourably influence these postprandial responses in OT2D. This feasibility study (Chapter 4) aimed to investigate the effects of carbohydrate content and acute exercise on TG AUC after OFTT in OT2D. On 4 separate days, 8 adult male OT2D ingested OFTTs with low (HFLC; 75g fat, 22g carbohydrate, 14g protein) or high (HFHC; 75g fat, 95g carbohydrate, 14 g protein) carbohydrate content. Participants rested or exercised (1-hour moderate intensity; 90% oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold) the day before each OFTT. Recruitment to the single centre was slow, but participant adherence to the study was good. There were large effect sizes for lower TG AUC and incremental AUC (iAUC) in the HFHC with prior exercise. Insulin AUC was higher in HFHC conditions and there was a large effect size for lower insulin AUC in the exercise conditions. Given the large effect sizes observed for the effects of prior acute exercise on postprandial TGs, an adequately powered multi-centre study was deemed to be relevant and feasible. Consumption of strawberries appears to be beneficial in attenuating the postprandial lipaemic response to OFTT due to the high polyphenol content within strawberries. The mechanisms of this attenuation in postprandial lipaemia appear to be different from the mechanisms involved in exercise induced reductions in postprandial lipaemia. However, the combined effects of exercise and strawberry interventions in reducing postprandial lipaemic responses to OFTT has not been investigated. The final experimental chapter (Chapter 5) aimed to evaluate the combined effects of acute exercise and strawberry consumption on postprandial responses to OFTT (73g to 74g fat, 32g to 33g carbohydrate, 11g to 12g protein). On 4 separate days, ten overweight/obese males ingested OFTTs with 25g freeze dried strawberries or a placebo. Participants rested or exercised (40 minutes submaximal high intensity exercise, HIIE) the day before each OFTT. There was a 20% reduction in TG AUC in the exercise conditions and no differences in TG AUC in the strawberry conditions. This thesis offers key contributions to postprandial lipid metabolism research. First, the OFTT recommended by an expert panel statement is repeatable. Second, the variability observed in postprandial responses to OFTT with immediate prior exercise may explain the inconsistencies within the literature. Third, acute exercise showed a substantive effect in reducing TG AUC and iAUC with high carbohydrate OFTT in adult OT2D. These improvements could be explained by acute improvements in insulin sensitivity, however, a further adequately powered study is required to support the findings of this feasibility study. Finally, acute HIIE appears to be an effective strategy to reduce postprandial TG, but strawberry intake does not appear to improve postprandial TG.

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Doherty, Michael. "The effects of caffeine on short-term, high-intensity exercise." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/292660.

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The aim of this series of studies was to investigate the effects of oral caffeine ingestion (5 mg . kg-1) on whole-body, short-term, high-intensity exercise (ST; representing an exercise intensity of between 100% -150% V02 max), an area that has received scant attention in the past. It was found that, in common with other 'open-ended' tests, one ST assessment, the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), appeared to lack both validity and reliability. Although traditional reliability markers of MAOD were favourable, the 95% limits of agreement were unacceptably large. In addition, the validity of MAOD was also found to be questionable because a study of elite runners revealed that a large proportion were unable to accomplish a plateau in the V02 -exercise intensity relationship. A follow-up study developed an original bespoke 'preloaded' ST cycling protocol that combined constant-rate exercise with an 'all-out' effort. This protocol appears to have several features that make it a more appropriate assessment to use in ergogenic studies than the MAOD. The work also considered the original, and as yet, undeveloped potential, for the assessment of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during ST. It was shown for the first time that RPE (Borg scale; 6-20) could be used reliably during constant-rate ST. Three of the ten studies demonstrated that caffeine can be ergogenic during ST, with improvements averaging 11 % (95% GI, 7.4% -14.5%) above placebo treatment. In addition, the caffeine studies contributed to a meta-analysis of the effects of caffeine on test outcome that resulted in an effect size greater than zero, with 95% confidence intervals not crossing zero. The studies have examined potential physiological and metabolic mechanisms of action that may help explain caffeine's impact on ST. These suggest that there is some evidence that caffeine both stimulates anaerobic glycolysis and reduces electrolyte disturbance during ST. Finally this work has demonstrated for the first time that the perceptual response during constant-rate ST, as measured by RPE, is blunted following caffeine ingestion. It is concluded that caffeine is ergogenic during ST, and that while the exact mechanism(s) of action remains unknown, one consistent test outcome is a reduction in RPE during constant-rate ST.

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Upton, Patrick Anthony Howard. "Epidemiology and prevention of rugby injuries amongst schoolboy, senior club and provincial rugby players in the Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26754.

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This thesis comprises a series of independent investigations examining rugby injuries occurring to players from under 14 to senior provincial level in the Cape Province (now the Western Cape). The first two studies report data aimed at gaining a more detailed understanding of rugby injuries in specific populations or under specific conditions, whilst the remainder of the thesis reports injury data from both a retrospective and a prospective epidemiological survey involving the same 3990 boys from 25 high schools. Following publication of data showing a progressive rise in the number of spinal cord injuries in the Western Cape, coupled with a sustained media attack on the attitudes of the (then) South African Rugby Board, certain experimental law changes were introduced to South African schoolboy rugby in 1990 and 1991. The purpose of the law changes was either to make the game safer or to make it more open and flowing, or both. Accordingly, the studies described in chapters 4 -8 set out to analyse the effects of these law changes on the incidence and nature of rugby injuries. This was accomplished by comparing data with a similar study conducted in 1983 and 1984 in the same 25 schools (Roux, 1992). The study reported in chapter 2 determined whether the use of neoprene (thermal) pants might reduce the risk of hamstring injury amongst 60 senior club rugby players, all of whom had previously sustained a hamstring muscle tear. The rationale was that the few seasons prior to this 1992 study had been characterised by an increasing use by rugby players of thermal or neoprene pants; a practice which seemed to have evolved spontaneously and without any scientific assessment of its value. We concluded that the wearing of thermal pants can reduce the risk of hamstring injury during rugby. However, other risk factors for injury are probably more important. These include levels of preseason physical fitness, correct warm up and stretching procedures before activity and adequate rehabilitation before returning to activity following injury. The objective of the study reported in chapter 3 was to determine the influence of preseason strength and endurance training on risk of injury in rugby players from two South African provincial teams during the 1992 rugby season. Players from one province followed a supervised scientifically-designed physical training programme, while those from the other did not follow a structured programme. The findings of the study, the first study to prove the relationship between pre-season preparation and early season injury, showed that inadequate pre-season endurance training is a major contributor to the high injury rate at the beginning of the season amongst provincial rugby players. Further, strength and endurance training are interrelated as risk factors. Thus, compared to players with adequate strength and endurance training, those with adequate strength training and insufficient endurance training are at greatest risk of injury, followed by players with insufficient strength and endurance training. It was also shown that contact practices 2 days after inter-provincial match contributed more to an increased number of injuries than to success; that "niggling" injuries may develop into more serious injury if players attempt to "play through" them; and that the lack of structured treatment and rehabilitation of an injury places players at risk of being re-injured.

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Gillies, Hunter Campbell. "The effects of amlodipine on exercise performance in mild to moderate essential hypertensives." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26977.

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The effect of the long acting dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist, amlodipine, on the exercise performance of hypertensive patients is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of amlodipine on maximal (MAX), prolonged submaximal (PSX) and on skeletal muscle function (SMF) in patients with mild hypertension. In a double-blind randomised crossover trial, ten physically active hypertensive patients performed i) graded exercise to exhaustion for determination of maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂ₘₐₓ), peak heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP); ii) PSX at 75% VO₂ₘₐₓ to determine, cardiorespiratory responses, cardiac output (Q), blood lactate [La], free fatty acid [FFA], glucose [G] concentrations and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and iii) tests of isometric SMF including maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and time to fatigue (TTF) during repetitve isometric MVC's. Tests were performed following two week ingestion of amlodipine (5 mg daily) or placebo seperated by a two week washout period. Resting SBP was decreased following ingestion of amlodipine (142 ± 13 vs l33 ± 12 mmHg; vs placebo: [mean± SD]; P<0.05). However, VO₂ₘₐₓ ( 31 ± 5 vs 33 ± 5 mlO₂.kg.min⁻¹ ; amlodipine vs placebo), peak heart rate ( 167 ± 12 vs 165 ± l6b.min⁻¹;amlodipine vs placebo)and peak SBP(l8l ±21 vs 170± 16mmHg; amlodipine vs placebo) were not reduced following ingestion of amlodipine. Submaximal cycling time. VO₂, Q, BP, HR, ventilation, RPE, [FFA], [La] and [G] during PSX were unaltered following ingestion of amlodipine. Similarly ingestion of amlodipine did not alter tests of isometric SMF. These data suggest that: i) ingestion of amlodipine lowers resting SBP but does not alter the normal haemodynamic response during exercise; ii) MAX, PSX exercise performance and SMF are unaltered following ingestion of amlodipine in athletic hypertensive patients. These findings suggest that the regulatory mechanisms which maintain haemodynamic homeostasis during maximal and submaximal exercise are not influenced by ingestion of amlodipine in athletic hypertensive patients.

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Chalari, Eleanna. "The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16424.

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There are evidence that high-intensity acute exercise can promote oxidative stress. High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) is a type of structured physical training characterised by repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise interspersed by recovery periods. As the impact of intermittency during acute HIIE has not been extensively studied, it is possible that the repeated intensive bouts within HIIE could induce oxidative stress levels. Plasma biomarkers, including lipid hydroperoxides and markers of DNA damage, have been increasingly applied within acute exercise physiology research to measure oxidative stress. This thesis presents the experimental outcomes of research into the effect of different forms of HIIE on established and novel biomarkers of oxidative stress. For the 1st study (chapter 3) a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) method was developed and optimised to measure DNA oxidation in plasma samples. Implementing a range of progressive analytical techniques, the method developed had a sensitivity to detect 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-Oxo-dG) in human plasma samples in the range of 5 – 500 nM. The implementation of this LC-MS method along with other oxidative stress biomarkers was thereafter applied to a randomised investigation of different high-intensity intermittent exercise protocols. The 2nd (chapter 4) and 3rd (chapter 5) studies considered the effect of different forms of intermittent exercise undertaken by 9 healthy, regularly active male participants (aged 21.0 ± 3.0 years). Each intermittent exercise session was performed for a total duration of 45 minutes. Each 45 minute exercise protocol consisted of 4 minute stages of high-intensity intermittent running at a mean 75% v!O2max, followed by 1 minute of passive recovery (halt of running). The experimental protocol was specifically designed to match for average speed, duration and distance but varied in either the intermittency (chapter 4) or the acceleration/deceleration (chapter 5). The effects of different forms of intermittent exercise (high, moderate, low) or different acceleration/deceleration components (high, moderate, low) in relation to oxidative stress biomarkers were determined. Results showed the absence of significant increases in all the biomarkers examined. However, significant variation in individual oxidative stress responses was observed. Within a final study, the 8-Oxo-dG method developed was compared to a widely used ELISA method, as there are indications in the literature that ELISA may overestimate 8-Oxo-dG. Determination of 8-Oxo-dG was undertaken on blood plasma samples from 30 chronic heart failure patients (males = 23, females = 7) recruited from the Academic Cardiology department at Castle Hill hospital, Hull, UK, as previous studies have characterised the heart failure syndrome to be associated with higher levels of oxidative stress. Results showed that the LC-MS method developed found no detectable levels of 8-Oxo-dG in plasma samples whereas ELISA showed quantifiable amounts of 8-Oxo-dG. Thus, this thesis presented that the impact of intermittency or acceleration/deceleration following acute HIIE does not induce significant oxidative stress as determined by plasma and serum biomarkers, including plasma 8-Oxo-dG.

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Weston, Adele Robyn. "Selected exercise and skeletal muscle characteristics of African distance runners." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26560.

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African runners dominate distance running both in South Africa and internationally. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to compare selected exercise and skeletal muscle characteristics in well-trained African and Caucasian 10 km runners to determine if evidence exists of differences between these groups with respect to these physiological and biochemical characteristics. Furthermore, the relationship between exercise and skeletal muscle characteristics was investigated. Sedentary individuals from each population group were also studied to determine if differences existed in untrained skeletal muscle between groups. Maximal oxygen consumption and peak treadmill speed were measured using an incremental treadmill protocol whilst submaximal exercise characteristics were measured during a specifically designed protocol consisting of four sequential submaximal workloads relative to the peak treadmill speed of the individual. The final workload was maintained until fatigue with resistance to fatigue defined as total test time. Running economy was measured at a treadmill speed of 16.1 km/hr. Race pace characteristics were measured directly at race pace. Characteristics measured during exercise tests were oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio and heart rate whilst plasma lactate concentration was determined immediately after exercise. Skeletal muscle characteristics were determined by needle biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle. Skeletal muscle enzymes citrate synthase, phosphofructokinase, 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, hexokinase and carnitine palmityl transferase were assayed spectrophotometrically. Skeletal muscle buffering capacity was measured using by titration and fibre type proportions were analysed histochemically. Comparisons between groups were made with the Student's t-test for unpaired data whilst the relationships between variables were analysed using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. The first major finding was that when exercising at the same relative percentage of individual maximal treadmill velocity, African distance runners were able to exercise for longer than the Caucasians (1376±227 vs 1137±126 sec, p<0.01) with lower plasma lactate accumulation (4.8±3.2 vs 7.7±2.8 mmol/l,p<0.05). Time to fatigue was significantly related to a lower plasma lactate concentration (r=-0.63) and a lower respiratory exchange ratio (r=-0.53). The second major finding indicated that African runners were able to race 10 km at a higher percentage of their maximal oxygen uptake (93.5 vs 86.0%, p<0.005), whilst eliciting only a comparable plasma lactate concentration and respiratory exchange ratio. The third main finding was that the African runners were more economical than the Caucasian runners (p<0.05). The fourth main finding is that the African runners had a 50% greater activity of citrate synthase (p<0.005) and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (p<0.01) in the vastus lateralis than the Caucasians and this could not be explained by fibre type proportions, because the proportion of type I fibres was lower in the African runners (p<0.05). Citrate synthase activity, was related to the runners' ability to resist fatigue at high intensity relative to their individual peak treadmill velocity (r=0.70, p<0.05). A higher CS activity was related to a lower plasma lactate concentration and a lower RER. The sixth main finding of this thesis was that skeletal muscle buffering capacity of the Caucasian runners was higher than that of the African runners (p<0.05). A methodological study of buffering capacity in rats showed the buffering capacity was largely dependent upon fibre type and protein concentration, however these parameters could not explain the difference observed between the African and Caucasian runners. Furthermore, despite the differences in skeletal muscle characteristics observed between African and Caucasian runners in the current thesis, there was no evidence of these differences being inherently present in sedentary African and Caucasian individuals. In conclusion, the current series of studies do provide evidence of differences in selected exercise and skeletal muscle characteristics between African and Caucasian distance runners, with the African runners possessing exercise and skeletal muscle profiles that are considered to be more advantageous for endurance performance.

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Campbell, Matthew. "Strategies to manage post-exercise glycaemia in type 1 diabetes." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2014. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/21434/.

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For patients with type 1 diabetes, a fear of hypoglycaemia and a concern over a loss of control with wider diabetes management are the most salient barriers to exercise participation and adherence. A large proportion of patients report a lack of advice for preventing post-exercise hypoglycaemia, and many feel largely uninformed about insulin administration and carbohydrate intake around aerobic-based exercise. Presently, recommendations within the literature are based predominantly on anecdotal and observational, but not empirical or interventional data. Therefore, this thesis aimed to develop a strategy that enables patients to effectively self-manage glycaemia following exercise, supported by evidence pertaining to the deeper physiological implications and consequences. Study one (chapter 3) revealed that under conditions of reduced pre-exercise rapid-acting insulin dose, it is also necessary to reduce post-exercise rapid-acting insulin administration by 50% to prevent early-onset hypoglycaemia (≤ 8 hours post-exercise). Consequently, some patients experienced post-prandial hyperglycaemia with this intervention, although this was not associated with any other metabolic, counter-regulatory hormonal, or inflammatory disturbances. The results of study two (chapter 4) demonstrate that post-exercise meal composition, under conditions of reduced pre- and post-exercise rapid-acting insulin dose, carry important implications for post-prandial glycaemia. Specifically, consumption of low GI post-exercise carbohydrates normalise post-prandial hyperglycaemia, whilst protection from early onset hypoglycaemia is maintained. In addition, post-exercise meal composition heavily influences inflammatory markers; a high GI meal results in a pronounced inflammatory response, but a low GI meal completely prevented any rise in measured inflammatory markers. Lastly, study three (chapter 5) assessed the efficacy of a combined basal-bolus insulin reduction and low GI carbohydrate post-exercise feeding strategy. A 20% reduction in basal insulin provided full protection from hypoglycaemia for a total of 24 hours after exercise. Furthermore, ketonaemia did not increase to clinically meaningful levels, nor did inflammatory markers rise above concentrations seen at rest or when exercising under usual basal dose. No other metabolic or counter-regulatory hormonal disturbances were observed following a combined dose reduction to basal-bolus insulin and low GI carbohydrate post-exercise feeding. Collectively, this thesis has shown that acute prandial adjustments in rapid-acting insulin and carbohydrate feeding, in combination with alterations in basal dose, are effective for managing post-exercise glycaemia and protecting patients from hypoglycaemia for a total of 24 hours after exercise. Moreover, this strategy aims to maintain euglycaemia by reducing post-prandial hyperglycaemia. This is not associated with clinically significant rises in ketonaemia, nor does it induce inflammatory, counter-regulatory hormonal, or other metabolic disturbances. Clinicians are advised to tailor these recommendations to a patient’s individual exercise preferences, fitness and exercise ability, level of diabetes management, and treatment regimen.

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Книги з теми "4207 Sports science and exercise"

Tom, Aitchison, and Grant Stanley, eds. Statistics for sports and exercise science. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2010.

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J, Housh Terry, and Housh Dona J, eds. Introduction to exercise science. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 2000.

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American College of Sports Medicine., ed. ACSM's introduction to exercise science. Philadelphia: Wollters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health, 2011.

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M, Moore Cynthia, ed. Introduction to exercise science. Dubuque, Ia: Kendall Hunt, 2010.

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J, Housh Terry, Housh Dona J, and Johnson Glen O. 1938-, eds. Introduction to exercise science. 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings, 2003.

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Lamb, David R. Perspectives in exercise science and sports medicine. Indianapolis, Ind: Benchmark Press, 1988.

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Philip, Watkins, and Griffin Murray, eds. Sport and exercise science: An introduction. London: Hodder Arnold, 2005.

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Whyte, Gregory P. Practical EKG for exercise science and sports medicine. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2010.

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Practical skills in sport and exercise science. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall, 2011.

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J, Hale Beverley, and Wilkinson David M, eds. Using statistics in sport and exercise science research. Chichester: Lotus, 2005.

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Barakat, Ruben, Alejandro Lucía, and Jonatan Ruiz. "Exercise and Pregnancy." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, 110–19. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118862254.ch12.

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Berglund, Bo. "Exercise performance in masters canoeing athletes." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, 116–21. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119097198.ch10.

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Trent, Ronald J., and Bing Yu. "The Future of Genetic Research in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine." In Genetics and Sports, 187–95. Basel: KARGER, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000235705.

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Bø, Kari. "Exercise and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Female Elite Athletes." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, 76–85. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118862254.ch8.

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Huyghe, Thomas, Julio Calleja-Gonzalez, and Nicolás Terrados. "Post-Exercise Recovery Strategies in Basketball: Practical Applications Based on Scientific Evidence." In Basketball Sports Medicine and Science, 799–814. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61070-1_63.

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Chang, Chuan-Yi, Jun-Ming Su, and Jia-Sheng Heh. "Behavior Data Analysis for Physical Exercise Through Sports Bracelets." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 584–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99737-7_62.

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Day, David. "An 'Art and a Science': Eighteenth-Century Sports Training." In Sports and Physical Exercise in Early Modern Culture, 125–44. Surrey, UK England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, [2015] |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315610443-7.

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Shapie, Mohamad Nizam Mohamed, Jamiaton Kusrin, Wahidah Tumijan, and Mohd Shahiid Elias. "Silat Tempur: The Combat Sports for Children." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology, 151–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6772-3_19.

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Zhao, Zhao, S. Ali Etemad, and Ali Arya. "Gamification of Exercise and Fitness using Wearable Activity Trackers." In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Computer Science in Sports (ISCSS), 233–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24560-7_30.

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Parnabas, Vincent, Nagoor Meera Abdullah, Mohd Rahizam Abd Rahim, Mohamad Nizam Mohamed Shapie, and Julinamary Parnabas. "Emotional Intelligence and Sports Performance Among Malaysian Ethnics." In Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology 2014 (ICoSSEET 2014), 39–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-107-7_5.

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Evans, GH, E. Hughes, S. Paulson, E. Sheader, and T. Pocock. "7 Effect of pre-exercise sucralose ingestion on exogenous glucose oxidation during exercise." In International Sports Science + Sports Medicine Conference 2017 ABSTRACTS, Incorporating Sports Physiotherapy and Strength & Conditioning, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England 5–7th September 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098966.11.

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Moreno-Quispe, Luz Arelis, Luis Alfredo Espinoza-Espinoza, and Anthony Paul Tavara-Ramos. "Preferences of sports tourism consumers." In Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2020 - Summer Conferences of Sports Science. Universidad de Alicante, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.15.proc4.43.

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Federici, Ario, Federico Zumbo, Francesco Lucertini, and Carlo Ferri Marini. "Proprioceptive training and sports performance." In Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2020 - Summer Conferences of Sports Science. Universidad de Alicante, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.15.proc4.17.

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Sánchez-Romero, Elisa Isabel, Francisco Javier Ponseti-Verdaguer, David Pulido, and Pere Antoni Borràs. "Analysis of parental behaviour and attitude in sports and its relation with the sports performance." In Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2020 - Winter Conferences of Sports Science. Universidad de Alicante, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.15.proc2.24.

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Komarudin, Komarudin. "Brain Jogging Exercise and Team and Individual Sports Athletes’ Concentration." In 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007063104560459.

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Zhang, Xingsheng, and Hejian Yang. "College students’ happiness personality attitude and correlation analysis of physical exercise." In 2016 National Convention on Sports Science of China, edited by Z. Henan and J. Y. Beijing. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ncssc/201701037.

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"Book of Abstracts: Autumn Conferences of Sports Science." In Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2019 - Autumn Conferences of Sports Science. Universidad de Alicante, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.proc1.16.

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"Book of Abstracts: Winter Conferences of Sports Science." In Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2019 - Winter Conferences of Sports Science. Universidad de Alicante, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.proc2.17.

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D'Angelo, Stefania, and Pompilio Cusano. "Who practices sports can be vegetarian?" In Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2020 - Spring Conferences of Sports Science. Universidad de Alicante, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.15.proc3.08.

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