Дисертації з теми "4410 Sociology"

 

Syftet med vår studie har varit att tolka och beskriva före detta missbrukares individuella skildringar av kopplingar mellan kön och missbruk. Det empiriska materialet består av två kvalitativa intervjuer med en manlig och en kvinnlig före detta missbrukare. Materialet har analyserats utifrån ett innehållsligt perspektiv i relation till teorier om stämpling, emotioner, utanförskap samt könskodade förväntningar.

 

De mest framträdande resultaten visar att det existerar skillnader mellan informanternas upplevelser av utanförskap, stämpling och emotioner. Den kvinnliga informanten tycks i sina utsagor om hennes före detta missbrukarliv konsekvent vilja lyfta fram emotioner av utanförskap, stämpling och skam i anknytning till könskodade förväntningar. Den manlige informanten verkar istället lyfta fram emotioner av rädsla, ilska och aggressivitet som vanligt förkommande emotioner i samband med hans före detta missbruk.

This thesis seeks to answer the ‘key question’: ‘how is the border worked at an international airport?’ To answer this key question the author, who is employed as a Customs officer, uses participant observation to provide material for an anthropological analysis of this question. The primary anthropological focus that will permeate throughout this thesis is interconnectedness of human and non human actors. This focus on interconnectedness will be linked to the ability of the workers of the border to communicate about risk to one another. Risk at the border is highly political following the terrorist attacks of September 11 (9/11). The attacks are not a focus of this thesis but a study of the border network will shed some light on how the workers of the border make sense of external factors such as these attacks (9/11) in their work world. The thesis accounts for links between the border workers of different government agencies and uses the idea of an occupational community to do so. The thesis will attempt to account for technologies within the border network. The account of technologies will demonstrate through an actor network approach their hybrid nature, and their ability to negotiate and renegotiate the border network. Power is analysed at the border through the ideas of Foucault. Though the idea of occupational community, actor network theory and the ideas of Foucault on power are not linked outside of this thesis in any way, they provide an honest account of the border network as expressed through the case study of risk and interagency communication at an international airport.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Comunicação, 2009.
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Este trabalho investiga a consolidação da controvérsia científica como tema de notícias no contexto democrático, sob o ponto de vista de uma organização pública de pesquisa. Baseado em conceitos de comunicação sobre riscos e de comunicação organizacional existentes, defende que os modelos tradicionais de comunicação com a sociedade – focados primordialmente na divulgação dos benefícios da ciência e na promoção da imagem institucional – estão sendo substituídos, ainda de forma incipiente, por um modelo de comunicação pública da ciência em que, ao lado da competência e da autoridade profissionais, as instituições são legitimadas por sua capacidade de estabelecer relações e manter espaços institucionalizados de debate com os setores interessados naquilo que elas produzem. A pesquisa enfoca a divulgação dos transgênicos para a sociedade, sob a ótica da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), procurando observar como a polêmica sobre o assunto influenciou o processo. A análise inicia-se em 23 de abril de 1997, data em que Embrapa e Monsanto assinaram o primeiro acordo para desenvolvimento de soja tolerante ao herbicida Roundup Ready, e termina em 20 de abril de 2005, ocasião em que a Embrapa lançou suas primeiras cultivares de soja transgênica, após a aprovação pelo Congresso Nacional da Lei de Biossegurança. A metodologia combinou exame das notícias que citam a Embrapa, publicadas pela imprensa escrita; apreciação das normas institucionais; análise dos releases disponíveis no banco de notícias da empresa; realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com jornalistas da casa e observação participante. Os dados analisados permitiram concluir que houve predominância da perspectiva técnica sobre a social, no tratamento dado aos riscos pela Embrapa, durante a polêmica sobre os transgênicos. Prevaleceu também a divulgação de informações que buscaram convencer o público sobre a importância dos OGM para a sociedade, para o País e para a ciência nacional, caracterizando o predomínio de uma visão autocrática da legitimidade científica em relação a outras, mais democráticas. Concluiu-se, ainda, que a demora em fornecer informações para o público sobre os transgênicos relacionou-se à falta de regulamentação da questão e, também, à “dupla dependência” da Embrapa, vinculada a “patrocinadores” que, aos olhos dos entrevistados, defendiam pontos de vista opostos: governo (interesse público) e Monsanto (interesse privado). O mapeamento das redes de atores-rede tornou visíveis as alianças entre Embrapa e outras organizações e a influência do cenário político nas diferentes posições defendidas pela empresa sobre o assunto. A imprensa foi a grande aliada da Embrapa na defesa das posições institucionais. Houve, porém, ocasiões em que as duas organizações se pautaram por lógicas de visibilidade antagônicas (sigilo e publicidade), sendo possível caracterizar, a partir dessa constatação, a existência de quatro fases no período analisado em que ora prevaleceu uma lógica, ora outra, ora as duas entraram em simbiose. Concluiu-se finalmente que, hoje, as organizações públicas de pesquisa dependem de uma gama de entidades e grupos de interesse cujos conflitos e alianças tornam a divulgação de inovações tecnológicas bem mais complexa do que prevêem os modelos de comunicação sobre riscos e de comunicação organizacional utilizados. __________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This work investigates the consolidation of the scientific controversy as a subject of news in the democratic context, under the point of view of a public research organization. Based on the existing concepts of risk communication and organizational communication, this research defends that the traditional models of communication with society - focused primordially in the dissemination of the benefits of science and in the promotion of the corporate image - are being substituted, yet in afragile way, for a model of public communication of science in which, alongside the professional competence and authority, the institutions are legitimated for their capacity to establish relations and maintain institutionalized spaces of debate with the sectors interested in what they produce. This research focuses on the dissemination of transgenics to society, from the perspective of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), observing how the controversy on the matter influenced the process. The analysis initiates in 23 of April of 1997, when Embrapa and Monsanto signed the first agreement for the development of the soybean tolerant to the herbicide Roundup Ready, and finishes in 20 of April of 2005, when Embrapa launched its first cultivars of transgenic soy, after the approval of the Biosafety Law by the Brazilian National Congress. The methodology combined examination of articles mentioning Embrapa published by the press; appreciation of the institutional rules; analysis of press releases available in the company news database; accomplishment of semi-structured interviews with journalists from Embrapa; and participant observation. The analyzed data indicated that there was a predominance of the technical perspective over the social one on the treatment given to the risks by Embrapa, during the controversy over transgenics. The results also indicated the prevalence of the dissemination of information that sought to convince lay people about the importance of OGM for society, for the country and the national science, characterizing the prevalence of autocratic vision of scientific legitimacy over a more democratic one. It was also observed that the delay in providing information to the public on the transgenics was associated, primarily, to the lack of regulation of the issue and to the “double dependence” between Embrapa and its “sponsors” that, to the eyes of the interviewees, defended opposite points of view: government (public interest) and Monsanto (private interest). The mapping of networks of actor-network made visible alliances between Embrapa and other organizations and the influence of the political scenario in the different positions on the subject defended by the company. It was understood, moreover, that the press was the great ally of Embrapa in the defense of its institutional positions.However, there were occasions when the two organizations were guided by antagonic visibility logics (secrecy and publicity), from which is possible to identify the existence of four different phases in the analyzed period in which, at one point, one logic prevailed, at another point, the other one did, and moments when they both entered in symbiosis. Finally, the conclusion is that, today, the public research organizations depend on a range of entities and interest groups whose conflicts and alliances make the dissemination of technological innovations much more complex than foresees the existing models of risk communication and organizational communication. ________________________________________________________________________________ RÉSUMÉ
Ce travail a pour objet de recherche la controverse scientifique qui a été utilisée comme moyen de diffusion d’information dans une entreprise publique. En utilisant les concepts de communication sur les risques et de communication organisationnelle existants, on détecte que les modèles traditionnels de communication – centrés sur la diffusion des bénefices de la science et de la promotion de l’image institutionnel- sont en train d’être substitués, bien qu’encore de façon timide, par un nouveau modèle, celui de la communication publique de la science. Celui-ci se caracterise, en plus de la compétence et de l’autorité profissionnelles, les institutions qui sont légitimées par leurs capacités d’établir des relations et de soutenir des espaces institutionnels de débat avec les acteurs intéressés par le type de produit de l’entreprise. Cette recherche focalise la diffusion des transgeniques dans la socièté dans l’optique de l’Embrapa – Entreprise Brésilienne de Recherche Agronomique, tout en essayant de vérifier dans quelle mesure la polémique a influencé le débat et la prise de décision finale. L’analyse commence le 23 avril 1997, - date à partir de laquelle Embrapa et Monsanto ont signé une convention de recherche portant sur le soja capable de supporter l’herbicide roundup ready – et termine le 20 abril 2005, à l’occasion du lancement des premiers produits de soja transgenitique, après l’approbation du Congrès National de la loi de la biosécurité. La méthodologie utilisée est fondée sur l’utilisation des informations publiées sur l’Embrapa ; l’analyse des releases disponibles dans les banques de données de l’entreprise; la réalisation d’entretiens semi- strutucturés avec les journalistes de la propre entreprise et l’analyse en tant que participant du processus en question. Les données analysées permettent de conclure qu’il y a eu primauté du téchnique sur le social, en particulier dans le traitement du risque. Dans la divulgation d’informations a prévalu l’idée de convaincre la population de l’importance des OGM pour la société, le pays et la science nationale. Ceci caracterise la prééminence de la vision tecnocratique de legitimité scientifique sur la conception démocratique. Il a été observé aussi que le retard de la publicité des informations pour le public sur les OGM se doit, essenciellement, au manque de régulation juridique et à la double dépendance de l’Embrapa de ses partenaires financiers. Ces derniers, selon les interviewés, défendaient l’intérêt privé et l’Embrapa, l’intérêt public. La configuration des réseaux des acteurs-réseaux montre clairement les alliances de l’Embrapa avec d’autres organisations et de l‘influence du cénario politique dans les différentes prises de positions de l’entreprise. Soulignant aussi que la presse écrite a été un grand allié de l’Embrapa dans la défense de ses positions institutionnelles. Quant aux deux entreprises, elles étaient guidées par deux logiques antagoniques (celles de la publicité et du secret), faisant de la sorte que la première logique prédomina dans certaines situations et dans d’autres a prévalu le secret. Em résumé, les entreprises publiques de recherche dependent d’une gamme d’entités et de groupes d’intérêts dont les conflits et les alliances ont fait que la diffusion d’innovations technologiques est beaucoup plus complexe de ce que prévoyait les modèles de la communication sur les riques et de la communication organisationnelles.

This mixed methods dissertation is comprised of three papers that consider interrelated ways in which social bonds, within the context of parenting, are experienced by women recently involved with the corrections system. Types of social bonds considered include agency professionals, romantic partners, and children--all previously theorized to play a role during the reentry period. These social bonds are considered within the context of the challenges experienced during this period, and how and why these social bonds may--or may not--support women as they transition back into the community.

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Nossa pesquisa apresenta uma an?lise das rela??es entre conhecimento e realidade atrav?s do discurso do jornal O Povo, o primeiro peri?dico oficial da Rep?blica Rio-Grandense, que circulou de 1838 a 1840, na cidade de Piratini e depois em Ca?apava, no Rio Grande do Sul. A publica??o do jornal est? inserida no contexto da Revolu??o Farroupilha, uma das revoltas provinciais que marcaram o per?odo regencial brasileiro. Para tanto, nossos referenciais te?ricos s?o a Sociologia Fenomenol?gica de Alfred Schutz, em seu interesse nas rela??es entre consci?ncia e realidade, a no??o de dispositivo, apresentada por Maurice Mouillaud, e a An?lise do Discurso de Patrick Charaudeau, atrav?s da sua teoria da enuncia??o. Aplicada ao campo da Comunica??o, a Fenomenologia v? os fen?menos midi?ticos como mediadores das subjetividades, refor?ando ou confrontando os significados constru?dos na vida cotidiana. Atrav?s dos meios de comunica??o, ? poss?vel entrar em contato com as relev?ncias e tipifica??es presentes em determinada sociedade. Nosso objeto de an?lise foi o discurso presente no jornal, visto como uma situa??o de comunica??o, ou seja, o encontro de quatro sujeitos da fala submetidos a um contexto de expectativas, onde determinados contratos e estrat?gias est?o em jogo. As 160 edi??es d O Povo, jornal Pol?tico, liter?rio e ministerial da Rep?blica Rio-Grandense, permitem analisar alguns dos significados partilhados pelos revolucion?rios republicanos na vida cotidiana, como a quest?o da legalidade, a influ?ncia do pensamento liberal, a participa??o dos escravos, a constitui??o dos s?mbolos p?trios, a vis?o do papel feminino na sociedade. Al?m disso, a pesquisa revela procedimentos e caracter?sticas espec?ficos dos jornais brasileiros da primeira metade do s?culo XIX, um momento em que houve, nas palavras de Morel (2003), uma verdadeira explos?o da palavra p?blica.

Syftet är att göra en lokal undersökning i Gävle för att se vad de större kristna församlingarnas sociala arbete består av och vilka sociala insatser som görs i dessa församlingar. Jag vill även undersöka vad diakonin har för roll i dagens samhälle.

Min metod är att genom intervjuer få vetskap om vad det försiggår för socialt arbete i kristna församlingar i Gävle. Jag har gjort en fallstudie där jag har utfört intervjuer med representanter för de större församlingarna. Uppsatsen har en kvalitativ deskriptiv ansats. Mitt källmaterial är de intervjuer jag utfört där frågorna medvetet är öppna för att få ett samtal. När det gäller Metodistkyrkan och Korskyrkan så har intervjuerna utförts på telefon på grund av svårigheter att få till ett personligt möte med personerna jag tänkt mig. De övriga i min undersökning har jag träffat personligen. Grundfrågeställningen har varit densamma vid alla tillfällen.

Jag kommer att utifrån intervjuunderlaget sammanföra både åsikter och verksamheter med det diakonala arbetets tankemönster. Eftersom jag för denna undersökning inte funnit teorier för det diakonala arbetet så avser jag istället att försöka knyta an undersökningen till någon av de teorier som finns för socialt arbete i analys- och diskussionsdelen.

Syftet med detta arbete är att visa hur några invandrarföräldrar resonerar i frågor som gäller deras barn. Min huvudfråga är, vilka förväntningar har invandrarföräldrarna på sina barn när det gäller att ta till sig den svenska kulturen respektive föräldrarnas kultur? Undersökningen grundar sig på intervjuer med fem föräldrar. De frågor som jag ställt för att få svar på min huvudfråga är följande:

• Hur ser invandrarföräldrarna på att barnen tar till sig den svenska kulturen?
• Vilka krav har föräldrarna på att barnen tar till sig deras kultur?
• Hur uppfattar invandrarföräldrarna den svenska skolan?

Som komplement till undersökningen har jag också gjort en forskningsöversikt. Forskningen visar att hur barnen utvecklar sin identitet beror mycket på hur de blir bemötta av sin omgivning som till exempel skolan och hemmet. I mitt arbete har jag undersökt hur invandrarföräldrarna bemöter sina barn. Resultatet visar framförallt att hur man förhåller sig till den egna kulturen och den svenska kulturen är mycket beroende på hur integrerad i det svenska samhället man är. Integrationen i det svenska samhället beror i sin tur på hur familjen tänkt sig sin framtid. Tänker familjen flytta tillbaka till sitt hemland eller stanna i Sverige. Invandrarföräldrarna har en positiv syn på svenska skolan. Den är friare och ger barnen en möjlighet att utvecklas. Friheten kan leda till att skolan uppfattas som lite slapp i vissa fall.

Examensarbete på Grundskollärarprogrammet 1-7 ht 1998.

Dop, konfirmation och bröllop är några riter som kyrkan kan erbjuda och som har varierats genom årens lopp. Syftet med denna uppsats är att genom relevant litteratur beskriva dopets, konfirmationens samt bröllopets historia och seder och bruk, samt kartlägga vad invånarna i Kalix anser om rite de passage. Metoden utgick från ett kvantitativt synsätt och till grund för undersökningen låg enkätundersökningar bland Kalixborna och urvalet bestod av 100 respondenter med bred åldersvariation 15-75 år. Resultatet visar att de flesta av både männen och kvinnorna oavsett ålder eller yrke/sysselsättning, använder kyrkan i 1:a hand för att utföra olika riter, men därutöver minskar kontakten med kyrkan. Men det finns en viss skillnad mellan könen. Kvinnorna tillhör den kategori som till större andel är döpta och konfirmerade. De besöker kyrkan utöver riterna i högre utsträckning än männen. Studien påvisar att kyrkan fortfarande är en del i folkets liv, men de som tillhör den yngre åldersgruppen är mindre aktiva jämfört mot dem som tillhör den äldre åldersgruppen. Det visade sig att Durkheims teori till viss del överensstämde med resultatet av undersökningen. Enligt Émile Durkheim markerar riterna viktiga skeden och övergångar i livet där bland annat födelse, övergången till att bli vuxen samt äktenskap räknas med. Vidare anser Durkheim att kollektiva ritualer och ceremonier som till exempel födelse och giftermål ger gruppen en stark solidaritet mellan medlemmarna i en grupp. Durkheim menar att religionen minskar i takt med samhällets moderna utveckling och med detta blir ritualer och ceremonier en mindre del av människans liv och det vetenskapliga tänkandet tar överhanden. Religionen kommer att fortleva trots detta eftersom moderna samhällen för sin sammanhållning är beroende av ritualer. De är en bekräftelse på det man tror. Men gamla ceremonier kommer att ersättas med nya när dessa ceremonier dör ut och Durkheim antyder att de nya ritualerna kommer att vara humanistiska och politiska och kännetecknas av frihet, jämlikhet och samarbete. Även Thomas Luckmanns teori kom att överensstämma till viss del med resultatet av undersökningen, som t.ex. att religiositeten är vanligare bland kvinnor än män och det är större andel religiöst aktiva bland yngre och äldre än medelålders, samt att idag tillhör religionen individens privata tillvaro. Sammanfattningsvis kan vi konstatera att idag utförs rite de passage till stor del i kyrkan liksom förr, men numera är syftet med riterna mer varierande.

La thèse étudie le rapport de la scène théâtrale à une figure devenue centrale dans les sociétés européennes contemporaines : la victime. Appartenant aux fondations de la culture occidentale, des rituels sacrificiels à la figure christique, la victime devient au cours de l’histoire moderne une catégorie juridique, et émerge en tant que subjectivité politique à part entière à la fin du XXe siècle. Elle se trouve alors au fondement d’une nouvelle reconnaissance sociale, qui ouvre des droits à la réparation de la violence subie. La décennie 1990-2000 est prise dans ce « paradigme victimaire ». Il se trouve là une mutation fondamentale de la sensibilité contemporaine quant au regard sur la souffrance, redéfinissant les codifications morales des régimes démocratiques et les perspectives des luttes contestataires et émancipatrices. Cette recherche en Études théâtrales propose d’observer ce mouvement à partir de la scène contemporaine, et de renouveler l'approche de l’histoire récente des spectacles au prisme de cette figure. A partir d’un large corpus de spectacles, textes dramatiques, et initiatives d’artistes de la scène qui marquent le paysage théâtral européen entre 1990 et 2000, la thèse dresse un état des lieux du statut de la victime sur ces scènes, pour déterminer la singularité du théâtre dans l’élaboration de ce nouveau paradigme. Elle explore également en quoi l’hyper-présence scénique de la victime travaille les corps, affecte la façon de regarder et mettre en scène les mécanismes de la violence politique, entraine la pratique du théâtre vers un nouveau rapport au réel et aux régimes du performatif. Ce phénomène génère de nouveaux partages émotionnels, sensibles, et politiques des spectacles. Pour caractériser cette mutation en l'articulant à l'histoire contemporaine, l’analyse des œuvres et la réflexion critique est complétée par des références à des travaux issus des études visuelles et des sciences humaines et sociales
This thesis in Performative Arts explores the theatrical representations of the victim, which has become a central figure in European contemporary societies. Rooted in the foundations of occidental culture, from images of sacrificial rites to the figure of the Christ, the victim has evolved into a judicial category throughout modern history and later on emerged as a specific political subjectivity, in the end of the XXth century. Victims then began to acquire a form of legitimacy, through the social recognition of the violence they endured, as well as the possibility of repairing the harm done. The core of this paradigm is settled in the 1990’s, with a striking shift in public sensitivity and interest regarding experiences of oppression/suffering, thereby redefining democratic regimes and opening new fields of political resistance.This research studies this movement from the point of view of contemporary performative arts. It aims at renewing the recent history of dramatic arts, through the prism of the victim, seen as a figure. Based on a corpus of plays, playwriting, and artistic events that played a significant role between 1993 et 2000 in the European scene, the thesis assesses the figure of the victim in order to define the specific role of Theater in the construction of this new paradigm. The presence of victims on stage affects bodily representation, as well as the ways to stage political violence. It also leads contemporary theater to a new sense of realness, and to an organic link with performative systems. In order to analyze this shift in relation with contemporary history, the analysis of the corpus and of the theoretical framework is put in perspective by various references to other visual studies and social science

There are growing concerns over the effects of mixed martial arts (MMA) on the levels of violence in society and the dangers of participating in combat sports. MMA is a full contact combat sport that uses striking and grappling techniques in a continuous fighting form. The sport first emerged in North America in 1993 as a No- holds-barred spectacle, under the name the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), which continues to remain the largest MMA organisation. Media representation of the sport are split into two camps. On the one hand MMA is presented as a brutal and barbaric display of violence, where thugs beat one another senseless, and is presumed to cause a surge in street violence and societal decay. Conversely, it is presented as an art form, tool for self-defense, discipline, fitness and bully-proofing children. To date there has been no significant research focusing on everyday MMA participation in Australia. The research aims to understand the experiences of people who practice MMA and how they negotiate violence within training, thus establishing a nuanced understanding of the people who practice MMA, than what is understood in the predominant debate surrounding MMA. This thesis is based on a four and a half year ethnography as a participant training in an ordinary MMA gym in the outer suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. The data collected consists of fieldnotes and 13 life history interviews with the core group from Praelia MMA (pseudonym). Furthermore, the research reveals through the embodied nature of MMA, how hegemonic relations form through everyday practices and rituals. Understanding violence requires an analysis of both broad social and structural processes and the minute and mundane interactions of everyday people. Opposed to understanding MMA participants’ as possessing violent attributes or psychologically attracted to violence, I draw on the theoretical approaches of Pierre Bourdieu, Randall Collins, Raewyn Connell and Norbert Elias, to argue that in the moment of the here and now, participants use forms of cultural capital (resources) in interactions to make them feel energised through group solidarity. With increasing social insecurity disproportionately effecting working-class, and lower middle-class populations, MMA becomes one answer for inclusion into the global images of male success. Participants’ in Praelia MMA (re)establish a social hierarchy around historically androcentric forms of capital, as they enter into the field and play for the rewards at stake. Thus, I conclude that MMA does not automatically produce bodies capable of violence.

The effects of domestic violence on childhood are significantly under investigated in the literature, the experiences of women dominate the field. The underpinning argument of this thesis is that children who witness domestic violence are silent victims. I have used feminist and sociological theories to strengthen the thesis and frame the gendered and social contexts of domestic violence, providing context for how the social phenomena has been historically understood. I have used lived experience to explore the effects of witnessing domestic violence as a child, in an Australian context. The highlights and challenges of investigating the self within the context of a sensitive topic are discussed. Autoethnographic methods have been harnessed to represent an experiential narrative of witnessing domestic violence, connected to the context of the broader social issue. Field texts were produced during the research process, in the form of diarised entries and stream of consciousness writing and were subsequently utilised for analysis. Genealogical data sets comprised of family artefacts such as photos and life documents were also used as primary data sets. The disordered nature of writing the self is thoroughly investigated and demonstrated in the excerpts of diarised entries included in the data section. The thesis concludes with the proposal that the production of familial generational violence and victimisation is impacted by structural factors such as class position, gendered behavioural patterns, and the constructs of the nuclear family. Adulthood is negatively affected by a childhood disrupted by experiential accounts of domestic violence, exposure to violence and victimisation in the home significantly impacts life outcomes.

Contact sports have often fostered an aggressive and violent, hyper-masculine culture which prioritises strength and demeans characteristics associated with femininity. The Japanese martial art of Kendo, however, has transformed into a modern sport which trains men and women together, and where women also frequently compete against men, in contrast to many other contact martial arts. My Life in Kendo: Gender and Masculinity Across Cultures uses an autoethnographic methodology to explore how my journey in kendo can help us understand gender relations in kendo and improve them so that any woman can enjoy and benefit from kendo without being discriminated against. More generally, this research seeks to gain insight into what kendo offers in terms of positive/productive experiences for women in particular, along with some key moments where this has failed. At issue are also questions of Confucianism, migration, anger, masculinity, and aging.

In the last five years an increasing number of garment factories in Vietnam have relocated to rural areas in the country, as has also occurred in other countries in Southeast Asia. In large part, the purpose of this has been to recruit a workforce from the peasants currently working in family agriculture. Workers in these factories are mainly women who are older than 25 and have children. Some of these women had been working in factories in large cities who returned home. These factories also opened up employment opportunities for “left-behind” mothers, women who had never migrated out of their village. Previous research has explored why young women migrated to work in factories in cities, the ways they struggled with aspects of modern life in urban areas, how this changes their gender identity, and forms of exploitation they experienced. Rural women workers with children have rarely been included in these studies. Rural factory work is quite distinct, partly because women are able to stay in their homeplace while also working in the formal labour force. This thesis draws on feminist approaches, in particular Third World Feminism, to examine the ways women experience these changes and negotiate new roles in their families and communities because of this work. Further, the thesis examines how the move from family agriculture into the formal workforce creates cultural change in their communities. Using an ethnographic approach, I spent time in a Vietnamese village and during this time I worked alongside women to observe changes in this context and I conducted semi structured interviews with women factory workers. In this study I have occupied the role of both an “insider” and “outsider,” because I grew up in a village nearby but left many years ago. Thematic analysis was used to develop themes across the interviews, with fieldnotes providing thick description about the factory setting and community context. The shift to paid work has had a dramatic impact on the lives of these women workers. Women’s work is valued in a new way. Family agriculture was a form of ‘invisible’ work, but their work in the formal sector is valued as ‘real’ work, both by their families and their communities. This is the starting point for changes to individual, family and community roles and dynamics. This study shows that the factory becomes a public homeplace, a flexible working environment that has brought rural women together and strengthened the relationship between them. Mothering working women, as a result of increased income and a shifting social status, have become active powerholders and decision makers, resulting in increased agency (choice and control) over who they are, what they look like and how they resist, maintain, and negotiate their place and role in the family and community. Whilst women’s work in factories is exploitative, it opens up many possibilities for the women themselves and triggers an incremental change process that could have important flow on effects for their daughters’ generation.

In this thesis I discuss placemaking through physical activity as it connects to multiculturalism. Three bodies of literature form the conceptual framework: placemaking, urban diversity, and the spatiality of physical activity. Placemaking is further conceptualised utilising Henri Lefebvre’s (1991) spatial triad. Applying this triad to multiculturalism enables the fleshing out of the multiple dimensions of multiculturalism and their effect on everyday lived experiences. Urban diversity is conceptualised utilising the concepts of everyday multiculturalism, which is a growing body of literature popularised by Amanda Wise and Selvaraj Velayutham (2015). The third body of literature is concerned with social construction and spatialisation of physical activity (cf. Koch, 2017). This thesis builds on and contributes to a small but growing body of literature on physical activity as both spatial practice and a way to connect spatially to a super-diverse urbanity (Aquino et al., 2020; Rosbrook-Thompson, 2020; 2018). I developed both an ethnographic design and a methodology to immerse myself in the field as a researcher, and to capture the everyday experiences of diversity and use of public space over a period of 1.5 years. The geographical focus of the study is multiple physical activity spaces in the City of Maribyrnong, Melbourne, which is one of Australia’s most diverse inner-suburban areas. Chapter 4 describes the City of Maribyrnong following Lefebvre’s (1991) spatial triad that describes the three dimensions: spatial practices, representation of space, and representational space. The data is presented in five chapters. In chapters 5-8, I discuss placemaking in relation of multiculturalism in four unique yet relationally constituted contexts: sports clubs, a sport-based migrant settlement service, community centres, and pick-up games in parks. In each context, placemaking in relation to multiculturalism is performed differently. Thus, possibilities of both intercultural and co-ethnic coming together open up that may foster spatial connection to diverse urbanity. In each context, too, different challenges to multiculturalism emerge, including access to space among pick-up games and a diverse membership base. In this thesis, I critically reflect on my positionality, multiculturalism, and decoloniality. I do so by employing a complicity approach (Spivak, 1999). This enables me to critique multiculturalism as a form of population management, for its postcolonising tendencies, and to address ‘whiteness’ in academia. This is of particular relevance in Australia as it is a postcolonising country (Moreton-Robinson, 2015, 2003). As I demonstrate and based on the data, the different ways of using public space for physical activities facilitate unique types of placemaking. The four contexts of physical activity are relationally constituted, forming the collective flows and rhythms of the physical activity space. The main argument of this thesis is to re-imagine and prioritise public space for physical activity use. Valuing the everyday conditions of co-ethnic coming together, intercultural mingling, or temporal sharing of public space for physical activity in diverse forms through multiple trajectories (cf. Massey, 2005) can foster democratic modes of living together and planning with difference (Fincher & Iveson, 2008) in a constantly changing urban environment.

Women have traditionally been underrepresented across many areas of sport. Whilst inroads have been made in recent years with increased participation rates, greater media representation, and the professionalisation of many elite women’s sports, one area which has continued to flounder—especially within male dominated sports—is female leadership representation. Whilst research to date has identified numerous gendered barriers which perpetuate the dominance of men in positions of power in sport, little attention has been paid to the enabling factors when women—through natural progression—reach leadership roles. Through an intersectional critical feminist lens, this thesis identifies the gendered enablers for nine females who hold leadership positions within non-professional cricket clubs in the Melbourne metropolitan area. A multilevel analysis of interviews and observations, utilising the theories of Pierre Bourdieu and Raewyn Connell, identifies four core themes. The findings will reveal that no one theme enables these female leaders, rather all four work in concert. Additionally, the interplay between each of the women and the enablers alters from one woman to another, and from one field to another. The implications drawn from this research point to a need to adopt new research approaches in the female leadership underrepresentation in sport space going forward.

Women’s road cycling is one of the oldest professional sports for women, yet current professional cyclists experience precarious labour conditions that relate to sexism, and lack of respect, recognition, and inclusion. Issues and challenges for women cyclists are often overshadowed by the sport’s much-celebrated progress of professionalism, for example, their inclusion in elite men’s races and a mandated minimum wage. My research questions are about how professional women cyclists and their labour are shaped and constrained by gender relations. This feminist ethnography includes two and a half years of fieldwork. The collected data consists of fieldnotes of participation in the local Melbourne, Australia road racing scene, and seven months of observations at the highest level of competition in elite road cycling in Europe – the Women’s World Tour. The voices of 15 elite and professional cyclists are included via the presentation of interview data. This data forms the backbone of this explicitly feminist study on professional women cyclists’ lived experiences. The methods and analysis were shaped by critical feminist theory and Raewyn Connell’s (1987, 2021) social constructionist gender framework. My findings show how the power of gender relations in the different sites of women’s cycling socialises women into a dominant masculine structure and culture that leads to the internalisation of socio-cultural norms that reinforce the current gender order. Women’s participation – even their progress in professional cycling – does not challenge the superior position of men in the field of cycling. This thesis explores the gender regimes of local and professional road cycling, women cyclists’ construction of labour, their suffering in the sport, and progress narratives that dominate the field. While resistance agency of women is also identified, gender and labour relations continue to be dominated by masculinity which constrains the impact of such practices. This research offers in-depth analysis of complex gender and labour relations that underlie the socio-cultural conditions that professional women cyclists are constantly exposed to.

This study (re)presents the intergenerational experiences of gay men in Australian schools, communities and families across a fifty-year period. A snowball sample of six participants, ranging in age from fifteen to sixty-five, participated in life history interviews that focussed on eliciting narratives of (re)membered school experiences connected to the social and cultural discourses of (homo)sexuality. This study contributes to the scholarship of sexuality in Australian contexts. A particular gaze is directed on how schooling, family and community norms form and storm subjectivity and identity in childhood and adolescence. This research is framed by the national debate regarding lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ)+ rights in Australia that erupted over the implementation of the Safe Schools Coalition program across Australian states. The ensuing moral panic incited by conservative groups, and the public scrutiny surrounding the proposed support mechanisms and inclusivity for LGBTIQ+ adolescents and their peers, inspired my resolve to undertake this research. Drawing on a sociocultural framework to look at the intersections around sexuality, in conjunction with the embodied knowledge of Othering, I saw the importance of a discursive examination of experiential encounters with institutionalised heteronormativity in Australian schools, family dynamics and community settings. The lived experiences of same-sex-attracted informants is an under-explored area within the scholarship of sexuality in Australian schools. This study elucidated firsthand experiences of what it has meant, and means, to be gay in Australian schools communities and families over a fifty-year period. The conclusions of the study indicate that all participants, regardless of age, have encountered overt (homo)phobia, and describe how heteronormativity has limited and negatively impacted on their ability to contribute and participate in school, in their families and in community settings. This investigation is presented in the form of a creative product and an exegesis. In each of the components there is an understanding of how deviations from binary constructions of gender and sexuality are articulated. This study adds to the plethora of work and rethinking which needs to be done in Australian schools, families and communities to support LGBTIQ+ individuals.

This thesis explores, analyses and documents Arab women’s experiences of migration, and belonging in Australia. It does so by examining the role of memory in creating belonging and constructing identity. Arab migrant women in Australia are usually perceived as a homogenous group; therefore, this research project also studies the complexities and diversity of Arab identity. This study focuses on three main areas: Home and its memories for migrants, belonging, and Arab identity. These themes demonstrate how the women weave their narratives in relation to their experiences of migration while continuously negotiating their memories, navigating belonging, and constructing identities. The study uses the qualitative research methodology, namely semi-structured interviews. While the ten-first generation Arab women interviewed in this study proclaim Arab identity, they also come from diverse national background, religious background, age, life experience, education and professions. The interviews were analysed through the lens of feminist intersectionality theories. As a result of this research study, some significant conclusions can be drawn: memory of home is located at the heart of the belonging processes of migrants. Perceptions and understandings of the notion of home shape the women’s experiences in relation to their experiences of belonging. Moreover, home and its memories prove to also play a crucial role in the way women perceive their Arab identities, and construct narratives about their identities in Australia. Although migration is perceived to be practiced mainly by Arab men, lately this perspective has been challenged by the increasing number of the Arab women who have embarked in this journey, and for a variety of reasons. The findings of this thesis do not only emphasise the diversity of Arab women but accentuate the diverse understandings of Arab identity. Interrelated historical events and contextual factors that determine the women’s understanding of Arab identity. This constructed identity is continuously negotiated through all the chapters of this thesis and is highlighted by the extensively diverse experiences of how Arab women create belonging. Memory of the homeland, on the other hand, is the centrepiece of this study; and its role has proven to influence women’s practices in private as well as public life.

Contemporary feminism is playing out in increasingly digitised ways as women utilise the Internet and social media to discuss, disseminate and debate key feminist ideas in women-centred dedicated spaces. The speed and scope of digital communications technologies has allowed for the mobilisation of individuals around issues of gender inequality on a global scale while simultaneously launching feminism into the cultural zeitgeist. The rapid pace of technological advancement, the seemingly endless integration of the Internet into our everyday lives, and the corporate colonisation of the digital sphere are all changing the ways in which people understand and interact with feminist thought. As such, the impact of the digital environment on the aims and ideologies of contemporary ‘networked’ feminist communities, and the politics of participation in networked social movements in general, require close scholarly interrogation. Using a case study approach, this research draws from the theoretical toolkit of Pierre Bourdieu in order to analyse the shape and nature of the largest networked feminist community on the social news website Reddit: r/TwoXChromosomes. Comment data collected directly from the 15 popular threads selected for analysis was enriched by moderation and administration guidelines framing the community and Reddit more broadly, providing a rich and multifaceted dataset on which a reflexive thematic content analysis was conducted. This study aims to contribute to understanding the challenges and advantages women face as they organise around feminist issues in the online spaces that are governed primarily by the motivation to accumulate profit. It reveals a number of critical tensions at the foundation of r/TwoXChromosomes as a contemporary networked feminist community.

Humanity is living through a time of major ecological crisis exemplified by anthropogenic climate change and planetary-wide ecological system collapse. This is a driver for widespread and intersecting humanitarian and social crises including resource wars, famine, mass migration, and displacement. These entwined ecological and social crises are underpinned by global colonial capitalism that fuels systems of violent and inequitable extraction of wealth and resources from lands, people, and creatures. Indigenous and settler scholars acknowledge that addressing and dismantling colonialism is essential to effective action on the impacts and drivers of climate change, and other ecological and social crises, and the development of sustainable societies for the future. The research proposes that for settler individuals and communities to take action against ecological and social violence, they must develop ways of being, doing, and knowing that attend to the issues of colonialism and extractivism. For settler-colonists, engaging with and through place is particularly important due to the centrality of land and the subsequent ongoing role of colonialism in severing, masking, ignoring, and denying the relationship between land and people’s embodied identities and lived experiences. Tender places uses creative and pedagogical practices to examine the moral responsibilities of settler people in the time of ecological and social crisis. The research seeks to develop tools, processes that support anti-racist and anti-colonial creative practice that respond to ecological crises. The development of these tools and process has occurred through iterative engagement with a constellation of feminist, anti-colonial, Indigenous and queer scholarship including the work of Deborah Bird Rose, Max Liboiron, Claire Land, Ambelin Kwaymullina, Eve Tuck and Wayne Yang. The practices and ethics of engagement with anti-colonial and Indigenous literature are outlined within the exegesis. This doctoral research is undertaken as creative practice led research, with a 50/50 split between the creative product and the exegesis. I recommend viewing the work after reading the exegesis. As the creative works were created in three iterations, presented in multiple locations, and include an ephemeral durational installation, I’ve produced a website to create a permanent record of the work for assessment and documentation purposes. You can view the creative work here: https://tenderplaces.net/. The creative practice was undertaken at the Ilparpa Claypans, a series of 12 ephemeral claypans, located on ‘crown land’, 13 km southwest of the township of Mparntwe/ Alice Springs, in the Northern Territory, Australia. The popular recreational site was chosen due to my decade-long relationship with this place, and my distress over the impacts of dumping, four-wheel driving, and invasive weeds witnessed over this time. I undertook this research through the lens of Australian settler culture, as a queer, female, fourth generation Northern Territory settler of Irish, Scottish, and German descent. I bring my lived experience as an artist and activist to this inquiry. Through the research, I developed a practice of reading, walking, and making at the Ilparpa Claypans, as a method by which to investigate the use of critical race and environmental humanities literature as an agent of defamiliarisation, with the aim to disrupt the settler gaze within place. I documented new ways of seeing and being with/in place, which emerged from this disruption through field notes, photos, and creative works. These creative translations informed the development of three artworks reflecting on the impacts and responsibilities of settler people and cultures to the Ilparpa Claypans. Postcards from the Claypans was the first iteration of creative practice at the Ilparpa Claypans, which took place from May to June in 2019. In this iteration, individual walks were documented on individual postcards and mailed to individual peers in different parts of the world. The second work, Shadow Work is an autoethnographic map of settler experience and the impact on the Ilparpa Claypans was developed in January, 2019. This map is comprised of twelve cyanotypes created from dumped refuse and weeds found at the claypans. The third work, Testing Ground, was an 18-day durational performance installation, which positions the researcher’s body in service to place through daily visits to the Ilparpa Claypans to remove buffel grass (an invasive weed) and dumped items. These recovered items were used to create an installation that made visible the impacts of the ecological harms on the Ilparpa Claypans, alongside a soundscape created from field recordings and a public process journal of the 18-day practice. The exegesis locates the research inquiry theoretically and methodologically, and articulates the process, findings, and impacts. The autoethnographic component of the exegesis draws on the creative works, reflective writing, field notes, and formal research documents, to examine the development and use of arts and place methodologies and methods as a research process. Creative and reflective writing are used throughout the exegesis as a mode by which to locate the reader with my lived experience of place and process throughout the research lifespan. This exegesis, Tender Places, identifies and contributes processes for settler people to reflect on their complicity individually and collectively in ongoing colonial and extractivist drivers of entangled ecological and social violence. The methods and methodologies utilised in this project can aid the development frameworks of moral responsibility for the action that addresses these violences in order to restore social and ecological justice.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão/MBA apresentada à Universidade Aberta
Na última década, a Inteligência Emocional tem despertado enorme interesse na comunidade científica, não apenas devido à publicação do best seller de Goleman “Inteligência Emocional” (1995), mas devido à aplicabilidade do conceito em situações do quotidiano, nomeadamente, no contexto organizacional. Razão pela qual despertou o interesse em aprofundar as diversas temáticas que envolvem o mundo organizacional (Competências Emocionais, Motivação, Satisfação profissional, e emoções). Na combinação entre emoção e inteligência, renasce o constructo mais atual e interessante “emoção tornam o pensamento mais inteligente e pode-se pensar inteligentemente sobre as emoções Salovey e Mayer (1990). A IE assume a designação de competência emocional que compreende quatro níveis; “ capacidade para perceber emoções, reconhecer e gerar emoções de modo a apoiar o pensamento para compreender emoções e o pensamento baseado nelas, e para regular as emoções de modo reflexivo para promover o desenvolvimento emocional e intelectual (Mayer e Salovey, 1997). A competência emocional afigura-se como importante em vários contextos do desenvolvimento humano, como a família, o trabalho, contribuindo para a melhoria das competências sociais e para a manifestação de comportamentos mais adaptativos e mais eficazes (Lima Santos & faria, 2005). Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar no contexto organizacional, a influência das variáveis independentes [sociodemográficas, competência emocional (EE, PE, CL), motivação (intrínseca e extrínseca), satisfação e emoções (positiva)] no desempenho (contextual e resultados) dos colaboradores (variável dependente), ou seja na obtenção do sucesso dos profissionais da rede franchising do ramo imobiliário. Utilizando o Questionário de Competência Emocional (QCE), versão portuguesa reduzida do Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (ESCQ), adaptado por Lima Santos e Faria (2005), e Mackenzie, Podsakoff & Fetter (1993).
In the last decade, emotional intelligence has aroused great interest in the scientific community, not only because of the publication of Goleman's bestseller “Emotional Intelligence " (1995), but due to the applicability of the concept in everyday contexts, in particular organizational context. Why sparked interest in furthering the various themes involving the organizational world (Emotional Skills, Motivation, Job satisfaction, and emotions). The combination between emotion and intelligence, reborn the most current and interesting to construct “emotion make smarter thinking and can think intelligently about Salovey and Mayer (1990) emotions. IE assumes the designation of emotional competence which comprises four levels; “ability to perceive emotions, recognize and generate emotions so as to assist thought to understand emotions and thought based on them, and to regulate emotions reflectively to promote emotional development and intellectual (Mayer and Salovey, 1997). Emotional competence appears as important in various contexts of human development, such as family, work, contributing to the improvement of social skills and the manifestation of more adaptive and more effective behaviors (Lima Santos & Faria, 2005). In this sense, the objective of this study is to evaluate the organizational context, the influence of the independent variables [sociodemographic, emotional competence (EE, PE, CL), motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic), satisfaction and emotions (positive)] performance (contextual and results) of employees (dependent variable), in getting the success of professionals in the franchise network of real estate. Using, Emotional Competence Questionnaire (QCE), reduced English version of the Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (ESCQ), adapted by Lima Santos and Faria (2005), and Mackenzie, Podsakoff & Fetter (1993).