Готові списки джерел за темами / 4803 International and comparative law

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "4803 International and comparative law"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "4803 International and comparative law"

1

Bekhruz, Kh N., and Narhis Mokhd. "COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND REGIONALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW." Juridical scientific and electronic journal, no. 6 (2022): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2022-6/106.

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2

Forteau, Mathias. "Comparative International Law Within, Not Against, International Law: Lessons from the International Law Commission." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 3 (July 2015): 498–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.3.0498.

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Анотація:
Public international law and comparative law have so far been regarded as largely distinct fields, with little to no overlap between them. The degree of separation between the two disciplines is rendered in particularly stark relief by the absence in practice or scholarship of any real inquiry into the relationship between comparative law on the one hand and customary international law and general principles of international law on the other. Some eminent international lawyers go so far as to claim that it would be both unnecessary and unrealistic to have recourse to comparative law in the context of the identification of customary international law and general principles of law, pointing to the case law of the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Court of Justice, which, according to them, “show[s] a clear disinclination towards the use of the comparative method.”
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3

Osminin, Boris. "International Law, Foreign Relations Law and a Conception “Comparative International Law”." Journal of Russian Law 25, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/jrl.2021.025.

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4

Kane, Gillian. "Comparative international law: enhancing migration law enquiry." International Journal of Migration and Border Studies 7, no. 2 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmbs.2022.10051275.

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5

Schaefer, Jan K. "Comparative Law of International Arbitration." Asian International Arbitration Journal 4, Issue 1 (June 1, 2008): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aiaj2008005.

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6

Кресин, Алексей, Aleksey Kresin, Хашматулла Бехруз, and Khashmatulla Bekhruz. "International forum on comparative law." Comparative Research In Law and Politics 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1936.

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7

Labin, D. K., and T. Potier. "Keeping international law international, a reflection on Anthea Roberts’ “is international law international?”." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2019-4-6-17.

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Анотація:
INTRODUCTION. Occasionally a book appears which has a significant impact on the scholarly community. A fine example of this is the work considered here by the Australian international lawyer, Anthea Roberts. Until very recently, comparative studies on international law were rare. However, as international law further develops and widens, so special attention will need to be paid to ensure that international law students are, to a greater extent, taught the same material and in the same way. As municipal systems of law became more mature, so doctrine and jurisprudence began to diverge. International law has now entered such a phase in its development and, in this excellent book, Dr. Roberts asks a series of very important questions: exactly what is taking place, what are the factors that are driving these processes, is such to be welcomed, is it unstoppable and where do we go from here?MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article reflects on Anthea Roberts’ book “Is International Law International?” (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017). The authors of the article consider the contribution of the monograph to legal science, particularly with its interest in a revived Comparative International Law.RESEARCH RESULTS. The view of the authors of the article is that Anthea Roberts’ book is a work of profound significance, which will, hopefully, inspire additional research in the field of Comparative International Law in years to come.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Comparative International Law is a relatively neglected field in International Law. Without question, the international legal academy (from the elite law schools of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council) emphasises different things both in its scholarly writings and pedagogy. This needs to be given greater attention, even if, at least for now, it cannot be entirely arrested; so that the much-feared fragmentation of international law into not only separate fields and standards, but also in terms of agreeing on its content and application, is minimised.
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Roberts, Anthea, Paul B. Stephan, Pierre-Hugues Verdier, and Mila Versteeg. "Comparative International Law: Framing the Field." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 3 (July 2015): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.3.0467.

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At first blush, “comparative international law” might sound like an oxymoron. In principle, international law—at least when it arises from multilateral treaties or general custom—applies equally to all parties or states. As a result, international lawyers often resist emphasizing local, national, or regional approaches due to the field’s aspirations to universality and uniformity. Comparativists, meanwhile, frequently overlook the potential to apply comparative law insights to international law on the basis that “rules which are avowedly universal in character do not lend themselves to comparison.”
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Ooki, Masao. "XVth International Congress of Comparative Law." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 3, no. 12 (1998): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.3.12_70.

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Storme, Marcel. "International arbitration – A comparative essay." European Review of Private Law 2, Issue 3/4 (December 1, 1994): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl1994041.

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Анотація:
Abstract. An analysis of international arbitration indicates that, prima facie, certain crucial differences between the continental approach and common law practice exist. The main differences relate to the general hearing (written/verbal), the position of the parties in relation to the arbitrator, the proof-taking procedure, the duty to give reasons for the decision, and the division of competences between the judiciary and the arbitrator. On the other hand it must be pointed out that the main trends in international arbitration lead to a blurring of these differences. In particular mention may be made of the lex mercatoria, reduction in judicial control, and the evolution towards transnational arbitration. Résumé. Quand on étudie l’arbitrage international, on s’aperçoit au premier abord qu’il existe des différences essentielles entre l’approche continentale et la pratique de common law. Ces différences se manifestent spécialement en ce qui concerne les règles générales relatives aux auditions (écrites/orales), la situation des parties à 1’égard de l’arbitre, le droit de la preuve, la force obligatoire de la décision et la division des compétences entre le judiciaire et l’arbitre. D’un autre côté, on doit constater que les tendances fondamentales en matière d’arbitrage international contribuent à l’effacement de ces différences. On peut spécialement se référer à la lex mercatoria, aux restrictions misus au contrôle judiciaire et à l’évalution vers un arbitrage transnational. Zusammenfassung. Analysiert man das internationale Schiedsgerichtsverfahren, bemerkt man auf den ersten Blick wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen der Methode des continentalen Rechtskreises und der Praxis im Bereich des common law. Diese Unterschiede treten besonders in Hinblick auf die allgemeine Anhörung (schriftlich/mündlich), die Stellung der Parteien im Verhältnis zum Schiedrichter, das Beweisverfahren, die Pflicht, die Entscheidung zu begründen, und in Bezug auf die Aufteilung der Kompetenzen zwischen der Gerichtsbikeit und dem Schiedrichter auf. Auf der anderen Seite muß man feststellen, daß grundlegende Tendenzen in internationalen Schiedsgerichtsverfahren dazu beitragen, die Unterschiede zu verwischen. Diesbezüglich kann man inbesondere auf die lex mercatoria, die Einschränkung gerichtlicher Kontrolle und die Entwicklung zu transnationalen Schiedsgerichtsverfahren hinweisen.
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Дисертації з теми "4803 International and comparative law"

1

Kammel, Armin J. "The law of international banking institutions : a comparative analysis /." Vienna : Mille Tre, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/494675012.pdf.

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2

Roberts, Anthea Elizabeth. "Is International Law International?" Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/124611.

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Анотація:
International lawyers are familiar with the question: “Is international law law?” But this thesis instead asks the question: “Is international law international?” Using a variety of methods, this work sheds light on some of the ways in which international law as a transnational legal field is constructed by international law academics, and is conceptualized in international law textbooks, in the five permanent members of the Security Council: the People’s Republic of China, the French Republic, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. It explores how different national communities of international lawyers construct and pass on their understandings of “international law” in ways that belie the field’s claim to universality, perpetuating certain forms of difference and dominance. By adopting a comparative approach, it aims to make international lawyers more aware of the frames that shape their own understandings of and approaches to the field, as well as how these might be similar to or different from the frames adopted by those coming from other states, regions or geopolitical groupings. It also examines how some of these patterns might be disrupted as a result of shifts in geopolitical power, such as the movement from unipolar power toward greater multipolarity and the growing confrontations between Western liberal democratic states (like the United States, the United Kingdom, and France) and non-Western authoritarian states (like China and Russia).
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3

Yoshida, Ikko. "Comparative study of international commercial arbitration in England, Japan and Russia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15757.

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This thesis examines the law on international commercial arbitration in England, Japan and Russia with a view to identify those areas for which harmonisation is of the greatest practical importance. This study is a timely one, since the Arbitration Act 1996 came into effect on 1st January 1997 in England. In Japan, the Committee of Arbitration formed by Japanese experts on arbitration prepared the Draft Text of the Law of Arbitration in 1989, and preparation for amendment based on the UNCITRAL Model Law is under way. In Russia, the Law on International Commercial Arbitration was established based on the UNCITRAL Model Law on 7th July 1993. A comparative study is made of the rules of international private law relating to arbitration, especially issues on international jurisdiction. Despite of recent development of unification of law on arbitration such as the 1958 New York Convention and the UNCITRAL Model Law, there are few rules in this area. This study goes some way towards filling this gap in the legal framework. The classification of an arbitration agreement and its influences upon international private law and law on arbitration are also considered. The issue of classification has been argued by many commentators usually to attempt to clarify the general characteristics of arbitration. However, it is the classification of an arbitration agreement that has practical significance. The classification of an arbitration agreement affects, directly or indirectly, not only the international private law but also law on arbitration. Its effects extend to the law applicable to an arbitration agreement, the law applicable to the capacity of a person to enter into an arbitration agreement, the principle of separability of an arbitration agreement, assignment of an arbitration agreement, the principle of Kompetentz-Kompetentz, and the stay of court proceedings on the basis of the existence of an arbitration agreement. Finally, this comparative study is used as a basis to put forward models for harmonisation in the interpretation of law on arbitration.
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Jon, Woo-Jung. "Establishing an international registration system for the assignment and security interest of receivables." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10758231-3aa0-4aaa-9394-8950930da22c.

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Анотація:
Legal systems around the world vary widely in how they deal with the assignment of receivables. This legal variety makes it difficult for financiers to conduct their international receivables financing business. This thesis suggests an International Registration System for the Assignment and Security Interest of Receivables (‘IRSAR’) and proposes a model international convention for the IRSAR (‘proposed IRSAR Convention’), which could help financiers to overcome the obstacles they currently encounter. Under the proposed IRSAR Convention, the international assignment of receivables would be regulated by a unified legal system with respect to priority and perfection. The IRSAR would facilitate international project financing. Furthermore, the IRSAR would enable companies to raise finance from greater ranges of investors around the world through international receivables financing and to dispose of non-performing loans more easily. The proposed IRSAR Convention would succeed the UN Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade in the attempt of establishing a registration system for international assignments of receivables. The proposed IRSAR Convention confines its scope of application by defining the assignor (or the security provider), inventing the concept of ‘Vehicle for the International Registration System’ (‘VIRS’). The proposed IRSAR Convention applies where the assignor or security provider is a VIRS. An assignment of a receivable where the assignor is a VIRS and a security interest in a receivable where the security provider is a VIRS could be registered in the IRSAR. Under the proposed IRSAR Convention, priority of assignments of and security interests in receivables is determined by the order of registration in the IRSAR. The proposed IRSAR Convention would be a receivables version of the Cape Town Convention. With respect to the contents and effect of registration, it would prescribe a notice-filing system along the lines of that adopted in the UCC Article 9. With respect to the operation of the registration, it would adopt an automatic online registration system operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year like the International Registry under the Cape Town Convention.
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Liu, Zhong 1952. "A comparative study of Chinese laws relating to Maritime liens." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26450.

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In response to the increasing maritime litigations that come along with the rapid growth of foreign trade in recent years, China opportunely adopted its Maritime Code and the Special Rules. This is certainly a significant progress in Chinese maritime legislation because for a long time neither a practical, substantive law for maritime disputes nor an appropriate procedural law for admiralty litigation was available in China. The Chinese courts had to deal with maritime disputes mainly by seeking reference from the general principles of relevant international practices. To improve this situation, the adoption of the Chinese Maritime Code and the Special Rules is undoubtedly long awaited by both Chinese legal regime and the international maritime law society.
Nevertheless, as China's maritime legislation is still in its early stage, the imperfection in its drafting, the inadequacy of its judicial consideration and the inconsistency between its admiralty practices are virtually inevitable. In a comparative sense, in order to further improve the maritime law regime, China might well draw some beneficial references from the experience of the admiralty practice in some other legal systems.
This thesis commences with a brief historical review of maritime lien laws. It then proceeds to evaluate the Chinese substantive laws relating to maritime liens. Finally, the thesis attempts to address the procedural issues in the enforcement of maritime liens.
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6

Baker, Philip. "A comparative study of the tax treatment of international commercial transactions." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337617.

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7

Jiang, Yun. "Comparative study on the history of derivative action." Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3525657.

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8

Hu, Desheng. "Water rights in China : an international and comparative study." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2004. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/cd5309dc-320b-4d20-8382-0fd6fb5b91fa.

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China, the world's most populous country, has been experiencing a severe water crisis. This has manifested itself through water shortages, water pollution and natural water disasters, and has been exacerbated by the rapid social and economic development that has taken place in the last two decades. To deal with these problems, an integrated water resources management programme, within which an effective and enforceable water rights system can play a key role, should emerge as soon as possible under the principle of sustainable development. However, there are many problems under the water rights system in the current Chinese water law, involving the property right of water resources, the human right to water, and the environmental right to water. ... this dissertation recommends a well structured water rights system under which the economic, social and environmental values of water resources co-exist equitably in harmony.
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Geeroms, Sofie. "Foreign law in civil litigation : a comparative and functional analysis /." Oxford : Oxford university press, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392234602.

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Borba, Igor M. "International Arbitration: A comparative study of the AAA and ICC rules." [Milwaukee, Wis.] : e-Publications@Marquette, 2009. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/20.

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Книги з теми "4803 International and comparative law"

1

Dinwoodie, Graeme B. International and comparative patent law. Newark, NJ: LexisNexis, 2002.

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2

Dinwoodie, Graeme. International and comparative copyright law. Newark, NJ: NexisNexis, 2002.

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3

Dictionary of international & comparative law. [Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.]: Oceana Publications, 1992.

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4

Bronstein, Arturo. International and Comparative Labour Law. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-30076-7.

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Dinwoodie, Graeme B. International and comparative trademark law. Newark, NJ: Lexis Nexis, 2002.

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6

Mistelis, Loukas A. Comparative International Commercial Arbitration. The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2003.

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7

Philip, Wood. Comparative financial law. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1995.

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8

Globalization and animal law: Comparative law, international law and international trade. Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2011.

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9

Shalev, Gabriela. Comparative contract law. Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2002.

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University of Toronto. Faculty of Law, ed. Comparative contract law. Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1993.

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Частини книг з теми "4803 International and comparative law"

1

Alexander, Nadja. "International Comparative Mediation Law." In Comparative and Transnational Dispute Resolution, 123–52. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429354625-11.

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Calzolaio, Ermanno. "The Vienna Convention for International Sales of Goods (CISG)." In Comparative Contract Law, 178–202. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003251606-10.

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DiMatteo, Larry A. "Comparative and International Contract Law." In International Business Law and the Legal Environment, 313–50. fourth edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003036289-12.

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4

Okoth, Juliet R. Amenge. "Comparative Analysis." In The Crime of Conspiracy in International Criminal Law, 9–77. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-017-6_2.

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Graziano, Thomas Kadner. "Restructuring the International Legal Landscape: a brief introduction to the comparative methodology used in this book." In Comparative Contract Law, 7–24. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-87676-1_2.

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Moore, Matthew J. "Buddhism and International Law." In Comparative Political Theory in Time and Place, 51–77. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52815-5_3.

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DiMatteo, Larry A. "Comparative Legal Systems." In International Business Law and the Legal Environment, 277–312. fourth edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003036289-11.

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Bronstein, Arturo. "Labour law at a crossroads." In International and Comparative Labour Law, 1–29. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-30076-7_1.

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Bronstein, Arturo. "Global trade and labour law." In International and Comparative Labour Law, 86–123. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-30076-7_4.

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Böse, Martin, Maria Bröcker, and Anne Schneider. "Comparative Analysis." In Legal Studies in International, European and Comparative Criminal Law, 359–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55796-6_10.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "4803 International and comparative law"

1

Akinin, Artem. "Commercial (entrepreneurial) and private international law (comparative law study)." In Actual problems of jurisprudence 2022. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02089-0/013-018.

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Анотація:
The article deals with the subject, system and sources of trade (entrepreneurial) law in the aspect of the international space. The author of the article notes a significant practical connection between international business and international private law, names their main features as a dispositive method of legal regulation, independence and equality of subjects of civil legal relations, the presence of corresponding rights and obligations among the subjects of such relations, a pronounced property nature of the civil liability of subjects.
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Ainunnisa Rezky, A., R. Andini Naulina, and U. Raditio Jati. "Comparative Perspective on Marital Rape: Western Law and Islamic Law." In 3rd International Conference on Law and Governance (ICLAVE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200321.017.

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3

Thierfeldt, Stefan. "Clearance Levels in Germany: How Do We Know They Are Right?" In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4803.

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Clearance levels (CL) in Germany have been implemented in the Radiation Protection Ordinance (RPO / Strahlenschutzverordnung StrlSchV) of July 2001 which transforms the EURATOM Basic Safety Standards (BSS) into national legislation. Separate clearance options exist e.g. for metals, building rubble, liquids, buildings, wastes and sites. Meanwhile, the CL have found extensive application at a number of operating nuclear installations in Germany, in particular at those under decommissioning or those which will enter the decommissioning phase soon. The CL are based on extensive studies and have been approved by the competent bodies. Yet there has been and is an ongoing discussion in the interested public whether the basis for the CL is correct. In order to establish a scientific basis for this discussion, a Working Group on Clearance within the German Commission on Radiological Protection (SSK) has been established and studies have been launched by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. Key issues comprise inter alia: • comparison of German and international CL (scope, values, method of their derivation, etc.); • review and update of German CL for clearance for disposal as a consequence of changes in the (conventional) waste law; • leaching behaviour of relevant radionuclides from cleared building rubble, especially for the long-term behaviour of radionuclides relevant in contaminated concrete of NPPs; • the possibility of multiple exposure for a single individual from various clearance options; • evaluation of the collective dose which may be caused by clearance in Germany and comparison with the reference value of 1 manSv/a.
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Huang, Mingxin, and Lu Yuan. "Comparative Study on Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law and Food Safety Law." In 2017 International Conference on Education, Culture and Social Development (ICECSD 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icecsd-17.2017.9.

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Oyson, Manuel Jose. "The Law on Corporate Opportunity Transactions by Directors: A Comparative Analysis of Australian Law and Delaware Law." In 6th Annual International Conference on Law, Regulations and Public Policy (LRPP 2017). Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3809_lrpp17.49.

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Dastagir, Ghulam, Faridah Hussain, Daleleer Kaur Randawar, and Sheela Jayabalan. "The Criminalization of Cruelty within the Malaysian and Pakistani Family Laws: A Comparative Analysis." In International Law Conference 2018. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010054402810286.

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García, Graciela. "The imputability from the perspective of comparative law." In MOL2NET 2017, International Conference on Multidisciplinary Sciences, 3rd edition. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mol2net-03-04976.

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Nawi, Nor Fadzlina, and Nur Amalina Faizol. "Arising Legal Concern in Endorsement Practices by Social Media Influencers in Malaysia: A Comparative Perspective." In International Law Conference 2018. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010051903720378.

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Zeng, Chen. "Determination of Schools' Responsibility in School Accidents From the Prospective of Comparative Law Between Chinese Law and Korean Law." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Economy, Judicature, Administration and Humanitarian Projects (JAHP 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/jahp-19.2019.46.

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Звіти організацій з теми "4803 International and comparative law"

1

Hicks, Jacqueline. Drivers of Compliance with International Human Rights Treaties. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.130.

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Анотація:
Are international human rights treaties associated with better rights performance? The appetite for a conclusive answer has driven a number of large scale quantitative studies that have broadly shown little or no effect, and sometimes even a backsliding. However, the headline conclusions belie much more complicated findings, and the research methods used are controversial. These issues undermine confidence in the findings. Comparative and individual case studies allow for more detailed information about how domestic human rights activists use international human rights laws in practice. They tend to be more positive about the effect of treaties, but they are not as systematic as the quantitative work. Some indirect measures of treaty effect show that the norms contained within them filter down into domestic constitutions, and that the process of human rights reporting at the UN may be useful if dialogue can be considered an a priori good. It is likely that states are driven to comply with human rights obligations through a combination of dynamic influences. Drivers of compliance with international law is a major, unresolved question in the research that is heavily influenced by the worldview of researchers. The two strongest findings are: Domestic context drives compliance. In particular: (1) The strength of domestic non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and links with international NGOs (INGOs), and (2) in partial and transitioning democracies where locals have a reason to use the treaties as tools to press their claims. External enforcement may help drive compliance when: (1) other states link human rights obligations in the treaties to preferential trade agreements, and (2) INGOs ‘name and shame’ human rights violations, possibly reducing inward investment flows from companies worried about their reputation. Scholars also identify intermediate effects of continued dialogue and norm socialisation from the UN’s human rights reporting processes. Interviews with diplomats involved in UN reporting say that the process is more effective when NGOs and individual governments are involved.
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2

Carty, Anthony, and Jing Gu. Theory and Practice in China’s Approaches to Multilateralism and Critical Reflections on the Western ‘Rules-Based International Order’. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.057.

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Анотація:
China is the subject of Western criticism for its supposed disregard of the rules-based international order. Such a charge implies that China is unilateralist. The aim in this study is to explain how China does in fact have a multilateral approach to international relations. China’s core idea of a community of shared future of humanity shows that it is aware of the need for a universal foundation for world order. The Research Report focuses on explaining the Chinese approach to multilateralism from its own internal perspective, with Chinese philosophy and history shaping its view of the nature of rules, rights, law, and of institutions which should shape relationships. A number of case studies show how the Chinese perspectives are implemented, such as with regards to development finance, infrastructure projects (especially the Belt and Road Initiative), shaping new international organisations (such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank), climate change, cyber-regulation and Chinese participation in the United Nations in the field of human rights and peacekeeping. Looking at critical Western opinion of this activity, we find speculation around Chinese motives. This is why a major emphasis is placed on a hermeneutic approach to China which explains how it sees its intentions. The heart of the Research Report is an exploration of the underlying Chinese philosophy of rulemaking, undertaken in a comparative perspective to show how far it resembles or differs from the Western philosophy of rulemaking.
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