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Статті в журналах з теми "5:2 diet"
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Hajek, Peter, Dunja Przulj, Francesca Pesola, Hayden McRobbie, Sarrah Peerbux, Anna Phillips-Waller, Natalie Bisal, and Katie Myers Smith. "A randomised controlled trial of the 5:2 diet." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): e0258853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258853.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective The 5:2 diet is a popular intermittent energy restriction method of weight management that awaits further evaluation. We compared the effects of one-off 5:2 instructions with the effects of one-off standard multicomponent weight-management advice; and also examined whether additional behavioural support enhances 5:2 adherence and efficacy compared to one-off instructions. Methods Three hundred adults with obesity were randomised to receive a Standard Brief Advice (SBA) covering diet and physical activity (N = 100); 5:2 self-help instructions (5:2SH) (N = 100); or 5:2SH plus six once-weekly group support sessions (N = 100). Participants were followed up for one year. Results Adherence to 5:2SH was initially high (74% at 6 weeks), but it declined over time (31% at 6 months and 22% at one year). 5:2SH and SBA achieved similar weight-loss at six months (-1.8kg (SD = 3.5) vs -1.7kg (SD = 4.4); b = 0.23, 95%CI:-0.79–1.27, p = 0.7) and at one year (-1.9kg (SD = 4.9) vs -1.8kg (SD = 5.7), b = 0.20, 95%CI:-1.21–1.60, p = 0.79), with 18% vs 15% participants losing ≥5% of their body weight with 5:2SH and SBA, respectively at one year (RR = 0.83, 95%CI:0.44–1.54, p = 0.55). Both interventions received positive ratings, but 5:2SH ratings were significantly higher. 5:2SH had no negative effect on fat and fiber intake and physical activity compared to SBA. Compared to 5:2SH, 5:2G generated a greater weight loss at 6 weeks (-2.3kg vs -1.5kg; b = 0.74, 95%CI:1.37–0.11, p = 0.02), but by one year, the difference was no longer significant (-2.6kg vs -1.9kg, p = 0.37; ≥5% body weight loss 28% vs 18%, p = 0.10). Conclusions Simple 5:2 advice and multicomponent weight management advice generated similar modest results. The 5:2 diet did not undermine other health behaviours, and it received more favourable ratings. Adding initial group support enhanced 5:2 adherence and effects, but the impact diminished over time. Health professionals who provide brief weight management advice may consider including the 5:2 advice as an option. Trial registration ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN79408248).
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Millichap, J. Gordon. "Diet and Migraine." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 1, no. 2 (July 1, 1987): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-1-2-5.
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Smith, Raymond A., T. Scott Tibbels, and Samuel M. Cohen. "Quantitation of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide and 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole in rodent diet." Journal of Chromatography A 465, no. 3 (1989): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)92686-x.
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Tarro, Saija, Mirkka Lahdenperä, Niina Junttila, Antti Lampimäki, and Hanna Lagström. "Parental Self-Efficacy and Child Diet Quality between Ages 2 and 5: The STEPS Study." Nutrients 14, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 4891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14224891.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Parental self-efficacy (PSE), a measure of the subjective competence in the parental role, has been linked with child well-being and health. Research on the influence of PSE on child eating habits is scarce, and the few studies have concentrated on certain food groups, such as vegetables or fruits, and have mostly included only maternal PSE. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the associations between PSE (separately for mothers and fathers and as a total family-level score) and child diet quality in a cross-sectional and longitudinal study setting. PSE was measured at child ages of 1.5 and 5 years, and diet quality was measured at ages 2 and 5. Participants are from the Steps to Healthy Development (STEPS) Study (n = 270−883). We found that maternal PSE and family level PSE score were associated with child diet quality. Paternal PSE was not, but the dimension Routines was associated with child diet quality. PSE was similarly associated with child diet quality at both age points. Our results suggest that PSE is an important construct in the development of healthy dietary habits in children, and supporting parenting programs aimed at higher PSE could promote healthy diet quality in children.
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Rabbane, Md Golam, and Md Rakibur Rahman. "Effects of natural and commercial diets on growth, reproductive performances and embryogenesis of zebrafish Danio rerio." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 26, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v26i2.46399.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study evaluated the effects of five diets (diet 1: Dried tubifex, diet 2: Artemia, diet 3: Artemia and commercial pellet feed, diet 4: Spirulina and commercial pellet feed; diet 5: commercial pellet feed) on growth, reproductive performances and embryogenesis of zebrafish Danio rerio for a period of 62 days. Significantly higher specific growth rate was found in diet 5 when compared with diet 1 but no significant difference was observed between diet 2, 3, 4 and 5. Mean weight and length gain were significantly greater in zebrafish fed diet 5 than diets 1 ‐ 4. While 100% survival was found in diet 4, the lowest level was 90.26 ± 1.06% in diet 1. Mean spawning success was significantly higher in zebrafish fed diet 5 than in those fed diets 1 ‐ 4. Mean fertilization and hatching rates were higher in the fish fed diet 3 ‐ 5 than in diets 1 and 2. Zebrafish consumed commercial pellet feed only resulted in more viable offsprings and grown better. Results suggested that commercial pellet is suitable in zebrafish culture for maximum growth and production of viable offspring in laboratory condition.
Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 26(2): 159-166, 2017 (July)
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Millichap, J. Gordon. "Excessive Bruising and the Ketogenic Diet." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-15-2-5.
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Millichap, J. Gordon. "Oligoantigenic Diet for Epilepsy and Migraine." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 2, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-2-12-5.
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Rochani, Siti. "Study Kualitatif Tentang Kepatuhan Klien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Pada Program Diet Diabetes." Jurnal Smart Keperawatan 9, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34310/jskp.v9i1.617.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Perencanaan program diet diabetes merupakan salah satu tindakan untuk memperbaiki kadar glukosa darah dan mencegah terjadinya komplikasi akibat hiperglikemi pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. Masalah yang sering terjadi terkait dengan perencanaan program terapi diet diabetes adalah sulitnya mematuhi pelaksanaan diet itu sendiri. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui tingkat kepatuhan klien dengan diabetes melitus pada program terapi diet diabetes. Penelitian menggunakan desain kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif fenomenologi, menggali pengalaman pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 terhadap program dietnya. Tehnik pengumpulan data menggunakan tehnik in depth interview dan focus group discussion. Setiap Partisipan diberikan pertanyaan sesuai dengan panduan yang telah disediakan. Penelitian dilakukan selama bulan Mei 2021 terhadap 7 partisipan yang menderita diabetes melitus tipe 2 di wilayah cakupan PKM Rangkasbitung. Hasil mendapatkan 5 tema yaitu pengetahuan, implementasi, hambatan, dukungan keluarga dan harapan. Sebagian besar partisipan tidak mengetahui dengan benar tentang terapi diet untuk diabetes melitus dan belum melaksanakan program diet diabetes. Hambatan adalah kurangnya dukungan keluarga dan kurangnya informasi. Dukungan keluarga dan tenaga kesehatan sangat dibutuhkan partisipan untuk memberikan motivasi. Harapan partisipan yaitu dapat melaksanakan program diet dengan benar sesuai dengan informasi yang diberikan oleh petugas kesehatan. Pendidikan kesehatan dan dukungan keluarga sangat dibutuhkan oleh partisipan agar dapat melaksanakan program dietnya secara patuh. Kata kunci: studi kualitatif; kepatuhan; diabetes melitus tipe 2; program dietA QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE ADHERENCE OF CLIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS TO DIABETIC DIET PROGRAMABSTRACT Planning a diabetes diet program is one of the actions to improve blood glucose levels and prevent complications due to hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The purpose of the study was to determine the level of client compliance with diabetes mellitus in the diabetes diet therapy program. The study used a qualitative design with a phenomenological descriptive method, exploring the experiences of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with their diet program. Data collection techniques used in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Each participant was asked questions according to the guidelines provided. The study was conducted during May 2021 on 7 participants who suffered from type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Rangkasbelitung Health Centre coverage area. The results get 5 themes, namely knowledge, implementation, obstacles, family support and expectations. Most of the participants did not know correctly about diet therapy for diabetes mellitus and had not implemented a diabetes diet program. Barriers are lack of family support and lack of information. Support from family and health workers is needed by participants to provide motivation. Participants hope that they can carry out the diet program correctly according to the information provided by health workers. Health education and family support are very much needed by participants in order to carry out their diet program obediently. Keywords: qualitative study; adherence; type 2 diabetes mellitus; diet program
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TUCKER, MIRIAM E. "Adding Alcohol to Diet Lowers Glucose in Type 2." Clinical Endocrinology News 2, no. 11 (November 2007): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1558-0164(07)70582-5.
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Marsh, Jeremy, Purna Mukherjee, and Thomas N. Seyfried. "Drug/diet synergy for managing malignant astrocytoma in mice: 2-deoxy-D-glucose and the restricted ketogenic diet." Nutrition & Metabolism 5, no. 1 (2008): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-5-33.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "5:2 diet"
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Carlsson, Jenny, and Erika Lundberg. "Varför väljer vuxna i Sverige att följa olika former av dieter? : En studie om orsak till samt val av diet." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kostvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-88749.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bakgrund: Dieter får allt större utrymme i media samtidigt som allt fler följer någon diet. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka varför vuxna personer i Sverige valt att följa någon form av diet. Vidare undersöktes bland annat socioekonomiska faktorers inverkan på valet av diet. Metod: En webbaserad enkät distribuerades via Facebook där 235 personer deltog genom ett bekvämlighetsurval. Enkäten bestod av 23 slutna frågor. Svaren sammanställdes och analyserades i IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0. Resultaten analyserades med hjälp av Chi-2 test, Mann Whitney U test samt boxplots. Signifikansnivån sattes till p<0,05. Resultat: Studien visade att fler kvinnor än män, fler överviktiga än normalviktiga samt fler deltagare bosatt i samhällen än städer följt någon diet (p=0,001, p=0,002 respektive p=0,047). Vanligaste förekommande diet var LCHF och den vanligaste orsaken att följa en diet var för att må bra följt av utseendemässiga skäl. Främsta anledningen till att följa sin dåvarande eller senaste diet var för att deltagaren ansåg den hållbar. Deltagarna angav att de kom i kontakt med sin dåvarande eller senaste diet via vän, familj eller bekant, detta angavs även som vanligaste sättet att få vidare kunskap om dieten. Slutsats: En diet är inte per automatik hälsosam och en definition skulle underlätta framtida arbete inom området. För att förändra befolkningens kostvanor kan de sociala faktorerna vara av stor betydelse.Background: Diets receive increasing media attention while more and more follow some kind of a diet. Objective: The aim was to investigate if and why adults in Sweden have chosen to follow any kind of diet. The impact of socioeconomics factors, on the choice of following a diet, were further analysed. Method: A web-based survey was distributed via Facebook where 235 people participated through a convenience sample. The questionnaire consisted of 23 closed questions. Responses were compiled and analyzed in IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0. The results were analyzed using the Chi-2 test, Mann Whitney U test and boxplots. The significance level was set at p <0.05. Results: The study showed that more women than men, more obese than normal-weight and more participants living in smaller municipalities than cities followed some kind of diet (p = 0.001, p = 0.002 and p = 0.047). Most common diet was LCHF and the most common reason to follow a diet was to feel good followed by reasons of appearance, which was the same for both sexes. Most common reason to choose their, for the time ongoing or latest diet, was that it was considered sustainable. Participants indicated that they came in contact with that same diet by friend, family or acquaintance who also were indicated as the most common way to gain further knowledge about the diet. Conclusion: A diet is not automatically healthy and a definition would facilitate future work in the field. In order to change people's eating habits social factors can play an important role.
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Longbottom, Patricia Janet. "Eating habits of children aged 5 1/2 to 8 1/2 : is there evidence of i) tracking from pre-school years? and ii) a separate 'children's diet'?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364573.
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Saldanha, Gomes Cécilia. "Activité physique, exposition à la télévision et alimentation du jeune enfant (2-5 ans) : Impact sur l’adiposité." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS559/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’épidémie de surpoids et d’obésité concerne également les jeunes enfants, se caractérise par d’importantes inégalités sociales et entraîne des conséquences graves pour la santé à court, moyen et long terme. Les comportements impliqués dans la balance énergétique, à savoir l’activité physique, l’exposition à la télévision et l’alimentation pourraient jouer un rôle déterminant vis-à-vis du risque d’obésité du jeune enfant et sont potentiellement modifiables. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient d’étudier l’association entre ces comportements, considérés isolément mais aussi de manière intégrée sous forme de clusters multi-comportementaux à 2 et 5 ans, et le risque d’obésité et ce, séparément chez les filles et les garçons. Le risque d’obésité a été appréhendé au travers de la masse grasse à 5 ans et de l’âge au rebond d’adiposité. Le travail s’appuie sur les données de la cohorte EDEN. A 2 ans, le temps de jeux extérieurs chez les filles et le temps passé devant la télévision chez les garçons étaient respectivement associés inversement et positivement au pourcentage de masse grasse à 5 ans. A 2 ans, nous avons identifié des clusters multi-comportementaux caractérisés principalement par la fréquence de consommation d’aliments et de boissons à forte densité énergétique. Ces derniers n’étaient pas liés longitudinalement au pourcentage de masse grasse à 5 ans. Les clusters identifiés à 5 ans (4 clusters chez les filles et 2 chez les garçons) étaient principalement différentiés par l’exposition à la télévision ; chez les garçons la surexposition à la télévision était en outre associée à de moins bonnes habitudes alimentaires, tandis que chez les filles toutes les combinaisons possibles de niveaux d’exposition à la télévision et d’activité physique en extérieur (jeux/marche) étaient observées au sein des clusters. Les filles appartenant au cluster « Exposition très élevée à la télévision – Activité physique extérieure élevée » à 5 ans avaient un pourcentage de masse grasse plus élevé que celles du cluster de référence « Exposition modérée à la télévision – Activité physique extérieure plutôt élevée ». Par ailleurs, une plus forte adhésion au profil alimentaire «Aliments transformés, ou type fast-food » (identifié dans des travaux précédents) à 2 ans était associée à un âge plus précoce du rebond d’adiposité, défini comme intervenant en moyenne avant 3,7 ans dans les 2 sexes. Enfin, la position socioéconomique était inversement associée au temps passé devant la télévision ainsi qu’aux clusters caractérisés par une surexposition à la télévision et/ou de moins bonnes habitudes alimentaires ou de repas. Ces travaux montrent que tous les comportements impliqués dans la balance énergétique influencent le risque ultérieur de surpoids et d’obésité, mais avec une temporalité différente, sur des marqueurs de risque distincts et de façon variable en fonction du sexe de l’enfant et de son origine sociale. Ils montrent aussi que ces comportements se combinent de façon complexe et variable selon le sexe, et suggèrent que certaines typologies comportementales confèrent un risque plus élevé d’accumulation excessive de masse grasse. Ces résultats nous invitent à mettre en place des stratégies de prévention de l’obésité intégrant tous les comportements impliqués dans la balance énergétique et ce dès le plus jeune âge. Les efforts doivent viser à réduire le temps passé devant la télévision, en particulier dans les familles les plus modestes, tout en promouvant l’activité physique, en particulier en encourageant les petites filles aux jeux actifs à l’extérieur. En parallèle, il semble pertinent d’inciter les familles, et ce dès la grossesse, à adopter une alimentation proche des recommandations, en insistant sur l’importance des habitudes de repas, télévision éteinte et sans mise à disposition de boissons sucrées. Compte tenu de son approche holistique de la famille, le médecin généraliste est un vecteur idéal de ces messages de préventionThe epidemy of obesity concerns also young children, is characterized by important social inequalities and has important consequences on health in the short, medium and long-term. Energy balance-related behaviors, namely physical activity, television exposure and diet, may be important in young children in determining subsequent obesity risk, and are potentially modifiable. The objective of this work was to examine the association between energy balance-related behaviors, considered in isolation or in combination (via cluster analysis) at 2 and 5 years of age, and obesity risk in boys and girls separately. Obesity risk was assessed by the percentage of body fat at 5 years and the age of the adiposity rebound. The work is based on data from the EDEN birth cohort. At 2 years, outdoor play time and television watching time were respectively, inversely and positively associated with the percentage of body fat at 5 years. At 2 years, 2 clusters emerged that were essentially characterized by opposite eating habits, with intake of energy-dense food and sweetened beverages being the most discriminating feature. At 5 years, clusters (2 in boys, 4 in girls) were mainly differentiated by the level of television exposure; in boys, high television exposure combined with unhealthy eating habits, while in girls, all possible combinations of the level of television exposure and time spent in outdoor physical activity (play and walk) were observed within clusters. Girls belonging to the ‘Very high television exposure – High outdoor physical activity’ cluster had a significantly higher percentage of body fat than girls in the reference cluster (labeled ‘Moderate television exposure – rather high outdoor physical activity’). Furthermore, a higher score on the ‘Processed and fast foods’ pattern (identified in a previous Eden analysis) at 2 years was associated with an earlier age of adiposity rebound (here defined as before 3.7 years on the average in both sexes). Maternal education level (taken as a general indicator of socio-economic position (SEP)) was inversely related to television viewing time as well as clusters characterized by a high level of television and/or less favorable eating habits (eating while the television is on and drinking sweetened beverages at mealtimes). These results suggest that all three-energy balance-related behaviors influence the subsequent risk of obesity, but with different timing of influence, on distinct markers of obesity risk, and in a way that differ according to the child’s sex and his/her family’s SEP. Furthermore, results suggest that these behaviors combine in complex ways that differ in boys and girls, and that identification of behavioral typologies based on specific combinations of behaviors may be useful to distinguish groups of children with different levels of risk. These results plead for integrated obesity preventive strategies targeting all three-energy balance-related behaviors, and implemented as early as possible, ideally before the age of 2. Efforts should strive to decrease television viewing time, especially in low SEP families, while simultaneously promoting physical activity, in particular by encouraging young girls to engage in active outdoor play. In parallel, it appears important to encourage mothers, especially from low SEP families, to follow diet guidelines and adopt favorable mealtime routines (e.g., turning off the television during meals, and proposing water rather than sodas at mealtime). Because of their frequent and continued contact with parents and their children throughout childhood, family physicians are particularly well positioned to help parents promote and support the development of early healthful physical activity and diet habits of children, starting in early childhood
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Olesen, Pauline, and Camilla West. ""Du dör inte av att vara hungrig en stund" : Människors erfarenheter kring intermittent fasta och drivkrafterna bakom denna kosthållning." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kostvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-81624.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bakgrund Intermittent fasta är ett aktuellt ämne som fått stort genomslag i Sverige. Forskningen har konstaterat att intermittent fasta kan påverka kroppsvikten och den mentala hälsan. Det har även observerats ett samband mellan intermittent fasta och förlängt liv. Syfte Syftet med studien var att utforska vilka upplevelser och erfarenheter människor har som går eller har gått på en intermittent fasta, samt ta reda på vilka motiv och drivkrafter som influerar människor till att utöva denna kosthållning. Metod Åtta kvalitativa intervjuer med semistrukturerad frågeguide genomfördes. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades ordagrant. Datainsamlingen analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat Deltagarna ansåg att fasta bara handlade om att ta en paus från att äta. Drivkrafterna som låg bakom utövandet av intermittent fasta var framför allt viktnedgång, förändrad kroppssammansättning samt förbättrad mental och fysisk prestation. Det fanns en allmän uppfattning om att hungern var påtaglig under fastan men att den var hanterbar. Många var överens om att det kunde vara svårt att fasta vid sociala sammanhang men att det var viktigt att vara flexibel med fastan och inte bli fundamental. Slutsats Viktnedgång var den största drivkraften till varför deltagarna utövade intermittent fasta. Dieten var något deltagarna kunde vara flexibla med, dels för att inte låta dieten styra ens liv men också för att inte avvika från de sociala normerna. Hungern sågs som en liten uppoffring för att få en kropp som stämmer överens med samhällets kroppsideal.Background Intermittent fasting is a current topic that has had great impact in Sweden. Research has found that intermittent fasting can affect body weight and mental health. It has also been observed a correlation between intermittent fasting and a longer life. Objective The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of people who follow or has followed an intermittent fasting, as well the motives and driving forces that influence people to practice this diet.M ethod Eight qualitative interviews with a semi-structured interview guide were conducted. The interviews were recorded and transcribed word for word. The data collection was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. Results Participants believed that fasting just is about taking a break from eating. The motives behind the practice of intermittent fasting were particularly weight loss, changes in body composition and improved mental and physical performance. There was a general perception that the hunger could be apparent during the period of fasting but it was manageable. Several agreed that it could be difficult to fast in social contexts but it was important to be flexible with the fast and not to be fundamental. Conclusion Weight loss was the major motivator as to why participants began practicing intermittent fasting. The diet was something participants could be flexible with, partly because they did not want to let the diet control their life, but also because they did not want to deviate from social norms. The hunger was considered as a small sacrifice to get a body that lived up to society's ideals.
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Botteon, Geanine A. "Adolescent perceptions of their diet quality and body image comparison with parent perceptions /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 89 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456294601&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Costa, Nauilo Lima. "Sobrecarga de sal durante o período perinatal: efeito sobre a modulação do sistema renina-angiotensina em resposta à variação no consumo de sal na prole adulta." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-25062009-105317/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a sobrecarga de sal durante a gestação interfere na liberação de renina renal e circulante e a sua relação com a COX-2 e nNOS no rim após estimulo ou inibição do sistema renina angiotensina (SRA) nas proles femininas adultas. Ratas fêmeas Wistar receberam dieta normossódica (1,3%), hipersódica 4,0% ou hipersódica 8,0%NaCl durante a gestação. Ao nascimento, as proles receberam dieta normossódica. As proles com 12 semanas de vida foram submetidas ao teste de restrição (0,15%) ou a sobrecarga de sódio (8,0%NaCl). Foram avaliados pesos corpóreos, a pressão arterial, atividades da renina plasmática e renal; porcentagem de ramos vasculares com grânulos de renina, nitrito sérico; expressão do mRNA e protéica de renina, COX-2 e nNOS no córtex e medula renal. A pressão arterial, peso corpóreo, atividade da renina plasmática e renal não foram diferentes entre os grupos. A prole HR1 apresentou modulação do SRA, enquanto que prole HR2 não apresentou modulação adequada frente à restrição ou sobrecarga de sódio. Além disso, a expressão do mRNA da renina, COX-2 e nNOS foi estimulada na medula, e diminuída no córtex renal das proles HR1 diante da restrição ou sobrecarga de sódio. Em conclusão, a sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação modifica as respostas do sistema renina-angiotensina, da COX-2 e da nNOS diante de subseqüente restrição e sobrecarga de sódio nas proles femininas adultas.The objective was to evaluate whether mother high salt diet interferes in circulating and local renin release and its relation to kidney COX-2 and nNOS under RAS stimulation or inhibition by sodium in female offspring. Female rats were fed a normal (1,3%NaCl, NSD) or high 1 (4,0%, HSD1) or high 2 (8,0%, HSD2) diet throughout pregnancy. Mating occurred on the 12th week of age. From birthday, the offspring received normal salt diet. In adult offspring; plasma, renal renin activity, granulated renin cell, serum Nox, medullar and cortical renin, COX-2 and nNOS mRNA and protein expression were measured in basal condition and after one week of RAS stimulation or inhibition by sodium. Results: In basal condition, renin activity was not different among groups; however HSD1 offspring was more responsive to RAS stimulation or inhibition. Medulla COX-2 and nNOS mRNA of HSD1 offspring were decreased in basal conditions and they were more responsive to RAS stimulation or inhibition. Enhanced responses of circulating and local renin, COX-2 and nNOS to RAS stimulation or inhibition by sodium in offspring from maternal high salt diet during pregnancy lead to activation of renin angiotensin system, prostaglandin and nitric oxide pathways, and could be origin of hypertension in late life.
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Oliveira, Cristina da Silva Schreiber de. "Efeito do inibidor da DPP-IV sobre glicemia, glucagon, insulina, peptídeo C, GLP-1 e ácidos graxos livres após dietas isocalóricas de diferentes composições nutricionais em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 virgens de tratamentos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5131/tde-16092013-154823/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introdução: A sitagliptina, inibidor da dipeptidil-peptidase IV, impede a degradação do GLP-1 (peptídeo-1 semelhante ao glucagon), um dos principais hormônios incretínicos. A dieta interfere na secreção de GLP-1, no entanto, a interação das drogas que aumentam o GLP-1 e os macronutrientes da dieta é pouco estudada. Objetivo e Métodos: Determinar o efeito da sitagliptina, na secreção de GLP-1, glucagon, insulina, peptídeo-C, ácidos graxos livres e na glicemia após três dietas, isocalóricas, de diferentes composições nutricionais em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, recém-diagnosticados, virgens de tratamento, quando comparado a uso de placebo. Dezesseis indivíduos nessas condições foram submetidos a dietas hiperglicídica, hiperprotêica e hiperlipídica, isocalóricas entre si. Dosaram-se nos tempos 0, 30, 60, 120 e 180 minutos os parâmetros: glicose, insulina, peptídeo C, GLP-1, glucagon e AGL. Foi calculada média de área sob a curva e cálculo da área incremental, além de análise de variância para medidas repetidas. Resultados: Durante o teste de dieta hiperglicídica a glicemia foi maior em todos os tempos quando comparado aos testes com PTN e LPD independentemente do uso de sitagliptina (p<0,05). Sitagliptina diminuiu a glicemia em todos os tempos, quando comparado ao uso de placebo (p<0,05). Durante a dieta CHO, a secreção de glucagon foi menor que nas dietas LPD e PTN (p<0,05). Já a concentração de insulina foi maior com a dieta CHO em relação à dieta LPD (p<0,05). A concentração de insulina e peptídeo C foi maior em todos os tempos na dieta CHO (p<0,05). A concentração de GLP-1 foi significativamente maior durante o teste hiperlipídico em relação à dieta CHO. Durante a dieta LPD, a medida de GLP-1 foi maior em todos os tempos. A dieta CHO apresentou medida de GLP-1 menor em todos os tempos do que as outras dietas (p<0,05). A medida de GLP-1 no tempo foi maior (até 120\') com o uso de sitagliptina do que com o uso do placebo, apesar de não estatisticamente significativa. Os níveis de AGL no tempo foram maiores com o uso do placebo do que com o uso da sitagliptina, apesar de não estatisticamente significativo. Conclusão: Houve diminuição da glicemia em todos os tempos com sitagliptina, independentemente da dieta testada. Houve diminuição do efeito da sitagliptina durante o uso da dieta hiperglicídicaBackground: Sitagliptin, a dipeptidil-peptidase IV inhibitor, prevents the degradation of GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1), one of the incretin hormones. It is well-known that diet interferes in the GLP-1 secretion; however, the interaction between drugs that stimulates the release of GLP-1 and the macronutrients from diet is hardly studied. Objective and Methods: To demonstrate the effect of sitagliptin on glycemia, and on the secretion of GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, C-peptide, and free fatty acids after three isocaloric diets with different nutritional compositions, in drug-naïve patients, newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, when compared to the use of placebo. Sixteen individuals were subjected to a high-carbohydrate diet, a high-protein diet, and a high-fat diet, all of which with similar caloric values. At 0, 30, 60, 120 and180 minutes after the diet, glucose, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1, glucagon, and AGL were measured. The mean area under the curve, the incremental area, and the variance for repeated measures were calculated. Results: During high-carbohydrate diet, glycemia was higher for all time points, when compared to the PTN and LPD diets, independently of sitagliptin (p<0,05). Sitagliptin reduced glycemia during three diets when compared to placebo (p<0,05). During CHO diet, secretion of glucagon was smaller than it was during the LDP and PTN diets (p<0,05). On the other hand, insulin concentration was higher than during the LPD diet (p<0,05). Concentrations of insulin and C-peptide were higher for all the time points during the CHO diet (p<0,05). GLP-1 concentration was significantly higher during the high-fat diet than during the high-carbohydrate diet. During the LPD diet, the quantity of the GLP-1 was larger for all time points. The CHO diet presented lower GLP-1 level, for all the time points, than the other diets (p<0,05). The GLP-1 level (up to 120min) with the use of sitagliptin was higher with LPD and PTN diet than it was with the CHO diet. The AGL levels for all time points were higher with placebo than with sitagliptin, although not statistically significant. Conclusion: There was a reduction in glycemia with sitagliptin, independently of the diet tested, for all time points. There was a reduction in sitagliptin effect during the use of the high-carbohydrate diet
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Seleti, Sílvia Mansur Reimão. "Impacto do balão intragástrico associado à dieta no tratamento do paciente diabético com sobrepeso ou obesidade grau I e sua influência na produção de enterohormônios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5168/tde-14032018-122506/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade é uma doença crônica que tem se tornado um dos maiores problemas de saúde das últimas décadas. A etiologia da obesidade é multifatorial, o que dificulta seu tratamento. O balão intragástrico (BIG) constitui um método pouco invasivo, reversível, de curto prazo para a perda de peso, além de auxiliar na mudança de hábitos alimentares e comportamentais. Promove distensão gástrica, acarretando na diminuição da ingestão alimentar, atrasa o esvaziamento gástrico e causa sensação de saciedade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do BIG em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) e sobrepeso ou obesidade grau I, através da análise da perda de peso, composição corporal, metabolismos glicêmico e lipídico, produção de enterohormônios e qualidade de vida. MÉTODOS: realizou-se ensaio clínico, incluindo 40 pacientes com DM2 e (IMC de 27 a 34,9 kg/m2), os quais foram submetidos à colocação do BIG, mantido por 6 meses, e com seguimento por mais 6 meses após sua retirada. Um teste de refeição com dieta padronizada foi realizado nos tempos 0 e 6 meses, com dosagens de glicose, insulina, triglicérides, GLP-1 ativo e PYY total nos tempos 0, 30, 60, 120 e 180 minutos. RESULTADOS: O peso absoluto diminuiu em 15,6 +- 7,23 kg após 6 meses do uso do BIG, o que corresponde à perda de 17,1% do peso total. Após os 6 meses de seguimento, a média de perda de peso foi mantida em 13,89 kg (15,2%). Houve redução significativa na massa de gordura corporal e da área da curva de glicose, insulina e triglicérides (p variou de < 0,001 a 0,003). Dos 24 pacientes (60%) portadores de hipertensão arterial sistêmica no início do estudo, apenas 3 (7,5%) mantiveram-se hipertensos após o uso do BIG. Os níveis séricos de GLP-1 ativo e PYY total diminuíram com o uso do BIG. A qualidade de vida melhorou em todos os domínios analisados (p < 0,001 a 0,041): capacidade funcional, aspectos físicos, dor, estado geral de saúde, vitalidade, aspectos sociais, aspectos emocionais e saúde mental. CONCLUSÃO: o BIG foi eficaz para perda de peso e controle do DM2 com melhora na qualidade de vida. Não há correlação positiva com a produção de enterohormôniosINTRODUCTION: Obesity is a chronic disease that has become one of the biggest health problems on the last decades. The etiology of obesity is multifactorial, which makes the success of treatment more difficult. Intragastric balloon (BIB) is a short term, reversible, minimally invasive method for weight loss. Furthermore, it helps changing eating habits and behavior. It promotes gastric distension, resulting in decreased intake of food, potentially delays gastric emptying and enhances the feeling of satiety. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of BIB in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and overweight or with grade I obesity, by analyzing the weight loss, body composition, glucose and lipid metabolism, production of enterohormones and quality of life. METHODS: Clinical trial including 40 patients with T2DM and BMI 27-34.9 kg/m2, which underwent placement of BIB, kept for 6 months, and follow-up for another 6 months after withdrawn. A standardized meal test diet was carried out at 0 and 6 months. Glucose, insulin, triglycerides, GLP-1 active and total PYY were measured at times 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. RESULTS: The total weight decreased by 15.6 +- 7.23 kg after 6 months of use of BIB, which corresponds to loss of 17.1% of the total weight. After 6 months of follow-up, mean weight loss was maintained at 13.89 kg (15.2%). There was a significant reduction in body fat mass and area of the glucose curve, insulin and triglycerides (p ranged from < 0.001 to 0.003). Of the 24 patients (60%) patients with hypertension at baseline, only 3 (7.5%) remained hypertensive after using the BIB. Serum levels of active GLP-1 and total PYY decreased with BIB. The quality of life improved in all domains analyzed (p < 0.001 to 0.041): physical functioning, physical function, pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional aspects and mental health. CONCLUSION: BIB is effective for weight loss and control of DM2 with quality of life improvement. There is no positive correlation with the production of enterohormones
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Gowdak, Marcia Maria Godoy. "Efeito da ingestão aguda de gordura na resposta vasodilatadora muscular em portadores de polimorfismo nos receptores B2-adrenérgicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5131/tde-20082007-160349/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Indivíduos portadores do glutamato na posição 27 do gene que codifica para o receptor beta2-adrenérgico têm resposta vasodilatadora muscular aumentada durante manobras fisiológicas. No entanto, o impacto do consumo agudo de gordura nessa resposta não é conhecido. Neste estudo, testou-se a hipótese de que o consumo gordura afetaria a resposta vasodilatadora aumentada destes indivíduos durante manobras fisiológicas. Vinte e cinco indivíduos saudáveis foram subdivididos em dois grupos: 11 homozigotos para o glutamato (Glu27Glu, 40+-3 anos; 65+-3kg) e 14 homozigotos para a glutamina (Gln27Gln, 40+-2 anos; 64+-2kg). O fluxo sangüíneo muscular foi medido por pletismografia de oclusão venosa. A resposta vasodilatadora muscular foi avaliada durante 3 minutos de exercício e estresse mental em jejum e 3 horas após consumo de 62 g de gordura. A condutância basal foi semelhante entre grupos (Glu27Glu=2,3+-0,1; Gln27Gln=2,2+-0,1; P=0,21). O aumento da condutância vascular durante exercício e durante o estresse mental foi maior no grupo Glu27Glu (0,73+-0,2 vs 0,22+-0,1; P=0,008 e 1,8?0,3 vs 1,2+-0,2; P=0,04, respectivamente). O consumo agudo de uma preparação rica em gordura eliminou esta diferença. A resposta de pressão arterial e freqüência cardíaca foi semelhante antes e após a ingestão de gordura. Os níveis de triglicérides, glicose e insulina foram semelhantes ao longo de todo período de estudo. O consumo agudo de gordura elimina a resposta aumentada do fluxo sangüíneo muscular durante manobras fisiológicas dos indivíduos portadores do genótipo Glu27Glu no receptorbeta2- adrenérgico.Subjects who have glutamic acid at position 27 in gene encoding to beta2-adrenoceptor have increased muscle vasodilatory response during physiological maneuvers. However, the impact of a high-fat meal in this response is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a high-fat meal would modify the increased muscle vascular reactivity during handgrip and mental stress in these subjects. Twenty-five healthy subjects were subdivided in two groups: 11 were homozygous to glutamic acid (Glu27Glu, 40?3 years; 65+-3kg) and 14 were homozygous to glutamine (Gln27Gln, 40+-2 years; 64+-2kg). Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion pletysmography. Forearm blood flow was recorded for 3 minutes of handgrip and mental stress during fasting and three hours after 62g of fat consumption. Baseline forearm vascular conductance was similar between groups (Glu27Glu=2.3+-0.1; Gln27Gln=2.2+-0.1; P=0.21). Forearm vascular conductance during handgrip and mental stress was greater in the genotype Glu27Glu (0.73+-0.2 vs 0.22+-0.1; P=0.008 and 1.8+-0.3 vs 1.2+-0.2; P=0.04, respectively). Acute fat consumption eliminated the difference of vasodilatory response previously achieved. Blood pressure and heart rate response were similar before and after fat intake. Triglycerides, glucose and insulin levels were also similar between groups. We concluded that high-fat ingestion abolishes the augmented muscle blood flow responses during physiological maneuvers in individuals who are homozygous for the Glu27 allele of the beta2-adrenoceptor gene.
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Deasy, William. "The effects of the 5:2 intermittent fasting diet and sprint interval training on body composition and markers of cardiovascular and metabolic health in overweight individuals." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42287/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The global prevalence of obesity has increased almost threefold in recent decades, predicated on the increased availability of energy dense foods, decreased physical activity and the increasingly sedentary nature of the modern workforce.
The 5:2 intermittent fasting diet (IF) and sprint interval training (SIT) are two time efficient and easy to follow strategies that have recently become popular alternatives to CR and MICT strategies for weight loss. The efficacy of IF and SIT on weight measurement and health outcomes have been demonstrated separately but the combined effects of these protocols (IFSIT) are currently unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effects of these protocols (individually and in combination) on body composition, as well as cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors associated with obesity in a free-living, adult population. Additionally, this thesis will investigate the effects of these protocols on mood state, satiety and activity levels to further understand the wider effects of these strategies on motivation and wider health.
Thirty-four participants were randomised into three groups (fasting only, SIT only & a combined protocol). The 5:2 protocol uses 2 non-consecutive days of severe energy restriction interspersed with 5 days of ad libitum food consumption per week. The SIT protocol used in the current study used 20 seconds of supramaximal exercise (150% VO2max) interspersed with 40 seconds of active rest over 3-6 cycles. VO2 testing was carried out using a ramped load program on an electrically braked cycle ergometer. Body composition was assessed using DEXA and pqCT and blood analysis was performed following an overnight fast and analysed either commercially or using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
The findings of this thesis demonstrate that following a 16-week intervention in an unrestricted, free-living population that IF, with or without SIT, has reduced body weight (IF= -4.1 kg, IFSIT= -4.5 kg), BMI (IF= -1.4, IFSIT= -1.6) and fat mass (IF= -3.3 kg, IFSIT= -2.9 kg) , whilst SIT alone had little effect on these parameters despite significant effects being reported in other studies. Interestingly, IFSIT led to a greater loss of lean mass when compared to IF alone (IF= -0.75 kg, IFSIT= -1.8 kg). Additionally, significant increases to VO2peak (ml/kg.minute) (SIT= +2.1, IFSIT= +4.6) in both exercise groups were observed. However, there was little improvement to other cardiovascular risk factors such as arterial compliance, blood pressure measurements or lipid profiles.
Significant decreases in serum leptin levels were recorded in both the IF and IFSIT groups when compared to the SIT group, with little change in other parameters such as glucose tolerance, fasting glucose, HBA1c and other metabolic hormone levels. Additionally, there was no significant effects on mood state, satiety, quality of life measurements, attitudes to food or total activity levels recorded in any group.
In conclusion, this thesis is one of the first to demonstrate that the 5:2 diet is effective in the reduction of body weight, leptin levels, BMI and fat mass in a free-living population, whilst SIT had no impact on whole body adiposity despite improvements to VO2peak measurements. When combined with the 5:2 diet, sprint interval training led to greater reductions in lean muscle mass when compared IF alone but otherwise produced no further additive effects. These data suggest that the 5:2 diet is an effective and safe alternative to more traditional energy restriction diets for weight loss in free living adult population.
Книги з теми "5:2 diet"
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Whitehart, Jacqueline. The 5: 2 diet recipe book. United States]: [Create Space], 2013.
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Hamlyn all colour cookbook: 200 5:2 diet recipes. London: Hamlyn, 2014.
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5:2 good food kitchen: More healthy, delicious recipes for everyone, every day. London: Orion, 2014.
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The 5:2 fasting cookbook: Delicious recipes for 100, 200 and 300 calorie meals. London: Hamlyn, 2013.
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The 5:2 fast diet cookbook: 150 easy fat-burning recipes under 300 calories. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2014.
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The 5:2 diet book: Feast for 5 days a week & fast for just 2 to lose weight, boost your brain and transform your health. United States]: [Create Space], 2013.
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The skinny 5:2 diet slow cooker recipe book: Skinny slow cooker recipe and menu ideas under 100, 200, 300 and 400 calories. Inverness]: Bell & Mackenzie Publishing, 2013.
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The skinny 5:2 diet family favourites recipe book: Eat with all the family on your diet fasting days : skinny 5:2 recipe ideas for all the family to enjoy under 300, 400 and 500 calories. Inverness]: Bell & Mackenzie Publishing, 2013.
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Reber geb. Wiesenauer, Simone. "Diskussion der Ergebnisse." In Internationale Zielmarktanalyse und Vertriebsentwicklung, 75–125. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32389-9_5.
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ZusammenfassungIn Kapitel 5 werden die Ergebnisse der Experteninterviews zusammengefasst. Es wird ein Schnell-Check zur Selbsteinschätzung des eigenen Internationalisierungsmusters für Manager vorgestellt (Kapitel 5.1) und im Anschluss auf die Implementierung der Methodik des ISA-Modells eingegangen (Kapitel 5.2). Hierbei wird die in Kapitel 2 vorgestellte Literatur mit den in Kapitel 3 und 4 vorgestellten Ergebnissen aus den Experteninterviews verknüpft und gemäß Forschungsunterfrage 3 Rückschlüsse für die Implementierung des ISA-Modells gezogen.
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Doberkat, Ernst-Erich. "0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, . . . ,." In Die Drei, 135–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58788-1_5.
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Galle, Marco. "Personalisiertes Lernen als pädagogisch-psychologisches didaktisches Konzept." In Unterrichtszentrierte Schulentwicklung, 29–37. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35070-3_3.
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ZusammenfassungIm vorhergehenden Abschnitt 2.3 wurde bereits angedeutet, dass zurzeit kein einheitliches Verständnis von den Funktionen, Inhalten und Zwecken personalisierten Lernens vorliegt (Chiosso, 2012; OECD, 2006; Prain et al., 2013). Wie in Abschnitt 1.1 einleitend festgehalten wurde, wird personalisiertes Lernen deshalb auch als mehrere Dimensionen beinhaltender „Container-Begriff“ (Stebler et al., 2017, S. 5) oder „umbrella term“ (Kallick & Zmuda, 2017, S. 2) bezeichnet. So nehmen Autorinnen und Autoren, die den Begriff verwenden, in unterschiedlicher Gewichtung Bezug auf etablierte pädagogische Ziele und didaktische Konzepte wie zum Beispiel innere Differenzierung (u. a. Klafki & Stöcker, 1976), Individualisierung (u. a. Bräu, 2005), individuelle Förderung (Klieme & Warwas, 2011) oder die bereits oben beschriebenen erweiterten Lehr- und Lernformen respektive Formen des offenen Unterrichts (u. a. Peschel, 2003).
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Gilbert, Matthew, and Amy Shah. "Case 16: A Case of Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis After Initiation of Ketogenic Diet in a Patient With Type 2 Diabetes on a Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor." In Diabetes In Practice: Case Studies with Commentary, 62–65. American Diabetes Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/9781580407663.16.
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A 52-year-old Caucasian female with a past medical history of well-controlled type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia presented to the emergency department with a 3-day history of severe headache associated with nausea, neck pain, and photophobia. Her outpatient diabetes regimen consisted of metformin 1,000 mg twice a day, linagliptin (a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 [DPP-4] inhibitor) 5 mg daily, and empagliflozin (a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 [SGLT2] inhibitor) 25 mg daily. She reported starting a ketogenic diet 4 months before admission with an objective 17-lb weight loss after she had prior success with extremely low-carbohydrate/ketogenic diets in the past.
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Suchkov, Sergey, Tahereh Seifi Salmi, Chyi-Huey Bai, Javad Alizargar, and Jia-Ping Wu. "Ketogenic Diet Is Good for Aging-Related Sarcopenic Obesity." In Ketogenic Diet [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96028.
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Sarcopenic obesity is a skeletal muscle weight loss disease. It has happened at an elderly age. A ketogenic diet is a low-carbohydrate (5%), moderate protein (15%), and a higher-fat diet (80%) can help sarcopenic obese patients burn their fat more effectively. It has many benefits for muscle and fat weight loss. A ketogenic diet can be especially useful for losing excess body fat without hunger and for improving type 2 diabetes. That is because of only a few carbohydrates in the diet, the liver converts fat into fatty acids and ketones. Ketone bodies can replace higher ATP energy. This diet forces the human body to burn fat. This is a good way to lose fat weight without restriction.
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Shazman, Shula. "Selecting Intermittent Fasting Type to Improve Health in Type 2 Diabetes: A Machine Learning Approach." In Type 2 Diabetes [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95336.
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Intermittent fasting (IF) is the cycling between periods of eating and fasting. The two most popular forms of IER are: the 5: 2 diet characterized by two consecutive or non-consecutive “fast” days and the alternate-day energy restriction, commonly called alternate-day fasting (ADF). The second form is time-restricted feeding (TRF), eating within specific time frames such as the most prevalent 16: 8 diet, with 16 hours of fasting and 8 hours for eating. It is already known that IF can bring about changes in metabolic parameters related with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Furthermore, IF can be effective in improving health by reducing metabolic disorders and age-related diseases. However, it is not clear yet whether the age at which fasting begins, gender and severity of T2D influence on the effectiveness of the different types of IF in reducing metabolic disorders. In this chapter I will present the risk factors of T2D, the different types of IF interventions and the research-based knowledge regarding the effect of IF on T2D. Furthermore, I will describe several machine learning approaches to provide a recommendation system which reveals a set of rules that can assist selecting a successful IF intervention for a personal case. Finally, I will discuss the question: Can we predict the optimal IF intervention for a prediabetes patient?
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Souza, Micheline Tereza Pires de, Gislaine Aparecida Ozorio, and Andressa Orlandeli Ferreira. "Gasto energético em paciente oncológico e composição corporal." In Oncologia: uma visão interdisciplinar, 89–98. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-216-2-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book, comprising 24 chapters, proposes in an interdisciplinary way to present updated technical content from different areas such as nutrition, nursing, psychology, pharmacy and occupational therapy. The main objective of this work is to contribute to the clinical professional practice in oncology, as well as, to the training of students in the health field. The contents were carefully selected, compiled and approached in a didactic way, so that they provide an intuitive and pleasant reading. Starting from the molecular basis, risk and nutrition factors and cancer prevention, going through screening and nutritional assessment, since diet therapy treatment, symptom control, main nutritional problems and palliative care, and even spirituality, with the nutritional approach for adults and pediatric patients as one of its strengths. This way, readers are invited to enjoy the knowledge shared by experienced health professionals and researchers, who work in oncology. In addition to these experiences, valuable reports are presented from patients who have experienced (or are experiencing) cancer treatment, with the aim of bringing the reader closer to a different perspective of this multidimensional reality. It is known that the experience of an oncological treatment is accompanied by varied emotions and feelings for everyone involved, both for the team of professionals and for family members, in addition to the role of the patients themselves. And that is why, from the different spectrums covered, it is expected to help the professional performance in this ascending area of health to occur even more in a holistic and humanized way.
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McCall, Anthony. "Case 14: What Type of Diabetes?" In Diabetes Case Studies: Real Problems, Practical Solutions, 53–57. American Diabetes Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/9781580405713.14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This patient is a 65-year-old woman who was referred to the clinic for continued treatment of her diabetes. Patient was diagnosed 5 years before her first visit (now 2 years later) with diabetes. Fasting glucose levels were elevated on routine blood work. Because her GAD-65 was positive and her C-peptide levels were low, she was uncertain about whether she had type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Her first HbA1c was 7%. Although BMI was normal, she lost 10 lb and watched her diet. Her HbA1c decreased to the 6.2–6.6% range. She was given a sliding-scale lispro and instructed to take 2 units if her blood glucose levels were >200 (11.1 mmol/L). When the patient attempted to follow this recommendation, she became hypoglycemic to ≤50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L) within 1–1.5 h after insulin injection. She never took oral antihyperglycemics. She had a history of gestational diabetes during her second pregnancy, which was diet controlled. Post delivery she had normal blood glucose levels.
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ARAÚJO, A. K. S., S. S. C. MEDEIROS, P. A. SOUZA, R. S. CRUZ, A. A. REGIS, E. M. BATISTA, and F. L. P. CAVALCANTE. "Avaliação da rotulagem de marcas de alimentos diet e light comercializados em Currais Novos – RN." In Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos: Pesquisas e Avanços - Volume 3. Agron Food Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53934/9786599539695-37.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O estilo de vida da sociedade vem mudando cada vez mais, devido a busca por uma alimentação mais prática, aumentando o índice de produtos alimentícios processados. Tais alimentos possuem alto teor de açúcar, sódio, gordura e colesterol, responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de doenças que prejudicam a saúde. Devido à má alimentação, observou-se a necessidade de alimentos que propiciassem a melhor qualidade de vida, portanto criou-se os produtos diet e light, que possuem em sua formulação a retirada ou diminuição de algum componente nutricional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a rotulagem de alimentos diet e light comercializados na cidade de Currais Novos no Rio Grande do Norte, verificando-se os rótulos, conforme a legislação, para as informações obrigatórias e nutricionais. Foram avaliados 12 rótulos de marcas diferentes de produtos diet e light, escolhidos aleatoriamente em estabelecimentos comerciais da cidade. As 12 marcas dos produtos foram codificadas em A, B, C, D, E e F para os alimentos diet e 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 para os light. Utilizou-se tabelas de modelo check list, referentes às informações nutricionais/obrigatórias. Deste modo, os resultados foram organizados em tabelas diferentes. De acordo com os resultados, as 12 marcas analisadas demonstraram conformidade com a legislação vigente, RDC n° 360, 259 e a portaria n° 27 e 29, Porém 75% das marcas não apresentaram a medida caseira em suas embalagens. Com isso, podemos observar a importância de tais informações para os consumidores sobre a leitura dos rótulos, realizando uma boa escolha do que será consumido.
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Filipovic, Nenad, Milos Radovic, Dalibor D. Nikolic, Igor Saveljic, Zarko Milosevic, Themis P. Exarchos, Gualtiero Pelosi, Dimitrios I. Fotiadis, and Oberdan Parodi. "Computer Predictive Model for Plaque Formation and Progression in the Artery." In Handbook of Research on Trends in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Conditions, 279–300. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8828-5.ch013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this chapter we described predictive model for plaque formation and progression in the coronary and carotid artery. A full three-dimensional model for plaque formation and progression, coupled with blood flow and LDL concentration is analysed. The Navier-Stokes equations together with the Darcy law for model blood filtration and Kedem-Katchalsky equations are implemented. Additionally, the system of three additional reaction-diffusion equations for simulation of the inflammatory process is coupled with full incremental iterative procedure. We developed hybrid genetic algorithm for fitting parameters of ODE model for oxidized LDL, macrophage, smooth muscle cell and foam cell concentration evolution in time. The animal carotid and coronary artery after 2 month of high fat diet are examined. We compared with CT our computer model of the plaque size for three groups of patients: De-novo, Old-lesions and Control patients. Detailed shear stress distributions for baseline and follow-up for these patients are given. There is a good matching for plaque size and location.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "5:2 diet"
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Kobelkova, I. V., and M. M. Korosteleva. "RELATIONSHIP OF DIET WITH IRON DEFICIENCY IN ATHLETES." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.235-241.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A short-term imbalance between increased needs for macro- and micronutrients and their actual intake can lead to rapid fatigue, which is expressed in a decrease in endurance and sports performance. The cause of these symptoms may be iron deficiency conditions, which are widespread among athletes. The study of the features of actual nutrition, the relationship between the consumption of meat and dairy products with the nutritional status and health status of athletes with a high and extremely high level of physical activity is very relevant.
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Thomas, David, Emma Bermingham, Mark Roberts, and Wayne Young. "An investigation into the effect of high fat and carbohydrate diets on a range of biomarkers associated with pancreatitis in dogs." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/uvdt4784.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Studies suggest that dogs preferentially choose fat as their major dietary energy source (59-63% of the total metabolisable energy (ME) content of the diet). However, high fat diets have been linked to the development of pancreatitis in dogs. This study investigated several biomarkers associated with pancreatitis in dogs fed either a high fat (HF; Protein: Fat: Carbohydrate content; 35%:63%:2% ME; n= 10 dogs) or high carbohydrate (HC; Protein: Fat: Carbohydrate content; 17%:32%:51% ME) diet.A high fat meal tolerance test (MTT) was undertaken on dogs (n=20) at baseline consuming a commercial dry food diet (Protein: Fat: Carbohydrate content; 23%:25%:52% on an ME basis) and then again after 8 weeks consuming either a HF (n=10) or HC (n=10) diet. Briefly, after an overnight fast, dogs were fed a single meal containing 100% of their daily requirements (P: F: C content; 35%:63%:2% ME). Each dog was then blood sampled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 24 hours post-prandially. Samples were analysed for plasma triglycerides and markers of pancreatitis (i.e., pancreatic lipase, endotoxin, C-reactive protein, Interleukin 1-alpha, Interleukin 6 and Tumour necrosis factor-alpha). The postprandial peak plasma concentration of triglycerides (Cmax) were higher (p less than 0.001) at baseline, compared to after feeding of the either the HC or HF diets for 8 weeks. This suggests dietary components such as moisture level, specific ingredients, level of diet processing, and possibly apparent nutrient digestibility were potential factors driving this response. There was no effect of feeding either HF or HC diets on Cmax values (P >0.05) during the final MTT. This study suggests that feeding a HF diet for 8 weeks does not elevate blood markers associated with pancreatitis, with the serum biochemistry and complete blood count indicating the dogs remained clinically healthy.
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Vasilevskaya, E. R., G. G. Moldovanov, N. V. Kupaeva, V. A. Pchelkina, and L. V. Fedulova. "IN VIVO MODEL OF AUTOHEMORRHAGIC STROKE: EFFECTIVENESS OF A MEAT-BASED ENTERAL NUTRITION PRODUCT." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.46-52.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An experimental study of the morphofunctional state of rats’ brain tissue with hemorrhagic strokes after diet therapy with a specialized meat product was carried out. Destructive changes in the structure of the brain and, in particular, neurons, revealed in the control, with a predom-inance of gliosis, stabilized on the 16th day after the operation when the product was introduced into the diet.
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Aluko, Rotimi. "Protein gelation enhances resistance to proteolysis and in vivo cholesterol-lowering ability of the indigestible proteins." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ztlc7556.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of death globally with excessive levels of blood cholesterol being a major risk factor. A dietary approach towards reducing this health risk is the intake of foods enriched with indigestible proteins that bind cholesterol to minimize reabsorption from the gastrointestinal tract. However, the level of indigestible proteins in regular foods is low and normal dietary intake may not provide sufficient cholesterol-lowering effect. Therefore, the aim of this work was to utilize various processing techniques to enhance resistance of food proteins to proteolysis and facilitate recovery of large amounts of indigestible proteins, which was then incorporated into the diet of Sprague-Dawley rats. Various legume seed protein isolates were subjected to the following pretreatments: dry heat, wet heat, autoclave, gelation, and freeze-thaw (3 cycles). The pretreated isolates were digested with pepsin followed by pancreatin to obtain insoluble residue as the indigestible product, which was tested for in vitro bile acid-binding ability. Results showed that the indigestible proteins from gelled cowpea protein isolate (ICP) was most abundant (68% yield) and had strong bile acid-binding ability. The rats were fed high fat diets and divided into 4 groups of 6 each (3 males + 3 females): group 1 was 20% casein diet while groups 2, 3 and 4 consumed same diets but casein was partially substituted with 1% ICP, 5% ICP, and 5% undigested cowpea protein isolate (CPI), respectively. After feeding for 6 weeks, rats that consumed the diet containing 5% ICP had the lowest increase in plasma total cholesterol of 1.8 mmol/L when compared to increases of 9.34 and 4.15 mmol/L for CPI and casein only diets, respectively. Analysis of the fecal matter by gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of a high molecular proteins in the ICP-containing diets but absent in the casein only and CPI diets.
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Wardani, Novita Eka Kusuma, Ani Media Harumi, and Asih Media Yuniarti. "Culture of Diet and Utilization of Health Services on Stunting Cases in Children Aged 2-5 Years in Bangkalan East Java." In 3rd International Scientific Meeting on Public Health and Sports (ISMOPHS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.220108.004.
Повний текст джерела
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Zambrano, Cristina N., Maayan Beeber, April Panitz, Yin Tan, Grace Ma, Khursheed Navder, Ming-Chin Yeh, and Olorunseun Ogunwobi. "Abstract C047: Diet and risk of cancer in minority populations in New York City." In Abstracts: Eleventh AACR Conference on The Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; November 2-5, 2018; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp18-c047.
Повний текст джерела
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Sherrod, Brandon, Shawn Gilbert, Krista Casazza, and Alan Eberhardt. "Design of a Torsion Tester for Measuring Murine Bone Properties for Studies on the Effects of Diabetes and Obesity." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14412.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conditions such as diabetes and obesity have been found to affect the mechanical integrity of bone. Studies have shown that diabetic rodent models exhibit lower levels of new bone formation during fracture healing 1, lower bone mineral density (BMD) 2, and increased risk of fracture 3. There are differences, however, in the bone integrity of bone samples from type I and type II diabetics, which is most likely due to obesity 2. Findings from research on obesity’s effects on bone integrity have been controversial; although there is an increase in bone mineral density (BMD) with increasing body mass index (BMI) and a decrease in fracture incidence in the central body regions in obese women compared to healthy weight women due to soft tissue padding, there is an increase in fracture incidence at extremeties 4. Other studies have shown that while cortical bone strength may not be adversely affected by high-fat diets, cancellous bone BMD and mechanical strength was significantly lower in high-fat diet mice than low-fat diet mice 5. In addition, extreme obesity has been associated with lower BMD despite the general trend of increased BMD with higher BMI 6.
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Kasparov, Aleksei. "The “sanctuary” of Ilgynly Depe. The diet and economy of privileged inhabitants of the settlement." In Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-30-32.
Повний текст джерела
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Pichardo, Catherine M., Beti Thompson, and Yamile Molina. "Abstract A031: The influence of diet and physical activity in the relationship between context, obesity, and obesity-related cancer disparities: A systematic review." In Abstracts: Eleventh AACR Conference on The Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; November 2-5, 2018; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp18-a031.
Повний текст джерела
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Shou, Diwen, Chuangyu Cao, Haoming Xu, Hongli Huang, Yu Xia, Qing Mei, Ying Quan, et al. "IDDF2021-ABS-0207 Type 2 resistant starch improves liver steatosis induced by high-fat diet relating to gut microbiota regulation and concentration of propionic acid in portal vein blood in C57BL/6J mice." In Abstracts of the International Digestive Disease Forum (IDDF), Hong Kong, 4–5 September 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2021-iddf.20.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "5:2 diet"
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Mobley, C. E., and J. Brevick. Die casting research: Die cavity instrumentation. Final report, Tasks 2--5. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/307967.
Повний текст джерела
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Levin, Ilan, Avtar K. Handa, Avraham Lalazar, and Autar K. Mattoo. Modulating phytonutrient content in tomatoes combining engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587724.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fruit constitutes a major component of our diet, providing fiber, vitamins, minerals, and many other phytonutrients that promote good health. Fleshy fruits, such as tomatoes, already contain high levels of several of these ingredients. Nevertheless, efforts have been invested in increasing and diversifying the content of phytonutrients, such as carotenoids and flavonoids, in tomato fruits. Increasing levels of phytonutrients, such as lycopene, is highly justified from the perspective of the lycopene extraction industry due to cost effectiveness reasons. Diversifying phytonutrients, in particular those that contribute to fruit color, could potentially provide an array of attractive colors to our diet. Our major goal was to devise a novel strategy for developing tomato fruits with enhanced levels of phytochemicals known to promote good health with special emphasis on lycopene content. A further important goal was to analyze global gene expression of selected genetic lines produced throughout this study in order is to dissect the molecular mechanisms regulating phytonutrients accumulation in the tomato fruit. To achieve these goals we proposed to: 1. combine, by classical breeding, engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic high pigment mutants in order generate tomato plant with exceptionally high levels of phytonutrients; 2. use gene transfer technology for genetic introduction of key genes that promote phytonutrient accumulation in the tomato fruit, 3. Analyze accumulation patterns of the phytonutrients in the tomato fruit during ripening; 4. Analyze global gene expression during fruit ripening in selected genotypes identified in objectives 1 and 2, and 5. Identify and analyze regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast disassembly and chromoplast formation. During the 3 years research period we have carried out most of the research activities laid out in the original proposal and our key conclusions are as follows: 1. the engineered polyamine metabolism strategy proposed by the US collaborators can not increase lycopene content either on its own or in combination with an hp mutant (hp-2ᵈᵍ); 2. The hp-2ᵈᵍ affects strongly the transcriptional profile of the tomato fruit showing a strong tendency for up- rather than down-regulation of genes, 3. Ontology assignment of these miss-regulated genes revealed a consistent up-regulation of genes related to chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutants throughout fruit development; 4. A tendency for up-regulation was also usually observed in structural genes involved in phytonutrientbiosynthesis; however this up-regulation was not as consistent. 5. Microscopic observations revealed a significantly higher number of chloroplasts in pericarp cells of mature-green hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits in comparison to their normal fully isogenic counterparts. 6. The relative abundance of chloroplasts could be observed from early stages of fruit development. Cumulatively these results suggest that: 1. the overproduction of secondary metabolites, characterizing hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits, is more due to chloroplast number rather then to transcriptional activation of structural genes of the relevant metabolic pathways, and 2. The molecular trigger increasing metabolite levels in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutant fruits should be traced at early stage of fruit development.
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Döring, Thomas, and Franziska Rischkowsky. Problemorientierte Verbraucherpolitik. Der Beitrag der Verhaltensökonomik zu einem verbesserten Verbraucherschutz. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627314.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt auf, welche Erkenntnisse sich aus verhaltensökonomischen Ansätzen gewinnen lassen, um sowohl die Rechtfertigung als auch die Ausgestaltung von staatlicher Verbraucherpolitik auf eine breitere ökonomische Basis zu stellen. Zu diesem Zweck sollen zu-nächst die unterschiedlichen ökonomischen Argumente in Erinnerung gerufen werden, die bereits herkömmlicherweise zur Begründung einer eigenständigen Verbraucherpolitik angeführt werden, um den diesbezüglich zusätzlichen Erkenntnisgewinn der Verhaltensökonomik in einem grundsätzlich Sinne aufzuzeigen (Kapitel 2). Daran anschließend werden die verbraucherpolitischen Implikationen der Informationsökonomik als dem gegenwärtig zentralen Bezugspunkt eines ökonomisch begründeten Verbraucherschutzes in ihren Kernaussagen dargestellt und kritisch diskutiert (Kapitel 3). Dies liefert zugleich die Grundlage, um unter der Zielsetzung einer Erweiterung eines rein informationsökonomisch gestalteten Verbraucherschutzes den Erkenntnisgewinn von Verhaltensökonomik und verhaltenswissenschaftlicher Konsumforschung mit Blick auf eine problemorientierte Verbraucherpolitik anhand des relevanten Verbraucherleitbilds sowie darauf bezogener Politikmaßnahmen entsprechend darzulegen (Kapitel4). Der Beitrag schließt mit einem kurzen Fazit zur Relevanz der Verhaltensökonomik für einen verbesserten Verbraucherschutz (Kapitel 5).
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Döring, Thomas, and Birgit Aigner-Walder. Steigende Ausgaben für Wohnen, Energie und Gesundheit bei sinkenden Bildungs- und Verkehrsausgaben als Auswirkungen einer alternden Bevölkerung auf den privaten Konsum. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627161.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wie auch andere Industrieländer sieht sich Österreich aktuell mit einer sinkenden Geburtenrate bei einer gleichzeitig steigenden Lebenserwartung konfrontiert, was im Ergebnis zu einer zunehmend alternden Bevölkerung führt. Bezogen auf die Verwendungsseite des Bruttoinlandsprodukts ist der private Konsum mit einem Anteil von mehr als 50 % ein wesentlicher Bestimmungsfaktor der jährlichen Wertschöpfung, was auf die bedeutende Rolle des Konsumverhaltens der privaten Haushalte für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung Österreichs verweist. Der Konsum eines privaten Haushalts verändert sich dabei über dessen Lebenszyklus hinweg aufgrund eines altersabhängigen Wandels der individuellen Wünsche und Bedürfnisse (Präferenzen). Vor diesem Hintergrund zielt der vorliegende Beitrag darauf ab, die altersbedingten Unterschiede bezogen auf das Niveau und die Struktur des privaten Konsums näher zu untersuchen, die mit einer alternden Bevölkerung in Österreich verbunden sind. Dies erfolgt in drei Untersuchungsschritten: Zunächst werden sowohl die einschlägigen theoretischen Ansätze zum Zusammenhang von Konsumverhalten und Bevölkerungsalterung als auch hierzu bereist vorliegende empirische Studien überblickartig dargestellt (Kapitel 2). Danach wird das der Prognose des zukünftigen Konsumverhaltens zugrunde liegende methodische Vorgehen sowie die verwendete Datenbasis eingehend beschrieben (Kapitel 3). Schließlich werden die für Österreich ermittelten Untersuchungsergebnisse dargestellt (Kapitel 4), wobei zunächst auf die gegebenen altersspezifischen Konsumniveaus und -strukturen eingegangen wird, um davon ausgehend die bis zum Jahr 2050 simulierten Auswirkungen des demographischen Wandels auf das private Konsumverhalten auf der nationalen wie auf der regionalen Ebene zu präsentieren. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Zusammenfassung der empirischen Untersuchungsergebnisse sowie einer Identifikation des weiteren Forschungsbedarfs im Untersuchungsfeld (Kapitel 5).
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Döring, Thomas, and Birgit Aigner-Walder. Zukunftsperspektiven der Elektromobilität Treibende Faktoren und in ökonomischer SichtHemmnisse. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Als in ökologischer Sicht das Klima schonende und in diesem Sinne „saubere“ Alternative zur vorherrschenden Mobilitätsform auf der Basis von Verbrennungsmotoren hat das Thema „Elektromobilität“ in den zurückliegenden Jahren sowohl innerhalb der Automobilbranche als auch in der breiten Öffentlichkeit erheblich an Aufmerksamkeit gewonnen. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht eine ökonomische Antwort auf die Frage zu geben, ob die verschiedenen Formen von Elektromobilität eine realistische Chance haben, in den nächsten Jahren nennenswerte Marktanteile zu gewinnen. Aus ökonomischer Sicht stehen dabei vor allem drei Aspekte im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung. Zum einen ist dies die Fragestellung, wie die potenziellen ökologischen Effekte einer vermehrten Nutzung von Elektrofahrzeugen im Vergleich zu den bestehenden konventionellen Mobilitätsformen einzuschätzen sind (Kapitel 2). Dabei sollen sowohl die umweltbezogenen Vorteile, aber auch die – bei einer umfassenderen Betrachtung der Elektromobilität in den Blick zu nehmenden – ökologischen Folgen näher untersucht werden. Jenseits dieser rein umweltbezogenen Perspektive sind darüber hinaus die mikroökonomischen Aspekte von Elektromobilität genauer zu beleuchten (Kapitel 3). Im Mittelpunkt dieser Betrachtung steht die Frage, unter welchen Rahmenbedingungen damit gerechnet werden kann, dass die potenziellen Nutzer dieser neuen Mobilitätsform vermehrt von konventionellen Fahrzeugen auf elektrisch angetriebene Fahrzeuge umsteigen werden. Oder anders formuliert: Welche Hemmfaktoren lassen sich identifizieren, die eine verstärkte Substitution zwischen beiden Mobilitätsalternativen gegenwärtig (noch) behindern. Darüber hinaus ist der Frage nachzugehen, welche makroökonomischen Effekte mit einer verstärkten Nutzung von Elektromobilität verbunden sein werden (Kapitel 4). Im Mittelpunkt dieser Überlegungen stehen gesamtwirtschaftliche Nutzen-Kosten-Überlegungen in Form einer Abschätzung der möglichen Auswirkungen dieser neuen (Mobilitäts-)Technologie auf Beschäftigung, Strukturwandel, Investitionsverhalten, Energiebedarf oder auch Rohstoffpreise, um nur einige in diesem Zusammenhang wichtige makroökonomische Kenngrößen zu nennen. Den Abschluss des Beitrags bildet eine Zusammenfassung der Untersuchungsergebnisse (Kapitel 5).
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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.
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Geyer, Anton, Karin Grasenick, Renate Handler, Magdalena Kleinberger-Pierer, and Juan Gorraiz. Evaluation des Humboldt-Forschungsstipendien-Programms (HFST) der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung. Endbericht. Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2021.584.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Seit 1954 fördert die Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, finanziert durch das Auswärtige Amt (AA) und das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), mit dem Humboldt-Forschungsstipendien-Programm (HFST-Programm) Studien- bzw. Forschungsaufenthalte von hoch qualifizierten Wissenschaftler*innen aus dem Ausland an deutschen Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen. Überdurchschnittlich qualifizierte Wissenschaftler*innen aus dem Ausland bewerben sich je nach Karrierestufe entweder in der Förderlinie für Postdoktorand*innen (Abschluss der Promotion nicht länger als vier Jahre vor der Bewerbung) oder in der Förderlinie für erfahrene Wissenschaftler*innen (Abschluss der Promotion nicht länger als zwölf Jahre vor der Bewerbung). Die HFST-tipendiat*innen erhalten die Möglichkeit, ein selbst gewähltes, langfristiges Forschungsvorhaben gemeinsam mit einer / einem wissenschaftlichen Gastgebenden in Deutschland durchzuführen. Zweck der Evaluation war es zu überprüfen, inwieweit es der Humboldt-Stiftung gelingt, mit der Durchführung des HFST-Programms die angestrebten Ziele zu erreichen. Diese sind: 1. Gewinnung von wissenschaftlich hoch qualifizierten Bewerber*innen; 2. Initiierung dauerhafter Forschungskooperationen; 3. Dauerhafte Nutzung des Kooperationsnetzwerks für internationale Forschungskooperationen; 4. Zugang zu internationalen Expert*innen und Entscheidungsträger*innen aus Wissenschaft, Politik, Kultur und Wirtschaft für Partner aus Deutschland; 5. Ermöglichung eines persönlichen und differenzierten Einblicks in die Wissenschaft, Forschung, Gesellschaft und Kultur Deutschlands.
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Kohler, Hans-Peter. Die Neue Demografie - Vortrag anläßlich der 5. Schweriner Wissenschaftstage zum Thema "Bevölkerungsrückgang in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - Katastrophe oder Chance?" am 1. und 2. Dezember 2000. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2000-014.
Повний текст джерела
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Aigner-Walder, Birgit, and Thomas Döring. Zukünftige Entwicklung der privaten Verkehrsausgaben in Deutschland aufgrund des demographischen Wandels. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627260.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Deutschland gehört zu jenen Industriestaaten, in welchen der demographische Wandel bereits weit fortgeschritten ist. Das Phänomen einer alternden und – ohne Zuwanderungsbewegungen aus dem Ausland – zugleich schrumpfenden Bevölkerungsentwicklung, welches durch den Anstieg der Lebenserwartung und den Rückgang der Fertilität bedingt ist, betrifft dabei keineswegs nur Industriestaaten wie Deutschland. Vielmehr sind die genannten demographischen Entwicklungen weltweit beobachtbar, wenn auch noch in geringerem Ausmaß. Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich der vorliegende Beitrag mit den privaten Verkehrsausgaben einer Konsumgruppe der privaten Haushalte, für welche laut vorliegenden Studien aufgrund der Alterung der Bevölkerung deutliche Veränderungen zu erwarten sind. Der Verkehrssektor scheint dabei insbesondere von Interesse, da abgesehen von der Privatwirtschaft mit Blick auf die Herstellung von Verkehrsmitteln auch die öffentliche Hand bezogen auf die Bereitstellung der Verkehrsinfrastruktur in keinem geringen Maße betroffen ist. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, potentielle Effekte der Bevölkerungsalterung auf den privaten Konsum von Gütern und Dienstleistungen im Verkehrsbereich zu identifizieren. Dazu erfolgt zunächst eine Erörterung grundlegender theoretischer Ansätze zu den Bestimmungsfaktoren des privaten Konsumverhaltens sowie eine Darstellung bisheriger empirischer Ergebnisse zu den Auswirkungen des demographischen Wandels auf die Ausgaben im Bereich Verkehr (Kapitel 2). Daran anschließend wird die Entwicklung der privaten Verkehrsausgaben in Deutschland im langfristigen Trend analysiert (Kapitel 3). Daran anknüpfend werden altersbedingte Unterschiede im Konsumverhalten privater Haushalte – vor allem in Bezug auf Verkehrsausgaben – eingehender beleuchtet (Kapitel 4). Den Abschluss bildet eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der zu erwartenden Effekte der Bevölkerungsalterung auf die privaten Verkehrsausgaben in Deutschland (Kapitel 5).