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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 травня 2022

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1

SATO, Ryuta, Yuya YOKOBORI, and Masaomi TSUTSUMI. "Dynamic Synchronous Accuracy of Translational Axes and Rotational Axes in 5-axis Machining Center." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, Contributed Papers 72, no. 1 (2006): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jspe.72.73.

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2

USHIKU, Kentaro, Masaomi TSUTSUMI, and Akinori SAITO. "Calibration of rotary axes of 5-axis machining centers." Proceedings of The Manufacturing & Machine Tool Conference 2002.4 (2002): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemmt.2002.4.181.

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3

Sato, Ryuta, and Masaomi Tsutsumi. "High Performance Motion Control of Rotary Table for 5-Axis Machining Centers." International Journal of Automation Technology 1, no. 2 (November 5, 2007): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2007.p0113.

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We discuss motion control techniques of rotary tables for 5-axis machining centers. Three translational axes and two rotary ones are controlled simultaneously in the machining of complex shapes such as impellers. A tilting rotary table powered by a worm gear is generally used as the rotary axes for 5-axis machining centers, and various causes of inaccuracy exist in the rotary axes. In this study, we clarified three causes of inaccuracy exists in the rotary axis: rotational fluctuation in the worm gear, backlash, and measurement delay of rotary encoder for feedback. Motor torque saturation of the rotary axis also causes a problem when rotational velocity is changed rapidly. Based upon investigated results, we propose compensators for improving synchronous accuracy. We avoid torque saturation in the rotary axis through acceleration-deceleration design. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed compensators, we applied them to an experimental set-up including a rotary axis. As the results of experiments, it is clarified that the proposed compensators improve the synchronous accuracy of translational and rotary axes.
4

Gebhardt, Michael, Alexander Schneeberger, Sascha Weikert, Wolfgang Knapp, and Konrad Wegener. "Thermally Caused Location Errors of Rotary Axes of 5-Axis Machine Tools." International Journal of Automation Technology 8, no. 4 (July 5, 2014): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2014.p0511.

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This paper presents the results of detailed thermal analysis of a 5-axis machine tool with focus on the rotary axes. The rotary axes are characterized regarding their position and orientation errors as a function of the underlying thermal load, contributing significantly to the overall accuracy. A physical model is presented, which allows the simulation of the thermal behavior of the rotary axes based on the power input to the drives of the rotary axes and the heat conduction in a swiveling rotary table unit and convection into environment. This enables an external online-compensation of thermal errors. The compensation model is verified and validated.
5

Florussen, Guido, Koen Houben, Henny Spaan, and Theresa Spaan-Burke. "Automating Accuracy Evaluation of 5-Axis Machine Tools." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0409.

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A wireless non-contact 3D measuring head is used to determine the accuracy of 5-axis machine tools. The measuring head is inserted in the spindle by the tool exchanger automating the measurement routine used. For checking the linear machine axes, a cross shaped artefact containing 13 precision balls is introduced, named Position Inspector, enabling the determination of positioning and straightness errors of two linear axes in one setup. The squareness error between both axes is also determined in this setup. This artefact can be mounted on a pallet system for automatic loading and is measured in a bi-directional run. This artefact can be measured in different orientations (i.e., horizontal, inclined, vertical) and is pre-calibrated with a CMM. The measurement sequence using this artefact is executed in eight minutes and its design and support system is addressed in this paper. The location errors and orientation errors of the axis average line (or pivot line) of both rotary axes are determined with the Rotary Inspector using the same measuring head with a single precision ball. For this, kinematic tests are used from ISO10791-6, e.g., the BK1 test, BK2 test which apply for trunnion or swivel table machines. Derived parameters can be used for machine correction resulting in a significantly improved machine accuracy. An example is given where this correction is performed automatically by implementing this measurement system in the machine’s controller. Finally the machine tool is tested using the BK4 test. For this test all 5-axes are moved simultaneously and the measured displacements between the machine’s spindle and table in X-, Y-, and Z-directions are compared to tolerance levels. This final test reveals the machine’s overall accuracy and dynamic behavior.
6

Sellmann, Florian, Titus Haas, Hop Nguyen, Sascha Weikert, and Konrad Wegener. "Orientation Smoothing for 5-Axis Machining Using Quasi-Redundant Degrees of Freedom." International Journal of Automation Technology 10, no. 2 (March 4, 2016): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2016.p0262.

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A new approach for set point generation in the field of 5-axis machining using quasi-redundant degrees of freedom is introduced in this study. In machine tools that possess both rotational and translational axes, no bijective correlation exists between the tool center point and the movement of the machine tool axes based on the manufacturing tolerances. Depending on the manufacturing process, as many as two additional degrees of freedom exist that allow the machine tool axes movement to be optimised within the given manufacturing tolerances with respect to the axes’ inertia. In this study to reduce the mechanical excitation of the machine tool, the jerk of the machine tool axes is minimised. To enhance robustness, the optimisation problem is formulated as a quadratic program with linear constraints. This problem can be solved by using an interior point method. An application example shows that when exploiting quasi-redundancy, the mechanical excitation of the machine tool can be reduced.
7

Cuccolini, G., L. Orazi, and A. Fortunato. "5 Axes computer aided laser milling." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 51, no. 6 (June 2013): 749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2013.01.015.

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8

Breaz, Radu-Eugen, Sever-Gabriel Racz, and Octavian-Constantin Bologa. "5-axes modular CNC machining center." MATEC Web of Conferences 112 (2017): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201711206004.

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9

Briand, Christopher H., Usher Posluszny, and Douglas W. Larson. "Differential axis architecture in Thuja occidentalis (eastern white cedar)." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-045.

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Quantitative architectural variation was investigated among the axes of Thuja occidentalis. Forty axes of each axis order were randomly sampled and for each axis: length, excurrency index, basal diameter, number of daughter axes, number of basal reiterated axes, dorsiventrality index, and percentage of length partitioned into photosynthetic (bearing green leaves) and nonphotosynthetic (nongreen) components was determined. The crown exhibited six axis orders. Both axis length and basal diameter declined with increasing axis order, and crown form was excurrent. The number of daughter axes was highest on axis order 1 (trunk) and lowest on axis order 5. Axis orders 2 through 4 had a similar number of daughter axes. The frame of the tree was composed of axis orders 1 and 2. These axes were radially symmetrical in midpoint cross section, exhibited indeterminate growth, and only a small percentage of their length was devoted to photosynthetic tissue. Axis orders 3 through 6, taken together, had many characteristics of compound leaves. They were dorsiventrally flattened, exhibited determinate growth (axis terminated by a cone or abscised), and the majority of their length was devoted to photosynthetic tissue. In autumn these axes were often abscised as a unit. Both male and female cones were located terminally on axis orders through 6, with 82.7% of male cones occurring on axis order 6, and 86.0% of female cones occurring on axis order 5. The architectural unit of T. occidentalis resembled that of Thuja plicata. Attims' model most closely resembles the architectural pattern of these two species. Key words: Thuja occidentalis, eastern white cedar, architecture.
10

SATO, Ryuta, Yuya YOKOBORI, and Masaomi TSUTSUMI. "Synchronous Accuracy of Translational and Rotary Axes in 5-axis Machining Centers(Precision positioning and control technology)." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2005.3 (2005): 993–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2005.3.993.

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11

Singh, Sukriti, Nitesh Kumar, Subhajit Roychowdhury, Chandra Shekhar, and Claudia Felser. "Anisotropic large diamagnetism in Dirac semimetals ZrTe5 and HfTe5." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, no. 22 (April 1, 2022): 225802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac5d19.

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Abstract Dirac semimetals, e.g., ZrTe5 and HfTe5, have been widely investigated and have exhibited various exotic physical properties. Nevertheless, several properties of these compounds, including diamagnetism, are still unclear. In this study, we measured the temperature- and field-dependent diamagnetism of ZrTe5 and HfTe5 along all three crystallographic axes (a-, b-, and c-axis). The temperature-dependent magnetization shows an anomaly, which is a characteristic of Dirac crossing. Diamagnetic signal reaches the highest value of 17.3 × 10−4 emu mol−1 Oe−1 along the van der Waals layers, i.e., the b-axis. However, the diamagnetism remains temperature-independent along the other two axes. The field-dependent diamagnetic signal grows linearly without any sign of saturation and maintains a large value along the b-axis. Interestingly, the observed diamagnetism is anisotropic like other physical properties of these compounds and is strongly related to the effective mass, indicating the dominating contribution of orbital diamagnetism in Dirac semimetals induced by interband effects. ZrTe5 and HfTe5 show one of the largest diamagnetic value among previously reported state-of-the-art topological semimetals. Our present study adds another important experimental aspect to characterize nodal crossing and search for other topological materials with large magnetic susceptibility.
12

Duarte, Joao, Isabel Espírito Santo, M. Teresa T. Monteiro, and A. Ismael F. Vaz. "Curved layer path planning on a 5-axis 3D printer." Rapid Prototyping Journal 28, no. 4 (October 7, 2021): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2021-0025.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide an approach to print shell-type objects using a 5-axis printer. The proposed approach takes advantage of the two additional printer degrees of freedom to provide a curved layer path planning strategy. Design/methodology/approach This paper addresses curved layer path planning on a 5-axis printer. This printer considers movements along the three usual axes together with two additional axes at the printing table (rotation and tilt), allowing to build more complex and reliable objects. Curved layer path planning is considered where polygons obtained from the slicing stage are approximated by linear and cubic splines. The proposed printing strategy consists in building an inner core supporting structure followed by outer curved layers. Findings The curved layer path planning strategy is validated for shell-type objects by considering a 5-axis printer simulator. An example with an aeronautic object is presented to illustrate the proposed approach. Originality/value The paper presents an approach to curved layer path planning on a 5-axis printer, for shell-type objects.
13

Kaldashev, Tsvetan, and Petar Hadjiiski. "STUDY OF ERROR ESTABLISHMENT IN MILLING MACHINES WITH 5 AXES." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 20, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol3.4187.

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This report examines the accuracy of rotary die processing on a 5 axes machine and a special bolt-disk system. Faults that affect the accuracy and their measurement and reduction within acceptable limits are analyzed. As a result of the measurement, a virtual model of the radial beating of the workpiece relative to the actual axis of rotation of the machine was developed.
14

Limón-Molina, G. M., Á. González-Ángeles, V. Nuño-Moreno, and G. Luna-Sandoval. "Proposes to enable a CNC mill from 3 axes to 5 axes synchronized." International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) 12, no. 1 (March 3, 2017): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12008-017-0389-9.

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15

Kaneko, Jun’ichi, and Kenichiro Horio. "Tool Posture Planning Method for Continuous 5-Axis Control Machining on Machine Tool Coordinate System to Optimize Motion of Translational Axes." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 5 (September 5, 2011): 729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0729.

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To realize highly productivity and machine fine surfaces, today’s multi-axis-controlled machine tools require a method of planning to maintain dynamic synchronous accuracy among the tool axes and reduce swinging of the translational axes. To these ends, this paper proposes a new planning method for tool posture based on an integrated main / post processing system. The proposed method is designed to plan tool posture change for continuous 5-axis-controlled machining for a finishing process using a ball end mill. In the planned tool posture, the cutting tool can avoid collision with the workpiece surface and keep travel to a minimum on the translational axes. In the proposed method, first, a large number of candidate tool posture changes are assumed. Then, collision between the cutting tool and workpiece, overtravel and total travel distance of the translational axes are estimated for each candidate. In order to drastically reduce computation time for these estimation processes, we introduce the M-Map method and develop a partial CAVE method. In the M-Map method, machinable range of the rotational axes on the machine tool without collision and estimated position of the translational axes in the post process are illustrated as color images for each cutter location. Then, by referring to these images, in the partial CAVEmethod, a vast number of candidates tool posture changes are compared to detect the optimal changes with the minimum total travel. These estimation processes are realized on graphics hardware known as a GPU. By applying its ultra parallel processing ability, the system we have developed can detect the optimal tool posture changes in a short time.
16

Mishima, N. "A Study on a Tool to Support Configuration Design of 5-Axis Machine Tools." Key Engineering Materials 407-408 (February 2009): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.407-408.185.

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Design process of a machine tool is sometimes experience basis and time-consuming. The author has proposed a design tool for machine tools based on form-shaping theory and robust design technique. The tool can determine suitable configuration of machine tools, or important design parameters and error factors that affect machine tool performance, without prototyping. Especially in case of recently popular 5-axis machine tools, since the number of motion axis increases, there are huge options of axes combinations. It is difficult for machine tool designers to simulate the performance of every design option. Contrarily, the proposed design tool can clarify which design option of machine tool have better performance. In this paper, the tool is applied to the design of 5-axis machine tools. It enables to narrow the selection and make the design procedure more efficient. It also tries to suggest where the rotational motion axes should be placed. Finally, it is concluded that the design tool is effective in supporting configuration design of 5-axis machine tools structure where design knowledge has not been completely established.
17

Bologa, Octavian, Radu-Eugen Breaz, Sever-Gabriel Racz, and Mihai Crenganiş. "Decision-making Tool for Moving from 3-axes to 5-axes CNC Machine-tool." Procedia Computer Science 91 (2016): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.07.056.

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18

Lin, Tzu Kuan, and Alan C. Lin. "Conversion CL Data to NC Data Using an Instinctive Method for Non-Orthogonal Table-Type 5 Axis Machines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.232.

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Since different types of 5-axis milling machines have their own unique rotation mechanisms, the solutions developed to generate numerical control (NC) data are traditionally targeted toward specific mechanisms and are obtained via specific methods, normally resulting in complex algorithms. In order to resolve this problem, this paper proposes an instinctive method to convert cutter location (CL) data to NC data for non-orthogonal table-type 5 axis machines. The rotational angles of the two rotational axes can be easily derived from the tool-orientation vector, and the coordinates of the three linear axes in the NC data can be easily derived from the rotational angles and coordinates of tool position. Even more, this method enables the development of a generic algorithm for the rotation mechanism of any 5-axis CNC milling machine.
19

Sudo, Masako. "Advanced Control Technologies for 5-Axis Machining." International Journal of Automation Technology 1, no. 2 (November 5, 2007): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2007.p0108.

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Demand for 5-axis machine tools has grown rapidly with the appearance of high-performance machines and growing requirements for high-efficiency to enhance competitiveness. To meet market needs, FANUC provides innovative CNCs, including the FS30i-A and FS31i-A5, that control up to 24 axes simultaneously with maximum paths of 10 enabling high-speed and high-precision multiple-axis and path control. FANUC's wide-ranging functions developed for powerful 5-axis machining include tool center point control and tilted working plane command, which enable high-precision complex shape machining minimizing changeover. Nano smoothing, interpolation for generating smooth curves on a nanometer scale, enables high-quality workpiece machining. 3D interference checking enhances the safety of machines whose motion has become increasingly complex. Operability has also been improved to facilitate programming and simulation for 5-axis machining. This report presents the latest control technologies maximizing 5-axis machine tool performance.
20

Tönshoff, H. K., and J. Hernández-Camacho. "Die manufacturing by 5- and 3-axes milling." Journal of Mechanical Working Technology 20 (September 1989): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3804(89)90022-3.

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21

Ikegami, Takakazu, Toshiki Hirogaki, and Eiichi Aoyama. "Development of Automatic Servo Tuning Function in Rotary Axis with DDM for Machine Tools and its Performance for Stable Machining." Materials Science Forum 874 (October 2016): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.874.511.

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Анотація:
To advance technology of 5-axis control machining centers and future machine tools, it is essential to improve not only the performance of linear axes but also that of rotary axes. Therefore, direct drive motors (DDMs) employed for rotary axes of machine tools was developed by using the quality engineering and the FEM analysis of the electro-magnetic field. In this paper, the improvement impact on the performance of rotary axes from DDMs is described, and the influence of a workpiece position on the machine tool table on the kinematic performance is evaluated. Moreover, a novel method for tuning servo parameters automatically is proposed in order to improve the kinematic performance of a table axis with a workpiece which employs the DDM.
22

Morishige, Koichi, and Makoto Kaneko. "Tool Path Generation for Five-Axis Controlled Machining with Consideration of Motion of Two Rotational Axes." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 3 (May 5, 2011): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0412.

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In this paper, the original configuration space is applied to generate tool path, which indicate locations of two rotational axes of a 5-axis controlled machine tool. Moreover, A-star algorithm that is one of the methods for route searching is applied to decide tool postures considering the motion of two rotational axes. The developed method can generate tool path limiting the number of used rotational axes, and reducing the moving amount of two rotational axes. Furthermore, the method can generate tool path that avoids the reverse rotation of two rotational axes, which might cause the machining error. As a result, an excellent finished surface is actually obtained, and the usefulness of the developed method is confirmed.
23

Caesarendra, Wahyu, Triwiyanto Triwiyanto, Vigneashwara Pandiyan, Adam Glowacz, Silvester Dian Handy Permana, and Tegoeh Tjahjowidodo. "A CNN Prediction Method for Belt Grinding Tool Wear in a Polishing Process Utilizing 3-Axes Force and Vibration Data." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121429.

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This paper presents a tool wear monitoring methodology on the abrasive belt grinding process using vibration and force signatures on a convolutional neural network (CNN). A belt tool typically has a random orientation of abrasive grains and grit size variation for coarse or fine material removal. Degradation of the belt condition is a critical phenomenon that affects the workpiece quality during grinding. This work focuses on the identifation and the study of force and vibrational signals taken from sensors along an axis or combination of axes that carry important information of the contact conditions, i.e., belt wear. Three axes of the two sensors are aligned and labelled as X-axis (parallel to the direction of the tool during the abrasive process), Y-axis (perpendicular to the direction of the tool during the abrasive process) and Z-axis (parallel to the direction of the tool during the retract movement). The grinding process was performed using a customized abrasive belt grinder attached to a multi-axis robot on a mild-steel workpiece. The vibration and force signals along three axes (X, Y and Z) were acquired for four discrete sequential belt wear conditions: brand-new, 5-min cycle time, 15-min cycle time, and worn-out. The raw signals that correspond to the sensor measurement along the different axes were used to supervisedly train a 10-Layer CNN architecture to distinguish the belt wear states. Different possible combinations within the three axes of the sensors (X, Y, Z, XY, XZ, YZ and XYZ) were fed as inputs to the CNN model to sort the axis (or combination of axes) in the order of distinct representation of the belt wear state. The CNN classification results revealed that the combination of the XZ-axes and YZ-axes of the accelerometer sensor provides more accurate predictions than other combinations, indicating that the information from the Z-axis of the accelerometer is significant compared to the other two axes. In addition, the CNN accuracy of the XY-axes combination of dynamometer outperformed that of other combinations.
24

Jiang, Xiaogeng, Liang Wang, and Chang Liu. "Investigation of rotary axes geometric performance of a five-axis machine tool using a double ball bar through dual axes coordinated motion." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 103, no. 9-12 (May 12, 2019): 3943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03772-5.

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25

LI, Zi Ye, Akihiro KAWASHIMA, Yoshiaki KAKINO, Iwao Yamaji, Yukitoshi IHARA, and Munetaka WAKIZAKA. "Diagnosis of Motion Error of the Rotary Axes in 5-axis Control Machine Tools." Proceedings of The Manufacturing & Machine Tool Conference 2002.4 (2002): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemmt.2002.4.177.

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26

Jung, Hyoun-Chul, Jong-Dae Hwang, Ki-Beom Park, and Yoon-Gyo Jung. "Development of practical postprocessor for 5-axis machine tool with non-orthogonal rotary axes." Journal of Central South University of Technology 18, no. 1 (February 2011): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-011-0674-x.

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27

Kováč, Martin, and Jozef Peterka. "Selected 5-Axis Strategies for High-Speed Milling of Thin-Walled Parts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 467 (December 2013): 466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.467.466.

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The article deals with the proposed 5-axis strategies of high-speed milling of thin-walled parts. I proposed three ways of material take-in. It is an advantage that by this milling the shaft of the tool is not in contact with the machined surface. Each tool contact with the machined surface leaves an unwanted track on the parts surface. Article present new methods for five axes high speed milling flexible parts. Experimental part was five axis high speed milling and measuring quality of surface. Results were evaluated by statistic methods by software Minitab.
28

Viprey, Fabien, Hichem Nouira, Sylvain Lavernhe, and Christophe Tournier. "Modelling and characterisation of geometric errors on 5-axis machine-tool." Mechanics & Industry 20, no. 6 (2019): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2019034.

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This research work deals with the geometric modelling of 5-axis machine tool based on a standardised parameterisation of geometric errors with the aim to decrease the volumetric error in the workspace. The identification of the model’s parameters is based on the development of a new standard thermo-invariant material namely the Multi-Feature Bar. Thanks to its calibration and a European intercomparison, it now provides a direct metrological traceability to the SI metre for dimensional measurement on machine tool in a hostile environment. The identification of three intrinsic parameters of this standard, coupled with a measurement procedure ensures a complete and traceable identification of motion errors of linear axes. An identification procedure of location and orientation errors of axes is proposed by probing a datum sphere in the workspace and minimising the time drift of the structural loop and the effects of the previously identified motion errors. Finally, the developed model partially identified, allows the characterisation of 95% of the measured volumetric error. Therefore, the mean volumetric error not characterised by the model only amounts to 8 μm.
29

Balyunov, Igor V. "An Asymmetric Axe from the Collections of the Tobolsk Museum-Reserve." Archaeology and Ethnography 20, no. 5 (2021): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-5-105-115.

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Purpose. Among its collections, the Tobolsk Museum-reserve keep an axe, which was an accidental find. The purpose of this publication is to introduce the presented sample into scientific circulation, as well as to complete the description of the find, establish its functional purpose, chronology and determine its place of production. Upon admission to the museum, it was identified as a combat weapon and tentatively dated to the 17th century. Results. The axe has a wide blade which extends downwards, covered with a notched ornament. An important feature is its asymmetric cross-section, where one of the sides is flat and the other is convex. Similar axes found in Siberia are often defined as battle axes, however this definition is incorrect. Currently, no Tobolsk axe prototypes are known to have been found on the territory of the Moscow state, however asymmetric axes are known to have been used, in particular, in Eastern Europe, since at least the 15th century. According to some authors, asymmetric axes are specialized tools for carpentry and joinery. This definition is most reliably justified in the publication of Polish researcher M. Glosek. This point of view is convincingly confirmed by the catalogues of Eastern European metalworking plants of the first half of the 20th century. The definition of long-bladed asymmetric axes as a combat weapon is based, as a rule, on random finds with unknown dating. More proof can be found by their absence in the materials of archaeological excavations. Conclusion. It can be assumed that asymmetric axes were imported to Russia between the Modern Period up to ethnographic modernity. One of the most likely producers is the Transcarpathian plant in the village of Kobyletskaya Polyana, which specialized in the manufacture of tools for the forest industry and had a fairly wide market. The widest possible period when Transcarpathian axes could be imported into Russia is no earlier than the end of the 18th century, and not later than the middle of the 20th century.
30

Bungău, Constantin, Rareş Pancu, and Traian Buidoş. "Analysis of the Linear Positioning Accuracy on Z Axis at the Horizontal Machining Centre TMA-AL-550." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.179.

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This paper presents a case study regarding use the laser XL 80 to check the linearity movement of the Z-axis to horizontal machining center, TMA-AL 550. This machining center has been upgraded to the possibility of processing to 3 CNC linear axes and 2 CNC rotary axes (up to 5 CNC simultaneous axes) and also 1 PLC axis (the index table), as well the including of the machine into to the flexible manufacturing cell. This work paper presents the linearity accuracy at machining centre on the Z axis and shows the operating correction parameters by software and the necessity of backlash adjustment between nut and ball screw, by using a performing linear laser for machine tools and research systems laboratory, that was acquired by the project RTT-5 Rotary-Tilting Tables for 5-axis Machining Center, where the authors participated. Compared with conventional methods of checking of table linearity deviations at the machining centers (checking with spirit leveling device, wire collimator, wire auto-collimator and yardstick ruler), the method by laser of unconventional determining brings the following advantages: linear resolution of 0.001 μm, method assisted by computer, in order to obtain the positioning accuracy ± 5 μm the repeatability of 5 μm/m. The measurements fall within the ISO 230-2, ASME B5-52, VDI 3441-DGQ, JIS and GB international standards, and permitting also the memorization of the measured data and the obtaining of the tabulated results, or in graphical form too, using XL 80 soft Laser, by forwarding the information to the computer.
31

Garbuzov, Valerii. "Modern World and the Great Confrontation Axes." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 4 (2020): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760013408-5.

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32

Mullaji, Arun B., Amit K. Sharma, Satyajit V. Marawar, Anirudh F. Kohli, and Dharmendra P. Singh. "Distal Femoral Rotational Axes in Indian Knees." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 17, no. 2 (August 2009): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/230949900901700208.

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Purpose. To measure the angular relationships of distal femoral rotational axes in 100 normal Indian knees. Methods. 42 men and 8 women aged 26 to 40 (mean, 31) years, with 100 normal non-arthritic knees were recruited. Anatomic landmarks were measured using computed tomography. They included the posterior condylar axis, the transepicondylar axis, the anteroposterior axis (Whiteside's line), the posterior condylar angle (PCA), the Whiteside-epicondylar angle (W-EP), and the Whiteside-posterior condylar angle (W-PC). Results. The mean PCA, W-EP, and W-PC were 5°, 90.8°, and 95.8°, respectively. The mean femorotibial alignment was 179.6°. The differences between the left and right sides were significant only for the W-EP and W-PC. Only the PCA and W-EP were weakly correlated ( r=0.338, p=0.001). Conclusion. There are differences in distal femoral rotational axes among Indian, Caucasian, and Japanese knees. Our data can be used to evaluate changes in those axes in ageing or arthritic patients.
33

Yuksel, Esra, Emre Özlü, Ahmet Oral, Fulya Tosun, Osman Fatih İğrek, and Erhan Budak. "Design and Analysis of a 5-Axis Gantry CNC Machine Tool." MATEC Web of Conferences 318 (2020): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031801019.

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In this study, design and analysis of a gantry-type 5-axis CNC machine tool is presented with experimental results on a manufactured prototype. Critical points in the design of a large-scaled and heavy-duty machine tool is discussed. Moreover, FE analysis results is also presented with detailed discussion. The measurement results on structural dynamics is shown together with the FE results. Furthermore, the final performance of the machine tool is demonstrated thorough position and velocity measurements of the axes.
34

Sun, Xuemin, Yan-An Yao, and Ruiming Li. "Novel method of constructing generalized Hoberman sphere mechanisms based on deployment axes." Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 15, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0567-5.

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AbstractThis study proposes a method of constructing type II generalized angulated elements (GAEs II) Hoberman sphere mechanisms on the basis of deployment axes that intersect at one point. First, the constraint conditions for inserting n GAEs II into n deployment axes to form a loop are given. The angle constraint conditions of the deployment axes are obtained through a series of linear equations. Second, the connection conditions of two GAEs II loops that share a common deployable center are discussed. Third, a flowchart of constructing the generalized Hoberman sphere mechanism on the basis of deployment axes is provided. Finally, four generalized Hoberman sphere mechanisms based on a fully enclosed regular hexahedron, arithmetic sequence axes, orthonormal arithmetic sequence axes, and spiral-like axes are constructed in accordance with the given arrangement of deployment axes that satisfy the constraint conditions to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.
35

Santos García, Diego, María Álvarez Sauco, Matilde Calopa, Fátima Carrillo, Francisco Escamilla Sevilla, Eric Freire, Rocío García Ramos, et al. "MNCD: A New Tool for Classifying Parkinson’s Disease in Daily Clinical Practice." Diagnostics 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12010055.

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Background and objective: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder in which the symptoms and prognosis can be very different among patients. We propose a new simple classification to identify key symptoms and staging in PD. Patients and Methods: Sixteen movement disorders specialists from Spain participated in this project. The classification was consensually approved after a discussion and review process from June to October 2021. The TNM classification and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) were considered as models in the design. Results: The classification was named MNCD and included 4 major axes: (1) motor symptoms; (2) non-motor symptoms; (3) cognition; (4) dependency for activities of daily living (ADL). Motor axis included 4 sub-axes: (1) motor fluctuations; (2) dyskinesia; (3) axial symptoms; (4) tremor. Four other sub-axes were included in the non-motor axis: (1) neuropsychiatric symptoms; (2) autonomic dysfunction; (3) sleep disturbances and fatigue; (4) pain and sensory disorders. According to the MNCD, 5 stages were considered, from stage 1 (no disabling motor or non-motor symptoms with normal cognition and independency for ADL) to 5 (dementia and dependency for basic ADL). Conclusions: A new simple classification of PD is proposed. The MNCD classification includes 4 major axes and 5 stages to identify key symptoms and monitor the evolution of the disease in patients with PD. It is necessary to apply this proof of concept in a properly designed study.
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Walters, Robert W., Mavis Agbandje-McKenna, Valorie D. Bowman, Thomas O. Moninger, Norman H. Olson, Michael Seiler, John A. Chiorini, Timothy S. Baker, and Joseph Zabner. "Structure of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 5." Journal of Virology 78, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 3361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.7.3361-3371.2004.

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ABSTRACT Adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) requires sialic acid on host cells to bind and infect. Other parvoviruses, including Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV), canine parvovirus (CPV), minute virus of mice, and bovine parvovirus, also bind sialic acid. Hence, structural homology may explain this functional homology. The amino acids required for CPV sialic acid binding map to a site at the icosahedral twofold axes of the capsid. In contrast to AAV5, AAV2 does not bind sialic acid, but rather binds heparan sulfate proteoglycans at its threefold axes of symmetry. To explore the structure-function relationships among parvoviruses with respect to cell receptor attachment, we determined the structure of AAV5 by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and image reconstruction at a resolution of 16 Å. Surface features common to some parvoviruses, namely depressions encircling the fivefold axes and protrusions at or surrounding the threefold axes, are preserved in the AAV5 capsid. However, even though there were some similarities, a comparison of the AAV5 structure with those of ADV and CPV failed to reveal a feature which could account for the sialic acid binding phenotype common to all three viruses. In contrast, the overall surface topologies of AAV5 and AAV2 are similar. A pseudo-atomic model generated for AAV5 based on the crystal structure of AAV2 and constrained by the AAV5 cryo-EM envelope revealed differences only in surface loop regions. Surprisingly, the surface topologies of AAV5 and AAV2 are remarkably similar to that of ADV despite only exhibiting ∼20% identity in amino acid sequences. Thus, capsid surface features are shared among parvoviruses and may not be unique to their replication phenotypes, i.e., whether they require a helper or are autonomous. Furthermore, specific surface features alone do not explain the variability in carbohydrate requirements for host cell receptor interactions among parvoviruses.
37

Cosma, Marius. "Study of the Uncut Chip in 5 Axes Ball Nose End Milling for the Fourth Quadrant of the Tool Inclination." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.99.

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The ball nose end milling process, which use a ball nose cutter, is very complex and, generates a pronounced area variation of the cross section in the uncut chip. In this sense, the current paper looks into and assesses some aspects regarding the geometric simulation of the chip generating mechanism in 5 axes ball nose end milling. The influence of tool inclination, however, was not considered in the machining strategy, starting with the tool path program in CAM software, which allows the management of various ways of tool path generation, but cannot decide which one is the best. The present study advances, with minimal approximation, a geometrical method to establish the volume of the uncut chip and area variation of the cross section, obtained in 3D-CAD by four surfaces intersection [1]. Both rotations in 5 axes are considered for the tool and degree range is 0 to 30 for rotary axis A and 0 to-30 for rotary axis B (A+B-in fourth geometrical quadrant).
38

Liu, Yuan, Yong Zhang Wang, Hong Ya Fu, and Zhen Yu Han. "Study on Cutter Radius Compensation Methods for 5-Axis CNC Machining." Materials Science Forum 628-629 (August 2009): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.628-629.347.

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The numerical control (NC) program files need re-generating if there is any tool dimension change or tool wear for multi-axis machining. If the tool is replaced to adapt this change there will be increased cost. To solute this problem, 3D cutter radius compensation method for 5-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machining is deeply researched. Taking five axes linkage machine tools of X, Y, Z, B, C form with rotary tables B and C as an example, coordinate transformation matrix (CTM) and the cutter compensation vector for 3D cutter radius compensation are derived. The discrimination methods for path joint pattern (PJP) are given. A controller with 3D cutter radius compensation function for 5-axis linkage CNC machine tools is developed based on this method. The controller is allocated to a 5-axis milling machine tool and experiments are done. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated using a practical example.
39

Moore, Steven T., Eishi Hirasaki, Theodore Raphan, and Bernard Cohen. "Instantaneous rotation axes during active head movements." Journal of Vestibular Research 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2005-15203.

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Rotation axes were calculated during active head movements using a motion analysis system. The mean rotation axis for 1 Hz head pitch when seated was posterior (6 mm) and inferior (21 mm) to the interaural axis, shifting 16 mm downwards when standing. During seated 2 Hz head pitch the rotation axis was close to the interaural axis, shifting downwards 15 mm when standing. This downward shift suggests that cervical vertebrae were recruited during head pitch with the trunk unsupported. The proximity of the pitch axis to the otoliths implies minimal otolith activation during small-amplitude, high-frequency pitch rotations, such as those encountered during locomotion. The mean rotation axis for 1 Hz yaw rotation was located slightly posterior (10 mm) to the interaural axis at the midpoint between the vestibular labyrinths when both seated and standing. In addition, the orientation of the plane of yaw rotation relative to the stereotaxic horizontal plane (pitched 5° nose-down) was essentially fixed in head coordinates, regardless of the pitch orientation of the head, suggesting that yaw movements occur about an axis restricted by the mechanical structure of the atlanto-axial joint. The results demonstrate that the instantaneous rotation axes technique overcomes the inherent instability of the helical-axis representation for small head movements.
40

Ishii, Hiroaki, E. David Ford, and C. Elaine Dinnie. "The role of epicormic shoot production in maintaining foliage in old Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) trees II. Basal reiteration from older branch axes." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 916–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-080.

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Basal reiteration (epicormic shoot production from older branch axes) occurred continuously and repeatedly in branches of 450-year-old Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii (coastal Douglas-fir) trees reproducing sections of branches comprising less than 100 to as many as 10 000 foliated shoots. Basal reiteration occurred mostly from primary and secondary branch axes but also occurred from higher-order axes if lower-order axes had died back. Basal reiteration occurred in distal sections of upper-crown branches, while it occurred in more proximal sections of middle- and lower-crown branches, indicating that basal reiteration works to distribute foliage more uniformly within branches that have reached maximum size. Basal reiteration occurred repeatedly producing two to six generations of reiterated axes within branches. Less than 22.5% of foliated shoots on branches were produced by sequential branching of the primary axis. Basal reiteration also maintained a constant rate of new shoot production within the branch. Growth-ring analysis showed that basal reiteration occurred over a wide range of axis ages (5–58 years). In conjunction with previous studies, we showed that adaptive reiteration of various architectural units by epicormic shoot production is an inherent process that maintains foliage in the crown of old P. menziesii trees.Key words: branch growth, branching pattern, crown maintenance, longevity.
41

Wang, Chuan Bin, Rong Tu, and Takashi Goto. "Structure and Electric Property of BaTi2O5 Film by Laser Ablation." Key Engineering Materials 350 (October 2007): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.350.103.

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BaTi2O5 film was prepared on MgO (100) substrate by laser ablation, and the structure and electric property of the film were investigated. The film was b-axis oriented and epitaxially grown on the substrate along two in-plane directions with the a-axes ([100]-orientation) perpendicular to each other. The b-axis oriented BaTi2O5 film exhibited a sharp permittivity maximum (~ 2000) and had a high Curie temperature (750 K). The electrical conductivity increased with temperature and showed the Arrhenius relationship having an activation energy of 1.25 eV.
42

Okaluk, Tiffany R., and Haskel J. Greenfield. "Macroscopic Chop Mark Identification on Archaeological Bone: An Experimental Study of Chipped Stone, Ground Stone, Copper, and Bronze Axe Heads on Bone." Quaternary 5, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat5010015.

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This paper presents a new macroscopic method for identifying chop marks on archaeological faunal assemblages and highlights the major differences in the morphology of chop marks created by stone and metal axes. The method provides macroscopic criteria that aid in the identification of both complete and incomplete chop mark types as well as the raw material of the axe. Experiments with modern stone (chipped and ground) and metal (copper and bronze) axes found that the degree of fragmentation within a chop mark is related to both the width and sharpness of the axe and can be classed on a scale from 1–5 using a variety of criteria. The experiments demonstrate that sharp chipped stone axes are fragile (often break upon impact) and do not create clean and well-defined chop marks. Ground stone axes are more durable but tend to create very fragmented chop marks without a clean cut (sheared) surface. Unalloyed copper metal axes can create sheared chopped surfaces; however, the relatively soft metal creates more crushing at the point of entry than bronze axes. In contrast, bronze axes are durable and create chop marks with exceptionally low rates of fragmentation resulting in a clean-cut sheared surface that extends into the bone for more than 3 mm. The method is applied to the faunal assemblage from the Early Bronze Age site of Göltepe, Turkey to determine whether the chop marks on bones were made by stone or metal axes at this early metal processing settlement. The results suggest that many of the chop marks were made by metal implements (e.g., axes). Hence, this method provides another means to monitor the adoption rates of new raw materials at a time when both metal and stone axes coexisted.
43

WAKUI, Shinji, Konami MONMA, and Yu SASAKI. "Structural Vibration Suppression Using Rotating 5-Axes Active Magnetic Bearing." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 74, no. 8 (2008): 891–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.74.891.

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44

Baker, J. Eddie. "On 5-revolute kinematic loops with intersecting adjacent joint axes." Mechanism and Machine Theory 31, no. 8 (November 1996): 1167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-114x(96)84607-6.

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45

Zhong, Liang, Feifei Li, Yuxin Peng, Qiang Yang, Mingming Zhang, and Jian Wang. "Design and characterization of a T-shaped two-axis force sensor." Sensor Review 39, no. 6 (November 18, 2019): 776–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-01-2019-0013.

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Purpose This paper aims to propose a type of T-shaped two-axis force sensor for measuring the forces in x- and z-axes. The developed sensor has a simple structure and can be effectively assembled into compact devices. Design/methodology/approach A T-shaped plate, with both ends fixed on a base, is used as the substrate of the sensor. Eight strain gauges are placed in the root of the plate or near the sensor head, which can construct two full Wheatstone bridges on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate. When the x- or z-axes forces are applied to the sensor head, different deformation can be generated to the strain gauges. Therefore, the two Wheatstone bridges can be constructed with a different configuration for measuring the forces in x- or z-axes, respectively. Findings A prototype was designed and constructed and experiments were carried out to test the basic performance of the sensor. It has been verified that the developed sensor could measure the x- and z-axes forces independently with a high resolution of 2.5 and 5 mN, respectively. Originality/value Only one thin plate was used in the design, the forces in x- and z-axes could be measured independently and simultaneously, which made the sensor with a simple structure and compact size. Experiments were also verified that there was no crosstalk error occurred in one axis when the force was applied to the other axis.
46

Tang, K., T. Woo, and J. Gan. "Maximum Intersection of Spherical Polygons and Workpiece Orientation for 4- and 5-Axis Machining." Journal of Mechanical Design 114, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2926576.

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Orienting the workpiece in such a way as to minimize the number of setups in a 4-axis or a 5-axis Numerical Control (NC) machine is formulated as follows: Given a set of spherical polygons (that are representations of curved surfaces visible to a 3-axis NC machine), find a great circle (the 4th axis) or a band (the 4th and the 5th axes) containing a great circle that intersects the polygons maximally. While there are potentially infinitely many solutions to this problem, a sphere is partitioned into O(N2) regions based on the N polygons. Within each of these regions, it is shown that it requires O(NlogN) time to determine maximum intersections and all the solutions are congruent. Central projection mapping is employed so as to present the algorithms in the plane.
47

Abdukarimov, A., and S. Madaminov. "To the theory and practice of creating modern roller machines." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1182, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1182/1/012001.

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Abstract The article describes the areas of application of roller machines, trends in the development of their designs, research work on the modernization and creation of new roller machines. Special attention given to the roller machines with a variable center distance of the working shafts. The descriptions of the gear-lever differential transmission mechanisms created by authors are given. In particular, the correct applications of the created mechanisms in roller machines of six types are shown; they are 1. One of the working shafts has the ability to rotate around its own axis, and the second working shaft, in addition to rotation around its own axis, moves relative to the first working shaft along the line, passing through the center of the axes of rotation of both working shafts; 2. Both working shafts have the ability to rotate around their own axes and move symmetrically along a line passing through the same axes of rotation relative to each other; 3. One of the working shafts has the ability to rotate around its own axis, and the second working shaft, in addition to rotation around its own axis, moves relative to the first working shaft along an arc with a certain radius of curvature; 4. Both working shafts can rotate around their own axes and move symmetrically relative to each other along an arc with some symmetrical centers of rotation; 5. One of the working shafts has the ability to rotate around its own axis, and the second working shaft, in addition to rotation around its own axis, moves relative to the first working shaft along a complex trajectory; 6. Both working shafts can rotate around their own axes and move symmetrically relative to each other along a complex trajectory.
48

Ren, Yong Xin, Zhong De Shan, Feng Liu, Zhao Xian Gu, Chang Hao Chi, and Jing Zhang. "Five-Axis CNC Processing Technology to Form Expendable Patterns." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.306.

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During the casting of expendable pattern complex parts, the pattern accuracy is the key in determining the quality of expendable pattern. The paper conducts research on 5-axis CNC processing technology of multiple axes rotary spindle head expendable pattern, which is applied in processing experiments of complex parts expendable pattern. The results show that it is feasible to directly process expendable pattern with 5-axis CNC machine technology, which will have good promotional value.
49

KAWAGUCHI, Tsugutoshi, Toshiki HIROGAKI, Eiichi AOYAMA, and Keiji OGAWA. "C27 Evaluation of Form Accuracy Considered Redundancy of Control Axes with 5-Axis Controlled Machining Center." Proceedings of The Manufacturing & Machine Tool Conference 2008.7 (2008): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemmt.2008.7.259.

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50

Huang, Nuodi, Shaokun Zhang, Qingzhen Bi, and Yuhan Wang. "Identification of geometric errors of rotary axes on 5-axis machine tools by on-machine measurement." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 84, no. 1-4 (August 27, 2015): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7713-y.

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