Дисертації з теми "5G mobile communication systems"

Un sistema mobile di comunicazione è un sistema di telecomunicazioni in cui è possibile mantenere la connessione o legame tra due o più utenti, anche nelle situazioni di mobilità totale o parziale degli stessi utenti. I sistemi radiomobili si stanno evolvendo dalla creazione del 1G (prima generazione) al 4G (quarta generazione). I telefoni di ogni generazione si differenziano in quattro aspetti principali : accesso radio, velocità di trasmissione dati, larghezza di banda e sistemi di commutazione. In questa tesi si affronta il tema dei sistemi 5G , negli ambienti terrestri e satellitari , in quanto sono l'ultima evoluzione dei sistemi mobili . Si introduce il passaggio dalla prima alla connessione di quarta generazione , al fine di capire perché 5G sta per cambiare la nostra vita . Quello che mi colpisce è il sito italiano www.Repubblica.it che dice : " con la nuova generazione 5 possiamo affidare le intere porzioni nette di vita". La tecnologia cellulare , infatti , ha cambiato radicalmente la nostra società e il nostro modo di comunicare . In primo luogo è cambiata la telefonia vocale , per poi trasferirsi all' accesso dati , applicazioni e servizi. Tuttavia , Internet non è stato ancora pienamente sfruttato dai sistemi cellulari. Con l'avvento del 5G avremo l'opportunità di scavalcare le capacità attuali di Internet . Il sistema di comunicazione di quinta generazione è visto come la rete wireless reale , in grado di supportare applicazioni web wireless a livello mondiale ( wwww ). Ci sono due punti di vista dei sistemi 5G : evolutivo e rivoluzionario. Dal punto di vista evolutivo, i sistemi 5G saranno in grado di supportare wwww permettendo una rete altamente flessibile come un Adhoc rete wireless dinamica ( DAWN ) . In questa visione tecnologie avanzate, tra cui antenna intelligente e modulazione flessibile , sono le chiavi per ottimizzare le reti wireless ad hoc. Dal punto di vista rivoluzionario, i sistemi 5G dovrebbe essere una tecnologia intelligente in grado di interconnettere tutto il mondo senza limiti . Un esempio di applicazione potrebbe essere un robot wireless con intelligenza artificiale .

Researchers all over the world are looking for ways of continuing the evolution of mobile communication technology to its fifth generation (5G). Providing high data rate information transfer to highly mobile users over time varying communication channels remains a shared obstacle. In this thesis, we contribute to these global efforts by providing further fundamental understanding of time varying channels in 5G mobile communication systems and overcome the obstacle. First, we reopen the door of research in the field of time varying communication channels. The door has almost been closed before by a well-accepted conclusion related to the types of channels. It was ‘proven’ that mutual information rate of the uniformly symmetric variable noise finite state Markov channel (USVNFSMC) was maximized by input signals of maximum information entropy. The result means time varying channels and time invariable channels are identical, regarding information rate maximization over input signal probability distribution. We provide evidence that assumptions for the results are not valid for time varying channels and replace them with more practical ones. We confirm, via input signals of non-uniform independent distribution and first order Markov chain, that the mutual information rate of the USVN-FSMC is maximized by input signals with information redundancy. Second, we provide a solution which dramatically reduces the waste of communication resources in estimating channel state information of time varying mobile communication channels. The orthodox method in dealing with time varying channels is that, the channel is “cut” to pieces in time domain to look like a sequence of time invariable channels for the purpose of state estimation. By doing this the capacity loss is staggering for n-times higher carrier frequency channels and n-dimensional multiple input and multiple output channels, eliminating almost entirely the capacity gain of these two most promising capacity-increasing techniques for 5G. We define the simplest finite state Markov model for time varying channels to explain the essential difference between information processing of time varying channels and time invariable channels. We prove that the full information capacity of the model can be achieved by the differential type encoding/decoding scheme without employing any conventional channel state estimator.

In recent years, the demand for higher data rates in wireless communication networks is escalating due to widespread penetration of portable smart devices and increasing popularity of multimedia services. As these devices and applications proliferate, data traffic volume is expected to reach 11 exabytes per month in 2017, which is beyond the current fourth generation (4G) cellular system architecture's capacity, particularly when spectrum and energy efficiency, coverage and interference issues are considered. The next generation of wireless communication technology, commonly known as the fifth generation (5G) system, aims to overcome the limitations of the 4G systems. 5G systems will be formally standardised in 2018, but the early indication suggests that heterogeneous networks (HetNets) and small cell networks (SCNs) are going to be big parts of 5G systems, particularly in facilitating massive data traffic and ubiquitous connectivity for users. In HetNets, small cells of different sizes are integrated into an existing macrocell network, which helps to overcome limited spectrum and power efficiency issues. Researchers have been actively looking for solutions to further improve small cell network technology, and numerous solutions are presented in the literature. However, most of these studies focus on fixed small cell networks, which are suitable only for static users, and to support mobile users, mobile small cells are required. Mobile small cells are expected to be a key technological advancement in 5G networks, specifically to serve mobile users in vehicular environments. This thesis focuses on research challenges related to mobile small cell networks, and presents solutions for overcoming poor spectrum and energy efficiency issues. An analytical model for resource management in 5G HetNets to mitigate interference among mobile small cells with deterministic mobility (e.g., public bus/train), is also presented in this thesis. First, the analytical model in this work is modelled as a classical optimisation problem, and considering the time complexity of a classical optimisation solution, a heuristic graph colouring solution is then presented. Next, the model is extended for mobile small cells with random mobility. In addition, an optimisation and meta-heuristic solution is presented to cater for the need of mobile users moving at pedestrian speeds. The ultimate benefits of these proposed solutions include better spectrum and energy efficiency and improved data rates.

In the thesis, the user body effect on antennas in a mobile terminal is discussed. In order to overcome the degradation of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) performance due to the user body effect, a quad-elements MIMO antenna array which can mitigate the body effect through an adaptive antenna switching method is introduced for 4G mobile terminals. In addition, various bezel MIMO antennas that are robust to the impedance mismatching caused by the user effect have also been presented. The study of user body effect is later extended to frequency bands at 15 GHz and 28 GHz for future 5G communication systems. The results reveal that a human body will cause a significant shadowing loss, which will be a critical loss in 5G cellular networks. The electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure of a mobile terminal is also studied in this thesis. Below 6 GHz, the simultaneous transmission specific absorption rate (SAR) for MIMO antennas is the primary concern due to its complicated assessment procedures. Above 6 GHz, the free space power density is adopted as the basic parameter of exposure limits globally, and preliminary studies have been presented to address major challenges in EMF exposure assessment for 5G mobile terminals.

QC 20171005

In this thesis, components and parameters based power models (PMs) are produced to measure the power consumption (PC) of cloud radio access network (CRAN) architecture. In components PM, the power figure of each component within C-RAN is evaluated. After, this model is parametrised such that the computation complexity of each component is converted to a straightforward, but accurate method, called parameterised PM. This model compares cooling and total PC of traditional LTE architecture with C-RAN. This comparison considered different parameters such as, utilised bandwidth, number of antenna, base band units (BBUs) and remote radio heads (RRHs). This model draws about 33% reduction in power. Next, this PC model is updated to serve and exhibit the cost of integrating software defined networks (SDNs) with C-RAN. Alongside, modelling the power cost of the control plane units in the core network (CN), such as serving gateway (SGW), packet gateway (PGW) and mobility management entity (MME). Although there is power cost, the proposed model shows the directions to mitigate it. Consequently, a simplified PM is proposed for virtualisation based C-RAN. In this model, the power cost of server virtualisation by hosting several virtual machines (VMs) is shown, in a time and cost effective way. The total reduction in the PC was about 75%, due to short-cutting the number of active servers in the network. Alongside, the latency cost due to such technique is modelled. Finally, to enable efficient virtualisation technology, live migrating the VMs amongst the servers is vital. However, this advantageous situation is concurrent with VM's migration time and power cost. Therefore, a model is proposed to calculate the power cost of VM's live migration, and shows the effect of such decision upon the total PC of the network/C-RAN. The proposed work converts the complexity of other proposed PMs, to a simplified and costless method. Concurrently, the time cost is added to the imposed virtualisation's time cost to formulate the total delay expected prior to these techniques' execution.

Avec l'augmentation du trafic de données, la multiplication des objets connectés et la diversification des types de communication, la cinquième génération de réseaux cellulaires (5G) doit relever un grand nombre de défis. Dans ce contexte, les systèmes« massive MIMO » présentent de nombreux avantages en utilisant un grand nombre d'antennes combiné à des techniques de traitement de signal adaptées. De plus, l'utilisation de la modulation FBMC/OQAM au lieu de la modulation OFDM pourrait améliorer la performance des systèmes dans ce11aines situations. En premier lieu, cette thèse se centre sur des scénarios véhiculaires. En par1iculier, les systèmes« massive MIMO » sont proposés dans le but de combattre les interférences dues à l'effet Doppler pour la voie montante. Nous montrons ainsi de manière analytique que l'augmentation du nombre d'antennes implique une réduction drastique de l'impact de l'effet Doppler. De plus, les performances des modulations OFDM et FBMC/OQAM sont comparées dans ce contexte pour des environnements« Non-Line-Of-Sight » (NLOS) et« Line-Of-Sight » (LOS). Le second scéna1io étudié dans cette thèse considère les communications dans des zones mal desservies. Dans ce contexte, les systèmes« massive MIMO » permettent de créer un lien sans-fil longue-po11ée de type« backhaul » entre deux stations de base. Ainsi, le coût de déploiement des réseaux r cellulaires est réduit. Dans cette thèse, un nouveau précodeur « massive MIMO » est proposé dans le but d'utiliser la même bande de fréquence pour le liens accès et« backhaul ». De plus, l'impact d'une désynchronisation entre les liens d'accès et le lien « backhaul » est étudié et l'utilisation de la modulation FBMC/OQAM pour le lien« backhaul » est examinée
ESUME DE LA THESE EN ANGLAIS With the increase of the global data tmffic, the multiplication of co1mected devices and the diversification of the communication types, the fifth generation of cellular networks (5G) has to overcome a se1ies of challenges. In this context, massive MlMO systems hold a wide range of benefits by using a large number of antennas combined with appropriate signal processing techniques. Additionally, the use of the FBMC/OQAM modulation instead of the classical OFDM modulation may enhance the performance of the systems in cer1ain situations. Firstly, this thesis focuses on vehicular scenarios. In par1icular, massive MIMO systems are proposed to overcome the interference due to the Doppler effect for the uplink. We thus analytically highlight that increasing the number of receive antermas induces a drastic reduction of the impact of the Doppler effect. Moreover, the perfonnance of the OFDM and the FBMC/OQAM modulations are compared in this context for Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) and Line-Of-Sight (LOS) environments. The second scenario investigated in this thesis considers communications in wide underse1ved areas. In this context, massive MIMO systems allow to create a long-range wireless back.haul link between two base stations. Thereby, the cost of deployment of the cellular networks is reduced. In this thesis r a new massive MLMO precoding technique is proposed in order to use the same fequency band for the backhaul link and the access links. Moreover, the impact of a desynchronization between the back haul link and the access links is studied and the use of the FBMC/OQAM modulation for the backhaul link is discussed

The advent of virtualization introduced the need for virtual switches to interconnect virtual machines deployed in a cloud infrastructure. With Software Defined Networking (SDN), a central controller can configure these virtual switches. Virtual switches execute on commodity operating systems. Open vSwitch is an open source project that is widely used in production cloud environments. If an adversary gains access with full privileges to the operating system hosting the virtual switch, then Open vSwitch becomes vulnerable to a variety of different attacks that could compromise the whole network. The purpose of this thesis project is to improve the security of Open vSwitch implementations in order to ensure that only authenticated switches and controllers can communicate with each other, while maintaining code integrity and confidentiality of keys and certificates. The thesis project proposes a design and shows an implementation that leverages Intel® Safe Guard Extensions (SGX) technology. A new library, TLSonSGX, is implemented. This library replaces the use of the OpenSSL library in Open vSwitch. In addition to implementing standard Transport Level Security (TLS) connectivity, TLSonSGX confines TLS communication in the protected memory enclave and hence protects TLS sensitive components necessary to provide confidentiality and integrity, such as private keys and negotiated symmetric keys. Moreover, TLSonSGX introduces new, secure, and automatic means to generate keys and obtain signed certificates from a central Certificate Authority that validates using Linux Integrity Measurements Architecture (IMA) that the Open vSwitch binaries have not been tampered with before issuing a signed certificate. The generated keys and obtained certificates are stored in the memory enclave and hence never exposed as plaintext outside the enclave. This new mechanism is a replacement for the existing manual and unsecure procedures (as described in Open vSwitch project). A security analysis of the system is provided as well as an examination of performance impact of the use of a trusted execution environment. Results show that generating keys and certificates using TLSonSGX takes less than 0.5 seconds while adding 30% latency overhead for the first packet in a flow compared to using OpenSSL when both are executed on Intel® CoreTM i7-6600U processor clocked at 2.6 GHz. These results show that TLSonSGX can enhance Open vSwitch security and reduce its TLS configuration overhead.
Framkomsten av virtualisering införde behovet av virtuella växlar för att koppla tillsammans virtuella maskiner placerade i molninfrastruktur. Med mjukvarubaserad nätverksteknik (SDN), kan ett centralt styrenhet konfigurera dessa virtuella växlar. Virtuella växlar kör på standardoperativsystem. Open vSwitch är ett open-source projekt som ofta används i molntjänster. Om en motståndare får tillgång med fullständiga privilegier till operativsystemet där Open vSwitch körs, blir Open vSwitch utsatt för olika attacker som kan kompromettera hela nätverket.  Syftet med detta examensarbete är att förbättra säkerheten hos Open vSwitch för att garantera att endast autentiserade växlar och styrenheter kan kommunicera med varandra, samtidigt som att upprätthålla kod integritet och konfidentialitet av nycklar och certifikat. Detta examensarbete föreslår en design och visar en implementation som andvändar Intel®s Safe Guard Extensions (SGX) teknologi. Ett nytt bibliotek, TLSonSGX, är implementerat. Detta bibliotek ersätter biblioteket OpenSSL i Open vSwitch. Utöver att det implementerar ett standard “Transport Layer Security” (TLS) anslutning, TLSonSGX begränsar TLS kommunikation i den skyddade minnes enklaven och skyddar därför TLS känsliga komponenter som är nödvändiga för att ge sekretess och integritet, såsom privata nycklar och förhandlade symmetriska nycklar. Dessutom introducerar TLSonSGX nya, säkra och automatiska medel för att generera nycklar och få signerade certifikat från en central certifikatmyndighet som validerar, med hjälp av Linux Integrity Measurements Architecture (IMA), att Open vSwitch-binärerna inte har manipulerats innan de utfärdade ett signerat certifikat. De genererade nycklarna och erhållna certifikat lagras i minnes enklaven och är därför aldrig utsatta utanför enklaven. Denna nya mekanism ersätter de manuella och osäkra procedurerna som beskrivs i Open vSwitch projektet. En säkerhetsanalys av systemet ges såväl som en granskning av prestandaffekten av användningen av en pålitlig exekveringsmiljö. Resultaten visar att använda TLSonSGX för att generera nycklar och certifikat tar mindre än 0,5 sekunder medan det lägger 30% latens overhead för det första paketet i ett flöde jämfört med att använda OpenSSL när båda exekveras på Intel® Core TM processor i7-6600U klockad vid 2,6 GHz. Dessa resultat visar att TLSonSGX kan förbättra Open vSwitch säkerhet och minska TLS konfigurationskostnaden.

Providing a broadband access anytime and anywhere is one of the visions of the future 5G network. However, deploying a reliable network connection in remote/rural areas has been a challenging task because of its wide area that needed to be covered and a low density of user compared to urban area. Different geography and traffic condition may need different system solution. In this thesis, we analyze several solutions to providing a broadband access network in practical remote and rural area in Banten, Indonesia: Leuwidamar (remote) and Panimbang (rural). Two approaches are discussed, first one is fulfilling futuristic traffic demand by having LTE System, and the second one is by having 5G System. We included three key technology components in a 5G network: occupying wide bandwidth in high frequency, applying UE-Specific Beamforming, and implementing Carrier Aggregation (CA) scheme. We also account a rain attenuation when deploying a network in high operating frequency, since Indonesia has a high rain rate thus it is important to be considered. We compared five cases of solution: Case 1 is Single Carrier (SC) LTE 1.8 GHz system; Case 2 is Carrier Aggregation (CA) LTE 1.8 GHz + 2.6 GHz; Case 3 is SC 5G 15GHz; Case 4 is SC 5G 28 GHz; Case 5 is CA LTE 1.8 GHz + 5G 15 GHz. Basedon the evaluation, in Leuwidamar scenario, Case 5 gives us the least number of BS needed in order to meet the futuristic requirement with only 1.6 x densification from the current network. In Panimbang, the least number of BS neededis offered by two cases, Case 3 and Case 5 without any additional BS needed(1x densification). However, the solution with the lowest energy consumption for both area is Case 3. This is due to the fact that the carrier aggregation scenario needs additional power to generate the second system. Furthermore, if we introduce cell DTX ability in the 5G network, the Case 3 can give us impressive amount of energy saving, with 97% saving for Leuwidamar and 94% saving for Panimbang, compared to Case 1 solution without any DTX Capability.
Att tillhandahålla bredbandsanslutning när som helst och var som helst är en av visionerna för det framtida 5G-nätverket. Att använda en tillförlitlig nätverksanslutning i avlägsna- eller landsbygdsområden har dock varit en utmanande uppgift på grund av det breda området som måste täckas och den låga täthetenav användare jämfört med stadsområden. Olika geografiska förhållanden och trafikförhållanden kan behöva olika systemlösningar. I denna avhandling analyserarvi flera lösningar för att tillhandahåller ett bredbandsnätverk i verkligt avlägset eller landsbygdsområde i Banten, Indonesien: Leuwidamar (avlägset) och Panimbang (landsbygd). Två strategier diskuteras, den första uppfyller framtida trafikbehov genom att ha LTE-system och den andra är genom att ha5G System. Vi inkluderade tre viktiga teknikkomponenter i 5G-nätverk: bredbandbredd och hög frekvens, tillämpar UE-specifik strålformning och implementeringav carrier aggregation (CA). Vi redovisar också en dämpning av regn när nätverket används i hög bärvågsfrekvens, eftersom Indonesien har en hög regnhastighet och det är viktigt att överväga. Vi jämförde fem fall av lösning:Fall 1 är Single Carrier (SC) eller Enkelbärare LTE 1.8 GHz system; Fall 2 är bärareaggregation (CA) LTE 1,8 GHz + 2.6 GHz; Fall 3 är SC 5G 15 GHz;Fall 4 är SC 5G 28 GHz; Fall 5 är CA LTE 1.8 GHz + 5G 15 GHz. Baserat på utvärderingen, i Leuwidamar-scenariot,ger Fall 5 oss det minsta antalet BSsom behövs för att möta det futuristiska kravet med endast 1.6 gångers förtätning från nuvarande nätverk. I Panimbang erbjuds det minsta antalet BS somkrävs i två fall, fall 3 och fall 5 utan ytterligare BS behövs (1 gångers förtätning). Lösningen med den lägsta energiförbrukningen för båda områdena är fall 3. Detta beror på att bäraraggregations scenariot behöver ytterligare effekt för att generera det andra systemet. Om vi introducerar cell DTX-funktionen i 5G-nätverket kan Fall 3 ge oss en imponerande energibesparing, med 97% minskning för Leuwidamar och 94% för Panimbang jämfört med Fall 1-lösning utan DTX-funktion.

La quinta generación de redes móviles (5G) se encuentra a la vuelta de la esquina. Se espera provea de beneficios extraordinarios a la población y que resuelva la mayoría de los problemas de las redes 4G actuales. El éxito de 5G, cuya primera fase de estandarización ha sido completada, depende de tres pilares: comunicaciones tipo-máquina masivas, banda ancha móvil mejorada y comunicaciones ultra fiables y de baja latencia (mMTC, eMBB y URLLC, respectivamente). En esta tesis nos enfocamos en el primer pilar de 5G, mMTC, pero también proveemos una solución para lograr eMBB en escenarios de distribución masiva de contenidos. Específicamente, las principales contribuciones son en las áreas de: 1) soporte eficiente de mMTC en redes celulares; 2) acceso aleatorio para el reporte de eventos en redes inalámbricas de sensores (WSNs); y 3) cooperación para la distribución masiva de contenidos en redes celulares. En el apartado de mMTC en redes celulares, esta tesis provee un análisis profundo del desempeño del procedimiento de acceso aleatorio, que es la forma mediante la cual los dispositivos móviles acceden a la red. Estos análisis fueron inicialmente llevados a cabo por simulaciones y, posteriormente, por medio de un modelo analítico. Ambos modelos fueron desarrollados específicamente para este propósito e incluyen uno de los esquemas de control de acceso más prometedores: access class barring (ACB). Nuestro modelo es uno de los más precisos que se pueden encontrar en la literatura y el único que incorpora el esquema de ACB. Los resultados obtenidos por medio de este modelo y por simulación son claros: los accesos altamente sincronizados que ocurren en aplicaciones de mMTC pueden causar congestión severa en el canal de acceso. Por otro lado, también son claros en que esta congestión se puede prevenir con una adecuada configuración del ACB. Sin embargo, los parámetros de configuración del ACB deben ser continuamente adaptados a la intensidad de accesos para poder obtener un desempeño óptimo. En la tesis se propone una solución práctica a este problema en la forma de un esquema de configuración automática para el ACB; lo llamamos ACBC. Los resultados muestran que nuestro esquema puede lograr un desempeño muy cercano al óptimo sin importar la intensidad de los accesos. Asimismo, puede ser directamente implementado en redes celulares para soportar el tráfico mMTC, ya que ha sido diseñado teniendo en cuenta los estándares del 3GPP. Además de los análisis descritos anteriormente para redes celulares, se realiza un análisis general para aplicaciones de contadores inteligentes. Es decir, estudiamos un escenario de mMTC desde la perspectiva de las WSNs. Específicamente, desarrollamos un modelo híbrido para el análisis de desempeño y la optimización de protocolos de WSNs de acceso aleatorio y basados en cluster. Los resultados muestran la utilidad de escuchar el medio inalámbrico para minimizar el número de transmisiones y también de modificar las probabilidades de transmisión después de una colisión. En lo que respecta a eMBB, nos enfocamos en un escenario de distribución masiva de contenidos, en el que un mismo contenido es enviado de forma simultánea a un gran número de usuarios móviles. Este escenario es problemático, ya que las estaciones base de la red celular no cuentan con mecanismos eficientes de multicast o broadcast. Por lo tanto, la solución que se adopta comúnmente es la de replicar e contenido para cada uno de los usuarios que lo soliciten; está claro que esto es altamente ineficiente. Para resolver este problema, proponemos el uso de esquemas de network coding y de arquitecturas cooperativas llamadas nubes móviles. En concreto, desarrollamos un protocolo para la distribución masiva de contenidos, junto con un modelo analítico para su optimización. Los resultados demuestran que el modelo propuesto es simple y preciso, y que el protocolo puede reducir el con
La cinquena generació de xarxes mòbils (5G) es troba molt a la vora. S'espera que proveïsca de beneficis extraordinaris a la població i que resolga la majoria dels problemes de les xarxes 4G actuals. L'èxit de 5G, per a la qual ja ha sigut completada la primera fase del qual d'estandardització, depén de tres pilars: comunicacions tipus-màquina massives, banda ampla mòbil millorada, i comunicacions ultra fiables i de baixa latència (mMTC, eMBB i URLLC, respectivament, per les seues sigles en anglés). En aquesta tesi ens enfoquem en el primer pilar de 5G, mMTC, però també proveïm una solució per a aconseguir eMBB en escenaris de distribució massiva de continguts. Específicament, les principals contribucions són en les àrees de: 1) suport eficient de mMTC en xarxes cel·lulars; 2) accés aleatori per al report d'esdeveniments en xarxes sense fils de sensors (WSNs); i 3) cooperació per a la distribució massiva de continguts en xarxes cel·lulars. En l'apartat de mMTC en xarxes cel·lulars, aquesta tesi realitza una anàlisi profunda de l'acompliment del procediment d'accés aleatori, que és la forma mitjançant la qual els dispositius mòbils accedeixen a la xarxa. Aquestes anàlisis van ser inicialment dutes per mitjà de simulacions i, posteriorment, per mitjà d'un model analític. Els models van ser desenvolupats específicament per a aquest propòsit i inclouen un dels esquemes de control d'accés més prometedors: el access class barring (ACB). El nostre model és un dels més precisos que es poden trobar i l'únic que incorpora l'esquema d'ACB. Els resultats obtinguts per mitjà d'aquest model i per simulació són clars: els accessos altament sincronitzats que ocorren en aplicacions de mMTC poden causar congestió severa en el canal d'accés. D'altra banda, també són clars en què aquesta congestió es pot previndre amb una adequada configuració de l'ACB. No obstant això, els paràmetres de configuració de l'ACB han de ser contínuament adaptats a la intensitat d'accessos per a poder obtindre unes prestacions òptimes. En la tesi es proposa una solució pràctica a aquest problema en la forma d'un esquema de configuració automàtica per a l'ACB; l'anomenem ACBC. Els resultats mostren que el nostre esquema pot aconseguir un acompliment molt proper a l'òptim sense importar la intensitat dels accessos. Així mateix, pot ser directament implementat en xarxes cel·lulars per a suportar el trànsit mMTC, ja que ha sigut dissenyat tenint en compte els estàndards del 3GPP. A més de les anàlisis descrites anteriorment per a xarxes cel·lulars, es realitza una anàlisi general per a aplicacions de comptadors intel·ligents. És a dir, estudiem un escenari de mMTC des de la perspectiva de les WSNs. Específicament, desenvolupem un model híbrid per a l'anàlisi de prestacions i l'optimització de protocols de WSNs d'accés aleatori i basats en clúster. Els resultats mostren la utilitat d'escoltar el mitjà sense fil per a minimitzar el nombre de transmissions i també de modificar les probabilitats de transmissió després d'una col·lisió. Pel que fa a eMBB, ens enfoquem en un escenari de distribució massiva de continguts, en el qual un mateix contingut és enviat de forma simultània a un gran nombre d'usuaris mòbils. Aquest escenari és problemàtic, ja que les estacions base de la xarxa cel·lular no compten amb mecanismes eficients de multicast o broadcast. Per tant, la solució que s'adopta comunament és la de replicar el contingut per a cadascun dels usuaris que ho sol·liciten; és clar que això és altament ineficient. Per a resoldre aquest problema, proposem l'ús d'esquemes de network coding i d'arquitectures cooperatives anomenades núvols mòbils. En concret, desenvolupem un protocol per a realitzar la distribució massiva de continguts de forma eficient, juntament amb un model analític per a la seua optimització. Els resultats demostren que el model proposat és simple i precís
The 5th generation (5G) of mobile networks is just around the corner. It is expected to bring extraordinary benefits to the population and to solve the majority of the problems of current 4th generation (4G) systems. The success of 5G, whose first phase of standardization has concluded, relies in three pillars that correspond to its main use cases: massive machine-type communication (mMTC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC). This thesis mainly focuses on the first pillar of 5G: mMTC, but also provides a solution for the eMBB in massive content delivery scenarios. Specifically, its main contributions are in the areas of: 1) efficient support of mMTC in cellular networks; 2) random access (RA) event-reporting in wireless sensor networks (WSNs); and 3) cooperative massive content delivery in cellular networks. Regarding mMTC in cellular networks, this thesis provides a thorough performance analysis of the RA procedure (RAP), used by the mobile devices to switch from idle to connected mode. These analyses were first conducted by simulation and then by an analytical model; both of these were developed with this specific purpose and include one of the most promising access control schemes: the access class barring (ACB). To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the most accurate analytical models reported in the literature and the only one that incorporates the ACB scheme. Our results clearly show that the highly-synchronized accesses that occur in mMTC applications can lead to severe congestion. On the other hand, it is also clear that congestion can be prevented with an adequate configuration of the ACB scheme. However, the configuration parameters of the ACB scheme must be continuously adapted to the intensity of access attempts if an optimal performance is to be obtained. We developed a practical solution to this problem in the form of a scheme to automatically configure the ACB; we call it access class barring configuration (ACBC) scheme. The results show that our ACBC scheme leads to a near-optimal performance regardless of the intensity of access attempts. Furthermore, it can be directly implemented in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) cellular systems to efficiently handle mMTC because it has been designed to comply with the 3GPP standards. In addition to the analyses described above for cellular networks, a general analysis for smart metering applications is performed. That is, we study an mMTC scenario from the perspective of event detection and reporting WSNs. Specifically, we provide a hybrid model for the performance analysis and optimization of cluster-based RA WSN protocols. Results showcase the utility of overhearing to minimize the number of packet transmissions, but also of the adaptation of transmission parameters after a collision occurs. Building on this, we are able to provide some guidelines that can drastically increase the performance of a wide range of RA protocols and systems in event reporting applications. Regarding eMBB, we focus on a massive content delivery scenario in which the exact same content is transmitted to a large number of mobile users simultaneously. Such a scenario may arise, for example, with video streaming services that offer a particularly popular content. This is a problematic scenario because cellular base stations have no efficient multicast or broadcast mechanisms. Hence, the traditional solution is to replicate the content for each requesting user, which is highly inefficient. To solve this problem, we propose the use of network coding (NC) schemes in combination with cooperative architectures named mobile clouds (MCs). Specifically, we develop a protocol for efficient massive content delivery, along with the analytical model for its optimization. Results show the proposed model is simple and accurate, and the protocol can lead to energy savings of up to 37 percent when compared to the traditional approach.
Leyva Mayorga, I. (2018). On reliable and energy efficient massive wireless communications: the road to 5G [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/115484
TESIS

Cette thèse a pour objectif la proposition de nouvelles approches algorithmiques et de modélisation pour la résolution de certains problèmes d’optimisation de réseau dans les domaines des transports et des télécommunications. Plus précisément, les problèmes étudiés tombent dans le domaine du transport aérien, nommément le problème d’affectation des niveaux de vol dans l’espace aérienne, et dans le domaine des télécommunications où on traite des problèmes d’allocation de ressources dans les réseaux 5G. Un aspect important qui a été pris en compte dans cette étude est l’incertitude des données, c’est-à-dire le fait qu’une partie des données d’entrée ne sont pas connues de façon précise. Notre tâche a consisté à modéliser chacun des problèmes, proposer une formulation compacte des variantes déterministe et robuste, et proposer des approches appropriées pour les résoudre. Les problèmes étudiés tombent dans la catégorie des problèmes NP-complets et ils sont difficile à résoudre même pour des instances de taille modeste. Ils deviennent encore plus difficiles dans leur version robuste. Pour le problème d’affectation des niveaux de vols, nous avons considéré les incertitudes liées à l’heure de départ qui sont modélisées via un modèle de mélange gaussien. Le problème est modélisé comme un « chance-constrained problem » et résolu par un algorithme heuristique de génération de contraintes. Il s’agit d’une approche générale qui trouvera des applications plus large que ceux étudiés dans cette thèse. Ensuite, nous avons étudié la conception optimale des réseaux sans fil de 5ème génération (5G) dans le contexte de l’architectures Superfluid. Plus précisément, l’architecture 5G Superfluid est basée sur des entités de réseau appelées « Bloc Fonctionnel Réutilisable » (RFB) qui sont à la base des réseaux 5G. Nous avons étudié le problème de conception d’un tel réseau Superfluid à coût minimum pour lequel une formulation en programme linéaire mixte suivie d’une approche de résolution utilisant la décomposition de Benders a été implémentée ont été proposées. Enfin, le problème spécifique de conception de réseaux virtuels a été considéré sous l’angle de l’efficacité énergétique. Nous avons proposé une formulation de programmation linéaire en nombres entiers mixte du problème robuste, et présentons une nouvelle matheuristique basée sur la combinaison d’un algorithme génétique avec la recherche de voisinage. Les résultats numériques ont porté sur des instances de taille réalistes et ont montré la validité des modèles et des approches proposées
This Ph.D. Thesis is focused on proposing new optimization modeling and algorithmic approaches for dealing with real-world network optimization problems arising in the transportation and telecommunications fields. Since the focus has been on real-world applications, a relevant aspect that has been taken into account is data uncertainty, i.e. the fact that the value of a subset of input data of the problem is not exactly known when the problem is solved. More precisely, in the context of transportation problems, it was considered the flight level assignment problem, which arises in air traffic management. It aims at establishing the flight levels of a set of aircraft in order to improve the total assignment revenue, to reduce the total number of flight conflicts and also the total en-route delay. In this context, we proposed a new chance-constrained optimization problem and iterative constraint-generation heuristic which is based on both analytical and sampling methods. Besides transportation problems, this Thesis has also focused on the optimal design of 5th generation of wireless networks (5G) considering Superfluid and virtual architectures. Specifically, the 5G Superfluid architecture is based on atomic virtual entities called Reusable Functional Block (RFB). We investigated the problem of minimizing the total installation costs of a 5G Superfluid network (composed of virtual entities and realized over a physical network) while guaranteeing constraint on user coverage, downlink traffic performance and technical constraints on RFBs of different nature. To solve this hard problem, we proposed a Benders decomposition approach. Concerning instead the design of general virtual networks, we adopted a green paradigm that pursues energy-efficiency and tackled a state-of-the-art robust mixed integer linear programming formulation of the problem, by means of a new matheuris tic based on combining a genetic algorithm with exact large neighborhood searches. Results of computational tests executed considering realistic problem instances have shown the validity of all the new optimization modeling and algorithmic approaches proposed in this Thesis for the transportation and telecommunications problems sketched above

В дисертаційній роботі вирішено науково-прикладну проблему розроблення методів, моделей та засобів інтелектуального управління децентралізованою мультиоператорною інфраструктурою мереж мобільного зв’язку, з метою підвищення її техніко-економічної ефективності для операторів та абонентів, в умовах відкритого ринку радіочастотного ресурсу та мережної інфраструктури. Запропоновано системний підхід до структурно-функціонального синтезу децентралізованих мереж мобільного зв'язку з інтелектуальним автоматизованим управлінням, який полягає у розробленні множини методів інтелектуального управління мережною інфраструктурою, засобів автоматизації мережі для забезпечення її універсальності до будь-яких стандартів безпровідного зв’язку та типів мобільних пристроїв, а також моделей децентралізації радіочастотного ресурсу та мережної інфраструктури із адаптивним мультиоператорним обслуговуванням абонентів. В диссертационной работе решена научно-прикладная проблема разработки методов, моделей и средств интеллектуального управления децентрализованной мультиоператорною инфраструктурой сетей мобильной связи, с целью повышения ее технико-экономической эффективности для операторов и абонентов, в условиях открытого рынка радиочастотного ресурса и сетевой инфраструктуры. Предложен системный подход к структурно-функциональному синтезу децентрализованных сетей мобильной связи с интеллектуальным автоматизированным управлением, который заключается в разработке множества методов интеллектуального управления сетевой инфраструктурой, средств автоматизации сети для обеспечения ее универсальности к любым стандартам беспроводной связи и типам мобильных устройств, а также моделей децентрализации радиочастотного ресурса и сетевой инфраструктуры с адаптивным мультиоператорним обслуживанием абонентов. The thesis solves a scientific problem of the development of methods, models and means for the intelligent decentralized multi-operator infrastructure management in mobile networks, to increase its technical and economic efficiency for operators and users in the scenario of open spectrum and infrastructure markets. This work aims to resolve an uncertainty between the need of centralized management to enhance the technical efficiency of the mobile network by leveraging the advanced capabilities of artificial intelligence, and the demand for decentralized open spectrum market with flexible business models for infrastructure deployment and sharing by operators to increase the economic efficiency of the entire mobile ecosystem. In particular, we have developed a concept of a decentralized mobile network that integrates the means of artificial intelligence and the blockchain technology to leverage the advantages of both centralized and decentralized business models in the mobile network, while eliminating their corresponding drawbacks and constraints. Such a solution allows to disrupt the mobile network market by enabling a trustable spectrum and infrastructure sharing among operators, underpinned by economic and legislative mechanisms. This in turn, raises a challenge of the effective operation of the multi-operator mobile network in terms of technical and economic factors, while assuming the conditions of the decentralized infrastructure deployment, the open spectrum market and the ubiquitous connectivity of end users regardless of the serving operator. Thus, the key scientific contributions of the thesis are summarized as following. A new structural and functional model of decentralized mobile network is proposed to decouple the user plane, infrastructure plane, operator plane, decentralization plane and intelligent control plane to enable an automated coordination of the spectrum and infrastructure sharing among operators based on the smart contracts, the assets tokenization and the artificial intelligence. To provide a data supply chain for the artificial intelligence we have developed a decentralized monitoring system that can cope with an exogenous dynamic of the mobile network and allows operators to react in advance. To enable the trading of spectrum and infrastructure among operators within the decentralized blockchain ecosystem, we propose a tokenization model of spectrum and infrastructure based on the non-fungible tokens, utility tokens and central bank digital currencies. Considering the demand for the ubiquitous connectivity and the upcoming paradigm of the micro-operators in 6G, we propose a new model of adaptive operator selection based on technical and economic criteria to enable seamless user connectivity across multiple operators with flexible SLA smart contracts, negotiated and executed in quasi real time. A particular attention in the thesis is given to the problem of decentralized coverage planning to allow operators extending the network coverage by placing new base stations in the most optimal way, taking into account the existing network infrastructure that has been built before. This challenge is solved by a modified version of the self-organizing maps with a combination of immutable and mutable neurons to exhibit the positions of existing and potential network infrastructure during the coverage optimization. An additional enhancement of the model has been done by replacing the conventional metric of Euclidean distance to the metric of SINR that allows optimizing the network coverage in a spatial domain, considering the impact of buildings in the urban environment on the coverage quality. To resolve the problem of spectrum management in a current semi-centralized scenario, we have developed a game theoretical model that allows big operators with a nationwide spectrum license to share it with micro-operators in a local scale based on the smart-contracts. Such a solution allows both improving the connectivity and experience of the end users as well as increasing profits of operators by sharing the spectrum based on evolutionary stable equilibrium strategies. In addition, the challenge of unlicensed spectrum sharing with interference mitigation is solved by the cooperative game model based on the trading of utility tokens among the operators in a blockchain. The proposed model converges to the Nash equilibrium within few iterations that ensures the fair utilization of unlicensed spectrum regardless of the number of operators. To further enhance the efficiency of spectrum sharing among operators considering their timevarying demands, we have developed the intelligent spectrum management model for mobile networks based on the recurrent neural networks, which allows to predict a trafficde mand of the particular network service and allocate enough spectrum in advance. This allows operators to adjust their corresponding strategies to ensure the best tradeoff between technical end economic efficiency of the mobile network. Finally, we have proposed a method of intelligent data flows management in an optical transport network infrastructure. Proposed method implements a flexible data flows multiplexing and aggregation across wireless and optical domain to support an adaptive end-to-end quality of service provision for different network slices in the large scale decentralized mobile ecosystem.

The increasing demand for connectivity and broadband wireless access is leading to the fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks. The overall scope of 5G is greater in client width and diversity than in previous generations, requiring substantial changes to network topologies and air interfaces. This divergence from existing network designs is prompting a massive growth in research, with the U.S. government alone investing $400 million in advanced wireless technologies. 5G is projected to enable the connectivity of 20 billion devices by 2020, and dominate such areas as vehicular networking and the Internet of Things. However, many challenges exist to enable large scale deployment and general adoption of the cellular industries. In this dissertation, we propose three new additions to the literature to further the progression 5G development. These additions approach 5G from top down and bottom up perspectives considering interference modeling and physical layer prototyping. Heterogeneous deployments are considered from a purely analytical perspective, modeling co-channel interference between and among both macrocell and femtocell tiers. We further enhance these models with parameterized directional antennas and integrate them into a novel mixed point process study of the network. At the air interface, we examine Software-Defined Radio (SDR) development of physical link level simulations. First, we introduce a new algorithm acceleration framework for MATLAB, enabling real-time and concurrent applications. Extensible beyond SDR alone, this dataflow framework can provide application speedup for stream-based or data dependent processing. Furthermore, using SDRs we develop a localization testbed for dense deployments of 5G smallcells. Providing real-time tracking of targets using foundational direction of arrival estimation techniques, including a new OFDM based correlation implementation.

Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) wireless communication systems, equipped with tens or even hundreds of antennas, emerge as a promising technology for the Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communication networks. To design and evaluate the performance of massive MIMO wireless communication systems, it is essential to develop accurate, flexible, and efficient channel models which fully reflect the characteristics of massive MIMO channels. In this thesis, four massive MIMO channel models have been proposed. First, a novel non-stationary wideband multi-confocal ellipse Two-Dimensional (2-D) Geometry Based Stochastic Model (GBSM) for massive MIMO channels is proposed. Spherical wavefront is assumed in the proposed channel model, instead of the plane wavefront assumption used in conventional MIMO channel models. In addition, the Birth-Death (BD) process is incorporated into the proposed model to capture the dynamic properties of clusters on both the array and time axes. Second, we propose a novel theoretical non-stationary Three-Dimensional (3-D) wideband twin-cluster channel model for massive MIMO communication systems with carrier frequencies in the order of gigahertz (GHz). As the dimension of antenna arrays cannot be ignored for massive MIMO, nearfield effects instead of farfield effects are considered in the proposed model. These include the spherical wavefront assumption and a BD process to model non-stationary properties of clusters such as cluster appearance and disappearance on both the array and time axes. Third, a novel Kronecker Based Stochastic Model (KBSM) for massive MIMO channels is proposed. The proposed KBSM can not only capture antenna correlations but also the evolution of scatterer sets on the array axis. In addition, upper and lower bounds of KBSM channel capacities in both the high and low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) regimes are derived when the numbers of transmit and receive antennas are increasing unboundedly with a constant ratio. Finally, a novel unified framework of GBSMs for 5G wireless channels is proposed. The proposed 5G channel model framework aims at capturing key channel characteristics of certain 5G communication scenarios, such as massive MIMO systems, High Speed Train (HST) communications, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, and Milli-meter Wave (mmWave) communications.

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
This thesis provides a basic understanding of nationwide terrestrial and satellite mobile communications and tracking technologies. Covered are systems currently available and in development. An analysis of user costs is performed for comparison. A more detailed mobile satellite cost/benefit analysis for use by the trucking industry is also presented. Follow-on chapters contain discussions of the basic economic issues faced by satellite system operators and the regulatory history of mobile satellite services. Contained in the appendices are a more detailed discussion of mobile satellite systems and a layman's explanation of communication and navigation technologies. The conclusion presents comments on the possible future direction of these new mobile communication services and makes recommendations for trucking industry use.

Massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) is a recent technlogy that will be exploited for 5G and beyond-5G wireless network due to the constraints given by the future wireless networks, such as low latency and high spectral efficiency. In this thesis, MIMO systems have been taken into account in order to study two different network architectures. The former is called Cell-Free (CF), and it has been studied at millimeter Wave (mmWave) and microwave frequencies, and the latter is called Distributed Multiple Input Multiple Output (D-MIMO) for factory automation. The first chapter of this thesis gives an overview of massive MIMO, so why there is the need to exploit this technology and gives some mathematical concept. In the second chapter the CF at mmwave frequencies has been studied. The CF is a recent network architecture, in order to alleviate the cell-edge problem and thus increase the system performance of unlucky users that happen to be located very far from their serving Access Point (AP). In this architecture a large number of distributed APs, connected to a central processing unit (CPU), simultaneously and jointly serve a much smaller number of mobile Station (MS) or users. Both APs and users are equipped with multiple antennas. Then, it has been analyzed an architecture that generalizes the CF, the so called User-centric (UC), where each AP has to serve only a limited number of users. A power control algorithm has been introduced by resorting a method called successive lower bound maximization, aimed at maximizing the sum-rate and the energy efficiency. At mmwave, a lot of antennas can be employed, this means that there is the need of using hybrid architecture at each AP in order to reduce complexity and cost by using a small number of radio frequency (RF) chains. With CF or UC, channel estimation and beamforming are locally evaluated, reducing the traffic load on the backhaul network. So, a comparison between a fully digital (FD) and hybrid (HY) architecture will be shown. What it is possible to anticipate is that the FD architecture provides better performances than the hybrid one. In the numerical results, the performances in term of energy efficiency and sum-rate on Downlink and Uplink, with uniform and optimal power allocation and with a fully digital and hybrid architectures will be addressed. Then, this thesis also focuses on the comparison between D-MIMO and CF architectures for factory automation, at microwave frequencies. In this case, communications between actuators (ACs) and APs inside an industrial scenario is considered by adopting those different communication systems. Then, different transmission modes are taken into account, Joint transmission joint transmission (JT), Cell-Free transmission (CFT), single AP transmission (SAT), and User-centric transmission (UCT). In SAT mode each AC is served by only one AP. Even for this scenario a power control rule has been taken into account. In the end, in numerical section, it has been shown the performances in terms of SINR and achievable rate, evaluated with the finite block length capacity (FBLC) formula, when different transmission modes and beamformers are employed, and moreover the improvement given by the use of a power control.

: The increased interest in traffic-intensive applications such as High Definition (HD) video, augmented reality, and 3-D visualization is expected to result in higher network traffic. Such higher-fold traffic growth requires a significant paradigm shift in implementing upcoming 5G technology so that the user requests can be accommodated at the core network without causing a bottleneck. Emerging mobile content caching techniques can efficiently relieve overloaded network by caching popular content at intermediate nodes and user devices. Its efficacy, however, lies in the intelligent caching of popular files. To better deploy caching, a heterogeneous caching architecture is proposed that supports comprehensive cooperation. We propose three cooperative caching schemes in cellular networks, D2D networks, and cross-tier networks. Caching decisions are made by considering the content popularity, the device distribution, the transmission method, and the caching capability. Furthermore, we investigate a multi-association-based model in which a user associates with multiple caching entities to retrieve its requested content. We then present an agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm for setting up users' preferences and grouping them into the same clusters based on the similarity of their requests. Stochastic geometry has been used to model and analyze different coverage scenarios. Gains obtained are quantified in terms of coverage probability, cache hit probability, and delay through numerical and network simulations. Results show that the coverage probability achieved is 40% higher than the compared method. On the other hand, the cache hit probability increases to nearly 90% after clustering with the proposed method. The delay performance outperforms a popularity-based caching scheme and results in a 75% decrease in delay; however, the network's energy consumption is compromised for this purpose.

Mobile traffic forecasting is a relatively new research area, which is becoming of fundamental importance for next-generation networks. Proactively knowing the user demand allows the system to allocate resources and apply energy-saving decisions properly. Classical models are limited by the stationary assumption of time sequences and fail to take correlations into account. This work presents results on cellular network traffic analysis and prediction, providing a novel, robust, and precise machine learning model to efficiently and dynamically manage network resources in 5G systems.

Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science) Naval Postgraduate School, March 2000.
Thesis advisor(s): Michael, James B. "March 2000." Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-137). Also available in print.

From the first generation, 1G, to the fourth generation, 4G, the development and technological advancements in telecommunications network systems have been remarkable. Faster and better connections have opened up for new markets, ideas and possibilities, to that extent that there now is a demand that surpasses the supply. Despite all these advancements made in the mobile communications field most of the concept of how the technology works and its infrastructure has remained the same. This however, is about to change with the introduction of the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication. With the introduction of 5G much of the technology introduced will be different from that of previous generations. This change extends to include the entire infrastructure of the mobile communications system. With these major changes, many of the tools available today for telecommunications network evaluation do not really suffice to include the 5G network standard. For this reason, there is a need to develop a new kind of tool that will be able to include the changes brought by this new network standard. In this thesis a simulation framework adapted for the next generation telecommunication standard 5G is set to be developed. This framework should include many of the characteristics that set 5G aside from previous generations.

The next generation of mobile telecommunication, 5G, will be specified in the near future. One of the proposed changes relative to the previous generation, 4G,is the inclusion of a new system control plane (SCP). The purpose of the SCP is to improve system scalability, forward compatibility, peak performance and to enable a higher degree of support for advanced antenna techniques. This is done by logically separating data transmitted explicitly from and to the user, the dynamic transmissions, from the broadcasted transmissions that remain constant regardless of user activity, the static transmissions, and by then redesigning the static part to make it more lean. This is expected to have several positive effects such as considerably more free resources, resulting in energy savings and potentially increased usage of MIMO. Knowing what effect the SCP has upon aspects such as random access is of importance when designing the solution that will go into the standard. Simulations show that there is potential in the inclusion of the new SCP. While the simulated 5G candidate systems that include the SCP have an increased delay when running the random access procedure, some aspects of the procedure have been improved. The main differences relative to the simulated 4G system are the performance of the first message in the procedure, which increased, and the performance of the second message in the procedure, which decreased. The deficiencies found in the handling of the second message, however, can be alleviated by using a more proper algorithm and channel design than what was used in this study.

After more than two decades’ development, modern mobile cellular networks now have almost approached to the commercial level of fourth generation communication networks. For each of the mobile solutions, there are special attributes but also similarities compared to the other competitive solutions. We can also find relationships between the old generation solutions and the inheritors or innovations.

During the communicating session using any kind of existing mobile handset, the handover procedure is a very important one that may effect connection quality and also the phone call continuity. Nowadays, the mobile cellular networks have a trend to interact with LAN networks. They will co-exist and work together to support higher data rate over a wider coverage. Seamless handover proposals like Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) can support the heterogeneous handover between Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Wireless (Wi-Fi) Network. Several Media Independent Handover (MIH) proposals can handle the vertical handover in the hybrid mobile data network environment such like between wireless local area network (WLAN) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) by different solutions.

This doctoral thesis examines different attributes of large scale group communication systems such as scalability, security and mobility by studying two different prototype systems - mIR (multicast Interactive Radio) and MES (Mobile E-meeting Services). mIR is a system for large scale real-time music distribution, designed as an interactive radio system for the Internet. MES is a collection of tools for improving the use of e-meeting and video conferencing tools in a mobile environment. The mIR prototype has been used to study scalability and security. Scalability in mIR concerns how to support as many users as possible without degrading the experience. This is achieved using IP multicast together with algorithms that limits the bandwidth usage regardless of the number of users. The work on security have focused on copy prevention through digital watermarking. By adding a unique watermark, i.e. a fingerprint, to each media copy a pirated copy can be traced back to a specific user, which can act as a deterrent. The thesis shows how we can combine the different goals of fingerprinting and IP-multicast while still maintaining the scalability features of multicast. Many issues need to be considered if e-meetings and video conferencing will become widespread and popular. Scalability and security, discussed in the first part of the thesis are two examples, and the second part of the thesis tries to address a third issue: mobility. In particular we are interested in enabling access to an e-meeting in a mobile environment, where we often have difficult conditions such as bad network connections, the user only have access to the Internet through a web browser or the available devices are small and limited. In many cases it is currently impossible to participate in an e-meeting when you're not in the office. The prototype system developed in the second part of the thesis aims to enable participation from any location and device that have some sort of Internet connection. We try to achieve this by allowing a mobile user to access an e-meeting session from a web browser or from a Java enabled mobile phone. Further, the system makes it possible to review missed events in an e-meeting as it is likely that there are many times where no Internet connection at all is available. The general style of work has been prototype driven with a goal of creating usable prototypes - i.e. the prototypes should be easy to deploy and it should be possible to use and test the prototypes daily. Most the prototypes described in this thesis have indeed been deployed and have seen daily use.

Godkänd; 2005; 20061004 (ysko)

Este trabalho examina várias técnicas de alocação de canais, e alocação de potência, baseados no parâmetro relação sinal ruído interferência. Os esquemas de controle de potência que utilizam este parâmetro, são resolvidos a partir da determinação do raio espectral de uma matriz obtida a partir da manipulação da matriz de ganhos de enlace. Foi provado que é possível resolver esta matriz por outro método baseado em determinantes, e também foi mostrado que este método permite se obter rapidamente uma alocação de canais factível. Além disso, várias técnicas de otimização da alocação de potência foram estudadas, ampliando a abordagem para uma visão completa do problema de alocação de potência.
This work examines several techniques of allocation of canals, and allocation of power, based in the parameter relation signal noise interference. The projects of power control that use this parameter, are decided from the determination of the spectral ray of a matrix gotten from the manipulation of the matrix of profits of enlace. It was proven that it is possible to solve this matrix through another method based on determinative, and also was shown that this method allows to get a feasible allocation of canals quickly. Moreover, several techniques of otimization of the power allocation had been studied, extending the boarding for a complete vision of the problem of power allocation.

La demande en énergie dans les réseaux de téléphonie mobile augmente en raison de l’émergence de nouvelles technologies et de nouveaux services aux exigences de plus en plus élevées (débits de données, délais, etc.). Dans ce contexte, l'opérateur de réseau mobile (ORM) doit fournir d'avantage de ressources radio et de capacité de traitement dans son réseau, entraînant ainsi des coûts financiers plus élevés. L’ORM n’a pas d’autre choix que de mettre en œuvre des stratégies d’économie d’énergie sur plusieurs niveaux de son infrastructure, notamment au niveau du réseau d’accès radio (RAN).En parallèle, le réseau électrique devient plus intelligent, avec de nouvelles fonctionnalités pour équilibrer l'offre et la demande en faisant varier les prix de l'électricité, permettant ainsi à certains agrégateurs d'énergie de faire partie du processus d'approvisionnement et en signant des accords de réponse à la demande avec ses clients les plus important. Dans le contexte d'un réseau électrique intelligent et fiable, l'ORM, qui compte des milliers de evolved NodeB (eNB) répartis sur tout le pays, doit jouer un rôle majeur dans le réseau en agissant en tant que consommateur potentiel capable de vendre de l'électricité. Toutefois, dans les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, le réseau peut ne pas être fiable, voire même inexistant, l'ORM n'a d'autre choix que de déployer une centrale électrique virtuelle (VPP) qui l'alimente partiellement ou totalement.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les interactions entre l’opérateur de réseau et le réseau électrique, qu’il soit fiable ou non, dans les pays développés comme dans les pays en cours de développement. Nous étudions la gestion optimale de l'énergie à long et à court terme, dans le but de minimiser le coût total de possession (TCO) en énergie de l'opérateur par station de base, qui correspond à la somme de ses dépenses d'investissement (CAPEX) et de ses dépenses opérationnelles (OPEX), en assurant la satisfaction des besoins croissants en trafic de ses utilisateurs dans la cellule.L'étude à long terme nous permet de prendre des décisions d'investissement semestrielles pour le dimensionnement de la batterie et des sources énergies renouvelables, en tenant compte de la dégradation des performances des équipements, des prévisions de la croissance du trafic des utilisateurs et de l'évolution du marché de l'électricité sur une longue période de temps comptée en années.Dans le cas où elle est alimentée par un réseau intelligent fiable, la politique à court terme aide l’opérateur à définir quotidiennement une stratégie de gestion optimale de la batterie assurant l'arbitrage ou à le trading d’électricité tout en exploitant les fluctuations horaires des prix de l’électricité afin de minimiser la facture énergétique journalière de l'ORM tout en respectant certaines règles d'utilisation de ces équipements.Dans le cas d'un réseau électrique non fiable ou complètement inexistant, l'opérateur est alimenté par des sources hybrides couplant stockage (batteries), générateurs diesel, énergie solaire et le réseau électrique si ce dernier est opérationnel. Ici, nous définissons un ordre de priorité fixe sur l’utilisation de ces sources qui vise à étendre la durée de vie de la batterie et maintenir ses performances
The energy demand in mobile networks is increasing due to the emergence of new technologies and new services with higher requirements (data rates, delays, etc). In this context, the Mobile Network Operator (MNO) has to provide more radio and processing resources in its network leading for higher financial costs. The MNO has no choice but to implement energy saving strategies in all the parts of its infrastructure and especially at the Radio Access Network (RAN).At the same time, the electrical grid is getting smarter including new functionalities to balance supply and demand by varying the electricity prices, allowing some aggregators to be part of the supply process and signing demand response agreements with its clients. In the context of reliable smart grid, the MNO having thousands of evolved NodeB (eNB) spread over all the country, has to play major role in the grid by acting as a prosumer able to sell electricity. In African Sub-Saharan countries however, the grid may be not reliable or even non existent, the MNO has no choice but to deploy a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) and rely partially or totally on it.In this thesis, we study the interactions between the network operator and the grid either reliable or not in both developed and developing countries. We investigate both long term and short term optimal energy related management, with the aim of minimising the operator's Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for energy per base station which is the sum of its Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operational Expenditure (OPEX) while satisfying the growing needs of its user traffic in the cell.The long term study enables us to make semestral based investment decisions for the battery and renewable energy sources dimensioning considering equipment performance degradation, predictions on users traffic growth and electricity market evolution over a long period of time counted in years.In the case of being powered by a reliable smart grid, the short term policy helps the operator to set on a daily basis, an optimal battery management strategy by performing electricity arbitrage or trading that takes advantage of the electricity prices hourly fluctuations in order to minimize the MNO daily energy bill while respecting some rules on the usage of its equipments.In the case of a non reliable or off-grid environment, the operator is powered by hybrid sources coupling storage, diesel generators, solar power and the grid if the latter is operational. Here, we define a fixed order of priority on the use of these sources that extends the battery lifetime and maintain its performance

Dans un monde où les flux de données sont toujours plus intenses et omniprésents, les codes correcteurs d’erreurs constituent une composante essentielle aux systèmes de télécommunications, en permettant de compenser l’altération inévitable du message lors de la transmission, grâce à l’ajout de redondance. Dernière famille de codes à avoir été découverte, en 2008, les codes polaires ont rapidement attiré l’attention des chercheurs par leur aptitude à garantir une probabilité d’erreur arbitrairement faible pour tout rendement inférieur ou égal à la capacité du canal de propagation – la limite théorique, définie par Shannon en 1948. Tout récemment, ces codes ont été adoptés pour être utilisés dans la Cinquième génération de standards pour la téléphonie mobile 5G. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de cette famille de codes face aux contraintes applicatives rencontrées en pratiques, et notamment dans la 5G, à travers les deux axes principaux que sont la construction des codes et leur décodage en longueur finie.Après avoir passé en revue la définition et la caractérisation des codes polaires, ainsi que les aspects relatifs au spectre des distances, cette thèse explore la question de la flexibilité des codes en termes de longueurs, à l’aide des techniques de poinçonnage et de raccourcissement, et développe une méthodes pour optimiser le choix des motifs de sorte à minimiser le taux d’erreur pour le décodeur par annulation successive (SC, pour successive cancellation, en anglais). Dans un deuxième temps, un nouvel algorithme de décodage à inversion est introduit, permettant une amélioration significative des performances par rapport à l’état de l’art pour une complexité moyenne réduite et proche de celle du simple décodeur SC. Finalement, la question de l’utilisation des codes polaires avec les modulations d’ordre supérieur est abordée. Tout d’abord, les deux principales approches de modulations codées utilisant un code binaire, à savoir la modulation à entrelacement de bit et la modulation multi-niveaux, sont considérées, et il est mis en évidence le net avantage de la deuxième citée. Par suite, l’utilisation de codes polaires non-binaires est envisagée et il est montré qu’au prix d’une complexité de décodage supérieure, ceux-ci sont en mesure de surpasser leurs homologues binaires
In a world of intensive and widespread numeric datafow, the use of error correcting codes has become an essential aspect of telecommunication systems, by allowing to compensate the unavoidable alteration of the messages during the transmission, by means of additionnal redundancy to the initial message. Last family of codes to be discovered, in 2008, polar codes have soon experienced a large interest of the community, due to their ability to achieve the Shannon capacity, namely the theoretical limit of the information rate, defned by Shannon in 1948. Very recently, these codes have been adopted in the fifth generation of cellular mobile communications 5G. This thesis concentrates on the analysis of this family of codes regarding constraints of practical systems, including in 5G, through the two major isues of the construction of the code and the decoding in finite length.After reviewing the definition and the caracterisation of polar codes, and addressing the question of the spectrum distance, this thesis considers the issue of the flexibility of the codes as function of the codelength, using either puncturing or shortening techniques, andd escribes a new method to select the pattern so as to minimize the error rate under succssive cancellation decoding (SC). Secondly, a new bit-fipping decoding algorithm is proposed, improving signifcantly the performance compared to state-of-the-art approach,while offering a reduced average complexity, which stays close to the one of the SC decoder. Thirdly, the issue of the use of polar codes with high order modulation is considered. On the one hand, the case of coded modulations, where a high order modulation is combined with binary codes, is considered throughthe bit-interleaved coded modulation and the multilevel coded modulation, and it is shown that the second one is very well suitable for polar codes. On the other hand, the case of non-binary codes, which can be mapped directly to the constellation, are considered and it is revealed they are able to surpass their binary counterpart at the cost of additionnal decoding complexity

Antennas enable wireless communication by transmission and reception of electromagnetic (EM) signals, which carry information is space. Signal reception and hence the quality of service depends significantly on the antenna properties, e.g. radiation pattern, operational frequency, and polarization. Legacy antennas, with their fixed properties, fail to adapt to the changing environment and degrade signal quality. Reconfigurable antennas (Ras) capable of changing their properties dynamically increase the capacity and data rate of wireless systems while offering a compact design. However, these advantages come at the cost of increased complexity compared to legacy antennas. Therefore it is important to design Ras with minimal complexity. To that end, this dissertation focuses on the development of a novel approach, three different Ras operation at three different frequency bands have been designed, fabricated and characterized. First RA works at the 5GHz band (4.9-5.1GHz) and obtains on current beam steering and 3-dB beam width variability. An algorithm to choose the optimum mode of operation has also been developed. The design approach introduced in first RA has been exploited to design the second RA, which achieves beam steering and beam width variability for two polarizations and operates a the 28 GHz band (27.5-28.3 GHz). The third RA operates at the 3GHz band and simultaneously reconfigures impedance and radiation patterns.

Avec la croissance rapide de la demande de trafic de données des clients, l'amélioration de la capacité du système et l'augmentation du débit des utilisateurs sont devenues des préoccupations essentielles pour le futur réseau de communication sans fil de cinquième génération. Dans ce contexte, la communication terminal-à-terminal (Device-to-Device D2D) et le Full Duplex (FD) sont proposés comme solutions potentielles pour augmenter l’efficacité spectrale et le débit des utilisateurs dans un réseau cellulaire. Le D2D permet à deux périphériques proches de communiquer sans participation de la station de base ou avec une participation limitée. D'autre part, la communication en FD permet une transmission et une réception simultanées dans la même bande de fréquence. En raison de la propriété de distance courte des liaisons D2D, exploiter la technologie FD dans la communication D2D est un excellent choix pour améliorer encore plus l’efficacité spectrale cellulaire et le débit des utilisateurs. Cependant, les émetteurs-récepteurs FD constituent de nouveau défis pour la communication D2D. Par exemple, en FD les émetteurs-récepteurs ne peuvent pas supprimer d’une manière parfaite l’auto-interférence (SI) générée au niveau des récepteurs lors de la transmission des données (par le propre émetteur du dispositif cellulaire). Ainsi, l’auto-interférence résiduelle qui est étroitement liée à la valeur de la puissance de l’émetteur affecte fortement les performances de la transmission FD. De plus, la technique en FD crée des interférences supplémentaires dans le réseau, ce qui peut dégrader ses performances par rapport à la transmission en semi-duplex (Half-duplex HD). Ainsi, une bonne gestion des ressources radio est nécessaire pour exploiter les avantages de la FD et garantir la qualité de service (QoS) des utilisateurs. Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur l'allocation de puissance et l'attribution de canaux d'un réseau FD-D2D. En particulier, cette thèse aborde d’abord le problème de l’allocation de puissance et propose une méthode d'allocation de puissance (PA) optimale centralisée simple mais efficace, puis développe le schéma optimal conjoint d’AP et d’AC pour un réseau FD-D2D. Un algorithme de complexité réduite CATPA, basé sur une allocation CA suivie d'une allocation PA, est aussi développée et proposé. La thèse présente à la fin une stratégie efficace d'AP décentralisée en utilisant les outils de la théorie des jeux
With the rapidly growing of the customers' data traffic demand, improving the system capacity and increasing the user throughput have become essential concerns for the future 5G wireless communication network. In this context, D2D communication and FD are proposed as potential solutions to increase the spatial spectrum utilization and the user rate in a cellular network. D2D allows two nearby devices to communicate without BS participation or with limited participation. On the other hand, FD communication enables simultaneous transmission and reception in the same frequency band. Due to the short distance property of D2D links, exploiting the FD technology in D2D communication is an excellent choice to further improve the cellular spectrum efficiency and the users’ throughput. However, practical FD transceivers add new challenges for D2D communication. For instance, the existing FD devices cannot perfectly eliminate the SI imposed on the receiver by the node’s own transmitter. Thus, the RSI which is tightly related to the transmitter power value highly affects the performance of FD transmission. Moreover, the FD technique creates additional interference in the network which may degrade its performance when compared with the half-duplex transmission. Thus, proper radio resource management is needed to exploit the benefits of FD and guarantee the QoS of the users. The works in this dissertation focus on the PA and CA of a FD-D2D network. In particular, this thesis first addresses the PA problem and proposes a simple yet efficient centralized optimal PA framework, and next, it derives the optimal joint PA and CA scheme for an FD-D2D network. A simple sub-optimal algorithm for resource allocation named CATPA, based on CA followed by PA, is also derived and proposed. This dissertation also develops, in the end, an efficient decentralized PA using game theory tools that will be an essential part of future works in the context of distributed radio resource management

Adaptive antenna arrays have a great importance in reduction of the effect of interference and increase the capacity for the mobile satellite communication. Interference and multipath fading remain a main problem for reception of signals. These two problems obviously affect the overall capacity.  Adaptive antenna arrays in the handheld mobile apparatus will be the solution for the above two problems.

 

Satellite mobile communication is one of the growing fields in the communication area where terrestrial infrastructures are unable or ineffective to supply. Maritime, aeronautical and land mobile are some of the applications. During natural disasters where ground services are stopped, mobile satellite communications has great importance. Following the hurricane season, the Asian Tsunami and the devastating Haiti earthquake, mobile satellite communications had played a great role to fill the communication gaps.  The satellites can be tracked automatically by adaptive antenna array when it moves in its orbital plane.

 

In this thesis the methods that how the adaptive antenna array combats interferers is presented and simulated using MATLAB software. The performance of the adaptive antenna array is evaluated by simulating the directivity pattern of the antenna and Mean Square Error (MSE) graph for different scenario like Signal to Interference Noise ratio (SINR), number of iterations, antenna array elements and convergence factor (μ), assuming the signals are coming from different Direction of Arrival (DOA).

 

 

Switching frequency modulation techniques, an inductor current sensing circuit for fast switching converter, and a dual converter are proposed, and the simulation results and experimental results are drawn. The experimental results for monotonic and pseudo-random modulation techniques show that the switching noise peak was effectively reduced as much as -19 dBc. The inductor current sensing circuit accurately tracks the output current of the switching converter that switches up to 30MHz. This current sensing circuit is used to drive the slow converter in the dual converter. The dual converter consists of a fast converter and a slow converter. The fast converter provides only the high frequency conponents in the output current, and the slow converter provides the majority portion of the output current with a higher efficiency. Therefore, the dual converter can have a fast transient response without sacrificing its efficiency. All chips are fabricated in a standard CMOS 0.18um process.

Radiofrequency electromagnetic spectrum consists of non-ionizing radiations in the frequency range of 3kHz-300GHz. The 5th generation is planned to use much higher frequencies to accommodate the exponential increase in the demand of data traffic. The research thesis performs predictive analyses of radiations that will be emitted by 5G for different frequencies allocated for its utilization and their compliance with existing radiation limitation standards. Numerical results show that the radiations to be generated through 5G new radio to be marginal contributor and acceptable according to the limits set by national and international organizations.

Although evolving mobile technologies bring millions of users closer to the vision of information anywhere-anytime, device battery depletions hamper the quality of experience to a great extent. The massive explosion of mobile applications with the ensuing data exchange over the cellular infrastructure is not only a blessing to the mobile user, but also has a price in terms of rapid discharge of the device battery. Wireless communication is a large contributor to the energy consumption. Thus, the current call for energy economy in mobile devices poses the challenge of reducing the energy consumption of wireless data transmissions at the user end by developing energy-efficient communication. This thesis addresses the energy efficiency of data transmission at the user end in the context of cellular networks. We argue that the design of energy-efficient solutions starts by energy awareness and propose EnergyBox, a parametrised tool that enables accurate and repeatable energy quantification at the user end using real data traffic traces as input. EnergyBox abstracts the underlying states for operation of the wireless interfaces and allows to estimate the energy consumption for different operator settings and device characteristics. Next, we devise an energy-efficient algorithm that schedules the packet transmissions at the user end based on the knowledge of the network parameters that impact the handset energy consumption. The solution focuses on the characteristics of a given traffic class with the lowest quality of service requirements. The cost of running the solution itself is studied showing that the proposed cross-layer scheduler uses a small amount of energy to significantly extend the battery lifetime at the cost of some added latency.  Finally, the benefit of employing EnergyBox to systematically study the different design choices that developers face with respect to data transmissions of applications is shown in the context of location sharing services and instant messaging applications. The results show that quantifying energy consumption of communication patterns, protocols, and data formats can aid the design of tailor-made solutions with a significantly smaller energy footprint.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2000.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 78 p.; also contains graphics. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-77).