Книги: "Access control decisions"

1

Mollmann, Marianne. Decisions denied: Women's access to contraceptives and abortion in Argentina. [New York: Human Rights Watch, 2005.

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2

Kumar, Niraj. Bharat's treatise on Right to Information Act, 2005: Containing a detailed commentary on the statutory provisions, practices world over, state rules, international conventions & declarations, Supreme Court, high courts, CIC and international decisions, it also provides sample questions and specimen forms. New Delhi: Bharat Law House, 2014.

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3

Office, General Accounting. Information requests: Department of Justice's response to requests for court tax decisions : fact sheet for the chairman, Subcommittee on Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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4

Right to repair: Industry decisions and legislative options : hearing before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, November 10, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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5

Halpin, Stanley M. The Army Command and Control Evaluation System (ACCES). Alexandria, Va: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1996.

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6

Gallardo, Perla Gómez. El IFAI y la calidad jurídica de sus decisiones. México, D.F: Libertad de Información-México, 2007.

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7

Fineberg, Richard A. The 1985 TAPS settlement: A case study in the effects of confidentiality on information available to decision makers in oil and gas revenue disputes, supplemental report. [Alaska: The Legislature, 1990.

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8

European Court of Human Rights. Affaire Gaskin: 1. Décision du 23 février 1989 (dessaisissement) : 2. Arrêt du 7 juillet 1989 = : Gaskin case : 1. Decision of 23 February 1989 (relinquishment of jurisdiction) : 2. Judgment of 7 July 1989. Strasbourg: Registry of the Court, Council of Europe, 1989.

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9

Roger, Herdman, and Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Division of Health Care Services., eds. Non-heart-beating organ transplantation: Medical and ethical issues in procurement. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1997.

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10

Sundstrom, Beth L., and Cara Delay. Birth Control. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190069674.001.0001.

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Birth control offers women the opportunity to prevent pregnancy, plan and space their births, or have no births at all. And yet, in the United States, half of all pregnancies remain unintended, and access to birth control is beset by inequities in education, access, and coverage. Research indicates that women are familiar with the range of contraceptive methods available today. But the persistently high rates of unintended pregnancy, combined with common dissatisfaction and discontinuation, suggest that women’s contraceptive needs continue to be unmet. Birth Control: What Everyone Needs to Know will offer more than a user’s guide to available means of contraception: it will examine how supported family-planning infrastructure impacts society as a whole. Through reviews of policy, scientific literature, and supplemental interviews with women, it will uncover women’s concerns and apprehensions about contraception, as well as the ways birth control empowers women and increases access to educational and professional opportunities. It will provide an overview the history of birth control, the risks and benefits of contraception, the role of menstruation, and the future of birth control. The goal of this book is to provide accurate, unbiased scientific information about contraception in the context of women’s lived experiences and the realities of how individuals make decisions about birth control.

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11

Rainer, Grote. Part 3 Institutional Control of Constitutionalism, 3.1 Models of Institutional Control: The Experience of Islamic Countries. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199759880.003.0013.

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This chapter discusses constitutional review in Islamic countries. It covers the basic models of constitutional review; composition of constitutional courts; powers of constitutional courts; and effects of constitutional court decisions. It shows that introduction of constitutional review in the Islamic world has largely been pattered after foreign models, particularly of France (namely in the Maghreb countries and Lebanon), the United States (in Egypt and the Arab peninsula), the United Kingdom (Pakistan, Nigeria, Malaysia), and Germany (Turkey, Indonesia), with modifications to the particular political and cultural contexts of the respective countries. While almost all constitutional review bodies practice some form of constitutional review of legislation or another, most constitutions in the Islamic world still do not provide for access of individuals to constitutional adjudication.

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12

Zimmerman, Jerold. GEN COMBO LL ACCOUNTING DECISION MAKING & CONTROL; CONNECT ACCESS CARD. McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.

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13

Zimmerman, Jerold. Connect Access Card for Accounting for Decision Making and Control. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.

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14

Zimmerman, Jerold. Gen Combo Accounting for Decision Making and Control; Connect Access Card. McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.

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15

Council of Europe. Steering Committee on Local and Regional Authorities., ed. Access to information about local authority decision-making: Summary report on the situation in member states : report. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Press, 1994.

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16

Gregory, Peter. Enterprise Information Security: Information Security For Non-technical Decision Makers (Executive Briefings). Financial Times Management, 2003.

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17

Fisher, Maryanne L., and Ana María Fernández. The Influence of Women’s Mate Value on Intrasexual Competition. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.52.

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In order to engage in assortative mating, people must be accurate in self-assessments of their current worth on the mating market. We argue that people intrinsically know their worth (i.e., mate value), and that this knowledge has far-reaching implications on a variety of behaviors and decisions. Here our focus is on women’s mate value and how it relates to their intrasexual competition for access to, and retention of, romantic partners. We start with a review of definitions and the components of female mate value, discuss mate preferences in relation to assessment of mate value, and then briefly provide a sample of some auxiliary issues, such as how feelings of control over mate value influence one’s well-being. We then turn to female intrasexual competition and specifically review competitive strategy use in relation to mate value. In the last section, we provide areas for further investigation.

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18

Ryan, Matt. Why Citizen Participation Succeeds or Fails. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529209921.001.0001.

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When and how do ordinary citizens gain substantial control over important collective decisions affecting their lives? This book provides new answers to that question by systematically accumulating evidence in novel ways. This comparative review of participatory budgeting reveals the factors behind its success and failures in achieving democratic engagement. The book describes the application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis to systematically accumulate evidence of citizens gain control over important collective decisions in Participatory Budgeting. Analysis shows that popular claims that there are several single necessary conditions for citizens to gain such control over collective decisions have been imprudent. Nevertheless, a political leadership committed to participation is almost always required for sustained citizen control of political decisions over the longer term. There is evidence that these good outcomes only occur where those willing leaders can rely on strong support and competence from administrative staff, or alternatively where participatory leaders have strong fiscal independence. Perhaps controversially, the evidence for the importance of civil society conditions, which have played a strong role in theories of successful citizen participation, is mixed. The relevance afforded civil society in explanation depends on the level of uncertainty that researchers are willing to accept in their theories and reveals issues of conceptualisation of civil society roles in participatory programmes. Where politicians and bureaucratic staff are committed to supporting programmes, mobilised civil society organisations may serve to overcome fiscal constraints. Comparing global examples of both positive change and notable failure, it provides persuasive evidence and guidance for future public involvement in policymaking.

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19

Wagenaar, Hendrik, Helga Amesberger, and Sietske Altink. The national governance of prostitution: political rationality and the politics of discourse. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447324249.003.0004.

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This chapter depicts policy formulation as an ‘organised anarchy’ of agenda setting and political decision-making that expresses itself in an ongoing tension between institutionalised political rationality and public discourse. The emergence of policy agendas and the introduction of legislation are associated less with a particular identifiable phase of the policy process than with the contingent interactions of policy networks and institutions. This unruly process is strongly influenced by discourse, in both countries the worldwide neo-abolitionist discourse. In the Netherlands national policy swung from the halting legislative decision to decriminalize brothels, back to a national policy of control and containment. Austria’s policy was traditionally aimed at the control of a stigmatised activity, through measures such as compulsory STD checks, unfavorable fiscal measures, and immigration laws that prevent sex workers to have full access to the labour market. In both countries we observed that at the national level the sex trade is shaped as much, or perhaps even more, by laws that are tangential to prostitution (immigration, tax, social security and labour law) as by laws that are specifically directed at it.

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20

Nye, David E. Consumption of Energy. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0016.

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Anthropologists working within a functionalist tradition considered energy to be a fundamental need, along with food, water, and shelter. In 1949, Leslie White argued that systems of energy were so fundamental that societies could be classified according to how much light, heat, and power they had mastered. The society with the greatest access to energy was the most advanced. The most primitive were those that controlled nothing more than their own muscle power. By the 1980s, however, historians began to see consumers as actors whose decisions shaped which products succeeded in the market. The notion that advertisers controlled consumption collapsed after Roland Marchand's archival work revealed that agencies continually responded to changes in public taste, forced to follow trends beyond their control. Before it was possible to think of energy as something to be effortlessly consumed, complex networks of power had to be built into the very structure of cities. This article discusses energy consumption, and considers the establishment and growth of factories, as well as the use of energy in public lighting and transportation.

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21

Access to Information About Local Authority Decision-making: Summary Report on the Situation in Member States (Local and Regional Authorities in Europe). Council of Europe Publishing, 1994.

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22

Jones, David K. Exchange Politics and the Future of Health Reform. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677237.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the four key insights from the case study states, looking at the degree to which these lessons apply elsewhere. I ask what the Obama administration should have done differently in its intergovernmental negotiations with states and whether the decision to accept or reject control of an exchange matters. In other words, what are the policy implications of this decision? A Supreme Court case in 2015 would have dramatically raised the stakes of this decision, though the Court’s ruling in favor of the Obama administration ensures that any person with a qualifying income can receive financial assistance to purchase coverage on an exchange—regardless of their state’s decision. I conclude by examining the future of health insurances in particular, and health reform and U.S. federalism more broadly.

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23

Maxwell, Angie, and Todd Shields. The Long Southern Strategy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265960.001.0001.

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Beginning with Barry Goldwater’s Operation Dixie in 1964, the Republican Party targeted disaffected white voters in the Democratic stronghold of the American South. To realign these voters with the GOP, the party capitalized on white racial angst that threatened southern white control. However—and this is critical—that decision was but one in a series of decisions the GOP made not just on race, but on feminism and religion as well, in what is called here the “Long Southern Strategy.” In the wake of Second-Wave Feminism, the GOP dropped the Equal Rights Amendment from its platform and promoted traditional gender roles in an effort to appeal to anti-feminist white southerners, and it politicized evangelical fundamentalist Christianity as represented by the Southern Baptist Convention. All three of those decisions were necessary for the South to turn from blue to red. To make inroads in the South, however, GOP politicians not only had to take these positions, but they also had to sell them with a southern “accent.” Republicans had to mirror southern white culture by emphasizing an “us vs. them” outlook, preaching absolutes, accusing the media of bias, prioritizing identity over the economy, depicting one’s way of life as under attack, encouraging defensiveness toward social changes, and championing a politics of vengeance. Over time, that made the party southern, not in terms of place, but in its vision, in its demands, in its rhetoric, and in its spirit. In doing so, it nationalized southern white identity, and that has changed American politics.

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24

Knoll and, Benjamin R., and Cammie Jo Bolin. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882365.003.0009.

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The final chapter reviews the evidence that is presented throughout the book and discusses its implications for current conversations regarding female ordination in American congregations as well as wider societal forces at play. It also assesses the evidence in light of previous research on female ordination—finding, for example, empirical support for the idea that politics can drive religious behavior, and empirical disconfirmation of the notion that having female clergy will reduce religious attendance and involvement. In fact, levels of attendance and other religious behaviors are slightly higher in congregations that ordain women and moderately higher for younger women in congregations with a female pastor or priest. The chapter concludes by offering some thoughts on the issue of women’s ordination to religious congregational leaders and decision-makers who control access to leadership positions.

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25

Scott, Charles L., and Brian Falls. Mental illness management in corrections. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0002.

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An increasing number of individuals with mental illness are now treated in correctional environments instead of community settings. In the incarcerated population, prevalence estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) range from 9 to 20% compared to 6% in the community. More astonishingly, over three times more persons with serious mental illness in the United States are located in jails and prisons than in hospitals. It was not always like this. How did U.S. correctional systems become de facto mental health institutions for so many? Scholars point to a number of reasons for the increasing prevalence of mental illness among incarcerated individuals, including deinstitutionalization and limited community resources, prominent court decisions and legislative rulings, and the ‘revolving door’ phenomenon. There are many similarities between correctional and community mental health care services. Both systems typically provide appropriate medications, emergency care, hospitalization, medication management, and follow-up care. However, key differences often exist in correctional systems, including restricted formularies due to concerns of medication abuse or cost, alternative involuntary medication procedures, restricted access by visitors, and the inability of mental health providers to control the treatment environment. This chapter summarizes the historical context of correctional versus community mental health; factors resulting in the increasing management of people with mental illness in correctional settings; and similarities and differences between the provision of mental health care in correctional versus community settings.

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26

Joshua, Castellino, and Cavanaugh Kathleen A. 3 Minority Identities in the Middle East: Ethno-national and Other Minorities. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679492.003.0003.

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Although religion and ethnicity are the primary categories under which we examine minority communities, this chapter adds three additional categories: majoritarian minorities, political minorities, and trapped minorities. Majoritarian majorities are those who are numerically larger but excluded from sites of power, e.g. the Shi?a in Bahrain. Relative size distinguishes what we refer to as political minorities. Like ‘majoritarian’ groups, political minorities are excluded from power but are also a minority in terms of relative numbers; these include Shi?a in Saudi Arabia and Sunnis in Iran. ‘Trapped’ minorities, distinct from ethno-national minorities, are defined as a segment from a larger group spread across two or more states and marginalized, or as we discuss in the case of Palestinian-Israelis, doubly marginalized, subject to hegemonic control by others within these states and, as such, excluded from access to sociopolitical and economic decision-making institutions. In addition to Israeli Arabs, we include Palestinians, Baluchis, and Kurds in this category.

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27

Deighton, Chris. Rheumatoid arthritis—management. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0112.

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Influential guidelines on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management agree on most key recommendations. Early diagnosis of persistent synovitis, and identification of poor prognostic markers, is essential. Rapid intervention is vital with drugs to suppress inflammation, slow down damaging disease components, and prevent disability. The label of RA covers a broad spectrum of disease severity, and there is controversy on: • whether the same interventions are needed for all patients • whether monotherapy or combination treatment is appropriate • the role of steroids in RA • the appropriate introduction of biological therapies. Treating to specified targets is optimal evidence-based practice, where patients are reviewed regularly for disease activity assessments, and inadequate control rectified. Aiming for remission is the ultimate goal, though for some patients minimal disease activity may be appropriate. Patient education addressing self-management is important, and the multidisciplinary team (MDT: specialist nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, podiatrists, psychologists) needs to be involved from the start to minimize the impact on quality of life of the patient. For established disease, rapid access is important for flares, and to consider whether disease management could be improved. An intermittent overview of established disease is important with access to the MDT, and assessments for comorbidities such as ischaemic heart disease, osteoporosis, and depression, as well as complications of the disease itself such as cervical spine disease, vasculitis, and lung and eye complications. An informed patient needs to be central to all decision making.

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28

Levenson, Zachary. Delivery as Dispossession. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197629246.001.0001.

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Abstract This book explains why nearly thirty years after the transition to democracy, the South African government continues to evict squatters from urban land. It argues that housing officials view occupiers as threats to the government’s housing delivery program, which, they insist, requires order and state control. New occupations are therefore stigmatized as “disorderly” threats, and government actors represent their removal as a precondition for access to housing. Drawing on a decade of sustained ethnographic fieldwork in two such occupations in Cape Town, this study explains why one was evicted, whereas the other was ultimately tolerated, answering a central question in urban studies: how do governments decide when to evict, and conversely, when to tolerate? These decisions are not made in a vacuum but instead require an analysis that expands what we typically call “the state.” This book argues that the state does not simply “see” occupations, as if they were a feature of the natural landscape. Rather, occupiers collectively project themselves to government actors, affecting how they are seen. But residents are not only seen; they also see, which shapes how they organize themselves. When residents see the state as an antagonist, they tend to unify under a single leadership; but when they see it as a potential ally, they often remain atomized as if they were individual customers. The unity in the former case projects an orderly population, less likely to be evicted; but the fragmentation in the latter case projects a disorderly mass, serving to legitimate eviction rulings.

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29

Nathanson, Mitchell. Rickey, Race, and “All Deliberate Speed”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036804.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses how the burgeoning civil rights fixated its glare upon Major League Baseball (MLB), whose owners and executives soon realized that eventually, they were going to have no choice but to accept integration. Although powerless to stop the onrushing tide, they were nevertheless able to control how the story of the game's integration was going to be told. The story they perpetuated is one of the most affirming morality tales in American history—the story of Branch Rickey, Jackie Robinson, and the integration of MLB in 1947. Because baseball in America had reflected the nation's racial practices for decades, the event was perceived as momentous and precipitous because here, baseball foreshadowed nationwide, federally imposed and endorsed desegregation, coming as it did before the Supreme Court's landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

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30

1972-, Widdows Heather, and Mullen Caroline, eds. The governance of genetic information: Who decides? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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31

Pissarskoi, Eugen. The Controllability Precautionary Principle: Justification of a Climate Policy Goal Under Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0011.

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How can we reasonably justify a climate policy goal if we accept that only possible consequences from climate change are known? Precautionary principles seem to offer promising guidelines for reasoning in such epistemic situations. This chapter presents two versions of the precautionary principle (PP) and defends one of them as morally justifiable. However, it argues that current versions of the PP do not allow discrimination between relevant climate change policies. Therefore, the chapter develops a further version of the PP, the Controllability Precautionary Principle (CPP), and defends its moral plausibility. The CPP incorporates the following idea: in a situation when the possible outcomes of the available actions cannot be ranked with regard to their value, the choice between available options for action should rest on the comparison of how well decision makers can control the processes of the implementation of the available strategies.

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32

Krishnaswamy, Sudhir, and Divij Joshi. THE PHILOSOPHY AND LAW OF INFORMATION REGULATION IN INDIA. Centre for Law and Policy Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54999/2c0l1p0r.

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India is immersed in several simultaneous battles over the regulation and control of information. While the COVID-19 pandemic has ignited concerns over state-mandated information gathering of the health and personal information of residents, the expanded use of the Aadhaar biometric identity system threatens to make it an essential cipher for every interaction between the state and citizens. At the same time, the earlier momentum towards building strong legislative mandates to disclose public information to promote government accountability and enhance service delivery appears to have stalled. Further, the legislative efforts to regulate both public and private use of personal and non-personal information proceeds at a glacial pace. While these developments occur in different containers and niches of the legal ecosystem, they are grounded in one common conceptual, philosophical and legal puzzle: how should we regulate the access to, and the use of, information by public and private actors? This question becomes all the more salient with the surge in new forms of information collection and processing at a speed and scale made possible by big data collection and algorithmic decision-making technologies. ‘The Philosophy and Law of Information Regulation in India’ project is an effort to collate inter-disciplinary scholarship on the subject of the law and philosophy of information regulation, with a specific focus on India. We recognise that such an effort cannot be bound by legal scholarship alone, and must encompass and contend with the normative assumptions of various approaches towards information technologies.

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33

Cabeza, Laura, and Mónica Egido. Mosaicos económicos. Género y economía. Edited by Esther B. del Brío González. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/0ee0006.

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Este libro nace con la voluntad de contribuir a la divulgación de resultados de la investigación científica en economía entre lectores de otras disciplinas y el público en general. La comunicación de los avances de la economía y la administración de empresas a través de imágenes y mensajes cortos permite que la relación y la comunicación entre la Universidad y la sociedad sea más fluida. Trasladar mensajes económicos a través de imágenes es un campo poco explorado en la actualidad, pero debe ser un camino a considerar, dado el dinamismo y la rapidez con la que se mueve la información en el siglo XXI. La combinación de estructuras plásticas y de ideas abstractas de pensamiento lógico pueden fundirse para trasladar un mensaje subliminal que persuada y mueva conciencias. Dentro de las economías más avanzadas, la desigualdad afecta no tanto al acceso al trabajo, como a la brecha salarial de género, al denominado techo de cristal, o límite autoimpuesto por la mujer ante el cuidado de los hijos, al acceso a los puestos de alta dirección y a los consejos de administración, es decir, a los trabajos con mayor remuneración y capacidad de decisión. Todo ello lleva a la necesidad de seguir realizando políticas públicas que protejan a la mujer, políticas de conciliación y teletrabajo, políticas de igualdad, políticas contra la brecha salarial. Todo esto se aborda en este libro de forma plástica y directa.

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34

VA health care: Improving veterans' access poses financial and mission-related challenges : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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35

Aragón Sánchez, Antonio, and Juan Samuel Baixauli Soler, eds. Determinantes, factores contextuales y personales de la Intención Emprendedora de los estudiantes de la Universidad de Murcia. 2015. Editum. Ediciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/editum.2423.

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Publicación que analiza la intención emprendedora de los estudiantes de la Universidad de Murcia. El informe responde a la solicitud del Consejo Social de la Universidad de Murcia que pretende dar a conocer la predisposición actual de los estudiantes de la Universidad de Murcia para generar ideas de negocio y emprender. El informe se ha realizado a partir de la participación de 2.280 estudiantes matriculados en estudios de Grado y 413 de Posgrado. La intención emprendedora se ha medido a partir de un modelo de conducta planificada que ha sido validado en la literatura científica por su capacidad para predecir la actividad emprendedora. La intención emprendedora de los estudiantes se analiza profundizando en los factores explicativos que llevan a la decisión de emprender: actitud emprendedora, presión social y control percibido. Además se incluye un análisis amplio de los determinantes de la intención emprendedora, inconvenientes y trayectorias profesionales en función de los principales factores contextuales: género, edad estudios de acceso a la universidad, estudios que cursan en la universidad actualmente, distinguiendo por ramas de conocimiento, nivel académico y titulaciones de Grado, experiencia laboral, estudios de los padres, y grupo socioeconómico de las familias. Partiendo de los resultados de este estudio se podrán tomar medidas que favorezcan la actitud y la formación emprendedora y empresarial en todos los niveles de educación universitarios de cara a favorecer la actividad emprendedora de los estudiantes de la Universidad de Murcia.

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36

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on VA-HUD-Independent Agencies, ed. VA health care: Closing a Chicago hospital would save millions and enhance access to services : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1998.

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37

VA health care: Exploring options to improve veterans' access to VA facilities : report to the ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Compensation, Pension, Insurance, and Memorial Affairs, Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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38

Iregui-Bohórquez, Ana María, Ligia Alba Melo-Becerra, María Teresa Ramírez-Giraldo, and Ana María Tribín-Uribe. El camino hacia la igualdad de género en Colombia: todavía hay mucho por hacer. Banco de la República, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/ebook.664-429-7.

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Este libro analiza la transformación a largo plazo del papel de la mujer en el empleo, la educación, la fecundidad, la reivindicación de sus derechos y su participación política en Colombia desde principios del siglo XX hasta la actualidad. Este estudio se inspiró en el trabajo de Claudia Goldin (2006), quien evalúa la participación de la mujer en la economía de los Estados Unidos durante el siglo XX. Su análisis considera cuatro etapas. Las tres primeras muestran los cambios en la participación de las mujeres en el mercado laboral, que ella denota como fases evolutivas, y la cuarta como la etapa revolucionaria. La primera etapa, sucedió de 1900 a 1920, y estuvo caracterizada por la participación en el mercado laboral de mujeres jóvenes y solteras. La segunda etapa ocurrió entre 1930 y 1950, cuando las mujeres casadas aumentaron su participación. La tercera etapa va desde la década de 1950 hasta mediados y finales de los setenta, cuando las mujeres continuaron aumentando su participación laboral gracias a la mayor demanda. La cuarta etapa, a partir de finales de los setenta, es aquella en la que la participación de la mujer se define por su propia identidad, sus decisiones y sus perspectivas de futuro. Para el caso de Colombia hemos identificado cuatro etapas en la transformación de la mujer durante el siglo XX y comienzos del siglo XXI. El Gráfico 1 resume las tendencias a largo plazo y las interacciones entre algunos indicadores sociodemográficos empleadas para identificar las diferentes etapas de transformación femenina durante el período en consideración. Con este análisis observamos un punto de quiebre a mediados de los años 60s, que coincide con la introducción de métodos anticonceptivos. Esto ayudó a un marcado descenso de la fecundidad durante las siguientes dos décadas, acompañado por un aumento sin precedentes de las tasas de acceso a la educación por parte de las mujeres. Estos cambios condujeron a un incremento de la participación laboral femenina. El primer período, de 1905 a 1935, que hemos denominado el rezago de la mujer, se caracteriza por altas tasas de fecundidad y de mortalidad infantil y materna, bajas tasas de educación primaria y secundaria, y nulo acceso a la educación superior, muy baja participación laboral y una considerable discriminación contra las mujeres casadas en el mercado laboral, junto con una nula participación política, lo cual significa que las mujeres no tenían derecho al voto ni a participar para un cargo de elección pública. El segundo período, llamado los cimientos para el empoderamiento de la mujer, tuvo lugar entre 1936 y 1965. Durante estos años las mujeres comenzaron a matricularse en las universidades, pero con tasas bajas; las altas tasas de fecundidad y de matrimonios a temprana edad se mantuvieron. Aún más, la participación laboral femenina seguía siendo limitada y la mayoría de las trabajadoras eran las más jóvenes y solteras, debido a limitaciones formales e informales impuestas a la contratación de mujeres casadas. También debe mencionarse que transcurrida buena parte de esta etapa las mujeres obtuvieron el derecho al voto y a ser elegidas.

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39

Stefańska, Magdalena, ed. Sustainability and sustainable development. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-074-6.

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The aim of this book is to present the most important issues related to sustainable development (SD) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). They are discussed from a macro and micro perspective, both in the form of theoretical foundations of these concepts and practical examples of companies operating in Central and Eastern European countries that have implemented these ideas in their daily operations and translated them into corporate and functional strategies. The book consists of four parts. The first one is theoretical in its assumptions and is devoted to explaining the key concepts of sustainable development (SD) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The authors describe the determinants of sustainable development in the contemporary world, including the most important ones, such as globalization, climate change, poverty, unlimited consumption, as well as limited access to natural resources - all in relation to the goals of sustainable development. The chapter also discusses the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR), which is now recognized as the process by which business contributes to the implementation of sustainable development. How sustainable development (SD) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are incorporated into the organization's strategies and influence the corporate strategy on the corporate and functional areas of the organization is presented in the last chapter of the first part of the e-book. The next part of the e-book helps readers understand the concepts of SD and CSR in the field of organizational strategy - in strategic management, and at the level of functional strategies—marketing, human resources, marketing research, accounting and operational management. The authors explain the reasons why companies need to consider the local and global perspective when setting SDGs, and the existence of potential conflicts within them. Taking into account the area of marketing, the authors point to the increase in environmental and social awareness of all stakeholders, which translates into changes in the criteria for decision-making by managers and risk assessment. The issue of sustainability is also the subject of market research. Companies producing products and services, institutions dealing with environmental or consumer protection, scientists and students conduct many research projects related to, inter alia, much more. How to use secondary data for analysis and how to prepare, conduct, analyze and interpret the results of primary research in that area are discussed in detail in the next chapter of this section. The concept of SD also refers to the basic functions of human resource management (HRM)—recruitment, motivation, evaluation and control. They should take into account SD not only for the efficiency of the organization and long-term economic benefits, but also for ethical reasons. Thanks to the SHRM, the awareness and behavior of the entire organization can strongly express sustainable goals in the planning and implementation of the overall corporate strategy. The growing importance of the idea of SD and the concept of CSR also resulted in the need for accounting and finance to develop solutions enabling the provision of information on the methods and results of implementing these concepts in entities operating on the market. This part of the book also examines manufacturing activities in the context of sustainability. As a result, many problems arise: waste of resources, mismanagement, excessive energy consumption, environmental pollution, use of human potential, etc. The chapter presents such concepts as: zero-waste, lean-manufacturing, six-sigma, circular production, design and recycling products in the life cycle as well as ecological and environmentally friendly production. The next two parts of the e-book contain examples of companies from Central and Eastern Europe that used SD goals in their strategies, questions and tasks for readers.

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