Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Administrative and legal protection"

The author of the article has provided the results of the analysis of the methods of administrative and legal protection taking into account the changes within the relations between public administration and taxpayers and the course chosen by the state for liberalization of tax relations. The place of the concept of the methods of administrative and legal protection in the term system of the science of administrative law and their dialectical relations with the methods of public administration and administrative activity has been established. The author has indicated generic and specific features of the methods of administrative and legal protection of tax relations, where the latter will depend on the peculiarities of the means and methods of influence used by the public administration for the purpose of exercising security functions. The system of methods of administrative and legal protection of tax relations has been offered to form from three elements: general methods of administrative activity (persuasion and coercion), service tools of influence (provision of administrative services, creation of electronic services and publication of open data sets) and organizational methods. The expediency of distinguishing service means of influence into a separate group of methods of administrative and legal protection has been proved. It is conditioned by their special functional purpose – creation of conditions for independent prevention of possible breach of protected relations by the taxpayer. The role and correlation of persuasion and coercion in the system of methods of administrative and legal protection of tax relations have been clarified. Despite the presented importance of the persuasion within the relationship between the controlling agencies and the taxpayers, it has been stated that state coercion remains the main mean of administrative and legal protection of tax relations. Particular attention has been paid on the need to reconsider the correlation of tax and administrative coercion within tax relations. It has been proved that the basis of their delimitation should be not the branch of legislation, where the authority to apply the appropriate measure is assigned, but the essential criterion and the subject matter of regulation (influence) – relations arising from incomplete calculation and late and incomplete payment of taxes and fees, or relationships related to the organization and enforcement of tax responsibilities and the proper exercise by the supervisory authorities of their powers. It has been emphasized that tax coercion, unlike administrative, performs both punitive and compensatory functions.

In the article, the key aspects of the effectiveness of administrative and legal protection are researched on the basis of current legislation and opinions on this issue of scholars in the field of administrative law. The author notes that administrative-legal protection is an institution of administrative law consisting of uniform rules of administrative law whose legal effect is directed at the prevention of offenses (crime prevention) and the restoration of violated rights, freedoms and legal interests of individuals and juridical persons carried out for using administrative tools – forms of administrative activity of public administration, administrative coercion and administrative enforcement. The steady development of social relations in administrative law, the improvement of modern technologies, as well as the formation of an information society, could not but affect the state of efficiency of modern administrative and legal protection. The author states that the effectiveness of administrative and legal protection is an integral part of the theory and practice of such protection. Effectiveness of administrative and legal protection is the ability of public administration based on the norms of administrative law to qualitatively and timely restore violated rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of non-authorized individuals and legal entities, public interest of the state and society. Four levels of effectiveness of administrative and legal protection have been formed: sufficient, when the tasks of the public administration in restoration of violated rights of non-authorized persons are generally fulfilled in the normative-legal acts; insufficient, characterized by frequent cases of non-renewal of violated rights and freedoms of man and citizen, but not characterized by systematic; crisis, when there are systematic violations of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities, they do not receive from the state through the indirect activity of the public administration of protection, and dissatisfaction of citizens acquires a significant social weighty protest; is ineffective when the violated rights and freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities are practically not restored, and the law-enforcement system is full of corruption, while the norms of administrative-legal protection change their humane and fair essence and themselves become factors of the destabilization of social relations. It is concluded that administrative-legal protection exists through a system of administrative-legal norms, and at the same time it is proved that it can not, from the point of view of epistemology of law, exist in such narrow limits as the state determines, it reflects objective social relations, protects the most important values, Which during this period of time may not yet find the formal registration in the sources of administrative law, is provided on the basis of administrative law and simultaneously governed by the norms of administrative law, which will establish not only the state, although it primarily. Four levels of effectiveness of administrative and legal protection have been formed: sufficient, when the tasks of public administration set forth in normative legal acts in relation to the restoration of violated rights of non-authorities as a whole are fulfilled; insufficient, characterized by non-isolated cases, not the restoration of violated rights and freedoms of man and citizen, but not characterized by systematic; crisis, when there are systematic violations of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities, they do not receive protection from the state through the indirect activity of the public administration; the dissatisfaction of citizens acquires significant social protest; is ineffective when the violated rights and freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities are practically not restored, and corruption penetrates the law-enforcement system, while the norms of administrative-legal protection change their humane and fair essence and they themselves become factors of destabilization of social relations.

Environmental law uses various techniques or tools to achieve its aims and objectives and for the protection of individual rights and interests involved. Administrative techniques can be systematized in terms of their content, distinguishing between preventive intervention techniques, development tools, techniques of repression, environmental planning, trading instruments and complementary economic measures.

This article presents the concept of the administrative and legal transformation of constitutional order, security and Russia's well-being protective management. The author reveals the idea of protective management as an integrated system of measures, taken by the Russian Federation legislation, used to ensure the adequate implementation of subjective rights. Special attention is paid to a comparative analysis of such legal concepts as "administrative and legal security" and "administrative and legal protection" of the constitutional order, security and Russia's well-being. Noting the fact that these concepts can be united by common objects, objectives and the administrative-legal protection regime, the author points out that the methods for achieving them are deifferent and they do not coincide at all. Based on the research results, the following objectives of the administrative and legal transformation of protective management are highlighted: the Russian statehood preservation as a single territorial integrity of the state, ensuring the national democratic system stability, preserving civil-society institutions, human and civil rights and freedoms, and especially preventing threats to economic crises. With the help of linguistic analysis, the legal category "administrative and legal support" is revealed. And in this context, it is logical to conclude that the concept of "administrative legal protection" can be viewed from several positions: both as a combination of different means and conditions aimed to carry out certain tasks of vital functions of the functional system and as the process of creating and providing these means and conditions At the same time, it is clarified that the content of administrative and legal protection of the constitutional order, security and Russia's well-being is not limited to legal norms and lawmaking. The author points out that the concept of "administrative legal protection" differs from the term "legal system", and also compares it with the categories "lawmaking", "legal regulation" and "legal means". To sum it up, the author concludes that the administrative and legal transformation of the constitutional system, security and Russia's well-being protective management acts as a set of standards and legal activities of authorized entities.

The article is devoted to the analysis of administrative-legal protection of dendrological parks and its peculiarities as well as identifications of drawbacks in this sort of legal regulations. We also target at the ways to improve legal reglamentation of dendrological parks’ protection. Only effective legal protection enables adequate functioning of dendrological parks as nature conservational, recreational, cultural, educational, and research institutions. On having analysed the peculiarities of the administrative-legal protection of dendrological parks we draw attention to the fact that national legislation does operate neither the definitions for the term «administrative-legal protection of dendrological parks» nor for a more generic one «legal protection of dendrological parks». There are no principles, ideas or peculiarities for the legal protection of dendrological parksas unique research institutions and valuable natural areas. We consider this fact a drawback in the legal regulation of such territories functioning. We have analyzed national legislation and juridical literature to define the meaning of the categories «legal protection of dendrological parks» and «administrative – legal protection of dendrological parks» to determine the ways to improve legal administrative protection of dendrological parks. This article presents the research into the legislative base of dendrological parks functioning, which proved to be thoroughly developed although having some controversies. The system of state administration is ineffective in our country. There is a range of issues, which do not permit to develop a clear administrative vector for such a category of the nature reserve fund. We can single out institutional dispersion among dendrological parks, some collisions in legislative acts. Moreover, bodies of state policy on nature reserve fund combine several functions: monitoring, managing, and economic activity. The conclusions include the problems, which prevent the adequate realization of the administrative-legal protection of dendrological parks. We also develop ways to improve legal administrative protection of dendrological parks.

Legal remedies in administrative disputes are a paradoxical area of administrative procedure law. Although essentially inspired by the idea of protecting the rights, freedoms and obligations in administrative procedure, inadequate application of these legal remedies may result in a violation or obstruction of the fundamental rights and administrative procedure principles, and insufficient protection in administrative disputes. The paper examines the effectiveness of these remedies and addressed the following question: Can the current system of legal remedies in administrative disputes justify their legal purpose and presence in administrative procedure law? The negative response to this question would be the most reliable call for prospective reform. The administrative dispute goals are important for the legality principle, particularly in terms of the fundamental requirements of the "the rule of law" (as the key postulate of any democratically organized society) and the tendency of intensive and inevitable expansion of administration. The objectives of administrative disputes (administrative law judicial protection) are clearly defined in Article 1 of the Administrative Disputes Act. The Constitution recognizes and insists on the importance of legality of the administrative action, especially in decision-making on the rights, obligations and interests of individuals. Given the indisputable importance of implementing these goals and the relevance of this issue in the midst of extensive reforms of public administration and administrative justice, this paper provides a critical analysis of legal remedies in administrative disputes. Considering their realistic potential, the ultimate goal is to offer de lege ferenda solutions for the regulation of legal remedies in administrative disputes which would eliminate the drawbacks discovered in the research.

The concept and essence of administrative and legal protection of tax relations have been considered. It has been emphasized that the study of general theoretical ideas about the correlation between the concepts of legal security and legal protection will contribute to solving the tasks of the research. The provisions on the correlation of legal security and legal protection in the whole and as a part have been supported. The author has established peculiarities of administrative and legal protection compared with other types of legal protection of public relations: such activity is carried out by public administration agencies through administrative and legal means, including coercive ones. The essential components of administrative and legal protection, which should form the basis of its definition, include: prevention of negative phenomena; detection of possible violations; overcoming harmful consequences (restoration of violated rights); maintaining stable legal relations; prosecuting persons who encroach on the protected object. The author has emphasized on the peculiarities of the purpose of using the means of administrative and legal protection of tax relations – protection of public interests in the field of taxation, as an organic and balanced combination of public and private interests, the satisfaction of which contributes to the sustainable development of society. It has been found out that the content of administrative protection of a particular object is revealed through its means and measures. The analysis of sectoral studies has allowed to establish the following feature of administrative and legal protection measures: they are carried out by means of service nature, the list of which differs depending on the object of administrative legal protection, control and supervision, as well as by applying measures of administrative coercion. The need for a two-vector consideration of administrative and legal protection means has been emphasized: their impact is directed both on the taxpayer and on the controlling agencies (revenue and fees agencies).

Determined that the administrative-legal protection is an institution of administrative law, which consists of uniform rules of administrative law, whose legal influence is directed at the prevention of offenses (crime prevention) and the restoration of violated rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities through administrative tools: forms of administrative activity of public administration, administrative coercion and administrative procedures. It is determined that forms of administrative activity of public administration in the field of administrative and legal protection is a classic expression of their administrative activity in the implementation of executive and administrative activities and the provision of administrative services in order to restore or prevent violation of the rights, freedoms or legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities. At the same time, public administration entities can use the entire arsenal of forms of administration of public relations by public administration, namely the issuance of regulatory and individual administrative acts, the implementation of other legally significant actions and logistical operations. It has been found out that logistical operations to maintain and use public registers of property rights by the public administration provide for the prevention of most property rights violations, and restore the infringed property rights through the decisions of certain administrative commissions. It is emphasized that the instruments of public administrative activity include normative acts of public administration, administrative discretion in the activities of public administration and e-government. Public administration regulations differ from other acts in that they establish, modify or repeal rules of law - mandatory rules of conduct established and protected by the state. In performing its functions, the public administration in the exercise of administrative and legal protection has the opportunity to use all the most common forms of administration of public relations by the public administration, in particular, such as the issuance of regulatory and individual administrative acts, the implementation of other legally significant actions, logistical operations, etc.

In the article the author analyzes the category of administrative and legal mechanism for ensuring the realization of public interest. Under the administrative-legal mechanism for ensuring the realization of public interest, the author understands complex complexstructured system of regulation of relations between public administration bodies and subjects of power influence, the purpose of functioningof which is the satisfaction of objectively defined social development needs, its peculiar “over-goals”. It is substantiated that the effectiveness of the administrative-legal mechanism of ensuring public interest is achieved at the normative-legal, organizational, managerial and human-rights levels. It is substantiated that the administrative and procedural component ofthe administrative-legal mechanism for the protection of public interests is intended for the prevention and cessation of offenses in the realization of a particular public interest. It is emphasized that protection of public interests should be recognized as the central task of administrative justice, a characteristicof its legal nature, since it is with the help of administrative legal proceedings that judicial control and supervision of the activity ofstate authorities and local self- government bodies are carried out, protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individualsand restored public interests. It is substantiated that the separate activity form of protection of public interests by administrative justice bodies is the terminationof the issuance of normative legal acts issued by public administration bodies (or the invalidation of their separate provisions) thatviolate public interests.

The impressive growth of antidiscrimination law in liberal democracies in the past few decades belies the inadequacy of the normative bases on which it has been sought to be justified. Popular ideals such as rationality, equality and dignity have been unsuccessful in providing a coherent liberal framework for the fundamental aspects of the practice of antidiscrimination law. In this thesis, I have argued that a unified normative framework comprising autonomy and dignity-as-autonomy does a markedly better job of justifying the most fundamental aspects of these laws. The ideal of personal autonomy is understood here as a principle that seeks to guarantee an adequate range of valuable options to individuals. Dignity-as-autonomy is understood to be an expressive norm, which forbids certain persons from expressing contempt for the autonomy of another. These ideals have different forms: autonomy is a non-action-regarding principle, while dignity-as-autonomy is action-regarding. They are also distinct substantively: it is often possible to violate one of them without affecting the other. When these ideals make incompatible demands, I argue that those made by autonomy should prevail. Mandating positive action and reasonable accommodation on the one hand, and prohibiting indirect discrimination and harassment on the other, are essential features of a model of antidiscrimination law based on this framework. Further, under this framework, antidiscrimination law is not vulnerable to objections such as ‘levelling down’ and responds well to claims of discrimination on ‘intersectional grounds’. Furthermore, it is not essential to find an ‘appropriate comparator’ in order to prove discrimination. This model also explains when, and under what conditions, can some forms of discrimination be ‘justified’. Finally, on an autonomy-based model, antidiscrimination law is only one of several complementary tools that should be employed to protect and promote personal autonomy.

Належний судовий захист порушених, невизнаних або оспорюваних прав і законних інтересів громадян є завданням національних судових органів. Діяльність будь-якого такого суб’єкту націлена на його систематичне виконання та має за мету підвищити рівень ефективності судової системи, сприяючи, тим самим, посиленню ролі судової влади, а також необхідного зростання довіри населення до цієї гілки. Вочевидь, що саме від дієвого судового захисту з боку всіх відповідних учасників судової системи помітно суттєво буде залежати політична стабільність та економічна стійкість держави, що має вкрай вагоме значення в нинішніх, без перебільшення, складних умовах. Це також може відобразитися на подальшому розвитку Української держави, позначаючись на її позиціях і впливаючи на становище під час прийняття значної кількості рішень стратегічно важливих для країни.
Proper judicial protection of violated, unrecognized or disputed rights and legitimate interests of citizens is the task of national courts. The activities of any such entity are aimed at its systematic implementation and aim to increase the efficiency of the judiciary, thereby helping to strengthen the role of the judiciary, as well as the necessary increase in public confidence in this branch. It is obvious that the political stability and economic stability of the state, which is extremely important in the current, without exaggeration, difficult conditions, will significantly depend on the effective judicial protection of all relevant participants in the judicial system. It can also affect the further development of the Ukrainian state, affecting its positions and influencing the situation when making a significant number of decisions strategically important for the country.

Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню особливостей адміністративно-правового механізму охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій і визначенню напрямків його удосконалення. Надається авторське визначення поняття "адміністративно-правовий механізм охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій". Серед елементів адміністративно-правового механізму охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій виокремлено: 1) правовідносини (суб’єкти, об’єкт, зміст); 2) принципи адміністративно-правової охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій; 3) адміністративно-правові норми, що регламентують охорону та захист прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій; 4) адміністративну відповідальність за порушення прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій. Розкривається зміст конституційних, галузевих та міжгалузевих принципів адміністративно-правової охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій. Запропоновано адміністративно-правове регулювання охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій розуміти як цілеспрямований вплив, прийнятих у встановленому законом порядку адміністративно-правових норм, на суспільні відносини у сфері набуття та реалізації виключних прав особистого і майнового характеру на результати інтелектуальної діяльності у сфері медицини та біотехнології з метою їх упорядкування, розвитку в інтересах не лише правовласників, але й суспільства та держави, а також захисту від неправомірних посягань. Класифікуються джерела адміністративно-правового регулювання охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій: за місцем нормативних актів в ієрархії актів законодавства, за об’єктами прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнології, які потребують охорони та захисту, за спрямованістю положень нормативних актів на охорону чи захист об’єктів права інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій. Визначено особливості суб’єктів адміністративно-правового механізму охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності: це обов’язковий елемент вказаного механізму; серед них є органи законодавчої, виконавчої, судової влади; завершено перехід від трирівневої до дворівневої системи органів виконавчої влади України до повноважень яких належать питання охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності; триває створення Вищого суду інтелектуальної власності, що позначається на стані реалізації судового порядку захисту прав інтелектуальної власності. Серед органів виконавчої влади, які є суб’єктами адміністративно-правового механізму охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій, зважаючи на їх повноваження виокремлено: а) суб’єкти, для яких повноваження з охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності є основними – НОІВ та його структурні підрозділи; б) суб’єкти, які здійснюють повноваження з охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності в межах основних завдань (Кабінет Міністрів України, Міністерство економічного розвитку, торгівлі та сільського господарства в Україні, Міністерство охорони здоров’я України, Державна служба України з лікарських засобів та контролю за наркотиками, Антимонопольний комітет України, Державна митна служба України, Національна поліція України, Служба безпеки України). Під адміністративно-правовими формами охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій пропонується розуміти зовнішній прояв управлінської діяльності державних органів (їх посадових осіб), що здійснюється у визначених адміністративним законодавством межах та порядку, з метою створення належних умов для набуття та реалізації виключних прав особистого і майнового характеру на результати інтелектуальної діяльності у сфері медицини та біотехнології та захисту їх від неправомірних посягань. Виділено адміністративно-правові форми охорони прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій: видання адміністративних актів; укладення адміністративних договорів; надання адміністративних послуг. Визначено, що адміністративно-правовою формою захисту права інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій є звернення правовласника до державних органів. Акцентовано увагу на особливостях адміністративно-правових форм охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій, а також їх спільних ознаках. Розкривається зміст адміністративної відповідальності за порушення прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій за КУпАП Законом України "Про захист від недобросовісної конкуренції", Митним кодексом України. Запропоновано з метою удосконалення механізму притягнення до юридичної відповідальності за ст. 476 Митного кодексу України надати митним органам право з власної ініціативи відбирати зразки товару заявленого до митного оформлення для проведення експертизи. Узагальнено досвід США, Японії, Польщі, Німеччини щодо охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій . Сформульовано пріоритетні напрямки удосконалення адміністративно-правового механізму охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій: 1) закріплення на законодавчому рівні понять "винахід у сфері медицини" та "біотехнологічний винахід", що відповідає європейським стандартам захисту прав людини; 2) прийняття Закону України "Про охорону прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій"; 3) вдосконалення методики проведення експертизи заявки на винаходи, об’єктом яких є лікарський засіб; 4) конкретизація положень Порядку надання Кабінетом Міністрів України дозволу на використання запатентованого винаходу (корисної моделі), що стосується лікарського засобу від 04.12.2013 р.; 5) удосконалення взаємодії суб’єктів адміністративно-правового механізму охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій, зокрема: а) Державного експертного центру МОЗ України та НОІВ щодо проведення експертизи документів, що подаються для державної реєстрації лікарського засобу в частині назви; 2) НОІВ та органів Державної митної служби України щодо внесення першим інформації до Митного реєстру об’єктів права інтелектуальної власності. Наукова новизна одержаних результатів полягає в тому, що представлена наукова праця є однією із перших у вітчизняній науці адміністративного права спроб комплексно визначити сутність та особливості адміністративно-правового механізму охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій, а також напрямки його удосконалення, що дозволило сформулювати низку нових концептуальних наукових положень та надати авторські пропозиції з досліджуваних питань. Практична цінність висновків та положень дисертації підтверджується тим, що вони можуть бути використані: 1) для розробки подальших напрямків удосконалення адміністративно-правового механізму охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій; 2) для внесення змін в законодавство, що регулює адміністративно-правову охорону та захист прав інтелектуальної власності у сфері медицини та біотехнологій; 3) під час проведення занять та підготовки навчально-методичної літератури із дисциплін "Адміністративне право", "Господарське право".
The dissertation deals with peculiarities of the administrative and legal mechanism to protect and defend intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology and determines the areas for its improvement. The author’s definition of the concept “administrative and legal mechanism to protect and defend intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology” is formulated. The elements of administrative and legal mechanism to protect and defend intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology are: 1) legal relations (subjects, object, content); 2) principles of administrative and legal protection and defense of intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology; 3) administrative and legal norms governing the protection and defense of intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology; 4) administrative liability for infringement of intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology. The content of constitutional, sectoral, and intersectoral principles of administrative and legal protection and defense of intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology is revealed. It is proposed to define the administrative and legal regulation of protection and defense of intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology as an intentional influence of administrative and legal norms adopted under the law on public relations in the field of acquisition and implementation of exclusive personal and property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology to organize them, develop in the interests of right holders and society and the state, as well as protection against unlawful encroachment. Sources of administrative and legal regulation of protection and defense of intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology are classified: by the place of regulations in the hierarchy of legislation, by objects of intellectual property rights in medicine and biotechnology that need protection and defense, by the direction of the provisions of regulations on the protection or defense of intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology. The peculiarities of the subjects of the administrative and legal mechanism to protect and defend intellectual property rights are determined: it is an obligatory element of the specified mechanism; they include the legislative, executive, judicial authorities; the transition from a three-tier to a two-tier system of executive bodies of Ukraine, the powers of which include issues to protect and defend intellectual property rights, has been completed; the creation of the Supreme Court of Intellectual Property continues, which affects the state of the judicial procedure implementation for the protection of intellectual property rights. Among the executive bodies that are the subjects of the administrative and legal mechanism to protect and defend intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology, given their powers, the following structural subdivisions are singled out: a) subjects the authority for which to protect and defend intellectual property rights is the main – National Intellectual Property Authority and its structural units; b) subjects exercising powers to protect and defend intellectual property rights within the essential tasks (Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, Ministry for Development of Economy, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, State Service of Ukraine on Medicines and Drug Control, the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine, the State Customs Service of Ukraine, the National Police of Ukraine, the Security Service of Ukraine). Administrative and legal forms to protect and defend intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology are proposed to be defined as the external manifestation of management activities of state bodies (their officials), carried out within the administrative legislation limits and procedures, to create appropriate conditions for personal and property rights to the results of intellectual activity in the field of medicine and biotechnology and their protection from unlawful encroachments. The administrative and legal forms to protect intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology are highlighted: issuance of administrative acts; conclusion of administrative agreements; provision of administrative services. It is determined that the administrative and legal form to protect intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology is the application of the right holder to government agencies. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of administrative and legal forms to protect and defend intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology, as well as their common features. The content of administrative liability for infringement of intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology under the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Law of Ukraine “On Protection against Unfair Competition”, the Customs Code of Ukraine is revealed. To improve the mechanism of prosecution under Art. 476 of the Customs Code of Ukraine, it is proposed to give to customs authorities the right on own initiative to take samples of the goods declared for customs clearance for examination. The experience of the USA, Japan, Poland, and Germany on protection and defense of intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology is summarized. The priority directions to improve the administrative and legal mechanism to protect and defend intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnologies are formulated: 1) consolidation at the legislative level of the concepts “invention in the field of medicine” and “biotechnological invention”; 2) adoption the Law of Ukraine “On protection of intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology”; 3) improvement of the methodology to examine the application for inventions, the object of which is a medicinal product; 4) specification of the provisions of the Procedure for permitting the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine to use a patented invention (utility model) related to a medicinal product as of 04.12.2013; 5) improving the interaction of the subjects of administrative and legal mechanism to protect and defend intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology, in particular: а) the State Expert Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and National Intellectual Property Authority on the examination of documents submitted for state registration of a medicinal product in terms of name; b) National Intellectual Property Authority and the bodies of the State Customs Service of Ukraine to enter the first information to the Customs Register of Intellectual Property Rights. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is that the presented scientific work is one of the first attempts in Ukrainian science of administrative law to comprehensively determine the nature and features of the administrative and legal mechanism to protect and defend intellectual property rights in medicine and biotechnology that allowed to formulate several new conceptual scientific positions and to provide author’s suggestion on the investigated issues. The practical significance of the conclusions and provisions of the dissertation lies on the fact that they can be used: 1) to develop further areas for improving the administrative and legal mechanism to protect and defend intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology; 2) to amend the legislation governing administrative and legal protection and defense of intellectual property rights in the field of medicine and biotechnology; 3) during classes and preparation of educational and methodical literature for the courses “Administrative Law”, “Commercial Law”.

Les écosystèmes forestiers d’Afrique centrale en général, et ceux du Cameroun en particulier, sont très riches en ressources naturelles. Ils offrent de nombreuses opportunités aux populations pour leurs moyens de subsistance. Cependant, face à la mise en place du processus de développement socio-économique, ce milieu est confronté à de nombreuses menaces, notamment, la déforestation, la dégradation, le braconnage, la pollution, la surexploitation des ressources biotiques et abiotiques, etc. Le législateur camerounais, sous l’impulsion de l’action de la coopération internationale, a adopté plusieurs instruments juridiques internationaux et nationaux prévoyant des mesures de protection des écosystèmes forestiers durant la réalisation des projets de développement socio-économique. Toutefois, l'analyse minutieuse du dispositif normatif et institutionnel mis en place au Cameroun, montre que les mécanismes juridiques de protection des écosystèmes forestiers durant la réalisation des projets de développement socio-économique, quoique pluriels, restent ineffectifs et inefficaces. Beaucoup d’efforts restent encore à fournir sur certains aspects qualitatifs de la législation. L’application des mécanismes juridiques existants ne favorise pas l’atteinte des objectifs d’une protection efficace et efficiente des écosystèmes forestiers. Les problèmes liés aux ressources humaines et financières, de gouvernance forestière, d’incoordination institutionnelle, d’analphabétisme écologique, de la pauvreté généralisée des populations, de conflit entre la tradition et la modernité ont pour conséquence de relativiser l’effectivité et l’efficacité de la protection des espaces forestiers au Cameroun. Pour relever ce défi, il faut nécessairement mettre en œuvre de nombreuses actions, dont les plus pertinentes sont la reformulation du cadre législatif, l’amélioration du système de gouvernance et l’élaboration d’une convention internationale sur les forêts
The forest ecosystems of Central Africa in general and those of Cameroon in particular, are very rich in natural resources. They offer many opportunities for people in terms of livelihoods. However, faced with the implementation of the process of socio-economic development, this environment is confronted with many threats including deforestation, degradation, poaching, pollution, overexploitation of biotic and abiotic resources, etc. The Cameroonian legislator, spurred by the action of international cooperation, has adopted several international legal instruments and has legislated on measures to protect forest ecosystems during the implementation of socio-economic development projects. However, a careful analysis of the normative and institutional framework put in place in Cameroon shows that the legal mechanisms for protecting forest ecosystems during the implementation of socio-economic development projects, although plural, remain ineffective and inefficient. There is still much work to be done on some aspects of legislation and enforcement of existing legal mechanisms to ensure that forest ecosystem protection objectives are effective and efficient. The problems of human and financial resources, forest governance, institutional incoordination, ecological illiteracy, widespread poverty of the people, conflict between tradition and modernity have the effect of putting into perspective the effectiveness and efficiency of the protection of forest ecosystems in Cameroon. Meeting this challenge requires the implementation of several actions, the most salient of which are the reformulation of the legislative framework, the improvement of governance and the elaboration of an international convention on forests

Дисертаційна робота присвячена визначенню сутності та розкриттю особливостей адміністративно-правового регулювання соціального захисту працівників Національної поліції України та перспектив його вдосконалення, ґрунтуючись на досвіді зарубіжних країн та в рамках проведення масштабного державного реформування. Надаються характеристика історії розвитку та сучасного стану правового регулювання соціального захисту працівників Національної поліції України, а також характеристика методологічних засад дослідження адміністративно-правового регулювання соціального захисту працівників Національної поліції України. Розкриваються сутність адміністративно-правової складової в регулюванні соціального захисту працівників Національної поліції України. Визначаються поняття та сутність адміністративно-правового статусу працівників Національної поліції України, а також поняття і принципи соціального захисту працівників Національної поліції України. Окреслюються напрями соціального захисту працівників Національної поліції. Встановлюється система суб’єктів у сфері забезпечення реалізації соціального захисту працівників Національної поліції України. Узагальнюється зарубіжний досвід правового регулювання соціального захисту працівників поліції. Визначаються перспективи вдосконалення адміністративно-правового регулювання соціального захисту працівників Національної поліції України.
The dissertation is focused on determining the essence and revealing the specific features of administrative and legal regulation of social protection of the National Police of Ukraine and prospects for its improvement, based on the experience of foreign countries and in the framework of large-scale state reform. The genesis of the concept of police, which was interpreted as "public order", is determined. The historical development of the police is considered and six (from the existence of Kievan Rus Galicia – Volyn principality, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the present – the creation of the National Police of Ukraine) are distinguished stages of its formation, within which it was transformed and the dynamics of development of social rights and guarantees of law enforcement. It is established that methodologies are, first of all, a system of principles, methods, approaches to cognition of a certain subject of research. In the structure of which it is accepted to distinguish methods, principles and approaches. There is a multifaceted application of a systems approach, which means a system formed by the principles, techniques and methods of cognitive activity. The main features that emphasize some unanimity of researchers' approaches to the study of the mechanism of administrative and legal regulation are summarized: 1) mechanism – a set of ways or system of ways and means of regulating social relations; 2) the presence of three main components of the mechanism (rules of law, acts of implementation of rules of law, administrative and legal relations); 3) delimitation of the constituent elements of administrative and legal regulation into basic and additional (related, optional). The administrative and legal status of the employee of the National Police of Ukraine is determined, by which it is proposed to understand the set of powers established by the normative legal act, through the implementation of which the tasks are performed. The essence of the administrative-legal status is objectively considered through the tasks for the implementation of which the powers and responsibilities of a particular subject of legal relations are provided, clearly regulated and enshrined in the normative legal act, for non-performance and, or improper performance of which liability is provided. The concept of social protection is defined in a broad and narrow sense. Yes, in a broad sense – it is a number of consistent functions performed by the state, aimed at ensuring the implementation of social policy through specially created state bodies. In the narrow sense, it is a state-guaranteed timely and urgent set of measures aimed at organizing the material support of the relevant categories of citizens who, due to objective and/or subjective factors, have lost or not been able to provide proper living conditions on their own. There are general principles, which include the principle of guaranteeing the right to social protection, the principle of systematic, the principle of legality, the principle of economic feasibility, the principle of preventing the abolition and/or reduction of social benefits due to changes in social legislation and special principles timeliness, the principle of urgency, the principle of justice. Based on the current legislation, the main areas of social protection of the National Police are noted, which we propose to differentiate by nature: 1) material support (police cash benefits, one-time cash benefits in case of death or disability of police officers, police pensions); 2) housing (preservation of benefits for housing); 3) medical support (free receipt of drugs, medicines, immunobiological drugs and medical devices according to doctors' prescriptions, free first-priority dentures (except for prosthetics made of precious metals), free provision of sanatorium treatment or self-compensation); 4) professional protection (working hours and rest time of police officers, police leave, protection of the rights and legitimate interests of police officers, education of police officers' children). In connection with the extensive system of subjects of social protection (central and local executive bodies, local governments, public associations, enterprises in the implementation of social policy), their multilevel (state, regional, local) is established. The experience of foreign countries in the field of legal regulation of social protection of law enforcement officers in Eastern Europe (Republic of Bulgaria) and post-Soviet Baltic countries (Republic of Lithuania, Republic of Estonia, Republic of Latvia) and post-Soviet countries (Republic of Belarus, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan, Georgia). The priority areas for improving the social protection of employees include: 1) legislative – codification of regulations in the field of social security in general and the police in particular, highlighting the relevant rules in a separate book with the introduction of a clear distinction between working time and leisure time; 2) professional – the organization of real regulation of guarantee of fundamental social rights; 3) material – decent financial support of all spheres of life; 4) psycho-emotional – psycho-emotional adaptation of police officers, restoration of the image of the profession and authority among the population and the establishment of the presumption of the rightness of the police at the legislative level. In order to effectively organize the administrative and legal regulation of social protection of employees of the National Police of Ukraine by improving the current Law, it is proposed to supplement the definitions: "office (working) time", "overtime", "police leave", "police cash".

У дисертації наведено теоретичне узагальнення та нове вирішення наукового завдання, яке полягає у визначенні сутності та особливостей адміністративно-правових засад забезпечення кібербезпеки України, а також опрацюванні напрямків удосконалення адміністративного законодавства, яке регулює забезпечення кібербезпеки в Україні. Визначається поняття та з’ясовуються особливості кібербезпеки як об’єкта адміністративно-правової охорони. Здійснюється історико-правовий аналіз розвитку та становлення правового інституту кібербезпеки. Встановлюються види об’єктів кібербезпеки та кіберзахисту. Характеризуються правові засади забезпечення кібербезпеки України та з’ясовується місце серед них адміністративно-правового забезпечення. Окреслюється коло суб’єктів забезпечення кібербезпеки України та особливості їх адміністративно-правового статусу. Систематизуються адміністративно-правові форми та методи забезпечення кібербезпеки України. Виокремлюються види та особливості юридичної відповідальності за порушення законодавства у сфері кібербезпеки України. Узагальнюється зарубіжний досвід забезпечення кібербезпеки та пропонуються можливості його використання в Україні. Опрацьовуються напрямки вдосконалення адміністративного законодавства, яке регулює забезпечення кібербезпеки в Україні. Пропонуються способи оптимізації системи суб’єктів забезпечення кібербезпеки України та напрямки вдосконалення взаємодії між ними.
В диссертации приведены теоретическое обобщение и новое решение научной задачи, которая заключается в определении сущности и особенностей административно-правовых основ обеспечения кибербезопасности Украины, а также разработке направлений совершенствования административного законодательства, регулирующего обеспечение кибербезопасности в Украине. Определяется понятие и выясняются особенности кибербезопасности как объекта административно-правовой охраны. Осуществляется историко-правовой анализ развития и становления правового института кибербезопасности. Устанавливаются виды объектов кибербезопасности и киберзащиты. Характеризуются правовые основы обеспечения кибербезопасности Украины и выясняется место среди них административно-правового обеспечения. Определяется круг субъектов обеспечения кибербезопасности Украины и особенности их административно-правового статуса. Систематизируются административно-правовые формы и методы обеспечения кибербезопасности Украины. Выделяются виды и особенности юридической ответственности за нарушение законодательства в сфере кибербезопасности Украины. Обобщается зарубежный опыт обеспечения кибербезопасности и предлагаются возможности его использования в Украине. Прорабатываются направления совершенствования административного законодательства, регулирующего обеспечение кибербезопасности в Украине. Предлагаются способы оптимизации системы субъектов обеспечения кибербезопасности Украины и направления совершенствования взаимодействия между ними.
The author of the dissertation has provided theoretical generalization and a new solution of the scientific problem, which consists in determining the essence and peculiarities of administrative and legal principles of ensuring cyber security of Ukraine, as well as working out the directions of improving administrative legislation that regulates the provision of cyber security in Ukraine. The author has determined the concept and clarified the features of cyber security as an object of administrative and legal protection. The historical and legal analysis of the development and formation of the legal institution of cyber security has been carried out. The types of objects of cyber security and cyber protection have been established. The author has characterized the legal principles of ensuring cyber security of Ukraine and has clarified the place of administrative and legal provision among them. The range of subjects of ensuring cyber security of Ukraine and the peculiarities of their administrative and legal status have been outlined. Administrative and legal forms and methods of ensuring cyber security of Ukraine have been systematized. The types and peculiarities of legal liability for the violations of legislation in the sphere of cyber security of Ukraine have been singled out. International experience of ensuring cyber security has been generalized; the author has offered the possibilities of its application in Ukraine. Areas of improvement of administrative legislation regulating the provision of cyber security in Ukraine have been worked out. The ways for the optimization of the system of subjects of ensuring cyber security of Ukraine and directions of the improvement of interaction between them have been offered.

Dans l’Union européenne, la nécessité de mieux protéger les droits fondamentaux favorise la recherche d’un nouvel équilibre entre équité et efficacité procédurales. La thèse examine les incidences de ce phénomène en droit des aides d’État, qui se caractérise par sa technicité et sa sensibilité politique, puisqu’il confie à la Commission le droit exclusif d’autoriser ou d’interdire les aides que les États membres projettent de verser à certaines entreprises. Bien que celles-ci soient en principe reconnues comme des sujets de droit fondamental, le contrôle des aides d’État fait figure d’exception, puisqu’il n’offre quasi-aucune garantie procédurale lors de la phase administrative, apparaît souvent imprévisible aux entreprises et retient une norme de contrôle juridictionnel largement perfectible, tant en matière de légalité que d’exécution. Ce constat plaide pour une réforme, dont l’étude examine quelques pistes
In the European Union, the need to better protect fundamental rights calls for research into finding a new balance between procedural fairness and efficiency. The thesis examines the impact of this phenomenon in State aid law which is characterized by its technical nature and its political sensitivity since it confers on the Commission the exclusive right to authorize or prohibit aids that Member States plan to grant to certain companies. Although these businesses are in principle recognized as legal persons in regards to fundamental rights, the State aid control is an exception since it offers almost no procedural guarantees during the administrative phase, often appears unpredictable to companies and maintains a standard of judicial control that could be considerably improved, both in terms of legality and enforcement. This observation argues for a reform that the study examines in the following lines of thought

Бурда С.Я. Адміністративно-правовий захист учасників виборів і референдумів в Україні: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.07 – адміністративне право і процес; фінансове право; інформаційне право / Бурда Степан Ярославович. – Львів: Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ, 2010. - 223 с.
Дисертацію присвячено комплексному дослідженню адміністративно- правового захисту учасників виборів і референдумів в Україні. Розглянуто адміністративно-правовий статус та адміністративно-правові засади захисту учасників виборів і референдумів в Україні. В результаті проведеного дослідження сформульовано низку висновків, положень, пропозицій, які є важливими для обґрунтування та застосування адміністративно-правових заходів, спрямованих на забезпечення захисту прав учасників виборів і референдумів в Україні та проведення профілактики з метою запобігання даного виду правопорушень. The dissertation is devoted to administrative and legal protection of participants of the elections and referendums in Ukraine. Thesis dears with analysis of administrative and legal status and administrative and legal framework for protecting the participants of elections and referendums in Ukraine. As far as resuts of the research are concerned a number of conclusions, regulations, proposals that are important to the study and application of administrative and legal measures to protect the rights of elections and referendums in Ukraine and for prophylaxis to prevent this type of crime have been put forward.

The monograph is devoted to the administrative and legal protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens in the field of defense and security of the Russian Federation. The mechanism of administrative and legal support of defense and security and the administrative and legal status of citizens as subjects of this activity are disclosed. The author's vision of the concept and content of administrative and legal protection is justified, the functional characteristics of the powers of state authorities are given, and the specifics of state control in this area are indicated. It is intended for students, cadets, postgraduates, teachers, practitioners, as well as a wide range of readers interested in the problems of ensuring defense and security.

AbstractThis study presents how the OOP is related to the constitutional and institutional principles concerning the good performance and impartiality of public authorities and the protection of citizens’ rights against the action of public administration, with special regard to the Italian regulatory framework. The national path towards the implementation of the principle is examined, starting from the obligation of the use of self-certifications in place of certificates and the automatic acquisition of data and documents in administrative procedures down to the digitalization of administrations and the interoperability of public databases. A specific paragraph is devoted to the OOP in public procurement, as crucial for development of the European digital single market.

AbstractThe Great Depression (1929–1939) can be seen as an international turning point in labour regulation in the colonies of European imperial powers in Sub-Sahara Africa. The context of the Great Depression essentially marked the beginning of the end of the era of post-slavery labour “market-making”, witnessing the move away from forced labour, first steps towards protection of employees and changes in form, length, administrative and penal framing of individual labour relations. The article traces the main features of labour-related legislation and its changes, reflecting modes of production, racial labour relations, the changing role of colonial administration and the contribution of the International Labour Organisation to legal developments especially in British, French and German Sub-Sahara colonies.

AbstractAn area that has been partially regulated by law, and one that has special prominence in law systems, is cybersecurity. Cybersecurity needs to be considered as an interdisciplinary concept that draws on multiple fields, including various domains of law. But in order to distinguish it from the legal and administrative system as a whole (in relation to the latter especially in organisational and objective terms), and to categorise it and identify regulatory areas, it is necessary to define the scope of activity that this sphere involves (in subjective, objective, functional and organisational terms). Only then will it be possible to systematise the issue of the legal protection of cyberspace.

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the policy infrastructure and key policies in place concerning the social rights of Danish citizens residing abroad. It builds on evidence from legal and administrative documents, on communications with key informants, as well as on existing studies and reports concerning the Danish Government’s approach to emigration and diaspora policies. Concrete cases for this study are five countries where the largest Danish diaspora concentrate: Sweden, Norway, Germany, the United States of America and the United Kingdom. It argues that reliance on supra-national agreements, previous rather negative public opinion about emigrants as well as the residence principle embedded in the qualifying conditions for social benefits are three main factors which explain the limited attention currently given by the Danish Government to diaspora policies, in particular the social protection of Danish citizens residing abroad.

AbstractArticle 19 defines violence broadly to include all forms of harm, encompassing physical, mental and sexual violence as well as non-intentional forms of harm, such as neglect. As such, Article 19 articulates full respect for the human dignity and physical and personal integrity of children as rights-bearing individuals. This requires a paradigm shift of caregiving and protection away from the perception of children primarily as victims. Article 19 sets out a comprehensive prohibition on all forms of violence towards children and enjoins State Parties to take all form all measures available to enforce this right. This article summarizes the four main attributes of Article 19 as follows: (1) All violence towards children is prohibited, frequency or severity of harm need not be demonstrated and violence is defined broadly to encompass all forms of violence towards children, personal, social and institutional, including physical and emotional harm as well as neglect, maltreatment, sexual abuse, and abandonment; (2) the right protects children from harm from their parents and legal guardians as well as when they are in the care of proxy caregivers, including school officials, hospital staff, daycares, sports programs, as well as custodial settings and alternative care arrangements; (3) States are required to give effect to this right through all appropriate measures: legislative, administrative, social and educational; and finally the call for comprehensive measures to eradicate violence against children is reinforced by the final attribute (4) this attribute insists that the range of interventions required to give effect to Article 19 rights includes measures to ensure effective identification, reporting, investigation, and treatment of all forms of harm to children.

AbstractItaly is a very complex case of migration management and of foreign workers’ integration in the labour market. Both have developed in the grip of structural national limits, due to the economic and social structure of the country, but also to its political culture and legal framework. Work is certainly among the most effective instruments for ensuring the effective integration of foreigners into the social fabric of the host country. However, the chapter discusses the many obstacles that hinder the full integration of foreigners into the Italian labour market, especially when they do not have a residence permit for work reasons but are beneficiaries of international and humanitarian protection. Since access to work for beneficiaries of international and humanitarian protection is still very complicated, there is a strong risk that the progressive reduction in the number of permits granted for work reasons and the simultaneous increase in the number of those granted for protection will slow down the process of integration through work. Furthermore, particularly long and complicated administrative recruitment procedures would require a comprehensive review of the legislation to become instruments of social and economic integration and not of marginalization. Against this backdrop, the chapter highlights how the law may abdicate from its empowering purpose to become a concrete barrier for the full enjoyment of newcomers fundamental rights.

The present work examines the current legislation on some aspects of the administrative legal protection of the constitutional right to work. As a result of the analysis of the content of the constitutional right to work and of the basic means for its administrative legal protection conclusions and summaries are made about the applicable normative regulation concerning the questions in consideration.

The article is devoted to the research of the concept of “appeal” in connection with the administrative legal relations, the definition of the signs of appeal through the prism of its relationship with the administrative legal dispute and other related concepts. The author comes to the conclusion that appeal is a concept that reflects the activities of citizens and legal entities related to the protection of their rights in relations with administrative bodies.

The General Administrative Procedure Act of 2016 is a truly new law that introduced a number of innovations in the system of legal remedies as well as some new types of administrative actions, such as the adoption of guarantee acts, the conclusion of administrative contracts, the provision of public services. (Admittedly, these are not the only new things, and of these, the author only pays attention to some taking into account the topic of the title work.) In the article, the author touches on a new legal remedy - a complaint. The question arises whether it is at all substantive a legal remedy or an initial act to initiate administrative proceedings. It may also be questioned whether the complaint is a apropriated form of protection for public service users. When it comes to the provision of public services, the author points out that they are not performed in the administrative procedure, and if a less detailed analysis could lead to the conclusion that this is precisely the case. There are differences between the administrative procedure and the provision of public services. The provision of public services should not be regulated by a procedural law aimed at making a decision - an administrative act in this case. The administrative procedure gives legal protection to users of public services. The author doubts the effectiveness of legal protection.

В статье говорится о защите прав интеллектуальной собственности. Рассмотрены подходы к пониманию сущности интеллектуальной собственности, ее правовой охране и защите, разбираются вопросы административно-правовой защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности. Особое внимание уделяется проблемам, которые усложняют правовое регулирование в данной сфере общественных отношений. The article deals with the protection of intellectual property rights. Approaches to understanding the essence of intellectual property, its legal protection and protection are considered, issues of administrative and legal protection of intellectual property rights are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the problems that complicate the legal regulation in this area of public relations.

"The administration performs a great task in the life of modern societies, through its intervention to satisfy public needs through the establishment and management of public utilities that aim to achieve the public interest and respond to the requirements and necessities of daily life, as well as protecting public order, and regulating the relationship between them and individuals with constitutional and legal texts, as well as The organizational rules that lay down the general framework for public liberties and individual rights, all to prevent them from practicing any activity outside the framework of legality. Originally, the administration is not obligated to issue its decisions in a specific form, as it is free to choose the external form of these decisions, unless the law requires it otherwise. This requires that the decision be embodied in an external form in order for individuals to know the will of the administration and to adjust their behavior according to its requirements. However, the implementation of this rule on its launch, may negatively affect the rights of individuals, because the administration may sometimes deliberately remain silent about deciding the requests submitted to it, or it may neglect at other times to respond to these requests. Existence of apparent decisions in an external legal form, meaning that the matter remains in the hands of the administration, if it wants it will respond to the requests of individuals, and if it wants to be silent, which constitutes a waste of their rights, a violation of the principle of equality, and confiscation of the right to litigation guaranteed by the constitution, it requires protection of individuals from the inconvenience of the administration And the abuse of their rights, and put an end to the neglect of employees and their indifference to the requests or grievances submitted to them, in addition to the fact that the requirements of the public interest require that the administrative staff exercise the powers entrusted to them by law at the present time. ( ) For these justifications, the legislator intervened in many countries, including France, Egypt, Lebanon and Iraq, to ​​suppose that the administration had announced its will, even if it remained silent or silent about deciding on the request presented to it, and this resulted in an implicit administrative decision of rejection or approval. As a result of the large number of state intervention in the economic and social fields in recent times, it has led to the multiplicity and diversity of state agencies and institutions, and the public administration often does not provide its services to individuals except at the request of individuals. Therefore, it may be difficult for individuals to identify a competent administrative authority to submit their request to. to get those services. He makes a mistake and submits it to a non-competent administrative body. When this authority is silent and does not transfer the request to its competent authority, and the legal period granted to the administration to respond to their requests has passed, individuals resort to the judiciary, and submitting the request to the non-competent authority prevents the judiciary from accepting their claim, which wastes their rights and thus harms them. Therefore, the administrative judiciary in many countries has extended its control over this case to consider the application submitted to a non-competent administrative body as if it was submitted to its competent authority, given that the state is a single public legal person. Accordingly, the request submitted to any party starts from the legal period available to the administration to meet the requests of individuals and in its absence the implicit administrative decision of rejection or acceptance arises. Accordingly, we will study the jurisprudence of the French, Lebanese, Egyptian and Iraqi judiciary in this study. The importance of the study lies in the implications of the subject of requests submitted to the administration, the delay in their completion, the silence of the administration, and the consequent effects and exposure to the rights of individuals. And that it will show how to confront this silence, neglect and intransigence of the administration. The idea of ​​implicit administrative decisions, resulting from the administration’s silence on the requests submitted to it, is an effective means, which makes the administration more positive and enables individuals to confront the administration’s silence, and prevents its intransigence, arbitrariness or neglect. The problem of the research is that can silence be an expression of the will? How do individuals protect themselves from the actions of the administration, and who guarantees its non-bias, arbitrariness and deviation? Does submitting the application to a non-competent body protect the rights of individuals? ? And the extent of judicial oversight on the authority of the administration.? And the extent of the compatibility and divergence of the positions of the administrative judiciary in France, Lebanon, Egypt and Iraq regarding this.? From the above in explaining the importance of the study and its problem, we can deduce the scope of the study, which is the study of judicial control over the requests submitted to the administration by taking an overview of the nature of the requests, their types and distinguishing them from others, and the position of each of the legislation, the judiciary and jurisprudence from it. The research consists of two sections, the first deals with the nature of the request and what is related to it, and the second is judicial control over the applications submitted to the administration, as follows"

Literature shows that IDPs struggle to access services, which has an impact on their ability to live healthy and fulfilling lives. In the field of health, IDPs frequently have worse outcomes than both host community and refugees. This rapid literature review finds evidence of a number of policy and administrative barriers to access of services for internally displaced persons (IDPs). IDPs remain citizens of the countries in which they are displaced, and the national authorities retain responsibility for meeting their basic rights. However, their displacement, loss of livelihoods and assets, lack of documentation, as well as discrimination against them, lack of protection under international law, lack of policy to address their needs, poor services and conflict or disaster conditions, can all make it more difficult for IDPs to access basic services than non-displaced citizens. There is relatively little literature systematically addressing the issue of administrative and policy barriers to service access among IDPs. Much of the literature discusses IDPs alongside refugees (who have a different legal status and access to different national and international support), or discusses the whole range of difficulties facing IDPs but does not focus on administrative or policy barriers. The literature frequently does not compare IDPs and other citizens and service users. Nevertheless, policy and administrative barriers are discussed, ranging from analysis of international instruments on IDPs to documentation procedures in particular countries. Much of the literature shows the prevalence of disease, lack of school attendance, limited provision of services etc. faced by IDPs, but does not discuss the policy and administrative barriers in detail.

The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In this guide for States, we present a framework to reconfigure relations between these core commitments by assessing the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. We aim in particular to provide an evidence base and analytical frame for States to better grasp key legal and policy issues related to upholding respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. We do so because the lack of knowledge regarding interpretation and implementation of counterterrorism resolutions matters for the coherence, integrity, and comprehensiveness of humanitarian policymaking and protection of the humanitarian imperative. In addition to analyzing foundational concerns and evaluating discernible behaviors and attitudes, we identify avenues that States may take to help achieve pro-humanitarian objectives. We also endeavor to help disseminate indications of, and catalyze, States’ legally relevant positions and practices on these issues. In section 1, we introduce the guide’s impetus, objectives, target audience, and structure. We also describe the methods that we relied on and articulate definitions for key terms. In section 2, we introduce key legal actors, sources of law, and the notion of international legal responsibility, as well as the relations between international and national law. Notably, Security Council resolutions require incorporation into national law in order to become effective and enforceable by internal administrative and judicial authorities. In section 3, we explain international legal rules relevant to advancing the humanitarian imperative and upholding respect for principled humanitarian action, and we sketch the corresponding roles of humanitarian policies, programs, and donor practices. International humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to ensure — for people who are not, or are no longer, actively participating in hostilities and whose needs are unmet — certain essential supplies, as well as medical care and attention for the wounded and sick. States have also developed and implemented a range of humanitarian policy frameworks to administer principled humanitarian action effectively. Further, States may rely on a number of channels to hold other international actors to account for safeguarding the humanitarian imperative. In section 4, we set out key theoretical and doctrinal elements related to accepting and carrying out the Security Council’s decisions. Decisions of the Security Council may contain (binding) obligations, (non-binding) recommendations, or a combination of the two. UN members are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions. Member States retain considerable interpretive latitude to implement counterterrorism resolutions. With respect to advancing the humanitarian imperative, we argue that IHL should represent a legal floor for interpreting the Security Council’s decisions and recommendations. In section 5, we describe relevant conduct of the Security Council and States. Under the Resolution 1267 (1999), Resolution 1989 (2011), and Resolution 2253 (2015) line of resolutions, the Security Council has established targeted sanctions as counterterrorism measures. Under the Resolution 1373 (2001) line of resolutions, the Security Council has adopted quasi-“legislative” requirements for how States must counter terrorism in their national systems. Implementation of these sets of resolutions may adversely affect principled humanitarian action in several ways. Meanwhile, for its part, the Security Council has sought to restrict the margin of appreciation of States to determine how to implement these decisions. Yet international law does not demand that these resolutions be interpreted and implemented at the national level by elevating security rationales over policy preferences for principled humanitarian action. Indeed, not least where other fields of international law, such as IHL, may be implicated, States retain significant discretion to interpret and implement these counterterrorism decisions in a manner that advances the humanitarian imperative. States have espoused a range of views on the intersections between safeguarding principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. Some voice robust support for such action in relation to counterterrorism contexts. A handful call for a “balancing” of the concerns. And some frame respect for the humanitarian imperative in terms of not contradicting counterterrorism objectives. In terms of measures, we identify five categories of potentially relevant national counterterrorism approaches: measures to prevent and suppress support to the people and entities involved in terrorist acts; actions to implement targeted sanctions; measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism; measures to prohibit or restrict terrorism-related travel; and measures that criminalize or impede medical care. Further, through a number of “control dials” that we detect, States calibrate the functional relations between respect for principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. The bulk of the identified counterterrorism measures and related “control dials” suggests that, to date, States have by and large not prioritized advancing respect for the humanitarian imperative at the national level. Finally, in section 6, we conclude by enumerating core questions that a State may answer to help formulate and instantiate its values, policy commitments, and legal positions to secure respect for principled humanitarian action in relation to counterterrorism contexts.

. In this article, based on the analysis of the main elements of the activities of officials of border agencies in the conduct of administrative investigation in cases of administrative offenses, its general and specific characteristics are highlighted, which together allowed the author to propose a definition of the investigated type of activity. Not only the current legal regulation in the field of application of the administrative investigation specified in Article 28.7 of the Administrative Code, but also the inconsistency of the emerging scientific-categorical apparatus of the affected subject area are subjected to critical consideration.

Free trade areas (and customs unions) were established in a multilateral level since in Article XXIV of the GATT, and that is the legal minimum from which preferential trade agreements are now built. Some say CPTPP is part of a new generation of Free Trade Agreements because it goes deeper in the integration process. The CPTPP Agreement is a 584-page treaty, a very extensive legal instrument with 30 chapters, so when we talk about legal trends it refers to all 30 chapters at first. But it’s not the idea to explain every chapter in this text, not even just the dispute mechanisms, but the legal highlights that make the CPTPP an example of the new structure in international trade law. The CPTPP’s new chapters constitute the actual trade agenda and establish a minimum level of protection on topics not specially linked to trade, but which are now essential to talk about a new configuration of trade agreements, such as investments, intellectual property, e-commerce, among others

For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.