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1
Caci, H. "ADHD and Nicotine: Implications for Treatment." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70244-5.
Анотація:
It is now acknowledged that Attention-deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD) is not limited to children or adolescents. Regardless of culture, up to 4% of the adults in the general population might be diagnosed with ADHD, a disorder often accompanied by comorbid psychiatric disorders. Among those is Substance Abuse including cigarette smoking. Indeed, ADHD patients tend to start with drugs earlier than normal controls. Pharmacological treatments of ADHD chiefly encompass amphetamine salts, methylphenidate and atomoxetine with a good tolerance and effectiveness. These treatments are even better tolerated now that long-acting, extended-release formulations and transdermal delivery systems become available. But it is likely that some patients will still not respond, especially when comorbid disorders are associated. Other agents are being tested as future pharmacotherapies of ADHD. Here we propose a review of the literature concerned with the relationships between cigarette smoking and ADHD in adolescent and adult patients, and an overview of the future pharmacotherapies of ADHD related with nicotine receptor agonists.
2
Levin, Edward D., Corinne Wells, Susan Slade, Michelle Lee, Anthony A. McKinney, Jed E. Rose, and Amir H. Rezvani. "Prolonging the Reduction of Nicotine Self-Administration in Rats by Coadministering Chronic Nicotine With Amitifadine, a Triple Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitor With CYP2B6 Inhibitory Actions." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 2 (April 11, 2019): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz054.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction Existing treatments can aid tobacco smoking cessation, but they have low efficacy. Because there is a network of neural systems involved in tobacco addiction, combination treatments may provide greater efficacy. Chronic nicotine and amitifadine have each been shown to significantly reduce nicotine self-administration in rats. This study was conducted to determine if the combination of chronic nicotine with amitifadine, a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor with CYP2B inhibitory effects, would reduce nicotine self-administration to a greater extent than either alone or placebo. Methods This study tested the combination of nicotine plus amitifadine in young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats self-administering nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion). This combination was compared with each treatment alone and the vehicle during continuing nicotine self-administration as well as during resumption of self-administration after a week of enforced abstinence, modeling a quit attempt. Finally, we studied the residual effects of these therapies after discontinuation of treatment. Results Treatment with either chronic nicotine or amitifadine alone significantly reduced nicotine self-administration relative to controls. The combination of the treatments significantly enhanced this effect. After treatment withdrawal, all of the groups showed increases in nicotine self-administration, but only the combined treatment group remained significantly below control rates of nicotine self-administration. Conclusions This study showed the promise of amitifadine as a possible new treatment for smoking cessation and suggested that amitifadine is more effective when given with chronic nicotine. The improved efficacy of the amitifadine and nicotine combination may be potentiated by amitifadine’s inhibitory effects on CYP2B, which slows nicotine metabolism. Implications This study replicated the effects that chronic nicotine or chronic amitifadine, a triple reuptake inhibitor, significantly reduces nicotine self-administration in rats. It extends those findings by showing that the combination of chronic nicotine plus amitifadine causes significantly greater reduction in nicotine self-administration than either drug treatment alone. The combination of chronic amitifadine and chronic nicotine also causes a persistent significant reduction in nicotine self-administration after the end of treatment. The amitifadine and nicotine treatment should be assessed in humans to determine whether this combination provides greater efficacy in smoking cessation than transdermal nicotine treatment alone.
3
Pergadia, Michele L., Arpana Agrawal, Andrew C. Heath, Nicholas G. Martin, Kathleen K. Bucholz, and Pamela A. F. Madden. "Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms in Adolescent and Adult Twins." Twin Research and Human Genetics 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.13.4.359.
Анотація:
AbstractWe examined the variation and heritability of DSM-IV nicotine withdrawal (NW) in adult and adolescent male and female twin cigarette smokers (who reported smoking 100 or more cigarettes lifetime). Telephone diagnostic interviews were completed with 3,112 Australian adult male and female smokers (53% women; age: 24–36) and 702 Missouri adolescent male and female smokers (59% girls; age: 15–21). No gender or cohort differences emerged in rates of meeting criteria for NW (44%). Latent class analyses found that NW symptoms were best conceptualized as a severity continuum (three levels in adults and two levels in adolescents). Across all groups, increasing NW severity was associated with difficulty quitting, impairment following cessation, heavy smoking, depression, anxiety, conduct disorder and problems with alcohol use. NW was also associated with seeking smoking cessation treatment and with smoking persistence in adults. The latent class structure of NW was equally heritable across adult and adolescent smokers with additive genetic influences accounting for 49% of the variance and the remaining 51% of variance accounted for by unique environmental influences. Overall, findings suggest remarkable similarity in the pattern and heritability of NW across adult and adolescent smokers, and highlight the important role of NW in psychiatric comorbidity and the process of smoking cessation across both age groups.
4
Dukes, Angeline J., James P. Fowler, Valeria Lallai, Anna N. Pushkin, and Christie D. Fowler. "Adolescent Cannabinoid and Nicotine Exposure Differentially Alters Adult Nicotine Self-Administration in Males and Females." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 8 (May 12, 2020): 1364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa084.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction During adolescence, exposure to nicotine or cannabis independently induces effects on neuromaturation and later cognitive function. However, the potential effect of both drugs under co-use conditions has become of increasing concern given the prevalence of e-cigarettes, legalization of cannabis, and availability of synthetic “spice” cannabinoid agonists. Aims and Methods The current studies investigated the effects of exposure to a cannabinoid receptor agonist (WIN55,212-2) and/or nicotine over a discrete time period in mid-adolescence on later intravenous nicotine self-administration in adult male and female mice. We further examined whether cannabinoid agonist administration in adulthood would alter nicotine reinforcement, with either acute or chronic pairing across 7 days. Results We found that adult males exhibited increased nicotine self-administration at a lower, rewarding nicotine dose following adolescent cannabinoid exposure, either alone or with nicotine coadministration. In contrast, adult females demonstrated an opposing effect in which adolescent cannabinoid and nicotine coexposure resulted in decreased nicotine intake compared with the nicotine only and control groups. Furthermore, after maintaining nicotine self-administration across sessions, pretreatment with a low dose of the cannabinoid agonist decreased nicotine intake in both male and female control mice, and this lowering effect was evidenced after both acute and chronic treatment. However, the cannabinoid agonist was ineffective in altering nicotine intake in mice previously exposed to nicotine, cannabinoid agonist, or both during adolescence. Conclusions These data provide evidence that adolescent drug exposure can alter later nicotine reinforcement in a sex-specific manner and can further modulate the effectiveness of interventions in reducing nicotine intake during adulthood. Implications These studies demonstrate a significant impact of nicotine, cannabinoids, or coexposure on developmental processes during adolescence. Differential effects were observed within each sex, with opposing results found for cannabinoid exposure on nicotine intake in males and females. Intriguingly, we also evidenced resistance to the lowering effects of a cannabinoid agonist on nicotine intake in adulthood based on adolescent drug exposure. Thus, these findings have important implications for our understanding of the impact of nicotine and cannabinoids (eg, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and synthetic “spice” cannabinoids) during development, with further implications for the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions based on prior drug exposure in youth.
5
Krishna, T. P. Adarsh, T. P. Ajeesh Krishna, N. D. Chithra, P. E. Deepa, U. Darsana, K. P. Sreelekha, Sanis Juliet, et al. "Acaricidal Activity of Petroleum Ether Extract of Leaves ofTetrastigma leucostaphylum(Dennst.) Alston againstRhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/715481.
Анотація:
The acaricidal activity of the petroleum ether extract of leaves ofTetrastigma leucostaphylum(Dennst.) Alston (family: Vitaceae) againstRhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatuswas assessed using adult immersion test (AIT). The per cent of adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity, and blocking of hatching of eggs were studied at different concentrations. The extract at 10% concentration showed 88.96% inhibition of fecundity, 58.32% of adult tick mortality, and 50% inhibition of hatching. Peak mortality rate was observed after day 5 of treatment. Mortality of engorged female ticks, inhibition of fecundity, and hatching of eggs were concentration dependent. The LC50value of the extract againstR. (B.) annulatuswas 10.46%. The HPTLC profiling of the petroleum ether extract revealed the presence of at least seven polyvalent components. In the petroleum ether extract, nicotine was identified as one of the components up to a concentration of 5.4%. However, nicotine did not reveal any acaricidal activity up to 20000 ppm (2%). Coconut oil, used as diluent for dissolving the extract, did not reveal any acaricidal effects. The results are indicative of the involvement of synergistic or additive action of the bioactive components in the tick mortality and inhibition of the oviposition.
6
McCarthy, Danielle E., and Mark V. Versella. "Quitting Failure and Success With and Without Using Medication: Latent Classes of Abstinence and Adherence to Nicotine Monotherapy, Combination Therapy, and Varenicline." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, no. 11 (August 9, 2018): 1488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty157.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction Nonadherence to pharmacotherapies complicates studies of comparative pharmacotherapy effectiveness. Modeling adherence and abstinence simultaneously may facilitate analysis of both treatment acceptability and effectiveness. Methods Secondary analyses of a three-arm randomized comparative trial of nicotine patch, varenicline, and combination nicotine patch and lozenge among adult daily smokers (N = 1086) were conducted. Adherence rates collected via interactive voice response systems during the first 27 days of quitting were compared across treatment conditions. Repeated measures latent class analyses of adherence and abstinence in 3-day parcels through 27 days of a quit attempt were conducted with treatment, demographic, and smoking history covariates. Results Adherence varied across treatments and was lowest for nicotine lozenge use in combination nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Five latent classes that differed significantly in 6-month abstinence rates were retained, including three subgroups of adherent participants varying in treatment response and two nonadherent groups varying in abstinence probabilities. Nonadherence was more likely among those receiving varenicline and combination NRT, relative to patch monotherapy. Varenicline and combination NRT did not promote abstinence among adherent latent classes but did promote abstinence among those partially adherent, relative to patch alone. Combination therapy attenuated increased risk of treatment disengagement with more years smoking. Minority smokers, those high in dependence, and those with shorter past abstinence were at increased risk for low-adherence and low-abstinence latent classes. Conclusions Varenicline and combination nicotine patch and lozenge are less likely to be used as directed and may not increase first-month abstinence better than patch alone when taken adherently. Implications This secondary analysis of adherence and abstinence in a comparative effectiveness trial shows that adherence is highest for the nicotine patch, next highest for varenicline, and lowest for combination nicotine patch and lozenge therapy due to low lozenge use. Distinct latent classes were found that varied in both first-month abstinence and adherence. Varenicline and combination NRT may not enhance abstinence over patch alone among smokers who take medication adherently. Adherent use of medication especially benefits those who are low in dependence and have positive quitting histories; it is less beneficial to at-risk smokers and members of racial minorities.
7
Han, Tingting, Qi Wang, Ruihe Lai, Dalong Zhang, Yao Diao та Yafu Yin. "Nicotine Induced Neurocognitive Protection and Anti-inflammation Effect by Activating α 4β 2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Ischemic Rats". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, № 6 (10 серпня 2019): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz126.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction The main objective of this study was to explore the mechanism of nicotine improving cognitive impairments in ischemic rats. Methods Twenty adult male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats underwent ischemic model surgery by injecting endothelin-1 into the left thalamus, which were classified into four different groups with different intervention: nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/d), dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE; 3 mg/kg/d), nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/d) + DHβE (3 mg/kg/d), or saline, after ischemic model surgery. Another five male SD rats also underwent same surgery, while not injecting endothelin-1 but saline, as the control group. Morris water maze (MWM) test was adopted to assess the cognition. All the rats underwent the MWM test, micro positron emission tomography imaging with 2-[18F]-A-85380, and messenger RNA (mRNA) test of α 4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), β 2 nAChR, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6. Results The MWM test showed the rats given nicotine showing better memory than ischemic rats (p < .05), whereas the rats given DHβE or both nicotine and DHβE did not show any statistical difference from the ischemic rats (p > .05). Micro positron emission tomography imaging showed higher uptake of tracer in the left thalamus and whole brain in rats given nicotine than in ischemic rats, but the rats given DHβE or both nicotine and DHβE did not. By real-time PCR test, the mRNA of α 4 nAChR and β 2 nAChR in rats given nicotine increased significantly compared with ischemic rats and decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA (all ps < .05). Conclusions By activating α 4β 2 nAChRs, nicotine plays a role in inhibiting the inflammatory factors, which contributes to improving cognitive impairment in ischemic rats. Implications It is well acknowledged that vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. Cholinergic agents have potential for the symptomatic treatment of the cognitive symptoms of dementia, but the exact mechanism still remains unclear. There are potential complex associations and interactions between VCI and inflammation. This study showed that nicotine had anti-inflammatory potency, which is most likely because of the activation of the nAChRs. By activating α4β2 nAChRs, nicotine played a role in inhibiting the inflammatory factors, which contribute to improving cognitive impairment in ischemic rats.
8
Carroll, Allison J., Amanda R. Mathew, Frank T. Leone, E. Paul Wileyto, Andrew Miele, Robert A. Schnoll, and Brian Hitsman. "Extended Nicotine Patch Treatment Among Smokers With and Without Comorbid Psychopathology." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 1 (September 12, 2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty191.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction Individuals with psychiatric conditions smoke at higher rates than the general population and may need more intensive treatment to quit. We examined whether or not extended treatment with nicotine patch, combined with behavior counseling, would disproportionally benefit smokers with versus without a lifetime psychiatric condition. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data from an effectiveness trial of treatment with 12 counseling sessions (48 weeks) and 21-mg nicotine patch (8, 24, or 52 weeks) among 525 adult daily smokers. A structured clinical interview assessed past and current psychiatric disorders (major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, alcohol abuse and/or dependence, and substance abuse and/or dependence), as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition). Abstinence was bioverified at week 52. Logistic regression evaluated the effect of the psychiatric status × treatment duration interaction on abstinence at week 52, covarying for sociodemographics, baseline psychological symptoms, and treatment adherence. Results At baseline, 115 (21.9%) participants were diagnosed with one or more psychiatric conditions. The psychiatric status × treatment duration interaction was significant for week 52 abstinence (p = .027). Abstinence rates between smokers with versus without a psychiatric condition in the 24-week treatment arm (9.3% vs. 31.5% abstinent) significantly differed from the 8-week treatment arm (18.8% vs. 22.3%), p = .017. Abstinence rates for smokers with (22.5%) versus without a psychiatric condition (19.7%) in the 52-week treatment arm did not differ from those in the 8-week arm. Conclusions Targeted smoking cessation treatment, rather than extending treatment duration, may be especially warranted to optimize treatment for smokers with comorbid mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Implications Individuals with psychiatric conditions smoke at higher rates and have greater difficulty quitting compared to those in the general population, but little is known about how to best optimize treatment for this high tobacco burden population. The present study found that cessation response to extended duration treatment with the transdermal nicotine patch did not differ for smokers with versus without comorbid anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in a large-scale clinical effectiveness trial. Development of targeted behavioral treatments may be required to optimize abstinence outcomes for this high-risk population, rather than simply extending the duration of pharmacotherapy treatments.
9
Rose, Jed E., and James M. Davis. "Combination Lorcaserin and Nicotine Patch for Smoking Cessation Without Weight Gain." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 9 (October 7, 2019): 1627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz149.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction This study explored the efficacy of combination lorcaserin and nicotine patch for smoking cessation treatment and prevention of postsmoking cessation weight gain. Methods We conducted a trial in which 61 adult daily smokers were asked to quit smoking using a combination of lorcaserin and nicotine patch. During the first 2 weeks of treatment prior to the quit day, participants were randomized to receive either lorcaserin (10 mg twice daily) plus nicotine patch (21 mg) or placebo plus nicotine patch (21 mg). Following this 2-week period, participants received both medications for 12 weeks. Outcomes included 4-week continuous smoking abstinence at the end of treatment (weeks 7–10 postquit attempt), weight change, ad libitum smoking, withdrawal symptoms, and ratings of cigarette reward. Results Biochemically confirmed continuous smoking abstinence from 7 to 10 weeks postquit attempt was 31.1% (90% confidence interval, 21.4%–40.8%). Participants who quit smoking showed no weight gain; in fact, mean weight change was minus 0.16 kg (SD = 3.27) over the study period. There was an unexpected but strong association (p = .006) between a decrease in sensory enjoyment of smoking and successful quit outcome on this regimen. During the prequit randomization period, lorcaserin versus placebo reduced the impact of smoking to relieve craving for cigarettes as well as the sensory enjoyment of smoking (p = .005). Adherence and tolerability to lorcaserin and nicotine patch was good. Conclusions The combination of lorcaserin and nicotine patch was well tolerated, associated with a relatively high smoking abstinence rate, and effectively prevented weight gain associated with quitting smoking. Implications This report provides an important contribution to the literature because it details evidence of a medication combination—lorcaserin and nicotine—that is effective for smoking cessation and for ameliorating weight gain associated with smoking cessation. For many smokers, postcessation weight gain is a major obstacle to quitting, and this medication combination provides a suitable treatment option for these smokers. Clinical Trial Registration NCT02906644
10
Valera, Pamela, Nicholas Acuna, and Ismary Vento. "The Preliminary Efficacy and Feasibility of Group-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment Program for Incarcerated Smokers." American Journal of Men's Health 14, no. 4 (July 2020): 155798832094335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988320943357.
Анотація:
Group-based tobacco dependence treatment has been known to help smokers to quit in general adult populations, but the feasibility and efficacy of this type of smoking cessation treatment in correctional settings remain uncertain. A 6-week group-based smoking cessation treatment with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in the form of nicotine patches was implemented in seven male prison facilities, in the Northeast, among smokers who were born biologically as male. Exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO) levels were collected from participants at each session to confirm smoking status. Participants were evaluated at the 1-month post-group treatment follow-up to determine abstinence. Those who were lost to follow-up were recorded as continued smoking and not using NRT nicotine patches. The goal of the study was to explore the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of conducting a smoking cessation treatment program for incarcerated smokers. A total of 350 inmates were screened, 177 inmates were enrolled across the prison sites for the 6-week program, and 102 inmates completed the program. A majority of those enrolled reported that they began smoking when they were between 15 and 19 years of age (44.9%) and were smoking on average for 26 years. Less than half (21.3%) reported ever using electronic cigarettes at baseline and in Session 1,116 individuals who attended reported a median CO level of 18.0 parts per million (ppm). At a 1-month follow-up, 43 individuals reported a median CO level of 5.00 ppm. The study demonstrated preliminary efficacy and feasibility of group-based smoking cessation treatment with NRT nicotine patches in incarcerated smokers.
11
Kaganoff, Eili, Patrick S. Bordnick, and Brian Lee Carter. "Feasibility of Using Virtual Reality to Assess Nicotine Cue Reactivity During Treatment." Research on Social Work Practice 22, no. 2 (November 24, 2011): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731511428617.
Анотація:
Cue reactivity assessments have been widely used to assess craving and attention to cues among cigarette smokers. Cue reactivity has the potential to offer insights into treatment decisions; however, the use of cue reactivity in treatment studies has been limited. This study assessed the feasibility of using a virtual reality–based cue reactivity assessment approach (VR-NCRAS) during treatment. In a clinical smoking cessation treatment study, 46 treatment-seeking nicotine-dependent adult smokers were assessed for cue reactivity at baseline, Week 4, and Week 10 of treatment. Measures of cue reactivity included subjective craving and attention to cues after exposure to two neutral and two smoking cue environments. Overall, feasibility of using VR-NCRAS was demonstrated and these findings support the use of the cue reactivity assessment during treatment, which can inform treatment decisions.
12
Shiffman, Saul, Sarah M. Scholl, Jason Mao, Stuart G. Ferguson, Donald Hedeker, Brian Primack, and Hilary A. Tindle. "Using Nicotine Gum to Assist Nondaily Smokers in Quitting: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 3 (April 24, 2019): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz090.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction Non-daily intermittent smokers (ITS) comprise 30% of US adult smokers. ITS smoke for nicotine and have trouble quitting, but tend to smoke in particular situations. This study tested the effect of nicotine gum, used to prevent or react to situational temptations, for helping ITS quit. Methods ITS (smoking 4–27 days/month) seeking help quitting were randomized to 2 mg nicotine gum (n = 181) or placebo (n = 188), to be used to anticipate or react to temptations to smoke, for 8 weeks. Participants received up to six sessions of behavioral counseling. The primary outcome was 6-month biochemically verified continuous abstinence; analyses also examined 14-day point-prevalence abstinence at multiple time points, and used event-history analyses to assess progression to abstinence, lapsing, and relapsing. Analyses adjusted for group differences in age and baseline smoking, and considered several potential moderators of treatment effects. Results Nicotine gum did not significantly improve outcomes on any measure. Biochemically verified 6-month continuous abstinence rates were 7.2% for active gum and 5.3% for placebo (AOR = 1.39, 0.58–3.29, p > .25). ITS with any degree of dependence (Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence scores >0) showed poorer outcomes on multiple endpoints, and did more poorly on active gum on some outcomes. Gum use was low, starting at 1 gum per day on average and declining over time. Conclusions Nicotine gum (2 mg), used intermittently, did not improve cessation rates among ITS, including those demonstrating some degree of dependence. Implications Nicotine replacement has been extensively tested with daily smokers, especially those who smoke relatively heavily. Nondaily smoking is now common, creating a need for treatment for ITS. Despite evidence that ITS’ smoking is motivated by nicotine-seeking, a theoretically and empirically derived situational approach to using acute nicotine replacement was not successful at helping ITS quit. Gum use was low; whether higher or more frequent dosing is needed, or whether an entirely different approach is needed, is not clear. Effective treatment options are needed for ITS, especially those with some degree of dependence.
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Martin, Catherine A., Paul A. Nuzzo, John D. Ranseen, Mark S. Kleven, Greg Guenthner, Yolanda Williams, Sharon L. Walsh, and Linda P. Dwoskin. "Lobeline Effects on Cognitive Performance in Adult ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 22, no. 14 (August 21, 2013): 1361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054713497791.
Анотація:
Objective: In preclinical studies, lobeline inhibited hyperactivity induced by nicotine and amphetamine, and improved performance and learning in studies utilizing radial-arm maze and spatial-discrimination water maze. This laboratory proof-of-concept study investigated lobeline as a treatment for ADHD symptoms in adults (31.11 ± 7.08 years). Method: Using cognitive tasks and self-report measures, the effects of lobeline (0, 7.5, 15, or 30 mg, s.l.) and methylphenidate (0, 15, or 30 mg, p.o.) were assessed in nine volunteers with ADHD. Results: Evidence suggested that lobeline could modestly improve working memory in adults with ADHD, but no significant improvement in attention was observed. Lobeline administration was associated with mild adverse side effects (nausea). Conclusion: Further investigation of lobeline on working memory may be warranted.
14
Karekla, Maria, Stella Nicoleta Savvides, and Andrew Gloster. "An Avatar-Led Intervention Promotes Smoking Cessation in Young Adults: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 54, no. 10 (May 8, 2020): 747–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaaa013.
Анотація:
Abstract Background Smoking remains a global concern, especially for young adults. There is a dearth of smoking cessation programs for this population, who seldom seek help or are motivated to quit. Purpose This pilot study assessed the effectiveness of a digital avatar-led Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) smoking cessation program (Flexiquit) for young adult smokers at all levels of motivation to quit. Methods Smokers with no particular interest in quitting smoking (65.45% reported being in pre-contemplation or contemplation stages of change) were recruited from three universities (105 smoking ≥ 1 cigarette per day during the past 30 days, 68 females). Those who completed questionnaires online (N = 84; M = 22.44 years, SD = 2.61, range 18–28 years old) were randomized to either a six-session avatar-led intervention (Flexiquit; N = 49) or a wait-list control (N = 35). Primary outcomes included cessation status (7-day point prevalence) and number of cigarettes smoked per day; secondary outcomes were nicotine dependence, intention-to-quit smoking and self-efficacy, assessed at pre- and post-intervention, and only for Flexiquit at 6-month follow-up. Results In intention-to-treat analysis more participants (OR = 3.10, 95% CI = 0.92–10.41) in the treatment group (28.57%) versus the control group (11.43%) reported quitting smoking; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p = .067). There were statistically significant decreases in average number of cigarettes, nicotine dependence and increases in self-efficacy, and intention-to-quit smoking compared to controls. Treatment gains in the Flexiquit group were maintained through the 6-month follow-up. Conclusions An avatar-led digitized smoking cessation intervention based on ACT could increase the odds of quitting smoking. Findings suggest that a digitized program designed to engage young adults in smoking cessation may result in quitting smoking and has a high applicability potential especially among the hard-to-reach population of young adults. Question Can an avatar-led digitized Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) smoking cessation intervention result in quitting smoking and increasing intention to quit among young smokers at various levels of motivation to quit, compared to a wait-list control group? Findings In this pilot randomized clinical trial that included 84 smokers, 28.57% in the treatment condition versus 11.43% in the wait-list control group were abstinent at post (intention-to-treat [ITT] analysis). An avatar-led digitized ACT smoking cessation intervention results in high quitting smoking rates and has a high applicability potential especially among the hard-to-reach population of young adult smokers.
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Verplaetse, Terril L., MacKenzie R. Peltier, Walter Roberts, Kelly E. Moore, Brian P. Pittman, and Sherry A. McKee. "Associations Between Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and Gender With Transitions in Cigarette Smoking Status and E-Cigarette Use: Findings Across Waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 8 (March 9, 2020): 1316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa022.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction Nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), the ratio of trans 3′-hydroxycotinine to cotinine, is a biomarker of nicotine metabolism. Discrepant findings among clinical trials and population-based studies warrant replication on whether higher NMR, or faster nicotine metabolism, is associated with quitting cigarette smoking. Associations of NMR and e-cigarette use are largely unknown, as well as the relationship between NMR and gender on quitting cigarette smoking or e-cigarette use. Methods The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study assessing tobacco use in the US population. In the current study, the PATH (waves 1 and 2; adult interviews) was used to evaluate longitudinal predictions in relationships among NMR and gender and their association with transitions (quit vs. current stable) in cigarette smoking status and e-cigarette use status across waves 1 and 2 of the PATH study. Results NMR and gender were not significantly associated with quit behavior for combustible cigarettes. Regarding e-cigarettes, a significant two-way interaction demonstrated that women with higher NMR were less likely to quit e-cigarette use compared to women with lower NMR (odds ratio [OR] = 0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02–0.57; p = .01). Conclusions Findings identify that women with faster nicotine metabolism were 10 times less likely to quit e-cigarettes compared to women with slower nicotine metabolism across waves 1 and 2 of the PATH study. Results suggest that NMR may be used as a biomarker for transitions in e-cigarette quit behavior for women. Implications Findings identify that women with faster nicotine metabolism were 10 times less likely to quit e-cigarettes compared to women with slower nicotine metabolism. Results suggest that NMR may be used as a biomarker for transitions in e-cigarette quit behavior for women. Establishing parameters for NMR collection and for the use of NMR as a biomarker for cigarette smoking behavior and e-cigarette use is an important next step, and may have implications for early intervention and treatment for cessation.
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Lawrance, Kelli-an, Amanda Kirkwood, Heather Travis, and Peter Selby. "Free, easy and effective: how young adults used 8 weeks of mailed nicotine patches and to what effect." Journal of Smoking Cessation 15, no. 4 (November 3, 2020): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2020.28.
Анотація:
AbstractIntroductionResearch shows the mass distribution of free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a high-impact, population-level strategy for smoking cessation; but underrepresentation of younger, and/or lighter, smokers challenges generalisability of findings to young adult smokers.AimsThis naturalistic study examined how and with what effect young adult smokers used free nicotine patches provided through a mass mailout programme.MethodsIn total, 5,025 eligible 18–29 year-old smokers who accessed an online ordering platform received self-help materials and an 8-week course of patches matched to their consumption level (<10 cigarettes per day (cpd); ≥10 cpd). No other behavioural support occurred. Whether participants used patches correctly and achieved 30-day continuous abstinence at 6-month follow-up were assessed.ResultsAmong 694 participants with complete data: 89% used some patches; 8% used the patches correctly for 8 weeks; 31.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 27.6, 34.7) achieved abstinence. Adjusted logistic regression analysis showed the highest odds of abstinence was associated with the correct use of patches (odds ratio = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.5, 5.1).ConclusionsMass distribution of free patches may be an effective public health measure for supporting younger, lighter smokers to attempt cessation, reduce consumption, or achieve abstinence. Emphasising why and how to use NRT for the entire treatment course may enhance outcomes.
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Shalizar-Jalali, Ali, Zhila Khodabandeh, Vahid Nejati, Gholamreza Najafi, and Fatemeh Rahmani. "Effect of royal jelly on in vitro fertilization and early embryo development following nicotine treatment in adult female rats." Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction 10, no. 3 (2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2305-0500.316624.
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Le, Kathy, Virmarie Correa-Fernández, Isabel Martinez Leal, Bryce Kyburz, Tzu-An Chen, Daniel Barrientos, Elma Saenz, et al. "Tobacco-free Workplace Program at a Substance Use Treatment Center." American Journal of Health Behavior 44, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 652–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.44.5.9.
Анотація:
Objectives: About 65%-87% of substance use disorder patients smoke cigarettes, compared to 14% of the general adult population. Few substance use treatment centers (SUTCs) have comprehensive tobacco-free workplace (TFW) policies or offer tobacco interventions. Taking Texas Tobacco Free (TTTF) implements an evidence-based TFW program in SUTCs, including at the Billy T. Cattan Recovery Outreach Center (BTC). We present a mixed methods case study of BTC's TTTF implementation, success factors, and challenges. Methods: TTTF provided policy development assistance, training, treatment resources, and technical assistance over ∼9 months. Implementation was tailored using mixed methods. Quantitative data included surveys to stakeholders (Nmax = 7), a pre- and post-training questionnaire assessing knowledge gain, and reported quantities of tobacco use assessments (TUAs) administered and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) provided. Qualitative data included stakeholder focus groups and interviews (18 participants). Results: All employees reported TFW policy compliance. Employees exhibited a 20% knowledge gain. Clinicians increased self-report of NRT provision and tobacco cessation counseling. During implementation, BTC administered TUAs to 171 patients and dispensed NRT to 70 of 110 tobacco-using patients. Conclusion: Qualitative findings contextualized quantitative outcomes. TTTF implementation changed clinician attitudes, knowledge, and practices regarding tobacco treatment, facilitating patient quit attempts.
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Tsoi, Daniel Tai-yin, Mamta Porwal, and Angela Claire Webster. "Efficacy and safety of bupropion for smoking cessation and reduction in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis." British Journal of Psychiatry 196, no. 5 (May 2010): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066019.
Анотація:
BackgroundThe benefits and harms of bupropion as an aid for smoking cessation in schizophrenia remain uncertain.AimsTo summarise the current evidence for efficacy and safety of bupropion as treatment for nicotine dependence in schizophrenia.MethodSystematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing bupropion with placebo or alternative therapeutic control in adult smokers with schizophrenia.ResultsTwenty-one reports from seven RCTs were included. Biochemically verified self-reported smoking cessation rates after bupropion were significantly higher than placebo at the end of treatment (risk ratio (RR) = 2.57, P = 0.004) and at 6 months (RR = 2.78, P = 0.05). Expired carbon monoxide level was significantly lower with bupropion at the end of therapy (P = 0.002) but not at 6 months (P = 0.37). There was no significant difference in positive (P = 0.28) or negative symptoms (P = 0.49) between the bupropion and the placebo group.ConclusionsBupropion increases the rates of smoking abstinence in smokers with schizophrenia, without jeopardising their mental state.
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Ren, Jun, Xiuqing Ding та John J. Greer. "Activating α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Alleviates Fentanyl-induced Respiratory Depression in Rats". Anesthesiology 130, № 6 (1 червня 2019): 1017–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002676.
Анотація:
Abstract Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New Background Opioid analgesics are widely used for treatment of acute, postoperative, and chronic pain. However, activation of opioid receptors can result in severe respiratory depression. There is an unmet clinical need to develop a pharmacologic therapy to counter opioid-induced respiratory depression without interfering with analgesia. Further, additional advances to confront accidental lethal overdose with the use of fentanyl and other opioids are needed. Here, the authors test the hypothesis that activation of nicotinic receptors expressed within respiratory rhythm–generating networks would counter opioid-induced respiratory depression without compromising analgesia. Methods Respiratory neural discharge was measured using in vitro brainstem–spinal cord and medullary slice rat preparations. In vivo, plethysmographic recording, nociception testing, and righting reflexes were used to examine respiratory ventilation, analgesia, and sedation, respectively. Results The administration of nicotine, selective α4β2 nicotinic receptor agonist A85380, but not α7 nicotinic receptor agonist PNU282987, reversed opioid-induced respiratory depression in neonatal pups in vitro and in vivo. In adult rats in vivo, administration of A85380 (0.03 mg/kg), but not PNU282987, provides a rapid and robust reversal of fentanyl-induced decrease in respiratory rate (93.4 ± 33.7% of control 3 min after A85380 vs. 31 ± 20.5% of control after vehicle, n = 8 each, P < 0.001), without marked side effects. The coadministration of A85380 (0.06 mg/kg) with fentanyl or remifentanil markedly reduced respiratory depression and apneas, and enhanced the fentanyl-induced analgesia, as evidenced by increased paw withdrawal latency in Hargreaves plantar test (14.4 ± 2.8 s vs. vehicle: 11.3 ± 2.4 s, n = 8 each, P = 0.013) and decreased formalin-induced nocifensive duration (2.5 ± 2.4 min vs. vehicle: 5.4 ± 2.7 min, n = 8 each, P = 0.029). Conclusions The novel strategy of targeting α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors has the potential for advancing pain control and reducing opioid-induced respiratory depression and overdose.
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Webb, Jamie, Sarrah Peerbux, Peter Smittenaar, Sarim Siddiqui, Yusuf Sherwani, Maroof Ahmed, Hannah MacRae, Hannah Puri, Sangita Bhalla, and Azeem Majeed. "Preliminary Outcomes of a Digital Therapeutic Intervention for Smoking Cessation in Adult Smokers: Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Mental Health 7, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): e22833. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22833.
Анотація:
Background Tobacco smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death and disease worldwide. Digital interventions delivered through smartphones offer a promising alternative to traditional methods, but little is known about their effectiveness. Objective Our objective was to test the preliminary effectiveness of Quit Genius, a novel digital therapeutic intervention for smoking cessation. Methods A 2-arm, single-blinded, parallel-group randomized controlled trial design was used. Participants were recruited via referrals from primary care practices and social media advertisements in the United Kingdom. A total of 556 adult smokers (aged 18 years or older) smoking at least 5 cigarettes a day for the past year were recruited. Of these, 530 were included for the final analysis. Participants were randomized to one of 2 interventions. Treatment consisted of a digital therapeutic intervention for smoking cessation consisting of a smartphone app delivering cognitive behavioral therapy content, one-to-one coaching, craving tools, and tracking capabilities. The control intervention was very brief advice along the Ask, Advise, Act model. All participants were offered nicotine replacement therapy for 3 months. Participants in a random half of each arm were pseudorandomly assigned a carbon monoxide device for biochemical verification. Outcomes were self-reported via phone or online. The primary outcome was self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence at 4 weeks post quit date. Results A total of 556 participants were randomized (treatment: n=277; control: n=279). The intention-to-treat analysis included 530 participants (n=265 in each arm; 11 excluded for randomization before trial registration and 15 for protocol violations at baseline visit). By the quit date (an average of 16 days after randomization), 89.1% (236/265) of those in the treatment arm were still actively engaged. At the time of the primary outcome, 74.0% (196/265) of participants were still engaging with the app. At 4 weeks post quit date, 44.5% (118/265) of participants in the treatment arm had not smoked in the preceding 7 days compared with 28.7% (76/265) in the control group (risk ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.23-1.96; P<.001; intention-to-treat, n=530). Self-reported 7-day abstinence agreed with carbon monoxide measurement (carbon monoxide <10 ppm) in 96% of cases (80/83) where carbon monoxide readings were available. No harmful effects of the intervention were observed. Conclusions The Quit Genius digital therapeutic intervention is a superior treatment in achieving smoking cessation 4 weeks post quit date compared with very brief advice. Trial Registration International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) 65853476; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN65853476
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Okoli, Chizimuzo T. C., and Sarret Seng. "Associations Between Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Nicotine Dependence and Smoking Cessation Attempts Among Adult Tobacco Users With a Psychiatric Disorder." Biological Research For Nursing 20, no. 5 (June 14, 2018): 558–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800418781914.
Анотація:
Introduction: Secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) is predictive of greater nicotine dependence (ND) and poor smoking cessation (SC) outcomes. SHSe and its impact on ND and SC attempts in people with psychiatric disorders (PD) remain poorly understood. Hence, the objectives of this study were to (1) quantify SHSe, (2) examine the association of SHSe with ND, and (3) assess the association between SHSe and SC among tobacco users with PD. Method: A cross-sectional survey of 118 tobacco users in an inpatient psychiatric facility was conducted. Data on demographics, tobacco use and SHSe history, motivation to quit smoking, ND, and SC attempts were obtained. Participants’ environmental and psychosocial sources of and perceived SHSe were described. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to examine the associations between SHSe and ND, while logistic regression analyses were used to assess the associations between SHSe and SC. Results: The primary sources of environmental SHSe were from the car (63.6%) and home (51.7%); primary sources of psychosocial SHSe were close friends (67.8%) and parents/grandparents (65.3%); and mean perceived SHSe was 6.2 ( SD = 3.5). Although perceived SHSe was significantly associated with ND (β = .39, p < .0001) in multivariate analyses, no SHSe variable was associated with SC. However, scores on items measuring motivation to quit smoking were associated with SC attempts. Discussion: Patients with PD reported high levels of SHSe, which was associated with higher ND. Routine screening for SHSe should be implemented as part of health assessments in this population to address ND treatment options. Moreover, targeted interventions and policies should be considered toward reducing SHSe in this vulnerable population.
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Simon, N. "Management of methylphenidate in adults with ADHD: Benefits and risks." European Psychiatry 30, S2 (November 2015): S28—S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.086.
Анотація:
The prevalence of adult ADHD is estimated to 5.3% and is often comorbid with substance use disorder (SUD) . The odds Ratio ranges from 1.5 to 7.9, depending on the substance and the dependence level. Conversely, the prevalence of ADHD among patients with SUD is 10.8%, versus 3.8% for patients without SUD. Methylphenidate (MPH) alleviates ADHD symptoms and is currently considered as a first choice medication. MPH competitively binds and blocks the dopamine (DAT) and norepinephrine (NET) transporters with no or low affinity for the serotonin transporter . This mechanism of action is similar to a cocaine intake, which results in a rapid increase of the synaptic dopamine concentration preferentially in the nucleus accumbens . However, the subjective effects are highly dependent on the rate of input. Oral or IV MPH leads to different effects even when the increase of dopamine concentration is comparable. It is more the change per unit time of the dopamine increase (rapid elevation) that is associated to the perception of euphoria than the increase of dopamine itself . A formulation with a slow rate of delivery will lead to a lower risk of reinforcing effect (euphoria) and abuse than an immediate release formulation. The benefits of MPH in adult ADHD have been demonstrated in open-label prospective studies and in randomized clinical trials. Meanwhile prescribing MPH to patients with comorbid SUD has always been challenging for clinicians. In this presentation, we will address the benefits and pitfalls of using MPH in adults with ADHD comorbid SUD, depending on the type of SUD: amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, cannabis and opiates. Overall, due to the prevalence of ADHD in SUD and to the benefits of MPH observed in this population, and considering the mild or low side effects observed, the response to MPH treatment deserve to be evaluated individually.
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Batra, A., and S. Eck. "Smoking Cessation and Soft Signs of Mental Disorders." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.153.
Анотація:
Smoking is associated with major depression, schizophrenia, anxiety and compulsive disorders, personality disorders, or substance abuse disorders [1,2]. More than that, smokers often report higher levels of novelty seeking, anxiety or depressive symptoms without fulfilling full diagnostic criteria for a psychiatric disorder.In a former study, Batra et al. [3] had shown that smokers reporting higher levels of novelty seeking/hyperactivity, depressivity, and nicotine dependence evince higher relapse rates after completion of a six-weeks behavioural treatment program than smokers reporting low scores on self-report psychological symptom measures.Another study [4] showed that a modified smoking cessation program matched to at-risk smokers’ needs with n = 268 adult smokers leads to higher long-term abstinence rates.All at-risk smokers had been randomly assigned to receive either a standard or modified treatment. Best results were shown for smokers with mild depressive symptoms. The talk reports results of former and recent studies and focuses on the German treatment guidelines for tobacco related disorders.These [5] recommend to assess tobacco use among patients with mental disorders and should be offered smoking cessation support under consideration of the acuteness and the particularities of the mental disorder using the same psychotherapeutic and pharmaceutical measures as for smokers without additional mental disorders.Disclosure of interestFinancial support by Pfizer, Parexel, SKB, Novartis for smoking cessation studies.
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Chen, Jingchun, Anu Loukola, Nathan A. Gillespie, Roseann Peterson, Peilin Jia, Brien Riley, Hermine Maes, et al. "Genome-Wide Meta-Analyses of FTND and TTFC Phenotypes." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 6 (July 11, 2019): 900–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz099.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction FTND (Fagerstrӧm test for nicotine dependence) and TTFC (time to smoke first cigarette in the morning) are common measures of nicotine dependence (ND). However, genome-wide meta-analysis for these phenotypes has not been reported. Methods Genome-wide meta-analyses for FTND (N = 19,431) and TTFC (N = 18,567) phenotypes were conducted for adult smokers of European ancestry from 14 independent cohorts. Results We found that SORBS2 on 4q35 (p = 4.05 × 10−8), BG182718 on 11q22 (p = 1.02 × 10−8), and AA333164 on 14q21 (p = 4.11 × 10−9) were associated with TTFC phenotype. We attempted replication of leading candidates with independent samples (FTND, N = 7010 and TTFC, N = 10 061), however, due to limited power of the replication samples, the replication of these new loci did not reach significance. In gene-based analyses, COPB2 was found associated with FTND phenotype, and TFCP2L1, RELN, and INO80C were associated with TTFC phenotype. In pathway and network analyses, we found that the interconnected interactions among the endocytosis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, axon guidance, MAPK signaling, and chemokine signaling pathways were involved in ND. Conclusions Our analyses identified several promising candidates for both FTND and TTFC phenotypes, and further verification of these candidates was necessary. Candidates supported by both FTND and TTFC (CHRNA4, THSD7B, RBFOX1, and ZNF804A) were associated with addiction to alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, and were associated with autism and schizophrenia. We also identified novel pathways involved in cigarette smoking. The pathway interactions highlighted the importance of receptor recycling and internalization in ND. Implications Understanding the genetic architecture of cigarette smoking and ND is critical to develop effective prevention and treatment. Our study identified novel candidates and biological pathways involved in FTND and TTFC phenotypes, and this will facilitate further investigation of these candidates and pathways.
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Tsoi, D. T. Y., M. Porwal, and A. C. Webster. "Bupropion Increases Rate of Smoking Abstinence in Smokers with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Trial Data." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71440-3.
Анотація:
Aims:In patients with schizophrenia, higher rates of tobacco dependency contribute significantly to increased morbidity and mortality of various physical illnesses. However, evidence for treatment of nicotine addiction in these patients is uncertain. We performed a systematic review of the effectiveness and safety of bupropion (Zyban) for smoking cessation in schizophrenia.Method:We searched databases and conference proceedings for reports of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in all languages, comparing bupropion with placebo or with a different therapeutic control in adult smokers with schizophrenia. Eligibility and quality of RCTs were independently assessed by two reviewers. Results are synthesised using a random effects model and expressed as Risk Ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD), both with 95% confidence interval (CI).Results:16 reports from six RCTs were included (258 participants). Smoking cessation rates after bupropion were significantly higher than placebo at the end of bupropion treatment (RR 2.56, CI 1.46 to 4.50) and at six months (RR 2.82, CI 1.04 to 7.69). Expired carbon monoxide level was significantly lower with bupropion at the end of therapy (MD -5.39ppm, CI -7.43 to -3.34ppm) but the effect was not sustained at six months (p=0.33). Positive and negative symptoms were not significantly different between bupropion and placebo group, but depressive symptoms were significantly reduced with bupropion at the end of treatment. There were no seizures reported with bupropion use.Conclusion:Our review suggests that bupropion increases the rates of smoking abstinence in smokers with schizophrenia, without jeopardising their mental state.
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Bloom, Erika Litvin, Susan E. Ramsey, Ana M. Abrantes, Laura Hunt, Rena R. Wing, Christopher W. Kahler, Janine Molino, and Richard A. Brown. "A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Distress Tolerance Treatment for Weight Concern in Smoking Cessation Among Women." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 9 (January 29, 2020): 1578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa026.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction The majority of women who smoke cigarettes report that concern about weight gain is a barrier to quitting. We developed an intervention incorporating distress tolerance, appetite awareness, and mindful eating skills to target concerns about post-cessation weight gain and emotional eating (DT-W). In the current study, we conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial of DT-W versus a smoking health education (HE) intervention. Methods Participants (N = 69 adult female, weight-concerned smokers) were recruited in cohorts of 4–11. Cohorts were randomized to DT-W or HE. DT-W and HE were matched on format (single individual session followed by eight group sessions), inclusion of cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation (CBT) content, and pharmacotherapy (nicotine patches). Follow-up assessments occurred at 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-treatment. Results The recruitment goal was met; 61 of the 69 participants attended at least one group session. There were no significant differences between DT-W and HE in the number of group sessions attended (DT-W adjusted M = 5.09, HE adjusted M = 5.03, p = .92), ratings of treatment effectiveness or usefulness of skills, or retention at 6-month follow-up (79% in DT-W vs. 78% in HE) (ps > .05), but comprehension ratings were lower in DT-W than in HE (p = .02). Conclusions Overall, these results suggest that the study procedures and interventions were feasible and acceptable, but changes to the DT-W intervention content to improve comprehension should be considered prior to conducting a fully powered trial. Implications A distress tolerance-based treatment targeting fear of weight gain after smoking cessation and post-cessation emotional eating was feasible and acceptable relative to a smoking HE comparison condition, but changes should be considered before conducting a larger trial. Continued innovation in treatment development for weight-concerned smokers is needed.
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Jansson, A., K. Andersson, K. Fuxe, B. Bjelke, and P. Eneroth. "Effects of Combined Pre- and Postnatal Treatment with Nicotine on Hypothalamic Catecholamine Nerve Terminal Systems and Neuroendocrine Function in the 4-Week Old and Adult Male and Female Diestrous Rat." Journal of Neuroendocrinology 1, no. 6 (December 1989): 455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00147.x.
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Suk, Ryan, Heetae Suk, Kalyani Sonawane, and Ashish Deshmukh. "P032 E-CIGARETTE AND CIGARETTE USE AMONG U.S. ADULT IBD PATIENTS: POPULATION-LEVEL SURVEY." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 26, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S62—S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/zaa010.159.
Анотація:
Abstract Background Cigarette smoking can negatively affect treatment response in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, especially among those with Crohn’s disease (CD). E-cigarette has been considered a safer alternative to delivering nicotine for IBD patients who smoke. However, given the recent large number of reported e-cigarette-related lung injury cases, CDC released an interim guidance update on those lung injuries. They also coined a term EVALI (e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury) emphasizing the possible harms in e-cigarette smoking. To the best our knowledge, we currently do not know the recent smoking habits in American IBD patients, especially when it reveals that e-cigarette use might cause serious lung injuries. Methods We used National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for 2015–2016, which is a nationally representative survey for noninstitutionalized adults in the US. Weighted counts and percentages were estimated using survey design for the population-level results. We identified those who reportedly were told by a doctor or healthcare professional that they have IBD. We first estimated the prevalence of current e-cigarette or cigarette use among IBD patients. We then estimated the frequency of use (every day or some days) among the current users. We also categorized IBD patients into 4 groups by smoking type: those using e-cigarette only, cigarette only, using both, and neither. To see the characteristics of e-cigarette users, we stratified e-cigarette users by current/former/never cigarette use status. Results We identified 951 participants (population estimate: 3.1 million) with IBD. Among those people, 5.0% (95% CI: 3.1–6.9) was current e-cigarette users while 17.9% (95% CI: 14.8–21.0) was current cigarette smokers. Prevalence of every-day use and some-day use of e-cigarette was similar (2.4% vs 2.6%), while there was much higher prevalence of every-day use than some-day use in cigarette (15.3% vs 2.6%). Those who were using both e-cigarette and cigarette was 3.2% (Table). Majority of e-cigarette users were also currently using cigarette (63.6%, 95% CI: 48.9–78.3), while 32.7% (95% CI: 18.4–47.0) of them were former cigarette smokers. Only 3.7% (0.0–8.9) of them never used cigarettes. Conclusion While numerous studies show e-cigarette use is generally increasing rapidly in the US, we found that 5% of IBD patients are currently using e-cigarette. Almost two-thirds of them were also currently smoking cigarette and one-third of them were former smokers. It is possible that most of the e-cigarette users are still in the process of transitioning from cigarette smoking and thus using both types. We lack information on effects of using e-cigarette or both e-cigarette and cigarette in IBD treatment outcomes, as well as how e-cigarette use will complicate other health risks in IBD patients (e.g. lung injuries). We need further research on these effects to properly guide IBD patients who are in need of smoking cessation.
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Asfar, Taghrid, Laura A. McClure, Kristopher L. Arheart, Estefania C. Ruano-Herreria, Clark G. Gilford, Kevin Moore, Noella A. Dietz, Kenneth D. Ward, David J. Lee, and Alberto J. Caban-Martinez. "Integrating Worksite Smoking Cessation Services Into the Construction Sector: Opportunities and Challenges." Health Education & Behavior 46, no. 6 (August 19, 2019): 1024–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198119866900.
Анотація:
Background. Smoking prevalence among Hispanic/Latino construction workers in the United States is very high (31%). Aims. To investigate tobacco use profiles in these minority workers and explore their management’s views about implementing sustainable worksite smoking cessation services. Methods. Analysis of baseline data from a smoking cessation trial among Hispanic/Latino construction workers ( n = 134; adult men ≥18 years), and semistructured, 45-minute interviews with 24 key personnel at six construction companies in south Florida were conducted. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed thematically. Results. Overall, 43.3% of workers were Cuban, and 81.3% had low acculturation level. Nicotine dependence levels were “high” in 61.8% of workers. Half of the workers had a successful quit attempt but only 9.9% received advice from a physician to quit smoking, 16.7% used medication to quit, and 79.2% did not receive assistance. Participants in the interviews stated that nothing was provided to help smokers quit smoking and considered distributing self-help materials with free medications as the most appropriate service. Challenges to integrating the service were time restriction and cost. Recommendations for implementing the service were local/state government mandate. Discussion. Tailoring tobacco treatment to Hispanic/Latino construction workers’ job circumstances and culture is essential to support their cessation efforts. Integrating worksite tobacco treatment services into other available health promotion programs (e.g., safety) and enforcing smoke-free legislation in the construction sector can facilitate its adoption. Conclusion. Involving key stakeholders and mandating the service by the State and local government are necessary to integrate sustainable worksite smoking cessation services in the construction sector.
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Kerr, Amy N., Barbara A. Schillo, Paula A. Keller, Randi B. Lachter, Rebecca K. Lien, and Heather G. Zook. "Impact and Effectiveness of a Stand-Alone NRT Starter Kit in a Statewide Tobacco Cessation Program." American Journal of Health Promotion 33, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117118772493.
Анотація:
Purpose: To examine 2-week nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) starter kit quit outcomes and predictors and the impact of adding this new service on treatment reach. Design: Observational study of a 1-year cohort of QUITPLAN Services enrollees using registration and utilization data and follow-up outcome survey data of a subset of enrollees who received NRT starter kits. Setting: ClearWay Minnesota’s QUITPLAN Services provides a quit line that is available to uninsured and underinsured Minnesotans and NRT starter kits (a free 2-week supply of patches, gum, or lozenges) that are available to all Minnesota tobacco users. Participants: A total of 15 536 adult QUITPLAN Services enrollees and 818 seven-month follow-up survey NRT starter kit respondents. Measures: Treatment reach for all services and tobacco quit outcomes and predictors for starter kit recipients. Analysis: Descriptive analyses, χ2 analyses, and logistic regression. Results: Treatment reach increased 3-fold after adding the 2-week NRT starter kit service option to QUITPLAN Services compared to the prior year (1.86% vs 0.59%). Among all participants enrolling in QUITPLAN services during a 1-year period, 83.8% (13 026/15 536) registered for a starter kit. Among starter kit respondents, 25.6% reported being quit for 30 days at the 7-month follow-up. After controlling for other factors, using all NRT and selecting more cessation services predicted quitting. Conclusion: An NRT starter kit brought more tobacco users to QUITPLAN services, demonstrating interest in cessation services separate from phone counseling. The starter kit produced high quit rates, comparable to the quit line in the same time period. Cessation service providers may want to consider introducing starter kits to reach more tobacco users and ultimately improve population health.
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Desai, Geetha, Jaisoorya T. S., Sunil Kumar G., Manoj L., Gokul G. R., Aakash Bajaj, Thennarasu K., and Santosh K. Chaturvedi. "Disentangling comorbidity in chronic pain: A study in primary health care settings from India." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): e0242865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242865.
Анотація:
Objectives The study examined the prevalence, sociodemographic, and clinical correlates of chronic pain among primary care patients in the state of Kerala, India. It also examined the patterns and relationships of chronic physical and mental health conditions with chronic pain. Methods This study is a cross-sectional survey conducted among 7165 adult patients selected randomly by a multi-stage stratified design from 71 primary health centers. The questionnaires administered included Chronic pain screening questionnaire, self-reported Chronic physical health condition checklist, Patient Health Questionnaire-SADS, The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule and WHOQOL- BREF for Quality/Satisfaction with Life. The prevalence and comorbid patterns of chronic pain were determined. Logistic regression analysis and generalized linear mixed-effects model was employed to examine the relationship of chronic pain to socio-demographic variables and examined physical and mental health conditions. Results A total of 1831 (27%) patients reported chronic pain. Among those with chronic pain, 28.3% reported no co-occurring chronic mental or physical illness, 35.3% reported one, and 36.3% reported multi-morbidity. In the multivariate analysis, patients with chronic pain when compared to those without had higher odds of being older, female, having lower education, not living with their family, greater disability, and poor satisfaction with life. Chronic pain was independently associated with both medical (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, arthritis, and other medical illnesses) and mental health conditions (depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and tobacco dependence). It showed a varying strength of association and additive effect with increasing number of co-occurring physical and mental illnesses. Conclusions Chronic pain is a common condition among primary care attendees associated with significant burden of medical and mental health comorbidity. The findings highlight the need to incorporate treatment models that will ensure appropriate management to improve outcomes within the resource constraints.
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Han, G., L. An, B. Yang, L. Si, and T. Zhang. "Nicotine-induced impairments of spatial cognition and long-term potentiation in adolescent male rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 33, no. 2 (July 8, 2013): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327113494902.
Анотація:
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether cognitive behavioral impairment, induced by nicotine in offspring rats, was associated with the alteration of hippocampal short-term potentiation (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP) and to discuss the potential underlying mechanism. Young adult offspring rats were randomly divided into three groups. The groups include: control group (CC), nicotine group 1 (NC), in which their mothers received nicotine from gestational day 3 (GD3) to GD18, and nicotine group 2 (CN), in which young adult offspring rats received nicotine from postnatal day 42 (PD42) to PD56. Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed and then field excitatory postsynaptic potentials elicited by the stimulation of perforant pathway were recorded in the hippocampal dentate gyrus region. The results of the MWM test showed that learning and memory were impaired by either prenatal or postnatal nicotine exposure. In addition, it was found that there was no statistical difference of the MWM data between both nicotine treatments. In the electrophysiological test, LTP and STP were significantly inhibited in both NC and CN groups in comparison with the CC group. Notably, STP in CN group was also lower than that in the NC group. These findings suggested that both prenatal and postnatal exposure to nicotine induced learning and memory deficits, while the potential mechanism might be different from each other due to their dissimilar impairments of synaptic plasticity.
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Knevitz, Marcos Fernando, and Danieli Fernanda Buccini. "PSICOFÁRMACOS NO TRATAMENTO DA DEPENDÊNCIA QUÍMICA: UMA REVISÃO." Revista Interdisciplinar de Estudos em Saúde 7, no. 1 (November 29, 2018): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33362/ries.v7i1.1124.
Анотація:
A farmacoterapia atua no tratamento da dependência química, complementando outras atividades que procuram melhorar os aspectos da vida dos pacientes. Os tratamentos farmacológicos têm por finalidade prevenir ou atenuar a síndrome de abstinência, diminuir a fissura e atuar no tratamento das comorbidades. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar o modo de atuação dos psicofármacos no tratamento das dependências, além de verificar sua relação com as principais classes de substâncias de abuso. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão sistemática, utilizando como critérios de avaliação a população envolvida de adultos e adolescentes, a intervenção referindo o uso de psicofármacos no tratamento da dependência química e como desfecho os efeitos dos medicamentos nos indivíduos. Apesar de apresentarem bons resultados no tratamento da dependência de álcool, nicotina e opioides, importantes adições como maconha, cocaína e seus derivados ainda não possuem tratamentos farmacológicos com evidências positivas comprovadas que permitam sua utilização. Desse modo, são necessárias mais pesquisas para a busca de novos medicamentos que auxiliem o tratamento dessas dependências, além da participação ativa do paciente no processo.Palavras-chave: Psicofármacos. Tratamento. Dependência Química. Comorbidades. Fissura. ABSTRACT: Pharmacotherapy works in the treatment of chemical dependency, complementing other activities which seek to improve the quality of patients' lives. Pharmaceutical treatments aim to prevent or attenuate a withdrawal syndrome, reduce craving and act in the treatment of comorbidities. The objective of this study is to review the way psychoactive drugs work in dependence treatment, as well as to verify their relationships with the major classes of substances of abuse. The methodology used was the systematic review, using as evaluation criteria the population of adults and teenagers engaged, the intervention related to the use of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of chemical dependence and as an outcome the effects of the drugs in the individuals. Despite the fact that it presents good results in treatment of alcohol dependence, nicotine and opioids, important additions such as marijuana, cocaine and its derivatives are not pharmacological treatments with proven positive evidence which allow its use yet. In this way, further studies are needed for the searching of new drugs for the treatment of addictions, besides the active participation of the patient in the process.Keywords: Psychopharmaceuticals. Treatment. Chemical Dependency. Comorbidities. Craving.
35
Holliday, Erica D., and Thomas J. Gould. "Chronic Nicotine Treatment During Adolescence Attenuates the Effects of Acute Nicotine in Adult Contextual Fear Learning." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 19, no. 1 (July 13, 2016): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw176.
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Chris Ajonijebu, Duyilemi, Philip Adeyemi Adeniyi, Adeshina Oloruntoba Adekeye, Babawale Peter Olatunji, Azeez Olakunle Ishola, and Olalekan Michael Ogundele. "Nicotine-Cadmium Interaction Alters Exploratory Motor Function and Increased Anxiety in Adult Male Mice." Journal of Neurodegenerative Diseases 2014 (November 13, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/359436.
Анотація:
In this study we evaluated the time dependence in cadmium-nicotine interaction and its effect on motor function, anxiety linked behavioural changes, serum electrolytes, and weight after acute and chronic treatment in adult male mice. Animals were separated randomly into four groups of n = 6 animals each. Treatment was done with nicotine, cadmium, or nicotine-cadmium for 21 days. A fourth group received normal saline for the same duration (control). Average weight was determined at 7-day interval for the acute (D1-D7) and chronic (D7-D21) treatment phases. Similarly, the behavioural tests for exploratory motor function (open field test) and anxiety were evaluated. Serum electrolytes were measured after the chronic phase. Nicotine, cadmium, and nicotine-cadmium treatments caused no significant change in body weight after the acute phase while cadmium-nicotine and cadmium caused a decline in weight after the chronic phase. This suggests the role of cadmium in the weight loss observed in tobacco smoke users. Both nicotine and cadmium raised serum Ca2+ concentration and had no significant effect on K+ ion when compared with the control. In addition, nicotine-cadmium treatment increased bioaccumulation of Cd2+ in the serum which corresponded to a decrease in body weight, motor function, and an increase in anxiety.
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Stojakovic, Andrea, Syed Muzzammil Ahmad, and Kabirullah Lutfy. "Alterations of Amphetamine Reward by Prior Nicotine and Alcohol Treatment: The Role of Age and Dopamine." Brain Sciences 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040420.
Анотація:
Evidence suggests that nicotine and alcohol can each serve as a gateway drug. We determined whether prior nicotine and alcohol treatment would alter amphetamine reward. Also, we examined whether age and dopaminergic neurotransmission are important in this regard. Male and female adolescent and adult C57BL/6J mice were tested for baseline place preference. Mice then received six conditioning with saline/nicotine (0.25 mg/kg) twice daily, followed by six conditioning with saline/ethanol (2 g/kg). Control mice were conditioned with saline/saline throughout. Finally, mice were conditioned with amphetamine (3 mg/kg), once in the nicotine-alcohol-paired chamber, and tested for place preference 24 h later. The following day, mice were challenged with amphetamine (1 mg/kg) and tested for place preference under a drugged state. Mice were then immediately euthanized, their brain removed, and nucleus accumbens isolated and processed for the level of dopamine receptors and transporter and glutamate receptors. We observed a greater amphetamine-induced place preference in naïve adolescents than adult mice with no change in state-dependent place preference between the two age groups. In contrast, amphetamine induced a significant place preference in adult but not adolescent mice with prior nicotine-alcohol exposure under the drug-free state. The preference was significantly greater in adults than adolescents under the drugged state. The enhanced response was associated with higher dopamine-transporter and D1 but reduced D2 receptors’ expression in adult rather than adolescent mice, with no changes in glutamate receptors levels. These results suggest that prior nicotine and alcohol treatment differentially alters amphetamine reward in adult and adolescent mice. Alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission may be involved in this phenotype.
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Magon, Rakesh, and Ulrich Müller. "ADHD with comorbid substance use disorder: review of treatment." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 18, no. 6 (November 2012): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.111.009340.
Анотація:
SummarySubstance use disorders are a frequent comorbidity in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review discusses the relationship between adult ADHD and substance use disorder, including use of licit and illicit substances such as nicotine, alcohol, cocaine and cannabis. We discuss treatment studies in this area and provide a treatment algorithm to guide clinicians in the management of adult ADHD comorbid with different forms and severities of substance use disorder.
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Alzoubi, K. H., A. M. Aleisa, and K. A. Alkadhi. "Adult-onset hypothyroidism facilitates and enhances LTD: Reversal by chronic nicotine treatment." Neurobiology of Disease 26, no. 1 (April 2007): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2007.01.002.
40
Perheentupa, A., M. Bergendahl, F. H. de Jong, and I. Huhtaniemi. "Differential regulation of FSH and inhibin gene expression and synthesis by testosterone in immature and mature male rats." Journal of Endocrinology 137, no. 1 (April 1993): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1370069.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Direct effects of testosterone on gonadotrophins at the pituitary level were studied in intact and castrated immature (age 10 days) and mature (70 days) male rats. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone action was blocked by treatment with a potent GnRH antagonist, Ac-d-pClPhe-d-pClPhe-d-Trp-Ser-Tyr-d-Arg-Leu-Arg-Pro-d-Ala-NH2CH3COOH (Ant; Organon 30276; 1·0 mg/kg body weight per day) injected subcutaneously. Silicone elastomer capsules were used for the testosterone treatment. Both treatments commenced on the day of orchiectomy and lasted for 7 days. In adult male rats Ant treatment suppressed serum testosterone from 9·5 ± 2·5 (s.e.m.) nmol/l to below the limit of detection (< 0·10 nmol/l; P < 0·01), and the testosterone implants reversed the decrease. Treatment with Ant decreased the pituitary content of FSH-β subunit mRNA in intact and orchiectomized rats to 14% of their respective controls (P < 0·01). These levels were increased to 80–81% of controls (not significant) in both groups by combined treatment with testosterone and Ant. Orchiectomy alone increased FSH-β subunit mRNA by 202% (P < 0·01). In intact immature rats Ant treatment decreased the level of pituitary FSH-β subunit mRNA to 21% (P<0·01), and a partial recovery (P < 0·01) to 42% of controls was observed with combined Ant + testosterone treatment. In contrast, in orchiectomized immature rats, where ANT decreased FSH-β subunit levels to 48% of controls (P < 0·01), testosterone was able to reverse these mRNA levels completely (114% of controls). No evidence for the direct pituitary effects of testosterone were found in the mRNA of the common α or LH-β subunits. In adult rats, the testicular inhibin α and βA subunit mRNA levels were increased (P < 0·01) by Ant + testosterone compared with Ant-treated animals, but there were no differences in serum immunoreactive inhibin between any of the uncastrated adult groups. In intact immature rats, Ant + testosterone treatment increased (P < 0·01) inhibin βA subunit mRNA levels compared with controls and Ant-treated animals. Ant decreased the level of peripheral inhibin immunoreactivity from 8·3 ± 2·0 U/ml to 2·1 ± 0·4 U/ml (P < 0·01) and testosterone reversed it to 5·8 ± 0·6 U/ml (not significant). In conclusion, our observations indicated that testosterone is able to stimulate FSH gene expression and secretion directly in immature and adult rats, but the testosterone response is enhanced at both ages by orchiectomy, even more so in the immature rat. This may be explained by age differences in the contribution of testicular inhibin to the regulation of FSH synthesis and secretion at the pituitary level. Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 137, 69–79
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Pinilla, L., P. Garnelo, M. Tena-Sempere, F. Gaytan, and E. Aguilar. "Mechanisms of reproductive deficiency in male rats treated neonatally with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist." Journal of Endocrinology 142, no. 3 (September 1994): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1420517.
Анотація:
Abstract It is well known that males injected neonatally with oestradiol or antiserum or antagonists (ANT) against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) show multiple reproductive disorders. In the present work, in males treated neonatally with GnRH-ANT, we have analysed: (1) whether the impairment of reproductive function can be blocked by simultaneous treatment with gonadotrophins, (2) the possible differences in the effects of GnRH-ANT injected before or after the proliferation of Sertoli cells which takes place between days 1 and 15 of age, and (3) the mechanism(s) for the increased FSH secretion observed in adulthood. Experimental designs included: administration of GnRH-ANT between days 1 and 16 or 15 and 30 of age, simultaneous administration of gonadotrophins and GnRH-ANT to neonatal males, and measurement of FSH secretion after orchidectomy or specific destruction of Leydig cells with ethylene dimethane sulphonate (EDS) in adult males treated neonatally with GnRH-ANT. The principal new data presented in our studies are the following: (1) delayed puberty was observed not only in males injected neonatally with GnRH-ANT, but also in those injected with gonadotrophins or with GnRH-ANT and gonadotrophins, (2) the decreased fertility and increased FSH secretion observed in adult males treated neonatally with GnRH-ANT were normalized by simultaneous administration of GnRH-ANT and gonadotrophins, and (3) the increased FSH secretion in adult males treated neonatally with GnRH-ANT remained after EDS or orchidectomy, suggesting that mechanisms other than decreased inhibin secretion were involved in the increased secretion of FSH. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 142, 517–525
42
Chadi, Nicholas, Jonathan Rodean, Joel J. Earlywine, Bonnie T. Zima, Sarah M. Bagley, Sharon Levy, and Scott E. Hadland. "Treatment for Nicotine Use Disorder Among Medicaid-Enrolled Adolescents and Young Adults." JAMA Pediatrics 173, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3200.
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Ved, Hemen S., and Gaurav M. Doshi. "A Review on Emerging Drug Targets in Treatment of Schizophrenia." Current Drug Targets 21, no. 15 (November 27, 2020): 1593–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450121666200615150429.
Анотація:
Schizophrenia is a multifactorial, highly complex behavioral and cognitive disorder caused by disruptions of neurotransmitters in the brain, consequently affecting its functioning. The disorder is known to affect approximately 1% of the adult population worldwide. Antipsychotics used in the treatment have considerable drawbacks as they primarily aim to alleviate the positive symptoms of different aspects of the disorder and fail to treat the negative and cognitive symptoms. Considering the poor functional outcome of conventional antipsychotic therapy, the recent development of effective targets is of clinical importance. In this review, we summarize perspective on recent approaches and advances on schizophrenia. New therapeutically potential compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia act on metabotropic glutamate receptor, Matrix metalloproteinase, endocannabinoid receptor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, muscarinic acetylcholine cholinergic receptor and Dynorphin /Kappa Opioid receptor systems. This review explores the functions of different receptors other than dopaminergic systems to treat and manage schizophrenia effectively. The article would provide readers guidance on newer targets related to schizophrenia.
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Trimiño, E., L. Pinilla, and E. Aguilar. "Pituitary-gonadal function in neonatal and adult female rats treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and antagonist: short- and long-term effects." Acta Endocrinologica 129, no. 3 (September 1993): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1290251.
Анотація:
We have analyzed the mechanisms involved in ovarian failure after administration of gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH-A) or antagonists (GnRH-ANT). Ovarian and uterine weights, serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol and pituitary FSH and LH contents were measured in Wistar female rats injected from 1–15 or 90–104 days of age with the agonist d-Ala6-d-Gly10-GnRH or the GnRH-ANT Org. 30276. Vaginal opening, first estrous presentation, vaginal smears and reproductive capacity were also analyzed. In both neonatal and adult females GnRH-A induced pituitary desensitization and reduced ovarian and uterine weights and estradiol serum concentrations. Therefore, serum gonadotropin concentrations were increased in adults and decreased in neonatal females. Puberty occurrence and reproductive function remain unaltered after neonatal treatment with GnRH-A. In neonatal females, FSH and LH pituitary content and FSH serum concentrations decreased at the end of treatment with GnRH-ANT. The effects on LH and estradiol secretion depended on the pattern of treatment. Interestingly enough, both vaginal opening and first estrous presentation were precipitated by GnRH-ANT administration. Normal reproductive function was observed in adults. We conclude that: (i) pituitary desensitization of receptors occurred in both neonatal and adult females after chronic administration of GnRH-A; (ii) the ovarian failure observed in adults that is accompanied by increased serum concentrations of gonadotropins was probably due to an inhibitory effect of GnRH-A directly on the ovaries; (iii) the blockade of GnRH action shortly after birth with GnRH-ANT precipitated the onset of puberty; possibly the antagonist blocks some suppressive effects of endogenous LHRH; (iv) the effects of neonatal administration of GnRH-A or GnRH-ANT were transitory.
45
Rajeh, Nesreen A., and Bodour M. Bashykh. "Effects of Combined Administration of Nicotine and Caffeine on Adult Rat Prostate." Saudi Journal of Internal Medicine 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32790/sjim.2015.5.1.6.
Анотація:
Objectives: Nicotine and caffeine have been shown to be a reproductive toxicant in animals and are associated with risk of cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of these two drugs on rat prostate histology and serum testosterone level.
Settings: King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Design: Experimental study, animals were injected with 100 mg/kg bw of caffeine by intra peritoneal injection daily for one month, concomitantly nicotine was injected at 10 mg/kg bw three times /week by subcutaneous injection. Effect on rats' body weight, histological changes in the prostate, and on serum testosterone level were observed.
Results: Nicotine at the tested dose causes increased interacinar space with reduction in stromal tissue (loose stroma), and also many congested blood vessels were noted in the stroma. The acini themselves become dilated and thin-walled with poorly infolded mucosa and reduction in the height of epithelial lining with flattened columnar cells. An increase in testosterone level was also noted with both the group treated with caffeine alone and with the group treated with both drugs with no significant effect on alanine transaminase or cholesterol.
Conclusion: At the used dose, nicotine caused toxic effects in male rat prostate that can be antagonized by concomitant treatment with caffeine.
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Chellian, Ranjithkumar, Azin Behnood-Rod, Ryann Wilson, Marcelo Febo, and Adriaan W. Bruijnzeel. "Adolescent nicotine treatment causes robust locomotor sensitization during adolescence but impedes the spontaneous acquisition of nicotine intake in adult female Wistar rats." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 207 (August 2021): 173224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173224.
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Faillace, M. P., J. Zwiller, and R. O. Bernabeu. "Effects of combined nicotine and fluoxetine treatment on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and conditioned place preference." Neuroscience 300 (August 2015): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.017.
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Songa, J. M., and N. J. Holliday. "LABORATORY STUDIES OF PREDATION OF GRASSHOPPER EGGS, MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS (SAY), BY ADULTS OF TWO SPECIES OF PTEROSTICHUS BONELLI (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 129, no. 6 (December 1997): 1151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1291151-6.
Анотація:
AbstractIn two-choice laboratory feeding trials in Petri dishes, adult carabid beetles, Pterostichus corvus (Leconte) and Pterostichus femoralis (Kirby), ate a higher percentage of grasshopper eggs, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), than of cat food. Pterostichus corvus ate more eggs than did P. femoralis. Grasshopper eggs buried in soil in terraria were eaten by P. corvus adults at more than twice the rate of eggs exposed on the soil surface; predation rates at depths of 2.5 and 5 cm were the same. In plant-propagation trays, predation by P. corvus of buried grasshopper eggs was studied under three types of ground cover: Nicotiana seedlings, with rosette-form growth habit; barley seedlings, which exhibited upright growth; and bare ground. A significantly higher percentage of eggs was eaten under the Nicotiana than beneath the other types of ground cover, and predation rates did not differ between the barley and bare-ground treatments. Pterostichus corvus appears to be a suitable candidate for enhancement of natural biological control of grasshopper eggs, and manipulation of vegetation cover in grasshopper egg beds may be an effective technique for enhancing predation rates.
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Aslam, H., G. Rosiepen, H. Krishnamurthy, M. Arslan, G. Clemen, E. Nieschlag, and GF Weinbauer. "The cycle duration of the seminiferous epithelium remains unaltered during GnRH antagonist-induced testicular involution in rats and monkeys." Journal of Endocrinology 161, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1610281.
Анотація:
Although the gonadotropic control of the spermatogenic process is well established, the endocrine regulation of the timing and kinetics of germ cell development has received little attention. We found previously that the administration of a GnRH antagonist (ANT) over a period of 25 days could retard spermatid development and slightly prolong cycle length in intact adult cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of extended exposure to ANT on the duration of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the monkey. Additionally, the duration of spermatogenesis was studied in the ANT-exposed rat model. In experiment 1, monkeys were given either saline or ANT (n=6/group) and on day 30 all animals received a single injection of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label S-phase germ cells. Testicular biopsies were taken on days 39, 43, 47 and 51 (end of treatment) for BrdU localization and flow cytometric analysis. ANT treatment suppressed hormone levels, reduced testis size by >70% and severely impaired germ cell production. Despite these alterations, cycle duration remained unchanged at all time-points compared with controls (10.12+/-0.15 days vs 10.16+/- 0.44 days). In experiment 2, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=15/group) received either vehicle (VEH) or ANT for 14 days and received BrdU injection on day 2. Cycle duration was found to be shorter in the ANT-treated group (12.45+/-0.09 days) than in the control group (12.75+/-0.08, P<0.05). As spermatogenic cycle length in this control group was longer than that of our historical controls (range: 12.37-12.53 days), experiment 2 was repeated (n=10/group). In experiment 3, cycle duration was 12.51+/-0.02 for VEH and 12.46+/-0.05 for the ANT-treated group (P>0.05) in both species. We concluded that the duration of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in monkeys and rats is independent of gonadotropins but is rather regulated by the spermatogenic tissue itself.
50
Abayomi, Taiwo A. "Synergetic Treatment of Ascorbic Acid and Nicotine Ameliorates Aluminium Induced Neurotoxicity in the Prefrontal Cortex of Wistar Rat." Pan African Journal of Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/pajols/1202.50.0260.
Анотація:
Background: Though the neuroprotective roles of ascorbic acid are well established, the therapeutic role of nicotine in various neurological disorders is attracting increasing attention. This study evaluated the putative ameliorative role of the synergetic treatment of nicotine and ascorbic acid against neurodegenerative consequences associated with free radical species and amyloid plaques generation in adult male Wistar rats Methods: A total of 35 Wistar rats were distributed into five groups labeled A-E. Group A served as the control group; animals in group B were treated with 100mg/kg body weight of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) for 21 days. Group C animals were treated with 100mg/kg body weight of aluminium chloride for 21 days and post-treated with 14mg/kg body weight of nicotine for 21 days. Group D was treated with 100mg/kg body weight of aluminium chloride for 21 days and post-treated with 100mg/kg bodyweight of ascorbic acid for 21 days. Group E animals were treated with 100mg/kg body weight of aluminium chloride for 21 days and post-treated with 100mg/kg bodyweight of ascorbic acid and 14mg/kg body weight of nicotine. On completion of treatments, the prefrontal cortex was excised and processed for biochemical and histochemical examinations. Results: Oxidative stress was evident from the diminished level of catalase and glutathione per oxidase and elevated lipid peroxidation levels in animals administered with aluminium in addition to the presence of amyloid plaques in these animals. However, synergetic administration of ascorbic acid and nicotine attenuated these oxidative and histochemical perturbations induced by aluminium. Conclusion: Synergetic treatment with ascorbic acid and nicotine provided better ameliorative potential against aluminium-induced neurotoxicity compared to either ascorbic acid or nicotine treatments alone