Дисертації: "Affective Neuroscience"

1

Morris, John Spencer jr. "Early Sexual Experience Alters Adult Affective Responses and Immune Function." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1318349800.

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2

Anell, Jesper. "Rubber hand illusion and affective touch : A systematic review." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18628.

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The feeling of owning a body part is often investigated by conducting and manipulating the rubber hand illusion, a three-way integration of vision, touch, and proprioception. In the last decade, more research on the role of interoception, the sense of the body's’ internal state, in the illusion has been made. One of the studied factors has been the affective touch, a caress-like, gentle, touch that is performed at a slow specific speed (1-10 cm/sec). Affective touch activates the C tactile afferents which send interoceptive signals to the brain, specifically the insula. The present systematic review investigated the role affective touch has on the strength of the rubber hand illusion. A range of electronic databases was searched for papers reporting research findings published in English before March 20, 2020. Twelve different articles were identified, but only five papers met the inclusion criteria. This thesis looked at the results from these five different studies and compared the effect of affective touch and discriminative, regular, touch have on the rubber hand illusion to see whether there is a significant difference. The results could not show a main effect of stroking velocity, site of stimulation, or social touch, which are components of affective touch. The results was based on four different measurements, the subjective experience of the illusion, pleasantness ratings, proprioceptive drift, and temperature difference in the skin. Opposed what was hypothesized, it could not be demonstrated that affective touch would induce a stronger rubber hand illusion than discriminative touch.

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3

Rouault, Marion. "Integration of beliefs and affective values in human decision-making." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0052/document.

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Le contrôle exécutif de l'action fait référence a la capacité de l'homme a contrôler et adapter son comportement de manière flexible, en lien avec ses états mentaux internes. Il repose sur l’évaluation des conséquences des actions pour ajuster les choix futurs. Les actions peuvent être renforcées ou dévalues en fonction de la valeur affective des conséquences, impliquant notamment les ganglions de la base et le cortex préfrontal médian. En outre, les conséquences des actions portent une information, qui permet d'ajuster le comportement en relation avec des croyances internes, impliquant le cortex préfrontal. Ainsi, les conséquences des actions portent deux types de signaux : (1) Une valeur affective, qui représente l’évaluation de la conséquence de l'action selon les préférences subjectives, issue de l'apprentissage par renforcement ; (2) Une valeur de croyance, mesurant comment les actions correspondent aux contingences externes, en lien avec l’inférence bayésienne. Cependant, la contribution de ces deux signaux a la prise de décision reste méconnue. Dans cette these, nous avons étudie la pertinence de cette dissociation aux niveaux comportemental et cérébral. Nous présentons plusieurs expériences comportementales permettant de dissocier ces deux signaux de valeur, sous la forme de taches d'apprentissage probabiliste avec des structures de récompense stochastiques et changeantes. Nous avons construit un modelé établissant les fondations fonctionnelles et computationnelles de la dissociation. Il combine deux systèmes en parallèle : un système d'apprentissage par renforcement modulant les valeurs affectives, et un système d’inférence bayésienne modulant les croyances. Le modèle explique mieux le comportement que de nombreux modèles alternatifs. Nous avons ensuite étudie, en IRM fonctionnelle, si les représentations dépendantes et indépendantes du choix des croyances et des valeurs affectives avaient des bases neurales distinctes. L’activité du cortex préfrontal ventromédian (VMPFC) et du cortex mid-cingulaire (MCC) corrélé avec les deux variables dépendantes du choix. Cependant, une double-dissociation a été identifiée concernant les représentations indépendantes du choix, le VMPFC étant spécifique des croyances alors que le MCC est spécifique des valeurs affectives. En outre, l’activité du cortex préfrontal latéral augmente lorsque les deux valeurs de décision sont proches et que le choix devient difficile. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'avant la décision, le cortex préfrontal ventromédian (VMPFC) et le cortex mid-cingulaire (MCC) encodent séparément les croyances et les valeurs affectives respectivement. Le cortex préfrontal latéral (LPFC) combine les deux signaux pour prendre une décision, puis renvoie l'information du choix aux régions médianes, probablement pour actualiser les deux signaux de valeur en fonction des conséquences du choix. Ces résultats contribuent a élucider les mécanismes cérébraux de la prise de décision dans le cortex préfrontal
Executive control relates to the human ability to monitor and flexibly adapt behavior in relation to internal mental states. Specifically, executive control relies on evaluating action outcomes for adjusting subsequent action. Actions can be reinforced or devaluated given affective value of outcomes, notably in basal ganglia and medial prefrontal cortex. Additionally, outcomes convey information to adapt behavior in relation to internal beliefs, involving prefrontal cortex. Accordingly, action outcomes convey two major types of value signals: (1) Affective values, representing the valuation of action outcomes given subjective preferences and stemming from reinforcement learning; (2) Belief values about how actions map onto outcome contingencies and relating to Bayesian inference. However, how these two signals contribute to decision remains unclear, and previous experimental paradigms confounded them. In this PhD thesis, we investigated whether their dissociation is behaviorally and neurally relevant. We present several behavioral experiments dissociating these two signals, in the form of probabilistic reversal-learning tasks involving stochastic and changing reward structures. We built a model establishing the functional and computational foundations of such dissociation. It combined two parallel systems: reinforcement learning, modulating affective values, and Bayesian inference, monitoring beliefs. The model accounted for behavior better than many other alternative models. We then investigated whether beliefs and affective values have distinct neural bases using fMRI. BOLD signal was regressed against choice-dependent and choice-independent beliefs and affective values. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and midcingulate cortex (MCC) activity correlated with both choice-dependent variables. However, we found a double-dissociation regarding choice-independent variables, with VMPFC encoding choice-independent beliefs, whereas MCC encoded choice-independent affective values. Additionally, activity in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) increased when decision values (i.e. mixture of beliefs and affective values) got closer to each other and action selection became more difficult. These results suggest that before decision, VMPFC and MCC separately encode beliefs and affective values respectively. LPFC combines both signals to decide, then feeds back choice information to these medial regions, presumably for updating these value signals according to action outcomes. These results provide new insight into the neural mechanisms of decision-making in prefrontal cortex

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4

Lapadatu, Irina Laura. "Self-discrepancy and affective distress after stroke." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/72485/.

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AIMS: To investigate self-discrepancies in stroke survivors and explore associations between discrepancies and distress, drawing on Higgins’s (1987) Self-Discrepancy Theory. More specifically, investigate if stroke survivors reported a change in their sense of self following stroke, if this change was related to their reported anxiety and depression, and if this relationship was mediated by their perceived self-esteem. Also, to explore if discrepancies between survivors’ post-stroke self and their ideal and ought self, respectively, were associated with depression and anxiety, respectively. METHOD: A retrospective cross-sectional design was employed. The participants were 67 first-time community-living stroke survivors, with a mean age of 61.6 years and a mean time since stroke of 5.6 years. The measures included the Head Injury Semantic Differential for assessing pre-stroke (retrospectively), post-stroke, ideal and ought selves; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (adapted); and the Barthel Index. RESULTS: Stroke survivors perceived themselves significantly more negatively than prior to their stroke. The discrepancy between pre and post-stroke selves was positively associated with affective distress and negatively associated with self-esteem and quality of life, respectively. The discrepancy between post-stroke self and ideal self, and the discrepancy between post-stroke self and ought self were also positively associated with affective distress. However, these relationships were undifferentiated, as the former was not only related to depression but also to anxiety, and the latter was not only related to anxiety but also to depression. Survivors’ perceived self-esteem was a mediator in the relationship between the pre and post-stroke selves discrepancy and affective distress. CONCLUSIONS: This was the first study to show a perceived change in identity in a large sample of stroke survivors, and it contributed to our understanding of how psychological factors may be involved in emotional adjustment after stroke. This highlighted the importance of considering such changes in informing neurorehabilitation; the clinical implications were discussed. It was also the first study to provide support, albeit partial for Higgins’ (1987) self-discrepancy theory in a stroke population. The strengths and limitations of the study were considered and ideas for future research were proposed.

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5

Heikura, Emelie. "Resilience in cognitive neuroscience : The 'Ordinary Magic' of human recovery." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15568.

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Resilience is a dynamic process that reflect individual ability to successfully recover and positively adapt to severe circumstances. In this essay, attachment, social support, self- regulation and affective processing, taken from the "shortlist of resilience" provided by Masten, are further analyzed and connected to findings within neuroscience. The result suggest that brain areas originated from the prefrontal cortex, such as orbitofrontal and dorsolateral cortex, are two major neural correlates to attachment and stress- and self- regulation. The amygdala is also an area of interest, because of its’ connection to emotions and affective memories. Research on affective style suggest that the functions associated with the prefrontal cortex are dampening the effect of the amygdala, which later supports resilience and recovery. The area of resilience is suffering from a lacking general definition, measurement and operationalization, which is argued to be the major challenge of this research area. Prominent researchers prospect that resilience research will continue to flourish within the area of neuroscience, and that further discoveries will be made concerning how this cognitive ability is related to structural and functional differences in the brain.

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6

Rogers-Carter, Morgan M. "TheRole of the Insular Cortex in Rodent Social Affective Behavior:." Thesis, Boston College, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108375.

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Thesis advisor: John P. Christianson
In social species, animals must detect, evaluate and respond to the states of other individuals in their group. A constellation of gestures, vocalizations, and chemosignals enable animals to convey affect and arousal to others in nuanced, multisensory ways. Observers integrate such social information with environmental cues and internal physiology to general social behavioral responses via a process called social decision-making. The mechanisms and anatomical correlates of social decision-making, particularly those that allow behavioral responses to others’ emotional states, are not fully known. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation is to broaden the anatomical understanding of social decision-making by investigating the role of the insular cortex in social behaviors that depend upon others’ emotional state. Using a novel behavioral paradigm, I present causal evidence that implicates the insular cortex and its projections to the nucleus accumbens in social affective behavior. These findings are consistent with evidence from the literature that suggests insular cortex is positioned to convey sensory cues to social brain structures to produce flexible and appropriate behavioral responses to social affective cues
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology

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7

Ipser, Jonathan. "The relationship between impulsivity, affect and a history of psychological adversity: a cognitive-affective neuroscience approach." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11554.

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There is increasing evidence that trauma exposure is associated with impulsive behaviour and difficulties regulating affect. The findings of recent studies implicate the disruption of neurobiological mechanisms, particularly those involving the neurotransmitter serotonin, in both impulsivity and affect regulation.

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8

Lettieri, Giada. "Brain topography, connectivity dynamics and coding mechanisms underlying the subjective experience of affective states." Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2019. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/294/1/Lettieri_phdthesis.pdf.

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The present dissertation focuses on the behavioral and neural substrates of socio-affective abilities involved in the subjective emotional experience. Socio-affective abilities are the building blocks of the more general domain of social cognition, which represents the cornerstone of human interactions. In particular, understanding, predicting and responding to others’ emotional signals are fundamental aspects necessary for the optimal functioning of human’s daily life. Emotions are pervasively present in dyadic interactions, give color to individual experiences, and can rapidly change over time, as they are the consequence of an active interplay between an individual and the environment. Despite their relevance, however, emotions are still an open question for researchers. Indeed, which mechanisms link descriptions of affective states to brain activity is still unclear, with evidence supporting either local or distributed processing. Moreover, the majority of neuroimaging studies so far did not take into account the dynamism of affective states and their unfolding over time. For this reason, how the temporal characteristics of emotions (e.g., duration, onset, resurgence) are represented in the brain, with the dynamics between specific regions related to different emotional experiences is an open question. In light of all this, the studies reported in the present dissertation aimed to overcome previous limitations and answer these questions. In the first study we used brain hemodynamic activity evoked by an emotionally charged movie and continuous ratings of the perceived emotion intensity to reveal the topographic organization of affective states. In the second study, we explored the dynamic interplay between different brain regions throughout a naturalistic situation. To do so, we related continuous ratings of the perceived intensity of various emotional states to changes in functional connectivity among distinct brain regions during the watching of the same movie employed before. Our results showed that moment-by-moment ratings of perceived emotions explain brain activity recorded in independent subjects. Most importantly, we demonstrated the existence of orthogonal and spatially overlapping right temporo-parietal gradients encoding emotion dimensions, a mechanism that we named emotionotopy. We also unveiled the central role of the right precentral sulcus during the subjective emotional experience, with changes in the functional connectivity dynamics of this region being modulated by three cardinal emotion dimensions.

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9

Duchesne, Annie. "Physiological, neural and affective responses to social evaluative stress in men and women: a question of context and menstrual cycle phases." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121362.

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The experiences of psychological stress are important determinants of one's physical and mental health; therefore, a central focus of today's research is to unveil the relationship between health and stress. One physiological system that has been thoroughly investigated as underlining this complex relationship is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Although it is a central stress system, the HPA axis response varies greatly across individuals. Research of the past decades demonstrated that certain individual factors contribute to these different stress responses and health outcomes. Indeed, investigation of these factors is central to our comprehension of the underlying mechanisms that link the experience of stress to health. An important, core, factor that shows a strong influence on the HPA axis response to stress, is whether one is a man or a woman. To further comprehend differences between men's and women's stress response, the work presented in this thesis aimed to investigate how the interaction between biological and situational factors affects physiological and psychological stress response in men and women. Therefore, I investigated the effect of variation of women's menstrual cycle phases (biological factor) and that of variation in the gender of an evaluative committee (situational factor) on male and female stress response to a social evaluative stress (giving a speech in front of an evaluative committee). Our results revealed that differences typically observed between men and women regarding their stress response are particularly influenced by women's hormonal milieu and the gender of an evaluative committee. Considering the importance of women's menstrual cycle phase to women's stress response, in the second study, we further examined its effect on the association between the physiological and affective responses to stress. This study was the first demonstration of the moderating effect of menstrual cycle phase on the association between the affective and physiological stress responses. Finally, in the last study for this thesis, I investigated effects of variation in menstrual cycle phase on women's physiological, affective, as well as neural responses to a social evaluative stress. The results from this study replicated the effects from our previous findings, and extended them to include an impact on the neural responses to stress. Specifically, we demonstrated that variation in menstrual cycle phases also significantly influences the association between the physiological and neural responses to a social evaluative stress. The thesis then concludes with a general discussion that addresses some of the questions that the findings from the three studies raise. I also discuss how these current findings expand our understanding of the psychophysiological stress responses in men and women. Study limitations and future directions are also highlighted.
Les expériences de stress psychologique constituent d'importants déterminants de la santé physique et mentale ; ainsi, un intérêt central de la recherché actuelle vise l'élucidation des relations entre la santé et le stress. Un système physiologique particulier fait l'objet d'un examen approfondi en ce qu'il serait fondamental à cette relation complexe, l'axe-hypotalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien. Bien qu'étant un système central de stress, la réponse de l'axe HHS varie considérablement parmi les individus. Les dernières décennies de recherche démontrent que certains facteurs individuels contribuent aux différentes réponses de stress et aux questions de santé. L'étude de ces facteurs devient conséquemment cruciale à notre compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents liants les expériences du stress à la santé. Un facteur important, sinon majeur, influençant fortement la réponse de stress via l'axe HHS réside dans le fait d'être de sexe féminin ou masculin. Afin de poursuivre l'élucidation de ces différences de sexe quant à la réponse de stress, le travail présenté dans cette thèse vise l'éclaircissement des interactions entre les facteurs biologiques et situationnels d'un stress expérimental. Ainsi, l'effet des phases du cycle menstruel et une variation des genres au sein d'un comité d'évaluation ont été proposés pour l'étude du stress psychosocial. Les résultats nous révèlent que ces différences dans les réponses de stress entre les femmes et les hommes sont influencées par la variation des hormones sexuelles et le genre du comité d'évaluation. La considération de l'importance des phases du cycle menstruel de la réponse de stress des femmes nous a fait poursuivre, dans une seconde étude, notre questionnement concernant son effet sur l'association entre les réponses physiologiques et affectives du stress. Suite à un stress d'ordre psychosocial, les résultats pointent vers un effet significatif des phases du cycle menstruel sur l'association entre la réponse affective de stress et la réponse endocrine du stress (cortisol). À notre connaissance, il s'agit de la première démonstration de l'effet modulateur du cycle menstruel sur l'association entre les réponses affectives et endocrines du stress. Dans notre dernière étude, nous avons étudié les effets des phases du cycle menstruel sur les réponses physiologiques, affectives et neurales durant un stress psychosocial. Confirmant les résultats de la seconde étude, ils incluent à présent les aspects neuronaux de la réponse de stress, démontrant que les phases du cycle menstruel influence significativement l'association entre les aspects physiologiques et neuronaux du stress psychosocial. Cette thèse se termine par une discussion quant à la pertinence de ces résultats pour notre compréhension des réponses de stress psychosocial chez la femme et l'homme, ainsi que des hypothèses explicatives de l'association différentielle entre les aspects affectifs et physiologiques de la réponse de stress durant les phases du cycle menstruel. Les limites de la présente étude accompagnées de recherches futures sont aussi indiquées.

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10

Graham, Julia. "Neurobiological models of depression in adolescence : fMRI of affective memory processing." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648705.

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11

Pell, Marc D. "The perception and comprehension of intonation by brain-damaged adults in linguistic and affective contexts /." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69735.

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Tasks testing linguistic and affective prosody were administered to nine right-hemisphere-damaged (RHD), ten left-hemisphere-damaged (LHD), and ten age-matched control (NC) subjects. Two tasks measured subjects' abilities to make same/different judgments about prosodic patterns which had been filtered of the linguistic content, while six tasks required subjects to identify typical linguistic or affective meanings for intonation contours. The six identification tasks varied in the amount of linguistic structure available to subjects during auditory perception; stimuli were either filtered of their phonetic content, presented as nonsense utterances, or provided appropriate semantic information which biased the prosodic target. Unilateral damage to either cerebral hemisphere did not impair subjects' ability to discriminate prosodic patterns, or to recognize the affective mood conveyed through prosody. Contrary to expectation, RHD patients performed comparably in both propositional and affective contexts, and thus did not show evidence of a specific disturbance of emotional prosody. LHD patients, however, were differentially impaired on linguistic tasks rather than emotional tasks when compared to the NC group, even when semantic information biased the target response. The results are discussed with respect to theories of lateralized processing of linguistic and affective prosody.

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12

Simpson, Johanna. "The genetics of affective cognition : electrophysiological evidence for individual differences in affective picture processing, attention and memory." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25203.

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Affect and cognition have traditionally been considered mutually exclusive domains and their study has evolved into two separate research fields. In recent years, however, there is increasing evidence of affective modulations of cognitive processes and interest in the study of affective cognition has grown. This thesis presents analyses of data collected in four mixed-design experiments between 2009 and 2011, which were designed to investigate affective memory and its electrophysiological correlates, individual differences in said affective memory and electrophysiological correlates, the time-course of affective memory and attentional disengagement from affective stimuli respectively. The first aim of the research presented here was to further understanding of how affective content influences picture processing and memory. Event-related potentials (ERPs) provide a valuable tool for the investigation of modulations of cognitive processes, as their excellent temporal resolution allows for the dissociation between different processes contributing to behavioural outcomes. Several important results for the study of affective cognition are reported: The late positive potential (LPP) was shown to be modulated differentially by affective content when compared to a behavioural attentional disengagement task. While the behavioural measure of attention replicated findings from participants’ self-report of arousal, LPP enhancement did not. This novel finding demonstrates that the affective modulation of the LPP cannot be used as an electrophysiological marker of slowed attentional disengagement as is common in the literature. In the domain of recognition memory, affective modulation of performance was shown to be time-sensitive, with effects developing faster for negative than for positive picture content. Affective pictures were associated with a less conservative response bias than neutral pictures but only negative pictures elicited better discrimination performance, driven by an increased in the rate of “remembered” as compared to merely familiar pictures. This was reflected in an increase of the ERP old/new effect for negative pictures in the 500 to 800ms time window, the purported correlate of recollection. The late right-frontal old/new effect between 800 and 1500 ms post stimulus onset was shown to be attenuated by affective content, supporting the interpretation of the late right-frontal effect as a correlate of relevance detection over a retrieval success interpretation. In combination, the findings add weight to the conclusion that affective content enhances memory through selective memory sparing for affective stimuli. Novel evidence for gender differences in affective cognition was found. Comparisons between female and male participants revealed that the affective modulation of the late right-frontal effect differs between the genders, underlining the importance of assessing and understanding gender differences as part of the study of affective cognition. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene val66met single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), a small genetic change that affects the functioning of BDNF, a protein that plays an important role in neuron growth, differentiation and survival, is shown here to also affect the interaction of affect and cognition. BDNF val66met genotype modulated the early “familiarity” old/new effect selectively in response to positive pictures. The present study clearly demonstrates the value of the ERP technique in the investigation of individual differences in affective and cognitive processing and the need to take such individual differences into account as part of the endeavour to fully understand the mechanisms of affective processing, cognition and affective cognition. A better understanding of the role of gender and genetic differences in the affective modulation of affective processing and memory will have important practical implications in fields where affect and cognition interact.

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13

Sadeghi-Tari, Daniel. "Socio-Affective Moral Enhancement : A Cognitive Neuroscientific Perspective." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17473.

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14

Szabo, Steven T. "Interactions between serotonergic and noradrenergic systems : their involvement in antidepressant treatment of anxiety and affective disorders." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37658.

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Pertubations in serotonergic (5-HT) and noradrenergic (NA) function are implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety and affective disorders. This is strengthened by all antidepressants regardless of targeting these monoamines produce specific alterations in one or both of these systems after a prolonged administration. These alterations are congruent to their delayed onset of action in anxiety and affective disorders and may be of relevance. Using in vivo electrophysiological paradigms in the rat, the present research endeavor was undertaken to investigate whether antidepressant drugs inhibiting one monoaminergic reuptake transporter can induce an alteration in the other system. More specifically, impact of 5-HT and adrenergic receptors on the regulation of monoaminergic and hippocampal activity after acute and sustained antidepressant treatments was assessed.
Long-term, but not subacute administrations of selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) attenuate the spontaneous firing activity of locus coeruleus (LC) NA neurons. On the other hand, subacute and sustained treatment regimens with NA reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) induce a robust and sustained decrease on NA firing without altering that of 5-HT. Interestingly, sustained SSRI and NRI treatments both abolished 5-HT1A receptor augmentations of LC firing, but left inhibitory 5-HT2A receptor responses normal or slightly desensitized. The SSRI induced dampening on LC firing is reversed by 5-HT2A receptors blockade. Thus, an overactivation of 5-HT 2A receptors during chronic SSRI administration results from desensitization of 5-HT1A receptors in the presence of 5-HT transporter reuptake inhibition.
Antagonism of 5-HT1A receptors attenuates LC NA firing, but is completely reversed by 5-HT2A receptors blockade. 5,7-DHT experiments indicate that these receptors in the LC are postsynaptic to 5-HT neurons, but the 5-HT1A effects are dependent on intact 5-HT neurons. This served as the impetus to a proposed neuronal circuitry detailing the mechanism by which these 5-HT receptors, and SSRI induce adaptations thereof, alter the NA system. This complex circuitry implicates other neurotransmitters being supported further by iontophoretic data demonstrating 5-HT1A receptor effects involve alterations in glutamate and 5-HT to mediate 5-HT2A receptor activation and regulate GABA release in the LC.
Given the abovementioned results, it was striking that a subacute treatment with YM992 (SSRI and 5-HT2A antagonist) attenuated NA firing to a similar extent as reported with NRIs. This was concluded to be due to overactivation of presynaptic alpha2-adrenoceptors. In contrast to NRIs, a 21-day treatment with YM992 desensitized this receptor subtype and is responsible for normalization of LC firing.
Reboxetine produces similar effects on 5-HT and NA neuron firing and reuptake blockade on CA3 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus as the TCA desipramine. Unlike desipramine, reboxetine is able to alter 5-HT reuptake function and 5-HT2A receptors mediated responses by DOI after a prolonged administration and did not induce a sensitization of hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors. Thus, for the first time, experimental evidence supports that this latter effect is due to TCA structure and not NA reuptake blockade.
These results are extrapolated to the beneficial and side effects produced by antidepressants with hopes of expanding upon the former while reducing the latter in the treatment of anxiety and affective disorders.

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15

Lemyre, Alexandre. "Développement et validation d'une théorie de la fonction adaptative biologique des rêves." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69661.

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Plusieurs fonctions ont été attribuées aux rêves. Les revues de documentation existantes qui abordent les théories de la fonction des rêves ne sont pas exhaustives et sont souvent peu critiques. L'introduction de la présente thèse comble ce manque dans la documentation scientifique en offrant une revue critique des théories contemporaines de la fonction des rêves. À la lumière de cette introduction, il apparaît que les théories existantes présentent toutes des limites importantes. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse est un article présentant une nouvelle théorie de la fonction des rêves : la théorie de préactivation des sentiments par les rêves, ou Feeling Priming Theory (FPT). Selon la FPT, la fonction du rêve est de favoriser la motivation à éviter les événements anticipés aversifs et à approcher les événements anticipés gratifiants. Plus précisément, il est suggéré qu'une composante des émotions anticipées – les sentiments anticipés (anticipated feelings) – est reproduite dans les rêves. Au réveil et durant la journée, ces sentiments anticipés demeureraient (pré)activés en mémoire. Conséquemment, les émotions anticipées exerceraient une plus grande influence sur les comportements d'évitement et d'approche, à la fois directement, mais surtout indirectement par le biais des sentiments vécus par anticipation (anticipatory feelings; c.-à-d., les sentiments de peur ou d'espoir/de désir). Le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse est un article présentant le développement et l'utilisation d'un protocole visant à tester des hypothèses de la FPT. Soixante-quatre participants ont rempli un journal de bord à la maison pendant une période comprenant deux jours pour lesquels au moins un rêve était rappelé. Les données ont été recueillies immédiatement après le lever, après la routine du lever et avant la routine du coucher. Les participants ont rapporté les événements qu'ils anticipent, leur degré de peur et de désir face aux événements anticipés, leur contrôle perçu sur les événements anticipés, leurs comportements et leurs décisions par rapport aux événements anticipés, la mesure dans laquelle ils ont pensé aux événements anticipés, et finalement, la similitude entre leurs sentiments anticipés (anticipated feelings) et leurs sentiments vécus en rêve (dream feelings). Les résultats montrent que la peur ressentie envers un événement anticipé aversif prédit positivement la probabilité que le sentiment anticipé négatif associé à cet événement soit reproduit dans un rêve. Ressentir ce sentiment négatif dans un rêve prédit positivement la peur ressentie envers l'événement anticipé aversif le jour suivant, qui à son tour prédit positivement la survenue d'un comportement d'évitement. Les résultats suggèrent également que le désir ressenti envers un événement anticipé gratifiant prédit positivement la probabilité que le sentiment anticipé positif associé à cet événement soit reproduit dans un rêve. Cependant, ressentir ce sentiment positif dans un rêve ne prédit pas le désir ressenti envers cet événement anticipé gratifiant le jour suivant. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de l'étude de validation appuient partiellement la FPT. La conclusion de la présente thèse expose les forces et les limites de la théorie développée et de l'étude de validation. À la lumière de ces forces et limites, des pistes de recherche futures sont proposées. Plus spécifiquement, il est suggéré que la FPT pourra servir d'ancrage pour le développement d'une théorie cognitive de la production des rêves. Des suggestions sont également offertes pour une étude en laboratoire visant à répliquer, dans un milieu contrôlé, le protocole utilisé pour l'étude de validation. Finalement, la possibilité de développer un nouveau traitement psychologique pour les cauchemars chroniques sur la base de la FPT est abordée. En résumé, cette thèse est un apport majeur à la documentation scientifique sur les rêves. Elle comporte une revue critique des théories contemporaines de la fonction des rêves, propose une nouvelle théorie de la fonction des rêves qui constitue une alternative aux théories de la régulation émotionnelle par les rêves, rapporte les résultats d'une étude visant à tester les principales hypothèses de la théorie proposée, et démontre la pertinence des travaux menés pour le développement de projets de recherche théorique, empirique, et clinique.
Several functions have been attributed to dreaming. Existing literature reviews on the theories of the function of dreaming are not exhaustive and contain few criticisms. The introduction of this thesis fills this gap in the literature by offering a critical review of contemporary theories of the function of dreaming. In light of this introduction, all existing theories present important limitations. The first chapter of this thesis is an article presenting a new theory of the function of dreaming: the Feeling Priming Theory (FTP). According to the FPT, the function of dreaming is to favor the motivation to avoid aversive anticipated events and to approach gratifying anticipated events. More specifically, it is suggested that a component of anticipated emotions – anticipated feelings – is reproduced in dreams. Upon awakening and during the day, these anticipated feelings would remain (pre)activated (primed) in memory. Consequently, anticipated emotions would exert a greater influence on avoidance and approach behaviors, mainly through an increase in the intensity of anticipatory feelings (i.e., feelings of fear or hope/desire). The second chapter of this thesis is an article presenting the development and use of a protocol aimed at testing hypotheses from the FPT. Sixty-four participants completed a logbook at home for a period that included two days with dream recall. Data were collected after waking up, after the morning routine, and before the bedtime routine. Participants reported their anticipated events, their degree of fear, desire and control over the anticipated events, the behaviors and decisions they adopted in relation to the anticipated events, the extent to which they thought about the anticipated events, and the similarity between their anticipated feelings and their dream feelings. The hypotheses were tested using linear and binary logistic mixed models. Fear toward an aversive anticipated event positively predicts the probability that the negative anticipated feeling associated with this anticipated event be reproduced in a dream. Experiencing this negative feeling in a dream positively predicts fear toward the aversive anticipated event on the next day, which in turn positively predicts the occurrence of an avoidance behavior. Furthermore, desire toward a gratifying anticipated event positively predicts the probability that the positive anticipated feeling associated with this anticipated event be reproduced in a dream. However, experiencing this positive feeling in a dream does not predict desire toward the gratifying anticipated event on the next day. Overall, the results from the validation study support part of the FPT. The conclusion of this thesis reviews the strengths and limitations of the proposed theory and the validation study. In the light of these strengths and limitations, potential avenues of research are explored. It is suggested that the FPT could serve as a basis for the development of a cognitive theory of dream production. Moreover, the empirical study could be replicated in a laboratory setting, which would allow to test the FPT in a controlled environment. Finally, the possibility of developing a new psychological treatment for nightmares based on the FPT is discussed. In summary, this thesis constitutes a major contribution to the dream literature. It presents a critical review of contemporary theories of the function of dreaming, proposes the FPT as an alternative to emotion regulation theories of dreaming, reports the results of an empirical study aimed at testing several hypotheses from the FPT, and demonstrates the relevance of this work for future theoretical, empirical, and clinical research.

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16

Capitao, Liliana. "Early effects of fluoxetine on emotional processing : implications for adolescent depression." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c713518b-97bd-4692-99ba-288f37c97ddd.

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Depression in adolescence is a major health problem, associated with poor psychological function and key risk factors both for later illness and suicidal behaviours. The antidepressant fluoxetine is commonly used in this population and it is shown to have a favourable benefit-to-risk profile. However, controversy still exists about the use of antidepressants in young people and there is little research focusing on underlying mechanisms of wanted and unwanted actions in this group. This doctoral thesis aims to investigate, for the first time, the acute effects of fluoxetine on emotional processing, using a combination of behavioural and neuroimaging techniques. The aim is to achieve a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying fluoxetine use in depressed adolescents, in light of differences seen in their clinical presentation and response to antidepressant drugs. In the first study (Chapter Two), a single dose of fluoxetine was shown to decrease the recognition of anger in a sample of young adult volunteers, an effect not previously seen in acute studies of older participants. This effect may be particularly relevant for the treatment of adolescent depression, in which symptoms of anger and irritability are often prominent. Beyond this, fluoxetine was shown to increase the recognition of positive vs. negative facial information, and also exerted an anxiolytic-like influence, eliminating the emotion-potentiated startle effect. However, no influence was seen in measures of attentional vigilance to threat. In an attempt to overcome methodological limitations of this study, a paradigm was developed that is particularly sensitive to the detection of automatic biases towards threatening information (Chapter Three). Chapter Four describes a neuroimaging study with depressed adolescents, in which a single dose of fluoxetine was found to reduce amygdala activity in response to anger. Early changes in amygdala activity to fear correlated with decreased symptoms of anxiety and depression in the first 7-10 days of treatment. Chapter Five explores the effects of acute fluoxetine in a sample of high trait anger males. This study replicated the finding that fluoxetine acts to increase the recognition of positive information, whilst showing preliminary evidence for a reduction in attentional vigilance to angry faces. Overall, fluoxetine was found to decrease the processing of anger across studies. This effect was seen alongside a broader influence on positive vs. negative information and anxiolytic-like properties. Together, these results indicate that fluoxetine has direct effects on processes that are especially relevant to adolescent depression and suggest a potential cognitive mechanism for the efficacy of this particular antidepressant in adolescent patients.

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17

Jauniaux, Josiane. "L'interrelation entre l'empathie et la régulation émotionnelle : corrélats neuronaux et autonomiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66984.

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L’empathie et la régulation émotionnelle sont des processus vitaux au fonctionnement socioémotionnel sain. Le terme « empathie » réfère à la capacité de partager et comprendre les émotions d’autrui. La régulation émotionnelle se définit quant à elle par la capacité de moduler ses propres états émotionnels. En neurosciences, bien qu’il ait été proposé d’un point de vue théorique que l’empathie et la régulation émotionnelle soient intimement liées, ces deux entités sont actuellement étudiés en vase clos. Par ailleurs, la littérature scientifique regorge d’études en neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle examinant les corrélats cérébraux de l’empathie pour la douleur. Or, l’empathie est une fonction sociale polyvalente se déployant dans une vaste étendue d’interactions socioémotionnelles. Tout comme la régulation émotionnelle, la valence émotionnelle demeure rarement examinée dans le contexte de l’empathie et l’interrelation entre la régulation et la valence émotionnelle est inexplorée. La thèse a pour objectif d’examiner la relation entre l’empathie, la régulation émotionnelle et la valence émotionnelle, de même que les corrélats neurophysiologiques sous-jacents. Un premier article de revue narrative décrit les régions cérébrales clés impliquées dans l’empathie pour la douleur, qui incluent notamment le cortex cingulaire antérieur médian et l’insula antérieure. Cet article a aussi permis de dégager de la littérature des facteurs régulant la réponse cérébrale associés à l’empathie pour la douleur. Ceux-ci incluent différents stimuli visuels, dont des membres du corps en douleur ou des expressions faciales de douleur. Ces derniers influencent les processus perceptuels de régulation. Les instructions offertes aux participants constituent un autre facteur pouvant influencer la réponse cérébrale, notamment leur orientation (vers soi ou vers autrui). Celles-ci influencent les processus cognitifs de régulation. Dans le deuxième article, une méta-analyse quantitative des études en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle sur l’observation de la douleur est présentée. Celle-ci révèle un réseau central d’activation associé à l’empathie pour la douleur (cortex cingulaire antérieur médian, insula antérieure). Ce réseau s’activerait indépendamment des processus perceptuels et cognitifs de régulation. On démontre également que différents processus perceptuels sont associés spécifiquement à des activations dans les régions sensorimotrices (observation de membres du corps en douleur) et à des activations dans une région impliquée dans l’imitation d’action et la communication non-verbale (observation d’expressions faciales de douleur). Différents processus cognitifs de régulation sont associés spécifiquement à l’activation d’une région impliquée dans l’intéroception et la conscience de soi (perspective orientée vers soi) ou à l’activation de régions impliquées dans le réseau attentionnel (perspective orientée vers le stimulus). Dans le but d’examiner expérimentalement l’effet de la régulation émotionnelle sur l’empathie, une étude psychophysiologique a été ensuite menée. Un nouveau paradigme expérimental a été développé. Lors du visionnement de vidéos illustrant des scènes d’interactions socioémotionnelles, des participants étaient invités à réguler leurs émotions par la réévaluation cognitive. L’empathie situationnelle, l’activité électrodermale et cardiaque ont été mesurées. Les résultats démontrent que la régulation émotionnelle module l’empathie situationnelle et qu’elle est associée à une augmentation de la variabilité du rythme cardiaque. Ces résultats suggèrent que la régulation émotionnelle est sous-tendue par l’implication du système parasympathique dans l’empathie. Aussi, l’observation d’émotions positives en comparaison à des émotions négatives est associée à moins d’empathie situationnelle en parallèle à une légère augmentation de la variabilité du rythme cardiaque. Ces résultats suggèrent une plus grande implication des processus de régulation lors de iii l’empathie pour les émotions positives. En somme, cette étude démontre que les processus de régulation dans l’empathie seraient sous-tendus préférentiellement par le système parasympathique. Elle soulève par ailleurs que la valence émotionnelle est un paramètre important à considérer dans l’étude de l’empathie, puisqu’elle influence différemment les réponses subjectives et autonomiques associées. En plus d’offrir une vision plus intégrative de la relation entre l’empathie et la régulation émotionnelle elle soutient empiriquement leur lien. Les données de celle-ci démontrent que l’empathie est un phénomène dynamique pouvant être influencé par les processus perceptuels et cognitifs de régulation, lesquels influenceront différemment la réponse cérébrale et autonomique. En définitive, cette thèse contribuera à développer des modèles plus nuancés reliant l’empathie et la régulation émotionnelle ainsi que les bases neurophysiologiques qui y sont associées.
Empathy and emotion regulation are vital processes for healthy socioemotional functioning. Empathy refers to the ability to share and understand others’ emotions while emotion regulation is defined as by the ability to modulate one owns’ emotional state. It is commonly described, from a theoretical perspective, that empathy and emotion regulation are intimately related. However, empathy and emotion regulation have been largely studied separately. In addition, the vast majority of the neuroscience literature on empathy is based on functional neuroimaging studies of vicarious pain. Empathy is although a versatile social function deployed in a large range of socio-emotional interactions. Like emotion regulation, emotional valence is rarely examined in the context of empathy and the relation between emotion regulation and emotional valence during empathy is currently unexplored. The objective of this thesis was to examine the relation between empathy, emotion regulation, and emotional valence, as well as their underlying neurophysiological correlates. In a narrative review article, the key brain regions involved in pain empathy are described, which includes the median anterior cingulate cortex and the anterior insula. In addition, factors that regulate the brain response during pain empathy were pointed out. These included different visual stimuli that regulate differently perceptual processes, such as body parts being submitted to noxious pain or facial expressions of pain. Instructions offered to the participants is also a factor that cognitively regulate the brain response during pain empathy, such as instructions oriented towards oneself or the other. In a second article, a quantitative meta-analysis on functional neuroimaging studies of pain empathy is presented. This study revealed a core network of activation related to pain empathy (median anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula), which activates independently from perceptual and cognitive processes of regulation. This study also demonstrated that different perceptual processes distinctively activate sensorimotor regions (observation of limbs in painful situations) and a region involved in action imitation and non-verbal communication (facial expressions of pain). Furthermore, different cognitive regulatory processes distinctively activate a region involved in interoception and selfawareness (self-oriented perspective) and regions involved in the attentional network (perspective oriented towards the stimulus). In order to examine experimentally the effect of emotion regulation on empathy, a psycho-physiological study was then conducted. A new paradigm was developed. During the viewing of short videos depicting socioemotional interactions, participants were invited to regulate their emotions using cognitive reappraisal. Situational empathy was measured. Electrodermal and cardiac activity was gathered. Results showed that emotion regulation can increase or decrease situational empathy and is associated to an increase of the heart rate variability. These results suggest that emotion regulation is underpinned by the parasympathetic system during empathy. Moreover, viewing positive emotions, compared to negative emotions, was associated with less situational empathy and a slight increase of the heart rate variability. These results suggest a greater need in emotion regulation processes during empathy for positive emotions. In sum, this study demonstrates that emotion regulation process during empathy is preferentially underlied by the parasympathetic system. This work also highlights that emotional valence is an important parameter to consider when studying empathy, as it influences the underying subjective and autonomic responses. In addition to offer a more integrative vision of the relation between empathy and emotion regulation and supports their link empirically. The findings demonstrate that empathy is a dynamic phenomenon that can be regulated by v perceptual and cognitive processes. Ultimately, this thesis will contribute more nuanced models of empathy that will consider emotion regulation processes and the underlying neurophysiological basis.

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18

Sarraf, Niloufar. "Mapping the neural activities and affective dimensions of the ISP model: Correlates in the search exploration, formulation, and collection stages." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/127009/2/Niloufar_Sarraf_Thesis.pdf.

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The affective and neurological components of information retrieval system design have increasingly become an essential part of research in human-information interaction and interactive information retrieval. These sophisticated processes are composed of not only human cognitive processes but also emotional and neuropsychological responses. This research contributes three original findings to the field of Information Science, positioned in Neuro Information Science. This experimental research 1) mapped the neurophysiological dimensions of information search processes model, 2) integrated the three disciplines of Neuroscience, Information Science, and Cognitive Psychology, and 3) helped detect dimensions of emotions using EEG devices. This study collected brain frequencies through the EMOTIV EEG neuroheadset. The results indicated that there were clear differences in the brain frequencies/waves within different locations of the brain, depending on the ISP stage and the emotional state.

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19

Huff, Nichole L. "Positive Affect, Hemispheric Lateralization, and Relational Problem Solving: A Mixed-Methods Exploration of Parent-Adolescent Communication." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/hes_etds/6.

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Using quantitative and qualitative data analytic techniques, the present study explores the parent-adolescent relationship from a pilot study of 15 triads (overall N = 45). First, the statistical relationship between positive relational affect and electrical brain activity was assessed during parent-adolescent conflict communication (N = 30). Specifically, using electroencephalography (EEG) technology, electrical brain activity was recorded during family problem-solving discussions between a mother, father, and adolescent child. Observational coding was used to determine participant and triad positive affect ratios (PARs). Principles of positive-to-negative affect were incorporated into an affective neuroscience framework and used as the theoretical basis for the quantitative portion of this research. Findings suggest that in relation to positive affect, hemispheric lateralization occurs during parent-adolescent problem-solving discussions. Second, the behavioral-family systems model of parent-adolescent conflict (Robin & Foster, 1989) was used to theoretically undergird the qualitative portion of the study. Based on this theoretical model, a thematic content analysis was conducted using transcripts from the triadic problem-solving discussions (N = 45). Patterns of parent-adolescent communication were assessed, and a modified grounded theory approach was applied to emergent communication themes that differed from those presented in the theory. Similarities and differences in conflict communication behaviors and positive affect ratios were compared between families. Contextual descriptions of each family are offered.

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20

Gillard, Julia Alexandra. "Psychological and neural processing of social rejection and inclusion in major depressive disorder." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267838.

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This thesis aimed to extend the existing psychological and neural basis of social processing in Major Depressive Disorder. This investigation was an attempt to resolve current conflicts and gaps in the social affective neuroscience literature regarding social functioning in depression. Chapter 1 consisted of a general introduction to the current evidence-base and theoretical frameworks surrounding social processing more generally, and in depression more specifically. ‎Chapter 2 provided an exploration of the systemic behavioural biases in in those with depression compared to mentally healthy individuals using a range of social, affective and process measures implemented across the remaining chapters. Then followed a behavioural and neural investigation into self-relevant social processing in depression. Chapter 3 described the process of memory generation implemented across ‎ Chapter 4-6 using a script-driven paradigm. It further discussed the ecological validity of this paradigm using social autobiographical memories. Chapter 4 investigated the neural and behavioural responses to self-relevant autobiographical memories of social rejection and social inclusion in individuals with depression and in healthy controls. The next two chapters discussed the behavioural and neural basis of social processing in depression in response to others’ memories of social rejection and inclusion, using traditional and novel fMRI analysis methodologies in ‎Chapter 5 and ‎‎Chapter 6, respectively. The latter applied a novel intersubject correlation analysis to the same population of depressed and healthy controls as in Chapter 5. Then, Chapter 7 presented a future application of the script-driven imagery paradigm by investigating the effectiveness of different emotion regulation strategies in response to socially salient autobiographical memories in a population of healthy controls. Finally, Chapter 8 provided a general discussion bringing together behavioural and neural findings to provide a clearer understanding of social processing in Major Depressive Disorder. Current theoretical frameworks were used to guide the interpretation of these findings.

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21

Krus, Hansson Eric. "Default Mode Network and Its Role in Major Depressive Disorder." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16211.

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This essay investigates the relationship between a malfunctioning Default Mode Network (DMN) and the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). A deeper understanding of how the DMN affects those brain processes which are implicated in MDD may offer new approaches to reduce the suffering of the very large number of MDD-afflicted patients. The MDD-DMN relationship has been investigated by studying scientific articles within the field of cognitive neuroscience and searching the articles for clues on how a malfunctioning DMN might correlate with the diagnosis of MDD. The essay concludes that there is much experimental evidence in support of there being a strong coupling between a malfunctioning DMN and the diagnosis of MDD.

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22

Suarez, Eric. "La philosophie pour enfants de Lipman et l'éducation émotionnelle." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35463.

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En initiant une pratique philosophique destinée aux enfants dès la fin des années 60, axée sur l’apprentissage du dialogue philosophique et l’acquisition d’un esprit critique et auto critique, Matthew Lipman appréhenda la pensée de façon plurielle. Loin de la considérer comme un ensemble d’habiletés purement rationnelles, il l’aborda de façon holistique, accordant aux émotions une place essentielle à son bon fonctionnement. Dès lors, la philosophie pour enfants, en reconnaissant à la pensée cette nature double, rationnelle et émotionnelle, ne se limiterait pas à éduquer les élèves à bien penser, c’est-à-dire à manier les différentes habiletés intellectuelles susceptibles d’assurer le discernement, mais également à bien gérer leurs émotions. Si Lipman reconnait la possibilité d’une éducabilité émotionnelle que permettrait l’apprentissage du dialogue philosophique chez les enfants, il n’en identifie pourtant pas les ressorts. Ce travail de thèse s’évertuera alors à prolonger la pensée de Lipman en éclairant le lien entre sa méthode pédagogique et l’éducation des émotions qu’elle induirait. Pour ce faire, une étude pluridisciplinaire de l’intelligence et de l’émotion nous aidera à mieux comprendre ce lien. En nous plongeant dans ce que la philosophie, la psychologie et les neurosciences auront découvert de la nature et de la fonction de ces deux composantes de l’être humain, nous comprendrons à quel point elles sont liées et combien les carences de l’une peuvent endommager les qualités de l’autre. De ce rapport de dépendance entre l’intelligence et l’émotion, nous découvrirons la notion d’«intelligence émotionnelle» telle que présentée par le psychologue Daniel Goleman en 1995. En tant que capacité à gérer ses émotions en relation avec celles d’autrui dans un contexte toujours particulier, nous comparerons alors l’intelligence émotionnelle de Goleman à ce que Lipman entend par l’éducation des émotions afin d’en saisir la ressemblance. À la lumière de cette comparaison, nous rechercherons, de façon toujours interdisciplinaire, les moyens d’améliorer cette même intelligence émotionnelle. Puis, dans une dernière partie, nous pourrons alors identifier dans les outils pratiques de la philosophie pour enfants—les différentes étapes de la méthode lipmanienne (lecture partagée, cueillette des questions, vote de la question et dialogue) —ce qui permettrait d’éduquer les émotions par une sollicitation et un renforcement de l’intelligence émotionnelle.

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23

Fatma, Mena. "Approches transcriptionelles dans des modèles animaux de stress et de dépression majeure." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68545.

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La dépression majeure (DM) est la principale cause d'invalidité depuis trois décennies, avec plus de 300 millions de personnes touchées dans le monde. En effet, elle contribue largement à la charge économique mondiale globale des maladies. Malgré son impact sociétal important, les mécanismes biologiques de la dépression restent mal compris. Malheureusement, seuls 30 % environ des patients traités pour la dépression présentent une amélioration complète de leurs symptômes. Étant donné le taux d’échec élevé des essais cliniques d’antidépresseurs, récemment, un examen plus minutieux de leur utilisation a eu lieu, notamment pour investiguer la neurobiologie de la dépression et dans le design de potentiels traitements. Étant donné que la plupart de nos connaissances dans ce domaine proviennent de modèles animaux, ces modèles reproduisent en effet certains aspects de la DM humaine, mais on ne sait pas dans quelle mesure. Ce travail a pour but d'élucider dans quelle mesure ils récapitulent la pathologie moléculaire du trouble humain. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes appuyés sur des analyses de réseaux d'expression différentielle et de co-expression pour cataloguer le chevauchement entre la DM humaine et 3 modèles murins de stress, à savoir le stress variable chronique, l'isolement social et le stress par défaite sociale chronique, et avons évalué leur capacité à reproduire les profils transcriptionnels associés à la DM humaine dans deux régions du cerveau, le mPFC et le NAc, largement impliquées dans la dépression. Nos résultats montrent que chaque modèle reproduit efficacement les caractéristiques transcriptionnelles communes mais aussi uniques du syndrome humain. Dans l'ensemble, en identifiant des groupes de gènes fortement co-exprimés, partagés entre l'homme et la souris, nos résultats suggèrent que ces signatures transcriptionnelles sont impliquées de manière similaire dans le contrôle des voies fonctionnelles chez les deux espèces et confèrent un fort soutien à l'utilisation de ces modèles de souris pour l'étude des altérations moléculaires observées dans la DM tout en fournissant des implications importantes pour la recherche future et les applications cliniques.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of disability for three decades with over 300 million affected worldwide. Indeed, it is a major contributor to the overall global economic burden of disease. Despite its significant societal impact, the biological mechanisms of depression remain poorly understood. Unfortunately, only around 30% of patients treated for depression show complete improvement in their symptoms. Given, the high failure rate of antidepressant clinical trials, there has been increased scrutiny recently regarding their use for deciphering the neurobiology of depression and to design potential treatment interventions. Given the fact that most of our knowledge of the field comes from animal models, indeed, these models reproduce some aspects of human MDD but to what degree remains unknown. This work elucidates the extent to which they recapitulate the molecular pathology of the human disorder. In this thesis, we leveraged differential expression and co-expression network analyses to catalogue the overlap between human MDD and 3 mouse model of stress, namely chronic variable stress, social isolation and chronic social defeat stress, and evaluated their capacity of reproducing the transcriptional profiles associated with human MDD in two brain regions, mPFC and NAc, widely implicated in depression. Our results show that each model efficiently reproduces common but also unique transcriptional features of the human syndrome.Overall, by identifying strongly co-expressed groups of genes shared between humans and mice, our results suggest that these transcriptional signatures are similarly involved in the control of functional pathways in both species and confer strong support for the use of these mouse models for the study of the molecular alterations seen in MDD while providing important implications for future research and clinical applications.

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24

Chammat, Rohaut Mariam. "Affective Modulation of Visual Processes." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066163.

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L'émotion exerce une influence sur nos comportements mais aussi sur notre perception. En particulier, le traitement perceptif de l'information émotionnelle serait facilité, comme en témoignent les études en neurosciences et en psychologie expérimentale. Les processus de la facilitation perceptive pour l’information émotionnelle constituent la problématique centrale de cette thèse dont nous avons traité trois aspects. Nous nous sommes tout d’abord intéressé à la spécificité de ce phénomène de facilitation pour les stimuli de type naturel, en mesurant, en Potentiels Evoqués (PE), le décours temporel des réponses cérébrales en réponse à des expressions émotionnelles de visages humains ou de stimuli robotiques. Dans une seconde étude en PE nous avons testé la possibilité de modulations visuelles précoces en réponse à des stimuli abstraits au plan sémantique mais dont le sens affectif (humoristique) ou neutre pouvait être était appris. Dans une troisième étude, nous avons exploré les conséquences perceptives du traitement de l’information émotionnelle. Précisément nous avons réalisé une étude psychophysique basée sur le paradigme des mesures conjointes afin de tester l’effet réciproque de l’émotion sur la perception du contraste visuel. L’ensemble de nos résultats converge vers l’idée que les processus affectifs sont de puissants modulateurs de différents aspects de la perception visuelle. Nos résultats soulignent l’impact de l’affect positif sur la perception, un sujet moins communément étudié dans ce domaine recherche
Emotions influence our behaviour and our perception. Indeed, converging data from neuroscience and experimental psychology point to a facilitated processing of emotional information. This thesis investigated three aspects of the emotional modulation of perception. Using Evoked Related Potentials (ERP) we first tested the specificity of this perceptual facilitation for natural stimuli. To do so, we measured the temporal dynamics of sad emotional expression processing in human and robotic stimuli. In a second study, using ERPs, we tested the likelihood that early visual modulations would occur to stimuli devoid of any visual meaning but which could be taught as having an affective (humorous) or neutral meaning. In our last paradigm, we explored the perceptual consequences of emotional information processing. More specifically, using a psychophysics experiment based on conjoint measurements, we tested the reciprocal effects of the perceived pleasantness of scenes on their perceived contrast. Taken together, our results converge towards the idea that affective processes are potent modulators of several aspects of visual perception. Our results also highlight the impact positive affect on perception, a topic that is less commonly studied in this field of research

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Lajante, Mathieu. "Contribution des neurosciences à l’étude de l’émotion en persuasion publicitaire : concepts, méthodes et mesures." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1G022/document.

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La problématique de cette thèse est de comprendre et d’expliquer l’influence de l’activation des composantes périphérique efférente, expressive motrice et des sentiments subjectifs de l’émotion sur la formation des attitudes et des intentions comportementales du consommateur exposé à l’annonce. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le modèle des processus composants de l’émotion développé en neurosciences affectives. Pour tester nos hypothèses, nous avons réalisé une étude selon laquelle les épisodes émotionnels du consommateur résultent de l’évaluation cognitive et dynamique des évènements mis en scène dans l’annonce. Notre protocole expérimental est fondé sur la mesure verbale des sentiments subjectifs et sur la mesure de l’activité électrophysiologique du système nerveux autonome et du système nerveux somatique des participants exposés à 6 annonces publicitaires télévisées (3 annonces commerciales / 3 annonces sociales). Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’exposition à l’annonce suscite chez le consommateur une activation des composantes périphérique efférente, expressive motrice et des sentiments subjectifs de l’émotion. La prise en compte de l’activation de ces trois composantes permet alors d’expliquer la formation de l’attitude envers l’annonce, de l’attitude envers la marque et des intentions comportementales du consommateur. Les résultats indiquent également que les annonces ne suscitent pas systématiquement des épisodes émotionnels chez les consommateurs ; c’est la présence d’évènements pertinents dans l’annonce pour un consommateur qui déclenche un processus d’évaluation cognitif à l’origine des épisodes émotionnels
The issue of this thesis is to understand and explain the influence of the activation of peripheral efference, motor expression, and subjective feeling components on the behavioural and attitude intentions of the consumer exposed to advertising. This research belongs to the components process model which is part of the developed emotion in affective neurosciences. To test our hypotheses, we have carried out a study where the emotional episodes of the consumer result from the cognitive appraisal of salient events highlighted in the advertising. Our experimental protocol is based on the verbal measure of subjective feelings and on the measure of the electrophysiological activity of the autonomous nervous system and also the somatic nervous system of the participants exposed to six television commercials (three commercial ads/ three social ads). The achieved results show that the exposure to advertising reveals in the consumer an activation of the peripheral efference, motor expression, and subjective feeling components of emotion. The awareness of the activation of those three components leads then to explain the attitude formation towards the advertising and towards the brand as well as behavioural intentions of the consumer. The results illustrate as well that the advertising do not systematically awake emotional episodes among the consumers; it is the presence of salient events in the advertising for a consumer that triggers a cognitive appraisal process to the origin of the emotional episodes

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26

Jarrett, Brant Lee. "Chemotherapy Induced Deficits in Cognition and Affective Behavior." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1385457601.

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Almufleh, Auroabah S. "Exploring the Impact of Affective Processing on Visual Perception of Large-Scale Spatial Environments." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1598844947508134.

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Kloster, Alix H. "A high fructose diet alters affective-like behavior and metrics of synaptic mitochondrial function differentially in male and female rats." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5824.

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Fructose consumption has become a normalized part of the standard American diet over the past 40 years. While fructose consumption is a known risk factor of metabolic syndrome, there is increasing evidence that fructose consumption influences brain and behavior. Recently, more interest has been focused on mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential link between metabolic stress and modifications of the central nervous system. Mitochondria are in the unique position of both regulating and being vulnerable to alterations in energy homeostasis. Sex-differences are well categorized in the presentation of metabolic symptoms associated with excessive fructose consumption. Thus, it is important to characterize sex-specific outcomes in the arena of brain and behavior in order to develop better strategies for mitigating the effects of fructose consumption. Therefore, I determined the extent to which a high fructose diet modified physiological outcomes, serum corticosterone, and affective-like behavior in male and female rats. In addition, I examined the potential of excessive fructose consumption to modify synaptic mitochondrial respiration at baseline and following an acute stress experience. In males, serum corticosterone was increased following an acute stress event, and this increase was modified by diet. Fructose consumption resulted in decreased affective-like behavior in the open field test and synaptic mitochondrial respiration was altered by both diet and acute stress experience. In females, fructose consumption altered weight and caloric efficiency. Females demonstrated increased depressive-like behavior in a forced swim test. Corticosterone concentrations were only increased by acute stress experience, and synaptic mitochondrial function was modified by diet in groups that underwent an acute stressor.

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Schwartzhaupt, Alexandre Willi. "Estudo da influência da cafeína sobre o efeito antidepressivo da privação de sono em pacientes deprimidos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13193.

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Introdução: A privação de sono (PdS) tem sido utilizada como um estratégia alternativa para o tratamento do Transtorno Depressivo Maior (TDM), contudo sua eficácia e efetividade carecem de estudos homogêneos e de bom delinemento para dar um grau de evidência científica para seu uso na prática diária. Assim sendo, desde a primeira publicação, em 1971, num relato de caso de um paciente com TDM grave tipo melancólico, por Plug e Tölle, o mesmo estava assintomático no dia seguinte à privação total de sono. Contudo, na noite seguinte de sono seus sintomas depressivos retornaram. Nestes quase 40 anos desde esta publicação houve dezenas de estudos em sua maioria relatos de caso, série de casos ou até estudos abertos só que misturando pacientes com TDM com Depressão Bipolar sem mesmo distinguir se tipo I ou II. A cafeína com seu efeito estimulador poderia ser uma alternativa para facilitar a privação de sono. No entanto, não há dados sobre o sua potencial influência no efeito antidepressivo da PdS. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito da cafeína na PdS em pacientes deprimidos unipolares moderados a graves não psicóticos. Métodos: Ensaio Clínico randomizado, duplo cego, cruzado, comparando cafeína contra placebo em pacientes deprimidos moderados a graves submetidos à privação total de sono (PdS). Os pacientes foram avaliados por itens da escala de Lader, HAMD- 6 itens, CGI Severidade e Melhora Global. Resultados: Foram avaliados 20 pacientes. Os pacientes que usaram cafeína mantiveram o mesmo escore de energia pré e pós-privação de sono (item energético-letárgico da escala de Lader) enquanto os do grupo placebo diminuíram o escore de energia pós-privação de sono. (p = 0,0045). Não houve diferença entre o grupo cafeína e placebo nos demais itens da escala de Lader. Conclusão: O uso combinado de cafeína e PdS pode ser uma estratégia útil para manter os pacientes mais acordados sem o prejuízo do cansaço da PdS em pacientes ambulatoriais deprimidos. Contudo, mais estudos envolvendo pacientes que tenham 10 respondido à PdS são necessários para verificar se a cafeína também não interfere nos resultados deste grupo.
Introduction: Sleep deprivation (SD) has been used as an alternative approach to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), however the efficacy and the effectiveness needs studies with homogeneity and better delineament to strengthen the evidence based medicine to the use in the practical daily use. Besides, since the 1° puplication in 1971 of a case report, by Plug and Tölle, in that one patient with severe melancholic depressive disorder achieved remission in the next day after a total sleep deprivation. However his depressive sintomtology was back after the next night of sleep. Since this almost 40 years, a lot of papers were puplished, and the majority where case report, case reports and open trials with patients with MDD, bipolar depression without make difference between tipe I or II. Caffeine, due to its stimulating effect, could be an alternative to promote sleep deprivation. However, there are no data about its potential influence on the antidepressive effect of SD. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of caffeine on SD in non-psychotic patients with moderate to severe unipolar depression. Methods: Randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial comparing caffeine and placebo in moderate to severe depressed patients who underwent total sleep deprivation (SD). The patients were assessed with items of the Bond-Lader Scale, the 6-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-6), and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI)-Severity/Improvement. Results: Twenty patients participated in this study. The patients who consumed caffeine presented the same score of energy before and after sleep deprivation (lethargicenergetic item of the Bond-Lader scale), while the patients in the placebo group had a reduced score of energy after sleep deprivation (p = 0.0045). There was no difference between the caffeine and placebo groups in the other items of the Bond-Lader scale. Conclusion: The combined use of caffeine and SD can be a useful strategy to keep the 12 patient awake without impairing the effect of SD on depressed outpatients. However, further studies involving patients who have responded to SD are needed in order to verify if caffeine also does not interfere with the results in this group.

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Persson, Björn. "Subclinical Psychopathy and Empathy." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-8492.

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Psychopathy is a severe personality disorder that results in antisocial, manipulative, and callous behavior. The main diagnostic instrument for assessing psychopathy is the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. This thesis will introduce the psychopathy construct, including what is known as subclinical psychopathy. Subclinical psychopathy refers to individuals who exhibit many of the characteristics of psychopathy, except for some of the more severe antisocial behaviors. This constellation of traits allows the subclinical psychopath to avoid incarceration. The fundamental difference between clinical and subclinical psychopaths is a major question in the field of psychopathy and is the main theme of this thesis. Impaired empathy is one of the key aspects of psychopathy and it may be a significant factor in both clinical and subclinical psychopaths. Subclinical psychopathy may be related to a moderated or altered expression of empathy. Hence, the empathy construct is a secondary concern in this thesis. This thesis has two aims: (a) to argue that the conceptualization of subclinical psychopathy is flawed and needs revision in accordance with less ambiguous criteria; and (b) to present data in support of the hypothesis that subclinical psychopaths have intact, or even enhanced, cognitive capacities in contrast to clinical psychopaths.

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Dalby, Patricia Reed. "Facial EMG and the subjective experience of emotion in idiopathic Parkinson's disease in response to affectively laden visual stimuli." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186660.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the possible role of facial musculature movement in the subjective experience of emotion. Nineteen nondemented, nondepressed patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and 19 demographically matched control subjects were asked to rate valence and arousal dimensions after viewing emotionally laden slides. The patients with Parkinson's disease viewed one set of slides at their peak levodopa dose and one set of slides after at least a 12 hour abstention from their levodopa medication. Normal control subjects underwent two similar testing sessions, although no drug was administered. Mean valence and mean arousal ratings of slides within groups were determined. During the viewing of the slides, bilateral facial electromyographic activity in the zygomatic and corrugator muscle regions was recorded. EMG change scores relative to individual slide presentation were determined. Comparisons were made between and within groups of the mean valence, arousal, and EMG change scores relative to the slide valence type (i.e., positive, neutral, or negative slide content) and on/off drug condition. Results suggest that a subgroup of Parkinson's Disease patients experience similar emotional valence and arousal, to that of normal controls, when confronted with emotional visual stimuli. However, they display significantly less facial muscular movement in the zygomatic muscle region and somewhat less facial muscular movement in the corrugator region than the normal controls. Implications of these results are discussed relative to the James-Lange theory that posits emotional experience to be dependent upon a peripheral "feedback" system versus the Cannon-Bard theory that posits emotion to be mediated centrally. Although the present results lend support to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, future research is necessary to determine the role of the skin of the face (with blood and temperature components), rather than the facial musculature per se, in the subjective experience of emotion. It may be that the skin of the face and the sound of one's own voice (among other factors) play important roles in the subjective experience of emotion as posited by S. S. Tomkins. If so, a modified peripheral mediation theory of emotion would be supported.

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Svensson, Beatrice. "The Sense of Touch : Physiology and Neural Correlates of Affective Touch and its Role in Subjective Wellbeing." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16902.

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The somatosensory system concerns the sense of touch. It is sectioned into various kinds of touch, such as the proprioceptive sense, providing information of sense of self and position of limbs, and the cutaneous sense, informing of the modalities of touching or being touched. The cutaneous sense is further divided into discriminative touch and affective touch. Discriminative touch is an exteroceptive sense of touch that responds to stimuli of pressure and vibration, and affective touch is an interoceptive sense of touch that corresponds to e.g. pleasant and painful stimuli, communicating information to the brain through A-delta and C-fibers. Recent studies investigates affective touch to have emotional affect on the subjective experience of touch, affecting subjective wellbeing. The aim of this thesis is to examine the sense of touch and its relevant neural correlates, focusing on affective touch and its role in subjective wellbeing and social relations. A presentation of physiological and neural aspects of touch will be held as well as a description of subjective wellbeing. The conclusion for this thesis is that affective touch appears to activate brain areas of orbitofrontal cortex, frontal polar cortice, prefrontal cortex and insula cortex, which are brain areas processing subjective wellbeing, e.g. evaluating positive and negative effect and processing emotional information and behavior. Examining correlations between affective touch and positive affect, negative affect, oxytocin release, social relations and affiliative behavior shows influence from affective touch on subjective wellbeing. A discussion of the current findings is provided, including directions for future research.

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Svensson, Beatrice. "The Sense of Touch : Physiology and Neural Correlates of Affective Touch and its Role in Subjective Wellbeing." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16800.

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The somatosensory system concerns the sense of touch. It is sectioned into various kinds of touch, such as the proprioceptive sense, providing information of sense of self and position of limbs, and the cutaneous sense, informing of the modalities of touching or being touched. The cutaneous sense is further divided into discriminative touch and affective touch. Discriminative touch is an exteroceptive sense of touch that responds to stimuli of pressure and vibration, and affective touch is an interoceptive sense of touch that corresponds to e.g. pleasant and painful stimuli, communicating information to the brain through A-delta and C-fibers. Recent studies investigates affective touch to have emotional affect on the subjective experience of touch, affecting subjective wellbeing. The aim of this thesis is to examine the sense of touch and its relevant neural correlates, focusing on affective touch and its role in subjective wellbeing and social relations. A presentation of physiological and neural aspects of touch will be held as well as a description of subjective wellbeing. The conclusion for this thesis is that affective touch appears to activate brain areas of orbitofrontal cortex, frontal polar cortice, prefrontal cortex and insula cortex, which are brain areas processing subjective wellbeing, e.g. evaluating positive and negative effect and processing emotional information and behavior. Examining correlations between affective touch and positive affect, negative affect, oxytocin release, social relations and affiliative behavior shows influence from affective touch on subjective wellbeing. A discussion of the current findings is provided, including directions for future research.

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Vetter, Nora. "Theory of Mind Development in Adolescence and its (Neuro)cognitive Mechanisms." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-110202.

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Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to infer others’ mental states and thus to predict their behavior (Perner, 1991). Therefore, ToM is essential for the adequate adjustment of behavior in social situations. ToM can be divided into: 1) cognitive ToM encompassing inferences about intentions and beliefs and 2) affective ToM encompassing inferences about emotions (Shamay-Tsoory, Harari, Aharon-Peretz, & Levkovitz, 2010). Well-functioning skills of both ToM aspects are much-needed in the developmental period of adolescence because in this age phase peer relationships become more important and romantic relationships arise (Steinberg & Morris, 2001). Importantly, affective psychopathological disorders often have their onset in adolescence. ToM development in adolescence might be based on underlying cognitive mechanisms such as the ability to inhibit one’s own thoughts in order to understand another person’s thoughts (Carlson & Moses, 2001). Another possible mechanism relates to functional brain development across adolescence (Blakemore, 2008). Therefore, neurocognitive mechanisms may underlie ongoing ToM development in adolescence. First studies indicate an ongoing behavioral and functional brain development of ToM (e.g. Blakemore, 2008). However, ToM development in adolescence and how this might relate to underlying (neuro)cognitive functions remains largely underexamined. The major aims of the current thesis were first to answer the overall question whether there is an ongoing development of ToM in adolescence. This question relates to both behavioral and functional brain development. As a second major aim, the present work sought to elucidate possible (neuro)cognitive mechanisms of ongoing ToM development across adolescence. Specifically, these cognitive mechanisms might be basic cognitive functions as well as executive functions. Additionally, the present work aimed at exploring potential (neuro)cognitive mechanisms through an integration of both behavioral and functional brain studies. The current experimental work spans three cross-sectional studies investigating adolescents (aged around 12-15 years) and young adults (aged around 18-22 years) to examine for the first time both the behavioral (studies I and II) and functional brain development of ToM (study III) in adolescence and its underlying (neuro)cognitive mechanisms. In all three studies, more complex, advanced ToM tasks were employed to avoid ceiling effects. Study I was aimed at investigating if cognitive and affective ToM continues to develop in adolescence and at exploring if basic cognitive variables such as verbal ability, speed of processing, and working memory capacity underlie such development. Hence, two groups of adolescents and young adults completed tasks of ToM and basic cognitive abilities. Large age effects were revealed on both measures of ToM: adolescents performed lower than adults. These age differences remained significant after controlling for basic cognitive variables. However, verbal ability covaried with performance in affective ToM. Overall, results support the hypothesis of an ongoing development of ToM from adolescence to adulthood on both cognitive and affective aspects. Results may further indicate verbal ability being a basic cognitive mechanism of affective ToM. Study II was designed to further explore if affective ToM, as measured with a dynamic realistic task, continues to develop across adolescence. Importantly, this study sought to explore executive functions as higher cognitive mechanisms of developing affective ToM across adolescence. A large group spanning adolescents and young adults evaluated affective mental states depicted by actors in video clips. Additionally, participants were examined with three subcomponents of executive functions, inhibition, updating, and shifting following the classification of Miyake et al. (2000). Affective ToM performance was positively related to age and all three executive functions. Specifically, inhibition explained the largest amount of variance in age related differences of affective ToM performance. Overall, these results indicate the importance of inhibition as key underlying mechanism of developing an advanced affective ToM in adolescence. Study III set out to explore the functional brain development of affective ToM in adolescence by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The affective ToM measure was the behavioral developmentally sensitive task from study II. An additional control condition consisted of the same emotional stimuli with the instruction to focus on physical information. This study faced methodical challenges of developmental fMRI studies by matching performance of groups. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) was significantly less deactivated in adolescents in comparison to adults, which might suggest that adolescents seem to rely more on self-referential processes for affective ToM. Furthermore, adolescents compared to adults showed greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the control condition, indicating that adolescents might be distracted by the emotional content and therefore needed to focus more on the physical content of the stimulus. These findings suggest affective ToM continues to develop on the functional brain level and reveals different underlying neurocognitive strategies for adolescents in contrast to adults. In summary, the current thesis investigated whether ToM continues to develop in adolescence until young adulthood and explored underlying (neuro)cognitive mechanisms. Findings suggest that there is indeed an ongoing development of both the cognitive and affective aspect of ToM, which importantly contributes to the conceptual debate. Moreover, the second benefit to the debate is to demonstrate how this change may occur. As a basic cognitive mechanism verbal ability and as an executive functioning mechanism inhibition was revealed. Furthermore, neurocognitive mechanisms in form of different underlying neurocognitive strategies of adolescents compared to adults were shown. Taken together, ToM development in adolescence seems to mirror a different adaptive cognitive style in adolescence (Crone & Dahl, 2012). This seems to be important for solving the wealth of socio-emotional developmental tasks that are relevant for this age span.

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Aspiras, Theus H. "Emotion Recognition using Spatiotemporal Analysis of Electroencephalographic Signals." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1343992574.

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Cuberovic, Ivana. "Understanding factors affecting perception and utilization of artificial sensory location." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1574075500769757.

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Tokay, Serâ. "Approche empirico-eidétique de l'expérience musicale en sa constitution affective : une phénoménologie de la motricité musicale." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010606.

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La phénoménologie, portant à l’expression une intuition eidétique de la spécificité de l’expérience musicale nourrie de la pratique quotidienne de l’instrument et de la fréquentation des œuvres du répertoire classique, doit pouvoir exercer, dans le dialogue avec les neurosciences, une double fonction : critique et positive. D’une part, elle est un révélateur des erreurs de catégorie des récents programmes de réduction de la musique, tantôt aux émotions de base, tantôt à la structure dynamique de la perception du temps, tantôt à un langage de communication non verbale. D’autre part, elle nous a servi à réorienter la recherche vers les conditions neurophysiologiques de l’immersion dans l’univers spirituel de Brahms (et des autres compositeurs) par projection intropathique d’une auto-affection kinesthésique, mettant l’écoute mélomane en résonance avec les tensions et relaxations musculaires du corps musicien accomplissant les gestes producteurs du «son musical». L’auteure, pianiste et chef d’orchestre, retirant l’enseignement philosophique de sa participation à l’équipe de neurophysiologistes du professeur Fadiga de l’Université de Ferrare, dont les travaux ont abouti à la publication d’un critère quantitatif de la «driving force» du chef d’orchestre applicable au jugement esthétique, pose les fondements d’une nouvelle eidétique kinesthésique de l’incarnation, l’empathie, l’intersubjectivité et la noématique musicale. L’anticipation, propriété fondamentale du vivant pour le physiologiste, la protention, structure de distensio animi de la conscience du temps pour le philosophe, sont à la base d’un principe technique intuitivement connu des grands chefs d’orchestre
By giving expression to an eidetic intuition of the specificity of musical experience enriched by the daily practice of the instrument and familiarity with works from the classical repertoire, phenomenology, in its dialogue with the neurosciences, has to be able to fulfill a double function: both critical and positive. On the one hand, it brings to light the category mistakes inherent in recent programs seeking to reduce music either to basic emotions or else to the dynamic structure of the perception of time or again, to a non-verbal language of communication. On the other hand, it has made it possible for us to reorient ongoing research in the direction of an investigation of the neurophysiological conditions underlying the immersion into the spiritual universe of Brahms (and other composers), and this by way of an intropathic projection of a kinaesthetic auto-affection, establishing a resonance between the music-lovers auditive appreciation and the muscular tensions and relaxations of the musician body accomplishing the gestures productive of his ‘musical sound’. The author, a pianist and orchestral conductor, wants to lay the foundations for an eidetic investigation of our kinaesthetic experience of embodiment, of empathy, of intersubjectivity and of a musical noematics. The present work draws the philosophical lessons of her participation in a team of neurophysiologists, led by Professor Fadiga of the University of Ferrara, whose work led to the recent publication of a quantitative criterion of the driving force of conducting applicable to aesthetic judgment. Anticipation, one of the most fundamental properties of all living being for the physiologist, along with distensio animi, the structure of time consciousness for the philosopher, both lie at the root of a technical principle intuitively comprehended by the world’s great orchestral conductors

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Roux, Paul. "Traitement implicite de la prosodie émotionnelle et linguistique dans la schizophrénie : lien avec la reconnaissance des affects, l'anhédonie et la désorganisation." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00426882.

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Les patients schizophrènes présentent des déficits en reconnaissance des émotions vocales qui ont de graves conséquences sur leur fonctionnement social. Ces déficits ont été jusqu'à présent mis en évidence à l'aide de paradigmes explicites : la perception implicite de la prosodie émotionnelle reste à être explorée dans cette pathologie. Nous avons recruté 20 patients schizophrènes et 21 sujets contrôles appariés sur l'âge et le sexe. Nous avons d'abord démontré dans notre groupe de patients un déficit en reconnaissance explicite de prosodie émotionnelle. Nous avons ensuite utilisé un paradigme de Stroop émotionnel vocal (conflit entre l'émotion du sens du mot et de la voix avec lequel il est prononcé) permettant d'évaluer l'influence implicite de la prosodie émotionnelle sur le jugement émotionnel sémantique. Nous avons démontré un effet de Stroop émotionnel vocal plus important en taux d'erreur chez les patients que chez les témoins traduisant un déficit de résolution des conflits émotionnels vocaux. Chez les patients, l'effet de Stroop émotionnel vocal en temps de réaction est positivement corrélé à l'anhédonie sociale, validant ainsi l'hypothèse originale d'une hypersensibilité aux émotions vocales dans l'anhédonie schizophrénique. Nous avons également exploré le traitement implicite de la prosodie linguistique chez les mêmes participants. Nous avons démontré à l'aide d'une tâche psycholinguistique évaluant les stratégies de segmentation lexicale et prosodique que les patients schizophrènes étaient tout à fait capables de percevoir et d'utiliser les indices prosodiques contenus dans des frontières de groupe de mots pour segmenter le signal de parole. Nous concluons à une dissociation entre une reconnaissance explicite altérée et une perception implicite préservée de prosodie émotionnelle et linguistique dans la schizophrénie. Nos résultats réfutent l'explication entièrement sensorielle du trouble schizophrénique en reconnaissance des émotions vocales. Ils sont plutôt en faveur d'un déficit de l'étape cognitive de jugement émotionnel.

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39

Cléry-Melin, Galichon Marie-Laure. "Étude des fonctions neurocognitives dans la dépression : caractérisation de déficits motivationnels et cognitifs, évaluation de leur valeur pronostique Why don't you try harder? An investigation of effort production in major depression Neural mechanisms underlying motivation of mental versus physical effort Psychomotor retardation is a scar of past depressive episodes, revealed by simple cognitive tests Are cognitive deficits in major depressive disorder progressive? A simple attention test in the acute phase of a major depressive episode is predictive of later functional remission Progress in elucidating biomarkers of antidepressant pharmacological treatment response: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 15 years Stability of the diagnosis of seasonal affective disorder in a long-term prospective study." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB218.

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Les données issues de la recherche en neurosciences permettent de considérer la dépression comme une affection invalidante générale, caractérisée par des déficits neurocognitifs et comportementaux, au delà des symptômes dépressifs cliniques définis dans les classifications nosographiques. Ces déficits coexistent à la phase aiguë d’un épisode dépressif caractérisé (EDC) et interfèrent dans la prise de décision et réalisation d’un comportement orienté vers un but, et la sensation d’effort associée. Ils semblent persister en période de rémission clinique, altérant la qualité de la réponse thérapeutique et fonctionnelle et aggravant à terme le pronostic du trouble. L’objectif de ce travail est d’identifier des marqueurs neurocognitifs objectivement mesurables en pratique clinique, et d’étudier leur association au pronostic d’un EDC, afin de mieux prédire les probabilités de rémission et d’optimiser les stratégies de prescription thérapeutique des patients. L’altération des processus neurocognitifs liés à la récompense constitue un premier marqueur de vulnérabilité du trouble dépressif : dans une étude explorant la production d’un effort moteur dans le but d’obtenir une récompense, les patients déprimés présentaient un déficit de production d’effort, à la différence des sujets sains. Ce trouble de la motivation par incitation - processus sous tendu en imagerie fonctionnelle chez le sujet sain par l’activation de circuits cortico-striataux ventraux -pourrait constituer une dimension spécifique de la maladie dépressive. Participant à l’altération des processus de prise de décision et d’action, ce déficit motivationnel est associé, et possiblement secondaire, à des déficits plus spécifiquement cognitifs que nous avons ensuite étudiés. Dans une étude explorant plusieurs fonctions cognitives chez des patients déprimés au sein d’une large cohorte, la présence d’un ralentissement psychomoteur séquellaire après 6 à 8 semaines de traitement – chez des patients pourtant en rémission clinique -, était positivement et de manière indépendante, significativement corrélée au nombre d’épisodes dépressifs passés, constituant ainsi un marqueur d’une sévérité « cumulative » du trouble dépressif. Enfin, dans une revue de la littérature sur le caractère progressivement évolutif des déficits cognitifs dans le trouble dépressif unipolaire, nous avons discuté l’existence d’un effet « neurotoxique » cérébral de l’accumulation d’EDC, à l’origine de troubles neurocognitifs et de conséquences sur le cours évolutif de la maladie (risque majoré de rémission clinique et/ou fonctionnelle partielle, de récurrence, d’évolution démentielle). Un des principaux intérêts de l’identification de marqueurs de vulnérabilité cliniques et cognitifs est de mettre en évidence leur rôle prédictif du cours évolutif d’un épisode -ou d’un trouble- dépressif. Dans une étude menée sur une cohorte de plus de 500 patients déprimés, une variable attentionnelle (d2 test d’attention) était capable de prédire l’évolution ultérieure vers la rémission complète (clinique et fonctionnelle) de façon significative, linéaire, et indépendante des autres variables et de représenter un marqueur-trait de la dépression, aisément utilisable en pratique clinique. D’autres marqueurs cognitifs (tels que les fonctions exécutives) ont montré une valeur prédictive élevée de la réponse thérapeutique, avec une précision proche de celle de marqueurs d’imagerie ou électrophysiologie, selon les résultats d’une méta-analyse récente, justifiant leur emploi dans le suivi des patients
Hese deficits coexist in the acute phase of a depressive episode and interfere with decision-making and goal-directed behaviors, and the associated feeling of effort. They appear to persist in periods of clinical remission, decreasing the quality of the therapeutic and functional response and lately worsening the prognosis of the disorder. The aim of this work is to identify objectively measurable neurocognitive markers in clinical practice, and to study their association with the prognosis of a depressive episode, in order to better predict remission and potentially to optimize therapeutic prescribing strategies for patients accordingly. The impairment of neurocognitive processes related to reward constitutes a first vulnerability marker for major depressive disorder (MDD): in a study assessing the production of motor effort in order to obtain a reward, depressed patients had a deficit in production of effort, unlike healthy subjects. Such deficit in incentive motivation - a process underpinned by the activation of ventral cortico-striatal circuits in healthy subjects - may constitute a specific dimension of MDD. It participates in the decision-making and action processes impairments and is associated with – and possibly a consequence of- more specifically cognitive deficits. In a study assessing several cognitive functions in a large cohort of depressed patients, the persistence of psychomotor retardation after 6 to 8 weeks of treatment - in patients considered as being in clinical remission - was positively and independently correlated with the number of past depressive episodes, thus constituting a marker of "cumulative" marker of past depressive episodes. Finally, in a literature review on the progressive evolution of cognitive deficits in MDD, we discussed the existence of a “neurotoxic” effect of the lifetime accumulation of depressive episodes on neurocognitive deficits and its consequences on disease prognosis (increased risk of incomplete functional/clinical remission, relapses, evolution towards dementia). One of the main interest in identifying clinical and cognitive markers of vulnerability is to highlight their capacity to predict the course of a depressive episode-or disorder. In a study based on a cohort of more than 500 depressed patients, a measurement of attention (d2 attention test) was able to significantly and independently predict the subsequent course towards complete remission (clinical and functional) and to constitute a trait -marker of depression, easy to use in clinical practice. Other cognitive markers (such as executive functions) have shown high predictive values for therapeutic response, comparable to those provided by imaging or electrophysiology markers, according to the results of a recent meta-analysis, that emphasizes the interest of using them in patient’s follow-up. Finally, in order to better assess the prognosis of depressive disorder, we have shown that Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) diagnosis criteria - which nevertheless represents a specific depressive disorder with well-known physiopathology substrates (construction validity) - had a low predictive validity, prompting to consider this disorder as a temporary expression of a mood disorder, rather than a specific disorder. The identification of clinical tools measuring motivational and cognitive deficits in clinical routine and predicting the course of a depressive episode or disorder represents a major challenge in the improvement of personalized therapeutic management and the long-term prognosis in depressed patients

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40

GALLI, GIULIA. "Cognitive social and affective neuroscience of patients with spinal cord injury." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/918741.

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A successful human-environment interaction requires a continuous integration of information concerning body parts, object features and affective dynamics. Multiple neuropsychological studies show that tools can be integrated into the representation of one's own body. In particular, a tool that participates in the conscious movement of the person is added to the dynamic representation the body – often called “Body schema” – and may even affect social interaction. In light of this the wheelchair is treated as an extension of the disabled body, essentially replacing limbs that don't function properly, but it can also be a symbol of frailty and weakness. In a series of experiments, I studied plastic changes of action, tool and body representation in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Due to their peripheral loss of sensorimotor functions, in the absence of brain lesions and spared higher order cognitive functions, these patients represent an excellent model to study this topic in a multi-faceted way, investigating both fundamental mechanisms and possible therapeutic interventions. In a series of experiments, I developed new behavioral methods to measure the phenomenological aspects of tool embodiment (Chapter 3), to study its functional and neural correlates (Chapter 4) and to assess the possible computational model underpinning these phenomena (Chapter 5). These tasks have been used to describe changes in tool, action and body representation following the injury (Chapter 3 and 4), but also social interactions (Chapter 7), with the aim of giving a complete portrait of change following such damage. I found that changes in the function (wheelchair use) and the structure (body brain disconnection) of the physical body, plastically modulate tool, action and body representation. Social context and social interaction are also shaped by the new configuration of bodily representations. Such a high degree of plasticity suggests that our sense of body is not given at once, but rather it is constantly constructed and adapted through experience.

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41

BIAGIARELLI, MARIO. "Sintomatologia, sistemi emotivi di base e tratti di personalità predittivi dell’alleanza di lavoro e del drop-out terapeutico con pazienti adolescenti." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1357048.

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Introduzione. L’alleanza di lavoro e la prevenzione del drop-out psicoterapeutico rappresentano due fenomeni molto importanti per la gestione del processo terapeutico. La letteratura sottolinea la scarsità di studi che esplorino il contributo del paziente adolescente rispetto a questi fenomeni. Obiettivi. L’obiettivo di questo studio consisteva nell’esplorare la relazione tra la sintomatologia e la personalità rispetto all’alleanza di lavoro a breve termine e a medio termine e il drop-out. I modelli di personalità ai quali si è fatto riferimento sono quelli delle neuroscienze affettive e del Modello alternativo dei disturbi di personalità del DSM-5. Metodi. Si sono condotti tre studi, con pazienti adolescenti di età compresa tra i 14 e i 19 anni, che si rivolgevano alle cure psichiatriche. I soggetti sono stati valutati con i seguenti strumenti: WAI-T, HAM-A, HAM-D, YMRS, ANPS 2.4, ANPS-AR, PID-5, TAS-20. Risultati. La sintomatologia clinica non risultava predittiva dell’alleanza di lavoro. I sistemi emotivi di base della CURA, del GIOCO e della RABBIA erano predittivi dell’alleanza di lavoro a breve e medio termine. Nessun sistema di base era predittivo del drop-out. I domini DSM-5 “Distacco” e “Antagonismo” mostravano una abilità significativa e negativa di predire l’alleanza di lavoro a breve termine, ma non a medio termine. Alcuni tratti DSM-5 (insensibilità, ostilità, irresponsabilità, impulsività) predicevano in senso negativo il drop-out. Infine, l’alessitimia è risultata predittiva in senso negativo dell’alleanza di lavoro, ma non del drop-out. Conclusioni. La considerazione degli elementi sintomatologici e personologici può fornire importanti informazioni per la gestione dell’alleanza di lavoro e del drop-out terapeutico.

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42

Valtchanov, Deltcho. "Physiological and Affective Responses to Immersion in Virtual Reality: Effects of Nature and Urban Settings." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5350.

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With the rapid advancements in technology, researchers are seeking new ways to incorporate modern high-tech solutions such as virtual reality into treatment paradigms for stress. The current experiment explores the beneficial effects of immersing an individual into virtual reality after a stressful encounter. I examined the potential restorative effects of three unique immersive virtual reality environments by inducing stress and negative affect in sixty-nine participants and then randomly assigning them to freely explore one of three environments (a virtual nature setting, a virtual urban cityscape, or a neutral environment composed of solid geometric shapes) for ten minutes. Participants who explored the nature environment were found to have significantly improved affect (as measured by a standardized questionnaire), and significantly lower stress levels (as measured by self-report and skin-conductance levels) compared to those who explored the urban and geometric environments. The results suggest that virtual nature has restorative properties similar to real nature, and that simply immersing participants into a virtual nature setting can reduce stress. These results also suggest that the content of the virtual reality experience (i.e., whether it contains nature) is important in promoting restoration, and that in the absence of nature, stress levels remain unchanged.

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43

Tiffen, Lachlan C. "Individual differences in substance use and emotion." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1383753.

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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
This Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology thesis was designed to explore relationships between individual differences in emotion and specific psychoactive substance involvement, which aligned it with addiction epidemiology research. The guiding research question was ‘why do some people transition to harmful substance use while others do not’. The thesis centred on translating substance related knowledge from affective neuroscience, through a discrete emotion systems model (Panksepp, 1998), to clinical psychology nomenclature. The framework came from Self Medication Hypothesis (SMH; Khantzian, 1997) propositions that the foundation of addiction vulnerability was dysfunctional self-regulation manifest in personality, which have psychopharmacological specificity. The research program contained three studies, each exploring one of three aspects of emotion enquiry; subjective experience, behaviour and physiology (Mauss, Levenson, McCarter, Wilhelm & Gross, 2005) in relation to substance involvement risk. Study 1 examined subjective experience of personality, temperament, emotional regulation and parenting. Study 1 identified emotion related constructs that significantly correlated to and regressions models that could predict significant variability in participants’ involvement with various substances. Study 2 piloted a behavioural categorisation of International Affective Picture System (IAPS; Lang, Bradley & Cuthbert, 2008) stimuli. Study 2 produced image sets representing one neutral and seven discrete emotions providing preliminary support for dual, discrete and dimensional, models of emotion. Study 3 used these image sets to elicit electrodermal activity in a pilot experiment exploring links between participant substance involvement and psychophysiological response to emotional stimuli. Study 3 indicated some differentiation of electrodermal activity components between various substance types, however, results were tentative. The research program evidence recommends separate analysis by gender and specific substances in future addiction research. It also provided evidence supporting reconceptualised SMH propositions. Although the translation of affective neuroscience through personality required refinement, other individual difference constructs that related to substance use offer interesting avenues for further investigation. This was the real legacy of the thesis; providing unique insights built on diverse, but interrelated foundations to act as guidance for future research into this most insidious and elusive problem for society.

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44

Amzallag, Eva. "Vers une universalité des émotions : analyse de la capacité émotionnelle des vertébrés et invertébrés." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20662.

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45

Reeck, Crystal. "Affective Modulation of Executive Control." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/7214.

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Emotions are pervasive in daily life, and a rich literature has documented how emotional stimuli and events disrupt ongoing processing and place heightened demands on control. Yet the executive control mechanisms that subsequently resolve that interference have not been well characterized. Although many failures of executive control have emotion at their core, numerous questions remain in the field regarding interactions between emotion and executive control. How do executive processes act on affective representations? Are emotional representations less amenable to control? Do distinct processes or neural networks govern their control? The present dissertation addresses these questions by investigating the neural systems and cognitive processes that support executive control in the face of interference from affective sources. Whereas previous research has emphasized the bottom-up impact of emotion on cognition, this dissertation will investigate how top-down executive control signals modulate affect's influence on cognition. Combining behavioral techniques with neuroimaging methodologies, this dissertation characterizes the interactive relationship between affective processes and top-down executive control and the ramifications of that interaction for promoting adaptive behavior.

Cognitive and behavioral phenomena related to affective interference resolution are explored in a series of research projects spanning attention and memory. Task-irrelevant affective representations may disrupt performance, but this interference appears to be dependent on top-down factors and can be resolved by executive mechanisms. Interference resolution mechanisms act on representations both of stimuli in the environment and information stored in memory. The findings reported here support emotion's capacity to disrupt executive processing but also highlight the role executive control plays in overcoming that interference in order to promote adaptive behavior.

Dissertation

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46

Imbir, Kamil. "ODMIENNOŚĆ EMOCJI AUTOMATYCZNYCH I REFLEKSYJNYCH: poszukiwanie zróżnicowania neurobiologicznego i psychologicznego." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/67.

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Praca ma charakter interdyscyplinarny, choć dotyczy podstawowego problemu psychologii emocji: zróżnicowania emocji reaktywnych, powstających samoczynnie w odpowiedzi na stany środowiska zewnętrznego i wewnętrznego oraz emocji opartych o namysł i procesy wartościowania pojęciowego. Podział ten odniesiony został do modelu „mózgu emocjonalnego” (LeDoux, 1996), koncepcji sekwencji procesów afekt – poznanie – afekt (Zajonc, 1980/1985) oraz taksonomii (Jarymowicz i Imbir, 2010) rozróżniającej emocje o genezie (1) automatycznej (homeostatyczne i hedonistyczne) i (2) refleksyjnej (emocje związane z pojęciowymi standardami Ja i ogólnymi standardami dobra – zła). Typowe dla badań psychologicznych pytanie o znaczenie regulacyjne znaku emocji zostało powiązane z hipotezami o odmiennych funkcjach emocji negatywnych i pozytywnych w obrębie automatycznego vs refleksyjnego systemu wartościowania. Celem serii badań było rejestrowanie wybranych wskaźników następstw wzbudzania różnych emocji – w zakresie pomiarów EEG, fMRI oraz efektywności kontroli poznawczej (w tym – w warunkach podprogowych ekspozycji bodźców emotywnych). Opracowano jednolite dla wszystkich typów badań metody wzbudzania emocji – w postaci serii słów bądź zdań. Badania neurobiologiczne miały cele eksploracyjne, a psychologiczne – weryfikowanie hipotez. W badaniach neurobiologicznych uczestniczyły wyłącznie kobiety (studentki psychologii) – w przypadku badania fMRI: N=36; w przypadku badania EEG: N=25. Spodziewano się odmiennego wzoru pobudzeń struktur mózgowych (fMRI) oraz dynamiki odpowiedzi kory mózgowej (EEG) w trakcie czytania słów związanych z różnymi emocjami. Dane, rejestrowane po serii słów dotyczących emocji automatycznych vs refleksyjnych, wskazały na pewną odmienność sieci aktywizowanych struktur (fMRI) oraz na zróżnicowanie amplitudy potencjałów wywołanych (EEG) – wyrażające się trzema efektami (w czasie 120-850 ms): 1/ wcześniejszym efektem znaku niż systemu wartościowania, 2/ większą amplitudą emocji o genezie refleksyjnej niż automatycznej, 3/ asymetrią potencjałów dla znaku: większych dla emocji automatycznych negatywnych niż pozytywnych oraz większych dla emocji refleksyjnych pozytywnych niż negatywnych. W badaniach psychologicznych weryfikowana była hipoteza, zgodnie z którą stopień interferencji emocji w przebieg procesów poznawczych jest większy, gdy są to emocje powstające automatycznie (ze względu na ich holistyczny i dyfuzyjny charakter) niż gdy są to emocje refleksyjnie (wybiórczo powiązane z analizowanymi elementami sytuacji). W serii 5 badań uczestnikami byli studenci I roku różnych uczelni warszawskich. Mierzona była efektywność kontroli poznawczej w warunkach wzbudzania emocji z użyciem 3 paradygmatów: 1/ Emocjonalnego Testu Stroopa (2 badania: N=90 i N=70), 2/ Testu Antysakkad Halleta (2 badania: N=100 i N=80) oraz podprogowego poprzedzania Murphy i Zajonca (1 badanie: N=50). Dobór paradygmatów związany był z zamiarem testowania kilku wybranych przejawów przetwarzania informacji w warunkach wzbudzania emocji: etapu przetwarzania przedświadomego oraz etapu przetwarzania świadomego. Specyficzne hipotezy przewidywały silniejsze interferencje wzbudzanych emocji automatycznych niż refleksyjnych, przejawiające się większym ich wpływem na: 1/ oceny neutralnych bodźców, 2/ efektywność kontrolowania odruchów gałki ocznej w Teście Antysakkad oraz 3/ kontrolowania interferencji znaczenia słów w Teście Stroopa. Wyniki okazały się spójne z hipotezami (w odmiennych wariantach badań z użyciem Testu Stroopa, a także Testu Antysakkad, otrzymane wzory danych były bardzo podobne). Pojedyncze badanie w paradygmacie podprogowego poprzedzania wskazało ponadto pewien ważny trop. Klasyczny efekt znaku (wpływu utajonych bodźców o różnym znaku na negatywność/pozytywność ocen neutralnych obiektów eksponowanych jawnie) uzyskany został tylko w warunkach eksponowania bodźców (słów) odnoszących się do emocji automatycznych; brak było takiego efektu w warunkach ekspozycji bodźców podprogowych, odnoszących się do emocji refleksyjnych.

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47

Yu, Qinghui. "Developmental Monoamine Signaling Impacts Adult Affective and Aggressive Behaviors." Thesis, 2012. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8Z60W4B.

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Most neuropsychiatric disorders have developmental origins and an emerging model postulates that such developmental vulnerability is often restricted to sensitive periods. The concept of sensitive developmental periods for the indelible modulation of complex behaviors is similar to that described for sensory systems (e.g. visual cortex, ocular dominance plasticity), but effected behaviors, modulating factors, and underlying mechanisms are much less well understood. Furthering our knowledge of sensitive periods that determine the developmental trajectory of complex behaviors is a necessary step towards improving diagnosis, prevention and treatment approaches for neuropsychiatric disorders. To fulfill this mission, I here investigate how genetic and environmental risk factors act during sensitive periods of brain development to alter adult behavior and thereby confer vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders. My thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter I provides general background and significance information relevant to chapters II-IV. Chapter II focuses on elucidating and comparing the consequences of developmental serotonin (5-HT) transporter (5-HTT) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) blockade. Pharmacologic MAOA or 5-HTT blockade in adulthood has antidepressant and anxiolytic efficacy. Yet, genetically conferred MAOA or 5-HTT hypo-activity is associated with altered aggression and increased anxiety/depression. Here I test the hypothesis that increased monoamine signaling during development causes these paradoxical aggressive and affective phenotypes. I find that pharmacologic MAOA blockade during early postnatal development (P2-P21) increases anxiety- and depression-like behavior in mice, mimicking the effect of P2-21 5-HTT inhibition. Moreover, MAOA or dopamine transporter (but not norepinephrine transporter) blockade during peri-adolescence (P22-P41) increases adult aggressive behavior. 5-HTT blockade from P2-P21 or P22-P41 reduces adult aggressive behavior. Altered aggression correlates positively with locomotor response to amphetamine challenge in adulthood and striatal dopamine and DOPAC content is increased while brainstem 5-HIAA content is decreased in high aggression. Taken together, these data suggest that genetic and pharmacologic factors impacting dopamine and serotonin signaling during sensitive developmental periods confer risk for aggressive and emotional dysfunction in humans. Chapter III focuses on refining the 5-HT sensitive period affecting anxiety and depression-like behavior. Specifically, I hypothesized that the identified P2-21 period, which encompasses many developmental processes, contains a narrower critical period, affecting fewer developmental processes but having the same impact on adult behavior. This experiment serves two purposes: First, I seek to gain insight into the neural substrates and possible developmental processes underlying developmental programing of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors through 5-HT signaling. Second, I aim at providing translationally relevant data, informing clinical and epidemiological studies as to which developmental window might be sensitive to 5-HT altering factors in humans. This thesis research shows that postnatal fluoxetine (PN-FLX) treatment from P2-11 leads to increased adult anxiety- and depressive-like behavior in mice, while PN-FLX treatment from P12-21 or P22-41 has no effect in adult anxiety- and depressive-like behavior. In addition, adult chronic FLX treatment could not rescue the behavioral phenotype produced by P2-11 5-HTT blockade. Chapter IV focuses on the role of 5-HT2A receptor signaling in mediating the effect of P2-11 5-HTT blockade on adult behavior. Htr2a-/- mice display reduced conflict anxiety. Because 5-HT2A receptor antagonists do not reduce conflict anxiety in adulthood, I hypothesized that the behavioral htr2a-/- phenotype is at least partially of developmental origin, which would further indicate that increased 5-HT2A receptor signaling during development could increase conflict anxiety. To investigate this hypothesis, I analyzed the effect of P2-11 5-HTT blockade on anxiety and depression-like behaviors in htr2a+/+, +/-, and -/- mice. Supporting my hypothesis, I find that absence of htr2a improved performance of PN-FLX treated mice in the novelty suppressed feeding task, by decreasing the latency to feed to control levels. Absence of htr2a, however, did not have ameliorative effects on PN-FLX phenotypes in the open field and shock escape tests. In summary, these data demonstrate that 5-HT2A receptor signaling mediates some but not all consequences of increased P2-11 5-HT signaling. Taken together, in my thesis work I identified and characterized two sensitive developmental periods whereupon early-life perturbation of monoamine signaling alters adult behavior: an early postnatal (P2-P11) 5-HT-sensitive period that affects anxiety and depression-related behaviors and a later peri-adolescent (P22-P41) DA- and 5-HT-sensitive period altering aggression and behavioral sensitivity amphetamine. These data give insight into the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and should ultimately help improving diagnosis, prevention and treatment approaches.

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48

Almeida, Maria Teresa Silva Féria de. "Testing the portuguese version of ANPS-s and its utility for professional selection processes." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/15818.

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Анотація:

JEL Codes: M12, L84
Personality assessment allows us to collect important data for contextual performance prediction. Therefore personality measures are seen as useful tools in professional selection processes. Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) is able to assess personality considering six basic emotional systems: PLAY, SEEK, CARE, SADNESS, FEAR, and ANGER. During the first stage of this research we have analysed factorial and convergent validities to ensure the psychometric quality of the scale. Then, in a second stage, we have continued studying ANPS with concurrent and incremental validities for contextual performance. We have built an online questionnaire combining 4 instruments: ANPS-s, 11-item short version of Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Mini-IPIP, and the Portuguese scale of organization citizenship behaviour (OCB), a proxy measure for contextual performance. For the first research stage, we have considered 442 valid respondents. For concurrent and incremental validity we kept 341 elements because professional experience was required to answer about organizational citizenship behaviour. Our results corroborate ANPS-s validation. However, it was necessary to discard some ANPS-s items. As regards concurrent validity, SEEK system can be seen as a valid predictor of organizational citizenship behaviour. Considering incremental validity, there is evidence to consider the existence of specific ANPS-s variance for organization citizenship behaviour prediction. Our study intends to be a first contribution to the study of basic personality characteristics in professional selection processes. We suggest some important modifications to be introduced in future researches. We also present the relevance of considering the interaction between these basic processes and emotion regulation processes in future researches.
A avaliação da personalidade permite recolher informação relevante na predição do desempenho contextual. Assim, os instrumentos que medem esta dimensão surgem como ferramentas importantes em seleção profissional. Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) avalia a personalidade considerando seis sistemas emocionais básicos: PLAY, SEEK, CARE, SADNESS, FEAR e ANGER. Na primeira fase desta investigação foram estudadas as validades fatorial e convergente por forma a garantir a qualidade psicométrica da escala. Numa segunda fase prosseguiu-se o estudo do ANPS-s através da análise das validades concorrente e incremental para o desempenho contextual. Construiu-se um questionário online com 4 instrumentos: ANPS-s, versão reduzida da Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (11 itens), Mini-IPIP e a escala portuguesa de cidadania organizacional, medida proxy de desempenho contextual. Na primeira etapa consideraram-se 442 respostas válidas. Para a validade concorrente e incremental, a amostra reduziu para 341 elementos por ser necessária experiência profissional para responder à escala de cidadania organizacional. Os resultados corroboraram a validade do ANPS-s tendo sido, no entanto, necessário eliminar alguns itens. Relativamente à validade concorrente, os resultados sugerem que o sistema SEEK é um preditor de cidadania organizacional. Quanto à validade incremental, existe evidência para considerar a existência de alguma variância específica para o ANPS-s na explicação de cidadania organizacional. Esta investigação pretende ser um primeiro contributo para o estudo da avaliação de características básicas de personalidade em processos de seleção profissional. São sugeridas alterações para estudos futuros e identificada a pertinência do estudo da interação destes processos com sistemas de regulação emocional.

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49

Gray, Neil Allen. "The Role of the Serotonergic Neurotransmitter System in the Development and Treatment of Affective Disorders." Thesis, 2012. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8280FPR.

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Serotonin, arising from neurons of the raphe nuclei, is intimately involved in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are frontline therapy for both of these conditions, and have well-described behavioral effects in animal models of emotional behavior. Yet, administration of SSRIs during postnatal development produces an opposing phenotype, including increased anxiety- and depression-like and reduced social behaviors. Because the serotonin transporter, the target of these drugs, is expressed primarily in serotonergic neurons of the raphe, I sought to identify biological mechanisms for behavioral effects of both adult and postnatal SSRI treatment in this cell population. Initially, we compared the transcriptome of serotonergic neurons to whole brain homogenate, in order to both validate the experimental methods, and to provide a descriptive analysis of gene expression in this neuron type. Many transcripts were enriched in raphé samples, including both known markers of serotonergic neurons, and novel genes, most of which could be confirmed from by in situ hybridization data from the Allen Brain Atlas. In postnatal fluoxetine treated mice, we report alterations at the anatomical, electrophysiological, and transcriptional levels. Serotonergic innervation of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus was reduced by fluoxetine treatment, consistent with the neurodevelopmental role serotonin plays. The firing rate of serotonergic neurons was also reduced due to an increase in inhibitory transmission. Additionally, the transcriptome of serotonergic neurons was altered by postnatal SSRI: a preponderance of downregulated transcripts was observed, particularly among genes involved in mitochondrial and ribosomal function. These findings combine to suggest a hypotrophic serotonergic system is produced by postnatal SSRI treatment. Studying the effect of adult treatment with SSRIs, we report a normalization of elevated serotonin 1A receptors in depressed, medication-naive patients. However, we did not detect a relationship with clinical response, raising the possibility that serotonin 1A downregulation is an epiphenomenon of SSRI treatment. In adult fluoxetine treated mice, gene expression profiling identified a number of differentially regulated transcripts. We further used postnatal fluoxetine treatment as a model of treatment resistance, investigating the transcriptional actions of adult fluoxetine treatment in postnatal fluoxetine- vs. saline-treated mice, in order to identify transcripts that track with behavior. We found upregulation of a number of promising candidate genes, including vesicular glutamate transporter 3, histamine receptor 2, and the neuropeptide processing enzyme Ece2.

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50

Martin, Rebecca Emily. "Influencing Emotions: How Brain Development and Social Factors Shape Affective Responses." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D84Q86BH.

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Emotion is difficult to define, quantify, and measure yet it pervades almost all aspects of an individual’s life, from one’s internal motivations and feelings, to his or her external responses and decisions. This body of work tackles three major components contributing to the experience of emotion – development, social influences, and the underlying role of the brain. These three components shape emotion in a fundamental and intertwining way, and methods like brain imaging can provide new insights into how emotion changes and is expressed throughout one’s life. Study 1 showed that reactivity and regulation of craving changes with age and are supported by frontoparietal cortical maturation. Study 2 showed that the value estimations of food change across development and can be heavily influenced by social factors. Study 3 replicated the social influence effects observed in Study 2 and revealed the neural mechanisms contributing to this phenomenon. Additionally, this study used a broader range of stimuli including negative, neutral, and positive images, in order to expand the generalizability of the findings. Taken together this work uncovers neural, developmental, and social influences that shape how individuals experience emotions.

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