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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 15 вересня 2021
Оновлено: 1 лютого 2022

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1

Olivier, Philippe, and Jean-Louis Paquette. "Early Permian age of granite pebbles from an Eocene or Oligocene conglomerate of the Internal Rif belt (Alboran domain, Morocco): hypothesis on their origin." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 189, no. 3 (2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2018012.

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Granite pebbles from an Eocene or Oligocene conglomerate lying on a Ghomaride nappe of the Internal Zones of the Rif belt (Alboran domain, Morocco) have been dated by U/Pb on zircon at 281 Ma. No granite pluton being known in the Rif belt nor in the neighbouring Betic Cordillera, the origin of these calc-alkaline Kungurian (end of the Early Permian) granites is discussed. A provenance from a nearby unit presently drowned in the Alboran sea is likely. Comparisons with other circum-Mediterranean domains show that this late plutonism characterizes an original domain in the Variscan orogen.
2

Casciello, Emilio, Manuel Fernàndez, Jaume Vergés, Massimo Cesarano, and Montserrat Torne. "The Alboran domain in the western Mediterranean evolution: the birth of a concept." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 186, no. 4-5 (July 1, 2015): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.186.4-5.371.

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Abstract Since the early 70’s the majority of tectonic reconstructions of the western Mediterranean employ the Alboran domain notion as a migrating microcontinent or landmass mainly composed of Paleozoic-Triassic rocks affected by ‘Alpine’ HP-LT metamorphism. For nearly three decades, since the mid-80’s, the Alboran domain was considered as a fragment of the Alpine chain that moved westward, colliding into Iberia and North Africa to produce the Gibraltar arc and Betic-Rif chain. In 2012, a new hypothesis for the evolution of the western Mediterranean was presented in which the Betic-Rif orogenic chain originates from rollback of an initially SE-dipping subduction of the westernmost segments of the Ligurian-Tethys under the Africa margin. This interpretation considers the metamorphic ‘Alboran domain’ rocks as crustal successions of the hyper-extended African and Iberian continental margins, which have undergone a complete subduction-exhumation cycle above a NW- to W-retreating subduction. A key outcome of this hypothesis is that the Alboran domain is not a fragment of the Alpine chain but a consequence of rollback dynamics. In this contribution we try to elucidate the historical reasons behind the classical ‘Alpine’ interpretation of the Betic-Rif, by briefly describing key contributions, which appear linked in a logical sequence that traces the evolution of the Alboran domain concept since its original formulation by Andrieux and coauthors in 1971.
3

PLATZMAN, E., J. P. PLATT, S. P. KELLEY, and S. ALLERTON. "Large clockwise rotations in an extensional allochthon, Alboran Domain (southern Spain)." Journal of the Geological Society 157, no. 6 (November 2000): 1187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.6.1187.

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4

Turner, S. P., J. P. Platt, R. M. M. George, S. P. Kelley, D. G. Pearson, and G. M. Nowell. "Magmatism Associated with Orogenic Collapse of the Betic-Alboran Domain, SE Spain." Journal of Petrology 40, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 1011–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petroj/40.6.1011.

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5

El Bakili, Asmae, Michel Corsini, Ahmed Chalouan, Philippe Münch, Adrien Romagny, Jean Marc Lardeaux, and Ali Azdimousa. "Neogene polyphase deformation related to the Alboran Basin evolution: new insights for the Beni Bousera massif (Internal Rif, Morocco)." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 191 (2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020008.

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Located in the Internal domain of the Rif belt, the Beni Bousera massif is characterized by a stack of peridotites and crustal metamorphic units. The massif is intruded by granitic dykes and affected by several normal ductile shear zones. Structural, petrological and 40Ar–39Ar dating analyses performed on these two elements highlight that (1) the granitic dykes are emplaced within major N70° to N140° trending normal faults and shear zones, resulted from an NNE-SSW extension (2) the Aaraben fault in its NE part is characterized by N70° to N150° trending ductile normal shear zones, resulted from a nearly N-S extension and (3) the age of this extensional event is comprised between 22 and 20 Ma. Available paleomagnetic data allow a restoration of the initial orientation of extension, which was nearly E-W contemporary with the Alboran Basin opening in back-arc context, during the Early Miocene. At the onset of the extension, the peridotites were somehow lying upon a partially melted continental crust, and exhumed during this event by the Aaraben Normal Shear Zone. Afterward, the Alboran Domain suffered several compressional events.
6

Crespo-Blanc, Ana, and Dominique Frizon de Lamotte. "Structural evolution of the external zones derived from the Flysch trough and the South Iberian and Maghrebian paleomargins around the Gibraltar arc: a comparative study." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 177, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.177.5.267.

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Abstract The Betics and Rif cordillera constitute the northern and southern segments of the Gibraltar arc. Two different fold-and-thrust belts, deriving from the South Iberian and Maghrebian paleomargins respectively, developed in front of this orogenic system. By contrast, the Flysch Trough units and the overlying Alboran crustal domain (internal zones), which are situated in the uppermost part of the orogenic wedge, are common to both branches of the arc. The Flyschs Trough units constitute an inactive accretionary prism, derived from a deep elongated trough. From three large-scale profiles and some lithostratigraphic features of the involved sedimentary sequences, the Betic and Rif external domains are compared, mainly from a structural point of view. Although they are generally considered to show major similarities, the Betic and Rif external domains are in fact strikingly different, mainly concerning the structural style, deformation timing and metamorphism: a) the thick-skinned structure in the External Rif domain vs thin-skinned in the Subbetic domain; b) the pre-Oligocene and Miocene stacking in the External Rif domain vs the exclusively Miocene one in the Subbetic domain, and c) the metamorphism present only in part of the External Rif domain (low-grade greenschists facies). By contrast, it was not possible to establish any difference in structural style and deformation timing between the Flysch units outcropping in both branches of the Gibraltar arc.
7

Michard, André, Ahmed Chalouan, Hugues Feinberg, Bruno Goffé, and Raymond Montigny. "How does the Alpine belt end between Spain and Morocco ?" Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 173, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/173.1.3.

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Abstract The Betic-Rif arcuate mountain belt (southern Spain, northern Morocco) has been interpreted as a symmetrical collisional orogen, partly collapsed through convective removal of its lithospheric mantle root, or else as resulting of the African plate subduction beneath Iberia, with further extension due either to slab break-off or to slab retreat. In both cases, the Betic-Rif orogen would show little continuity with the western Alps. However, it can be recognized in this belt a composite orocline which includes a deformed, exotic terrane, i.e. the Alboran Terrane, thrust through oceanic/transitional crust-floored units onto two distinct plates, i.e. the Iberian and African plates. During the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, the yet undeformed Alboran Terrane was part of a larger, Alkapeca microcontinent bounded by two arms of the Tethyan-African oceanic domain, alike the Sesia-Margna Austroalpine block further to the northeast. Blueschist- and eclogite-facies metamorphism affected the Alkapeka northern margin and adjacent oceanic crust during the Late Cretaceous-Eocene interval. This testifies the occurrence of a SE-dipping subduction zone which is regarded as the SW projection of the western Alps subduction zone. During the late Eocene-Oligocene, the Alkapeca-Iberia collision triggered back-thrust tectonics, then NW-dipping subduction of the African margin beneath the Alboran Terrane. This Maghrebian-Apenninic subduction resulted in the Mediterranean basin opening, and drifting of the deformed Alkapeca fragments through slab roll back process and back-arc extension, as reported in several publications. In the Gibraltar area, the western tip of the Apenninic-Maghrebian subduction merges with that of the Alpine-Betic subduction zone, and their Neogene roll back resulted in the Alboran Terrane collage astride the Azores-Gibraltar transpressive plate boundary. Therefore, the Betic-Rif belt appears as an asymmetrical, subduction/collision orogen formed through a protracted evolution straightfully related to the Alpine-Apenninic mountain building.
8

Vissers, R. L. M., J. P. Platt, and D. van der Wal. "Late orogenic extension of the Betic Cordillera and the Alboran Domain: A lithospheric view." Tectonics 14, no. 4 (August 1995): 786–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95tc00086.

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9

Torné, M., E. Banda, V. García-Duen˜as, and J. C. Balanyá. "Mantle-lithosphere bodies in the Alboran crustal domain (Ronda peridotites, Betic-Rif orogenic belt)." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 110, no. 1-4 (May 1992): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(92)90046-x.

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10

Michard, André, Bruno Goffé, Mohamed Bouybaouene, and Omar Saddiqi. "Late Hercynian–Mesozoic thinning in the Alboran domain: metamorphic data from the northern Rif, Morocco." Terra Nova 9, no. 4 (December 1997): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.1997.d01-24.x.

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11

Capó, Esther, Alejandro Orfila, Evan Mason, and Simón Ruiz. "Energy Conversion Routes in the Western Mediterranean Sea Estimated from Eddy–Mean Flow Interactions." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 1 (January 2019): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0036.1.

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AbstractEnergy conversion routes are investigated in the western Mediterranean Sea from the eddy–mean flow interactions. The sources of eddy kinetic energy are analyzed by applying a regional formulation of the Lorenz energy cycle to 18 years of numerical simulation at eddy-resolving resolution (3.5 km), which allows for identifying whether the energy exchange between the mean and eddy flow is local or nonlocal. The patterns of energy conversion between the mean and eddy kinetic and potential energy are estimated in three subregions of the domain: the Alboran Sea, the Algerian Basin, and the northern basin. The spatial characterization of the energy routes hints at the physical mechanisms involved in maintaining the balance, suggesting that flow–topography interaction is strongly linked to eddy growth in most of the domain.
12

Frasca, Gianluca, Frédéric Gueydan, and Jean-Pierre Brun. "Structural record of Lower Miocene westward motion of the Alboran Domain in the Western Betics, Spain." Tectonophysics 657 (August 2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.05.017.

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13

Balanyá, Juan C., Víctor García-Dueñas, José M. Azañón, and Mario Sánchez-Gómez. "Alternating contractional and extensional events in the Alpujarride nappes of the Alboran Domain (Betics, Gibraltar Arc)." Tectonics 16, no. 2 (April 1997): 226–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96tc03871.

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14

Pezzali, I., L. France, G. Chazot, and R. Vannucci. "Analogues of exhumed pyroxenite layers in the Alboran domain sampled as xenoliths by Middle Atlas Cenozoic volcanism." Lithos 230 (August 2015): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.02.024.

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15

Azan˜o´n, Jose´Miguel, Ana Crespo-blanc, and Vi´ctor Garci´a-duen˜as. "Continental collision, crustal thinning and nappe forming during the pre-Miocene evolution of the Alpujarride Complex (Alboran Domain, Betics)." Journal of Structural Geology 19, no. 8 (August 1997): 1055–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(97)00031-x.

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16

Michard, André, Abdelkader Mokhtari, Ahmed Chalouan, Omar Saddiqi, Philippe Rossi, and Ech-Cherki Rjimati. "New ophiolite slivers in the External Rif belt, and tentative restoration of a dual Tethyan suture in the western Maghrebides." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 185, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.185.5.313.

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AbstractOphiolite slivers have been described recently in the core of the External zones of the Central Rif belt. The present work aims at illustrating new ophiolite slivers further east and discussing the structural position and tectonic emplacement of all these oceanic floor remnants. Their basement consists of gabbros previously dated at 166±3 Ma and their cover includes mafic breccias, micrites and radiolarites. These oceanic slivers are located within the Mesorif nappe stack at the bottom of the Senhadja nappe that roots beneath the Intrarif Ketama unit and was thrust over the more external Mesorif and Prerif units during the Cenozoic inversion of the North African paleomargin. These oceanic crust (OC) slivers belong to the same Mesorif suture zone as the Beni Malek serpentinites and Ait Amrâne metabasites from eastern Rif that also include marbles with ophiolitic clasts and derive from an ocean-continent transition (OCT) domain. After examination of the varied hypotheses that have been suggested to account for the emplacement of these units in the External Rif, we propose that obduction sampled an oceanic corridor opened between the Mesorif and Intrarif domains at the emplacement of the Rif Triassic evaporite basin. The Intrarif block should have been then separated from the African passive margin and connected with the Flysch domain south of the passive margin of the Alboran domain. The pre-collision structure of the Rif transect would involve two hyper-extended passive margins separated by a narrow oceanic transform fault corridor. Therefore the Tethys suture in the western Maghrebides would be split by the Intrarif block and would involve the Flysch zone in the north and the ophiolite bearing Mesorif suture zone in the south.
17

Mason, Evan, Simón Ruiz, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Guillaume Reffray, Marcos García-Sotillo, and Ananda Pascual. "New insight into 3-D mesoscale eddy properties from CMEMS operational models in the western Mediterranean." Ocean Science 15, no. 4 (August 20, 2019): 1111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1111-2019.

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Abstract. Rapid evolution of operational ocean forecasting systems is driven by advances in numerics and data assimilation schemes, and increase of in situ and satellite observations. The Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) is a major provider of operational products that are made available through an online catalogue. The service includes global and regional forecasts in near-real-time and reanalysis modes. Here, we apply an eddy tracker to daily sea surface height (SSH) fields from three such reanalysis products from the CMEMS catalogue, with the objective to evaluate their performance in terms of their eddy properties and three-dimensional composite structures over the 2013–2016 period. The products are (i) the Global Analysis Forecast, (ii) the Mediterranean Analysis Forecast and (iii) the Iberia–Biscay–Ireland Analysis Forecast. The common domain between these reanalyses is the western Mediterranean Sea (WMED) between the Strait of Gibraltar and Sardinia. This is a complex region with strong density gradients, especially in the Alboran Sea in the west where Atlantic and Mediterranean waters compete. Surface eddy property maps over the WMED of eddy radii, amplitudes and nonlinearity are consistent between the models, as well as with gridded altimetric data that serve as a reference. Mean 3-D eddy composites are shown only for three subregions in the Alboran Sea. These are mostly consistent between the models, with minor differences being attributed to details of the respective model configurations. This information can be informative for the ongoing development of these CMEMS operational modeling systems. The mesoscale data provided here may be of interest to CMEMS users and in the future could be a useful addition to a more diverse CMEMS catalogue.
18

Driussi, Olivier, Anne Briais, and Agnès Maillard. "Evidence for transform motion along the South Balearic margin and implications for the kinematics of opening of the Algerian basin." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 186, no. 4-5 (July 1, 2015): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.186.4-5.353.

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Abstract Two major types of kinematic models have been proposed to explain the opening of the western Mediterranean basins (Liguro-Provençal and Algerian basins, and Valencia trough). In one type of models, all continental blocks bounding the basins drift to the southeast, driven by the rollback of the Tethys subduction slab. In the other type of models, the Alboran domain drifts to the southwest, implying a westward rollback of the broken subducting slab and a NE-SW opening of the Algerian basin. In most models, however, the structure of the Balearic promontory was not taken into account, despite its key location at the boundary of the three major basins. We used the interpretation of a large seismic database coupled to gravity and magnetic anomaly analyses to characterize the nature and structure of the South Balearic margin. The constraints brought by the new analyses allow us to suggest a new scenario for the opening of the Algerian basin. Seismic profiles show that the South Balearic margin is composed of four segments with different morphologies and crustal structures. Two segments, the Mazarron and the Emile Baudot escarpments, are characterized by steep scarps and sharp crustal thinning. Two other segments, the South Ibiza and South Menorca margins, have a smoother bathymetry and crustal thinning. We interpret the former in terms of transform margins, and the latter as divergent margins. The distribution of faults on the passive margin segments suggests that they have recorded at least two phases of deformation. A first phase of opening, probably in a NW-SE direction, affected the south Balearic margin, and possibly created some oceanic floor. The existence of the transform margin segments and the prominent NW-SE orientation of the magnetic lineations in the eastern Algerian basin suggest that most of this basin opened in a NE-SW direction, in different oceanic corridors. The two eastern corridors formed by the southwestward drift of the Kabylies. The western corridor, bounded by the transform segments of the South Balearic margin and the Algerian margin, results from the southwestward drift of the Alboran domain, as suggested by previous studies.
19

MACIAS, D. M., C. T. GUERREIRO, L. PRIETO, A. PELIZ, and J. RUIZ. "A high-resolution hydrodynamic-biogeochemical coupled model of the Gulf of Cadiz – Alboran Sea region." Mediterranean Marine Science 15, no. 4 (December 22, 2014): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.841.

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The southern Iberia regional seas comprise the Gulf of Cadiz and the Alboran Sea sub-basins connected by the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. Both basins are very different in their hydrological and biological characteristics but are, also, tightly connected to each other. Integrative studies of the whole regional oceanic system are scarce and difficult to perform due to the relative large area to cover and the different relevant time-scales of the main forcings in each sub-basin. Here we propose, for the first time, a fully coupled, 3D, hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model that covers, in a single domain (~2km resolution) both marine basins for a 20 years simulation (1989-2008). Model performance is assessed against available data in terms of spatial and temporal distributions of biological variables. In general, the proposed model is able to represent the climatological distributions of primary and secondary producers and also the main seasonality of primary production in the different sub-regions of the analyzed basins. Potential causes of the observed mismatches between model and data are identified and some solutions are proposed for future model development. We conclude that most of these mismatches could be attributed to the missing tidal forcing in the actual model configuration. This model is a first step to obtain a meaningful tool to study past and future oceanographic conditions in this important marine region constituting the unique connection of the Mediterranean Sea with the open world’s ocean.
20

Balanyá, Juan C., Víctor García-Dueñas, José M. Azañón, and Mario Sánchez-Gómez. "Reply [to “Comment on ‘Alternating contractional and extensional events in the Alpujarride nappes of the Alboran Domain (Betics, Gibraltar Arc)’”]." Tectonics 17, no. 6 (December 1998): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998tc900006.

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21

Mériaux, C. A., J. C. Duarte, S. S. Duarte, W. P. Schellart, Z. Chen, F. Rosas, J. Mata, and P. Terrinha. "Capture of the Canary mantle plume material by the Gibraltar arc mantle wedge during slab rollback." Geophysical Journal International 201, no. 3 (April 14, 2015): 1717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv120.

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Abstract Recent evidence suggests that a portion of the Canary plume travelled northeastwards below the lithosphere of the Atlas Mountains in North Africa towards the Alboran domain and was captured ∼10 Ma ago by the Gibraltar subduction system in the Western Mediterranean. The capture would have been associated with the mantle return flow induced by the westward-retreating slab that would have dragged and trapped a portion of the plume material in the mantle wedge of the Gibraltar subduction zone. Such material eventually contaminated the subduction related volcanism in the Alboran region. In this work, we use scaled analogue models of slab–plume interaction to investigate the plausibility of the plume capture. An upper-mantle-scaled model combines a narrow (400 km) edge-fixed subduction plate with a laterally offset compositional plume. The subduction dominated by slab rollback and toroidal mantle flow is seen to increasingly impact on the plume dynamics as the area of influence of the toroidal flow cells at the surface is up to 500 × 1350 km2. While the plume head initially spreads axisymmetrically, it starts being distorted parallel to the plate in the direction of the trench as the slab trench approaches the plume edge at a separation distance of about 500 km, before getting dragged towards mantle wedge. When applied to the Canary plume–Gibraltar subduction system, our model supports the observationally based conceptual model that mantle plume material may have been dragged towards the mantle wedge by slab rollback-induced toroidal mantle flow. Using a scaling argument for the spreading of a gravity current within a channel, we also show that more than 1500 km of plume propagation in the sublithospheric Atlas corridor is dynamically plausible.
22

Azañón, José-Miguel, and Ana Crespo-Blanc. "Exhumation during a continental collision inferred from the tectonometamorphic evolution of the Alpujarride Complex in the central Betics (Alboran Domain, SE Spain)." Tectonics 19, no. 3 (June 2000): 549–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000tc900005.

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23

Rossetti, Federico, Andrea Dini, Federico Lucci, Mohamed Bouybaouenne, and Claudio Faccenna. "Early Miocene strike-slip tectonics and granite emplacement in the Alboran Domain (Rif Chain, Morocco): significance for the geodynamic evolution of Western Mediterranean." Tectonophysics 608 (November 2013): 774–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.08.002.

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24

Alonso-Chaves, F., J. I. Soto, M. Orozco, A. A. Kilias, and M. D. Tranos. "TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE BETIC CORDILLERA: AN OVERVIEW." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16563.

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The Betic (Southern Spain) and the Rif (Morocco) mountain chains, connected through the Gibraltar Strait, shapes a W-E elongated and arcuate Alpine orogenic belt. The Alborân Sea, in continuity to the east with the South Balearic Basin, is located in the inner part of this alpine belt. The Iberian and African continental forelands bound the region as a whole to the north and south, respectively, and to the east it is connected to the oceanic Sardine-Balearic Basin. The peculiarities of these westernmost Mediterranean chains result from: (1) its position between two large convergent plates -Africa and Europe- that have had variable directions of relative motion since the late Cretaceous; and (2) the Neogene westward migration of the orogenic hinterland and its simultaneous "back-arc"-like extension, generating the Alborén Sea basin. The complexes and large paleogeographic terrains traditionally recognized in the Betic and Rif chains belong to four pre-Neogene crustal domains: the South-Iberian and Maghrebian passive continental paleomargins (External Zones of the orogen), the Flysch Units, and the Alborân Crustal Domain composed mainly of a pre- Miocene metamorphosed thrust-stack (Nevado-Filabride, Alpujârride, and Malaguide complexes, from bottom to top). The boundaries between the main metamorphic complexes of the Alborân Domain are extensional detachments, which finally developed under brittle conditions and are commonly sealed by middle-to-late Miocene marine-to-continental sediments. They, nonetheless, are not the most recent structures in the Alborân Domain, because upright, E-W open folds warp the extensional detachments, and finally, high-angle normal faults and strike-slip faults, many of which are still active, offset folds and extensional detachments. The tectonic evolution of the Betic Alborân orogenic system shows close similarities with the one depicted in other arcuate-shaped, Alpine mountain ranges in the Mediterranean, such as the Hellenic Arc and the Aegean Sea. Like in the westernmost Mediterranean, a thickened (pre Miocene) crust is bounding there a thinned, continental (?) basin. Extension is also formed here in a "back-arc" setting, being developed simultaneously with the N-S convergence between the African and European plates.
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Atouabat, Achraf, Sveva Corrado, Andrea Schito, Faouziya Haissen, Oriol Gimeno-Vives, Geoffroy Mohn, and Dominique Frizon de Lamotte. "Validating Structural Styles in the Flysch Basin Northern Rif (Morocco) by Means of Thermal Modeling." Geosciences 10, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10090325.

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Vitrinite reflectance and a micro-Raman spectroscopy parameters data set have been acquired on dispersed organic matter of the Maghrebian flysch basin and the Tangiers unit across a NE-SW section in the north-western Rif belt (North Morocco). Thermal maturity shows increasing values from the hinterland to the external unit (from NE to SW). Paleo-thermal indicators show that the internal flysch basin (i.e., the Mauretanian unit) is less mature than the external one, (i.e., the Massylian unit), with Ro% and Ro eq. Raman values ranging from 0.64% to 1.02% (from early mature to late mature stages of hydrocarbon generation). 1D thermal modeling estimates the overburden now totally eroded ranging from 3.1 km to 6.0 km, and has been used as constraint to reconstruct the complete thrust wedge geometry in Miocene times. The reconstructed geometry accounts for high shortening (about 63%) due to the development of an antiformal stack in the frontal part of the wedge made up by the flysch succession. This stacking is interpreted as a consequence of the western translation of the Alboran Domain in the core of the Betic-Rif orogenic system.
26

Platt, J. P. "Comment on “Alternating contractional and extensional events in the Alpujarride nappes of the Alboran Domain (Betics, Gibraltar Arc)” by Juan C. Balanyá et al." Tectonics 17, no. 6 (December 1998): 973–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998tc900005.

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27

NEGRO, F., O. BEYSSAC, B. GOFFE, O. SADDIQI, and M. L. BOUYBAOUENE. "Thermal structure of the Alboran Domain in the Rif (northern Morocco) and the Western Betics (southern Spain). Constraints from Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 24, no. 4 (May 2006): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2006.00639.x.

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28

Homonnay, Emmanuelle, Michel Corsini, Jean-Marc Lardeaux, Adrien Romagny, Philippe Münch, Delphine Bosch, Bénédicte Cenki-Tok, and Mohamed Ouazzani-Touhami. "Miocene crustal extension following thrust tectonic in the Lower Sebtides units (internal Rif, Ceuta Peninsula, Spain): Implication for the geodynamic evolution of the Alboran domain." Tectonophysics 722 (January 2018): 507–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.11.028.

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29

Rossetti, Federico, Thomas Theye, Federico Lucci, Mohamed L. Bouybaouene, Andrea Dini, Axel Gerdes, David Phillips, and Domenico Cozzupoli. "Timing and modes of granite magmatism in the core of the Alboran Domain, Rif chain, northern Morocco: Implications for the Alpine evolution of the western Mediterranean." Tectonics 29, no. 2 (April 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009tc002487.

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30

Leprêtre, Rémi, Dominique Frizon de Lamotte, Violaine Combier, Oriol Gimeno-Vives, Geoffroy Mohn, and Rémi Eschard. "The Tell-Rif orogenic system (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) and the structural heritage of the southern Tethys margin." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 189, no. 2 (2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2018009.

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The Tell-Rif (Tell in Algeria and Tunisia; Rif in Morocco) is the orogenic system fringing to the south the West Mediterranean basins. This system comprises three major tectonic-palaeogeographic zones from north to south: (1) the internal zones (AlKaPeCa for Alboran, Kabylies, Peloritan, Calabria) originating from the former northern European margin of the Maghrebian Tethys, (2) the “Flyschs zone” regarded as the former cover of the oceanic domain and (3) the external zones, forming the former southern Maghrebian Tethys margin more or less inverted. The Tell-Rif is interpreted as the direct result of the progressive closure of the Maghrebian Tethys until the collision between AlKaPeCa and Africa and, subsequently, the propagation of the deformation within Africa. This gives a consistent explanation for the offshore Neogene geodynamics and most authors share this simple scenario. Nevertheless, the current geodynamic models do not completely integrate the Tell-Rif geology. Based on the analysis of surface and sub-surface data, we propose a reappraisal of its present-day geometry in terms of geodynamic evolution. We highlight its non-cylindrical nature resulting from both the Mesozoic inheritance and the conditions of the tectonic inversion. During the Early Jurassic, we emphasize the development of NE-SW basins preceding the establishment of an E-W transform corridor connecting the Central Atlantic Ocean with the Ligurian Tethys. The Maghrebian Tethys developed just after, as the result of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous left-lateral spreading between Africa and Iberia. By the Late Cretaceous, the occurrence of several tectonic events is related to the progressive convergence convergence between the two continents. A major pre-Oligocene (pre-35 Ma) compressional event is recorded in the Tell-Rif system. The existence of HP-LT metamorphic rocks associated with fragments of mantle in the External Metamorphic Massifs of the Eastern Rif and Western Tell shows that, at that time, the western part of the North-African margin was involved in a subduction below a deep basin belonging to the Maghrebian Tethys. At the same time, the closure of the West Ligurian Tethys through east-verging subduction led to a shift of the subduction, which jumped to the other side of AlKaPeCa involving both East Ligurian and Maghrebian Tethys. Slab rollback led to the development of the Oligo-Miocene back-arc basins of the West-Mediterranean, reworking the previous West Ligurian Tethys suture. The docking of AlKaPeCa against Africa occurred during the Late Burdigalian (17 Ma). Subsequently, the slab tearing triggered westward and eastward lateral movements that are responsible for the formation of the Gibraltar and Tyrrhenian Arcs respectively. The exhumation of the External Metamorphic Massifs occurred through tectonic underplating during the westward translation of the Alboran Domain. It resulted in the formation of both foredeep and wedge-top basins younger and younger westward. The lack of these elements in the eastern part of the systems signs a different evolution dominated by frontal accretion. In the discussion, we precisely address the origin of the non-cylindrical behavior of the orogenic system and question the mechanisms explaining at large scale the phases of coupling/uncoupling between the major plates.
31

Billi, Andrea, Claudio Faccenna, Olivier Bellier, Liliana Minelli, Giancarlo Neri, Claudia Piromallo, Debora Presti, Davide Scrocca, and Enrico Serpelloni. "Recent tectonic reorganization of the Nubia-Eurasia convergent boundary heading for the closure of the western Mediterranean." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 182, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.182.4.279.

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Abstract In the western Mediterranean area, after a long period (late Paleogene-Neogene) of Nubian (W-Africa) northward subduction beneath Eurasia, subduction has almost ceased, as well as convergence accommodation in the subduction zone. With the progression of Nubia-Eurasia convergence, a tectonic reorganization is therefore necessary to accommodate future contraction. Previously-published tectonic, seismological, geodetic, tomographic, and seismic reflection data (integrated by some new GPS velocity data) are reviewed to understand the reorganization of the convergent boundary in the western Mediterranean. Between northern Morocco, to the west, and northern Sicily, to the east, contractional deformation has shifted from the former subduction zone to the margins of the two back-arc oceanic basins (Algerian-Liguro-Provençal and Tyrrhenian basins) and it is now mainly active in the south-Tyrrhenian (northern Sicily), northern Liguro-Provençal, Algerian, and Alboran (partly) margins. Onset of compression and basin inversion has propagated in a scissor-like manner from the Alboran (c. 8 Ma) to the Tyrrhenian (younger than c. 2 Ma) basins following a similar propagation of the cessation of the subduction, i.e., older to the west and younger to the east. It follows that basin inversion is rather advanced on the Algerian margin, where a new southward subduction seems to be in its very infant stage, while it has still to really start in the Tyrrhenian margin, where contraction has resumed at the rear of the fold-thrust belt and may soon invert the Marsili oceanic basin. Part of the contractional deformation may have shifted toward the north in the Liguro-Provençal basin possibly because of its weak rheological properties compared with those of the area between Tunisia and Sardinia, where no oceanic crust occurs and seismic deformation is absent or limited. The tectonic reorganization of the Nubia-Eurasia boundary in the study area is still strongly controlled by the inherited tectonic fabric and rheological attributes, which are strongly heterogeneous along the boundary. These features prevent, at present, the development of long and continuous thrust faults. In an extreme and approximate synthesis, the evolution of the western Mediterranean is inferred to follow a Wilson Cycle (at a small scale) with the following main steps : (1) northward Nubian subduction with Mediterranean back-arc extension (since ~35 Ma); (2) progressive cessation, from west to east, of Nubian main subduction (since ~15 Ma); (3) progressive onset of compression, from west to east, in the former back-arc domain and consequent basin inversion (since ~8–10 Ma); (4) possible future subduction of former back-arc basins.
32

Booth-Rea, G., J. M. Azañón, J. M. Martínez-Martínez, O. Vidal, and V. García-Dueñas. "Contrasting structural and P-T evolution of tectonic units in the southeastern Betics: Key for understanding the exhumation of the Alboran Domain HP/LT crustal rocks (western Mediterranean)." Tectonics 24, no. 2 (April 2005): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004tc001640.

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33

Rossetti, Federico, Federico Lucci, Thomas Theye, Mohamed Bouybaouenne, Axel Gerdes, Joachim Opitz, Andrea Dini, and Christian Lipp. "Hercynian anatexis in the envelope of the Beni Bousera peridotites (Alboran Domain, Morocco): Implications for the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the deep crustal roots of the Mediterranean region." Gondwana Research 83 (July 2020): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.01.020.

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34

Sissingh, W. "Kinematic sequence stratigraphy of the European Cenozoic Rift System and Alpine Foreland Basin: correlation with Mediterranean and Atlantic plate-boundary events." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 85, no. 2 (June 2006): 77–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600077921.

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AbstractA review of the sequence stratigraphic development of the Tertiary basins of the North and West Alpine Foreland domains shows that their structural and depositional history was episodically affected by brief tectonic phases. These were associated with intermittent deformation events induced by the collisional convergence and compressional coupling of the Apulian and Iberian microplates with the European Plate. The plate kinematics-related episodicity was essentially isochronously recorded in the basin fills of the Alpine Foreland region. These are generally correlative with changes in eustatic sea level. The ensuing correlative successions of so-called Cenozoic Rift and Foredeep (CRF) sequences and phases can be traced throughout the European Cenozoic Rift System and Alpine Foreland Basin. Their temporal correlation indicates that, apparently, the changes in the plate collision-related stress regime of the Alpine Foreland were repeatedly accompanied by coeval changes in eustatic sea level. To test and substantiate the validity of this inferred causal relationship between intraplate deposition, plate kinematics and eustacy, the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the basins of the Mediterranean plate-boundary zone has been analysed in conjunction with a review of the plate-boundary events in the North Atlantic. Within the uncertainty range of available datings, synchroneity could thus be demonstrated for the punctuated tectonostratigraphic development of basins of the western Mediterranean (comprising the Liguro-Provençal Basin, Valencia Trough, Sardinia Rift and Tyrrhenian Basin), the Apenninic-Calabrian Arc, the Betic domain (including the Alboran Basin) and the North and West Alpine Foreland regions. Similar temporal correlations of plate tectonicsrelated events near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic and tectonostratigraphic sequences and phases of the Alpino-Pyrenean Foreland basins are further evidence of a common causal mechanism. The driving mechanisms appear to have been the northward drift of Africa and the resulting mechanical coupling of Apulia and Iberia with the southern passive margin of Europe, as well as the stepwise opening of the North Atlantic and accompanying episodic plate re-organisations of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
35

Lorente, Pablo, Silvia Piedracoba, Marcos G. Sotillo, and Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul. "Long-Term Monitoring of the Atlantic Jet through the Strait of Gibraltar with HF Radar Observations." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7010003.

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The present work focuses on the long-term coastal monitoring of the Atlantic surface inflow into the Mediterranean basin through the Strait of Gibraltar. Hourly current maps provided during 2016–2017 by a High Frequency radar (HFR) system were used to characterize the Atlantic Jet (AJ) since changes in its speed and direction modulate the upper-layer circulation of the Western Alboran Gyre (WAG). The AJ pattern was observed to follow a marked seasonal cycle. A stronger AJ flowed north-eastwards during autumn and winter, while a weaker AJ was directed more southwardly during the middle of the year, reaching a minimum of intensity during summertime. A strong relationship between AJ speeds and angles was evidenced: the AJ appeared to be frequently locked at an angle around 63°, measured clockwise from the North. The AJ speed usually fluctuated between 50 cm·s−1 and 170 cm·s−1, with occasional drops below 50 cm·s−1 which were coincident with abrupt modifications in AJ orientation. Peaks of current speed clearly reached values up to 250 cm·s−1, regardless of the season. A number of persistent full reversal episodes of the surface inflow were analyzed in terms of triggering synoptic conditions and the related wind-driven circulation patterns. High sea level pressures and intense (above 10 m·s−1), permanent and spatially-uniform easterlies prevailed over the study domain during the AJ collapse events analyzed. By contrast, tides seemed to play a secondary role by partially speeding up or slowing down the westward currents, depending on the phase of the tide. A detailed characterization of this unusual phenomenon in the Strait of Gibraltar is relevant from diverse aspects, encompassing search and rescue operations, the management of accidental marine pollution episodes or efficient ship routing.
36

Farah, Aboubaker, André Michard, Omar Saddiqi, Ahmed Chalouan, Christian Chopin, Pilar Montero, Michel Corsini, and Fernando Bea. "The Beni Bousera marbles, record of a Triassic-Early Jurassic hyperextended margin in the Alpujarrides-Sebtides units (Rif belt, Morocco)." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021015.

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The timing and process of exhumation of the subcontinental peridotites of the Gibraltar Arc (Ronda, Beni Bousera) have been discussed extensively over the last decades. In this work, we contribute to this debate through the first mapping, structural and petrological analyses, and SHRIMP U-Th-Pb dating of high-grade marbles that crop out around the Beni Bousera antiform of the Alpujarrides-Sebtides units of northern Rif (Morocco). These marbles, here termed the Beni Bousera marbles (BBMs), instead of being intercalations in the granulitic envelope (kinzigites) of the Beni Bousera peridotites, as previously described, form minor, dismembered units within a ∼30 to 300 m thick mylonitic contact between the kinzigites and the overlying gneisses of the Filali Unit (Filali–Beni Bousera Shear Zone, FBBSZ). They display silicate-rich dolomitic marbles, sandy-conglomeratic calcareous marbles and thinly bedded marble with interleaved biotite-rich schists. An unconformable contact, either of stratigraphic or tectonic origin, with the underlying kinzigites, is observed locally. Pebbles or detrital grains include K-feldspar, quartz, almandine garnet and zircon. Peak mineral assemblages consist of forsterite, Mg-Al-spinel, geikielite (MgTiO3), phlogopite and accessory zirconolite, baddeleyite and srilankite in dolomite marble, as well as K-feldspar, scapolite, diopside, titanite and accessory graphite and zircon in calcite marble. These assemblages characterize peak HT-LP metamorphic conditions close to 700–750 °C, ≤4.5 kbar. The FBBSZ includes minor ductile thrusts that determine kinzigite horses or slivers carried NW-ward over the marbles. Within the latter, NNE-trending folds are conspicuous. Brittle, northward-dipping normal faults crosscut the FBBSZ ductile structures. Detrital cores of zircon from the BBMs yield two U-Th-Pb age clusters of ∼270 Ma and ∼340 Ma, whereas their rims yield ∼21 Ma ages. Correlations with comparable settings in other West Mediterranean Alpine belts are discussed. The BBMs compare with the Triassic carbonates deposited over the crustal units of the Alpujarrides-Sebtides. The assumed Triassic protoliths may have been deposited onto the kinzigites or carried as extensional allochthons over a detachment in the Early Jurassic during the incipient formation of the Alboran Domain continental margin. Thus, it is concluded that the Beni Bousera mantle rocks were exhumed to a shallow depth during early rifting events responsible for the birth of the Maghrebian Tethys.
37

Bessière, Eloïse, Laurent Jolivet, Romain Augier, Stéphane Scaillet, Jacques Précigout, José-Miguel Azañón, Ana Crespo-Blanc, Emmanuel Masini, and Damien Do Couto. "Lateral variations of pressure-temperature evolution in non-cylindrical orogens and 3-D subduction dynamics: the Betic-Rif Cordillera example." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021007.

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The long-term Pressure-Temperature-time-deformation (P-T-t-d) evolution of the internal zones of orogens results from complex interactions between the subducting lithosphere, the overriding plate and the intervening asthenosphere. 2-D numerical models successfully reproduce natural P-T-t-d paths, but most orogens are non-cylindrical and the situation is far more complex due to 3-D pre-orogenic inheritance and 3-D subduction dynamics. The Mediterranean orogens are intrinsically non-cylindrical. Their 3-D geometry results from the complex shape of the Eurasian and African margins before convergence and from the dynamics of slab retreat and tearing leading to strongly arcuate belts. More than many other segments, the Betic-Rif belt is archetypal of this behavior. A synthesis of the tectonometamorphic evolution of the Internal Zones, also based on recent findings by our group in the framework of the Orogen Project (Alboran domain, including the Alpujárride-Sebtide and Nevado-Filábride complexes) shows the relations in space and time between tectonic and P-T evolutions. The reinterpretation of the contact between peridotite massifs and Mesozoic sediments as an extensional detachment leads to a discussion of the geodynamic setting and timing of mantle exhumation. Based on new 40Ar/39Ar ages in the Alpujárride-Sebtide complex and a discussion of published ages in the Nevado-Filábride complex, we conclude that the age of the HP-LT metamorphism is Eocene in all complexes. A first-order observation is the contrast between the well-preserved Eocene HP-LT blueschists-facies rocks of the eastern Alpujárride-Sebtide Complex and the younger HT-LP conditions reaching partial melting recorded in the Western Alpujárride. We propose a model where the large longitudinal variations in the P-T evolution are mainly due to (i) differences in the timing of subduction and exhumation, (ii) the nature of the subducting lithosphere and (iii) a major change in subduction dynamics at ∼20 Ma associated with a slab-tearing event. The clustering of radiometric ages obtained with different methods around 20 Ma results from a regional exhumation episode coeval with slab tearing, westward migration of the trench, back-arc extension and thrusting of the whole orogen onto the African and Iberian margins.
38

Gómez de la Peña, Laura, César R. Ranero, and Eulàlia Gràcia. "The Crustal Domains of the Alboran Basin (Western Mediterranean)." Tectonics 37, no. 10 (October 2018): 3352–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2017tc004946.

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39

Cesare, B., and M. T. Gómez-Pugnaire. "Crustal melting in the alborán domain: constraints from xenoliths of the Neogene Volcanic Province." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy 26, no. 4-5 (April 2001): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-1895(01)00053-9.

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40

Williams, Jason R., and John P. Platt. "A new structural and kinematic framework for the Alborán Domain (Betic–Rif arc, western Mediterranean orogenic system)." Journal of the Geological Society 175, no. 3 (February 8, 2018): 465–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2017-086.

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41

Monna, S., G. B. Cimini, C. Montuori, L. Matias, W. H. Geissler, and P. Favali. "New insights from seismic tomography on the complex geodynamic evolution of two adjacent domains: Gulf of Cadiz and Alboran Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 118, no. 4 (April 2013): 1587–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012jb009607.

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42

Williams, J. R., and J. P. Platt. "Superposed and refolded metamorphic isograds and superposed directions of shear during late orogenic extension in the Alborán Domain, southern Spain." Tectonics 36, no. 5 (May 2017): 756–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016tc004358.

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43

Orozco, Miguel, Francisco M. Alonso-Chaves, and Fernando Nieto. "Development of large north-facing folds and their relation to crustal extension in the Alborán domain (Alpujarras region, Betic Cordilleras, Spain)." Tectonophysics 298, no. 1-3 (November 1998): 271–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(98)00188-7.

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44

Romagny, Adrien, Laurent Jolivet, Armel Menant, Eloïse Bessière, Agnès Maillard, Albane Canva, Christian Gorini, and Romain Augier. "Detailed tectonic reconstructions of the Western Mediterranean region for the last 35 Ma, insights on driving mechanisms." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 191 (2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020040.

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Slab retreat, slab tearing and interactions of slabs are first-order drivers of the deformation of the overriding lithosphere. An independent description of the tectonic evolution of the back-arc and peripheral regions is a pre-requisite to test the proposed conceptual, analogue and numerical models of these complex dynamics in 3-D. We propose here a new series of detailed kinematics and tectonic reconstructions from 35 Ma to the Present shedding light on the driving mechanisms of back-arc rifting in the Mediterranean where several back-arc basins all started to form in the Oligocene. The step-by-step backward reconstructions lead to an initial situation 35 Ma ago with two subduction zones with opposite direction, below the AlKaPeCa block (i.e. belonging to the Alboran, Kabylies, Peloritani, Calabrian internal zones). Extension directions are quite variable and extension rates in these basins are high compared to the Africa-Eurasia convergence velocity. The highest rates are found in the Western Mediterranean, the Liguro-Provençal, Alboran and Tyrrhenian basins. These reconstructions are based on shortening rates in the peripheral mountain belts, extension rates in the basins, paleomagnetic rotations, pressure-temperature-time paths of metamorphic complexes within the internal zones of orogens, and kinematics of the large bounding plates. Results allow visualizing the interactions between the Alps, Apennines, Pyrenean-Cantabrian belt, Betic Cordillera and Rif, as well as back-arc basins. These back-arc basins formed at the emplacement of mountain belts with superimposed volcanic arcs, thus with thick, hot and weak crusts explaining the formation of metamorphic core complexes and the exhumation of large portions of lower crustal domains during rifting. They emphasize the role of transfer faults zones accommodating differential rates of retreat above slab tears and their relations with magmatism. Several transfer zones are identified, separating four different kinematic domains, the largest one being the Catalan-Balearic-Sicily Transfer Zone. Their integration in the wider Mediterranean realm and a comparison of motion paths calculated in several kinematic frameworks with mantle fabric shows that fast slab retreat was the main driver of back-arc extension in this region and that large-scale convection was a subsidiary driver for the pre-8 Ma period, though it became dominant afterward. Slab retreat and back-arc extension was mostly NW-SE until ∼ 20 Ma and the docking of the AlKaPeCa continental blocks along the northern margin of Africa induced a slab detachment that propagated eastward and westward, thus inducing a change in the direction of extension from NW-SE to E-W. Fast slab retreat between 32 and 8 Ma and induced asthenospheric flow have prevented the transmission of the horizontal compression due to Africa-Eurasia convergence from Africa to Eurasia and favored instead upper-plate extension driven by slab retreat. Once slab retreat had slowed down in the Late Miocene, this N-S compression was felt and recorded again from the High Atlas to the Paris Basin.
45

Moghadam, Fereshteh Ranjbar, Fariborz Masoudi, Fernando Corfu, and Seyed Massoud Homam. "Ordovician mafic magmatism in an Ediacaran arc complex, Sibak, northeastern Iran: the eastern tip of the Rheic Ocean." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 10 (October 2018): 1173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0072.

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The assembly of Gondwana in the Ediacaran was concluded by extensive arc magmatism along its northern margin. Extensional events in the early Paleozoic led to rifting and the eventual separation of terranes, which were later assimilated in different continents and orogens. The Sibak area of northeastern Iran records these events, including late Precambrian volcanic-sedimentary processes, metamorphism, and magmatism. A granite at Chahak in the Sibak Complex yields a zircon U–Pb age of 548.3 ± 1.1 Ma, whereas a spatially associated gabbro has an age of 471.1 ± 0.9 Ma. The latter corresponds to the earliest stages of rifting in the nearby Alborz domain, with the deposition of clastic sedimentary sequences, basaltic volcanism, and, as indicated by indirect evidence, coeval granitic plutonism. The Chahak gabbro is thus one of the earliest witnesses of the rifting processes that eventually led to the development of the Rheic Ocean and were indirectly linked to subduction of Iapetus at the Laurentian margin and the early development of the Appalachian orogen.
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Heydarizadeh Shali, H., D. Sampietro, A. Safari, M. Capponi, and A. Bahroudi. "Fast collocation for Moho estimation from GOCE gravity data: the Iran case study." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa026.

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SUMMARY The study of the discontinuity between crust and mantle beneath Iran is still an open issue in the geophysical community due to its various tectonic features created by the collision between the Iranian and Arabian Plate. For instance in regions such as Zagros, Alborz or Makran, despite the number of studies performed, both by exploiting gravity or seismic data, the depth of the Moho and also interior structure is still highly uncertain. This is due to the complexity of the crust and to the presence of large short wavelength signals in the Moho depth. GOCE observations are capable and useful products to describe the Earth’s crust structure either at the regional or global scale. Furthermore, it is plausible to retrieve important information regarding the structure of the Earth’s crust by combining the GOCE observations with seismic data and considering additional information. In the current study, we used as observation a grid of second radial derivative of the anomalous gravitational potential computed at an altitude of 221 km by means of the space-wise approach, to study the depth of the Moho. The observations have been reduced for the gravitational effects of topography, bathymetry and sediments. The residual gravity has been inverted accordingly to a simple two-layer model. In particular, this guarantees the uniqueness of the solution of the inverse problem which has been regularized by means of a collocation approach in the frequency domain. Although results of this study show a general good agreement with seismically derived depths with a root mean square deviation of 6 km, there are some discrepancies under the Alborz zone and also Oman sea with a root mean square deviation up 10 km for the former and an average difference of 3 km for the latter. Further comparisons with the natural feature of the study area, for instance, active faults, show that the resulting Moho features can be directly associated with geophysical and tectonic blocks.
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Zaghloul, M. N., H. Reddad, and S. Critelli. "Source-area controls on the composition of beach and fluvial sands on the southern side of the Gibraltar Strait and Western Alboran Sea (Flysch Basin, Internal and External, Domains, Northern Rif Chain)." Journal of African Earth Sciences 55, no. 1-2 (September 2009): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2008.11.001.

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Solaymani Azad, Shahryar, Majid Nemati, Mohammad-Reza Abbassi, Mohammad Foroutan, Khaled Hessami, Stephane Dominguez, Mohamad-Javad Bolourchi, and Majid Shahpasandzadeh. "Active-couple indentation in geodynamics of NNW Iran: Evidence from synchronous left- and right-lateral co-linear seismogenic faults in western Alborz and Iranian Azerbaijan domains." Tectonophysics 754 (March 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.01.013.

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Gharib, Masoud, Masoud Shayesteh Azar, Roshanak Vameghi, Seyed Ali Hosseini, Zahra Nobakht, and Hamid Dalvand. "Relationship of Environmental Factors With Social Participation of Children With Cerebral Palsy Spastic Diplegia: A Preliminary Study." Journal of Rehabilitation 21, no. 4 (January 1, 2021): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/rj.21.4.426.11.

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Objective: Cerebral palsy Spastic Diplegia (CPSD) is the most common motor disability in childhood. It is a neurodevelopmental condition beginning early in life and continues throughout life. In addition to mobility problems, the environment can also affect the CPSD children’s social participation. This study aims to investigate the relationship of environmental factors with the social participation of children with CPSD. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 116 parents of children with CPSD referred to the occupational therapy clinics in Tehran, Mazandaran, and Alborz provinces of Iran in 2018-2019. They were recruited using a convenience sampling method. Parents completed the European Child Environment Questionnaire (ECEQ) and the life habit questionnaire to assess their perception of the environmental factors and their children’s participation, respectively. The Gross Motor Function Classification System-Expanded and Revised (GMFCS-E&R) was initially used to classify the gross motor function (walking ability) of the children with cerebral palsy living in Europe (The SPARCLE project). We used it to estimate cognitive levels in children. The Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression of SPSS version 22 were used to analyze the results. Results: Based on the GMFCS-E&R classification, 23.3% of children were at level I, 27.6% at level II, 31.9% at level III, and 17.2% at level IV. Moreover, 89.7% of the children had an IQ>75, and 85.3% had no seizures. All domains and sub-domains of ECEQ had significantly correlated with social participation (P<0.01), where the physical environment had the highest correlation (r=-0.811, P<0.01). Based on the linear regression model, physical environment (β=-0.475, P<0.01) and attitudinal environment (β=-0.285, P<0.05) were the predictors of social participation (adjusted R2=0.71). Conclusion: Physical and attitudinal environments are predictors of social participation in children with CPSD. Environmental modifications and adaptations at home, community, school, and especially transportation system can increase the social participation of these children.
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Mahmoodi, Zohreh, Sara Esmaelzadeh- Saeieh, Razieh Lotfi, Monir Baradaran Eftekhari, Mahnaz Akbari Kamrani, Zahra Mehdizadeh Tourzani, and Katayoun Salehi. "The evaluation of a virtual education system based on the DeLone and McLean model: A path analysis." F1000Research 6 (September 4, 2017): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12278.1.

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Background: The Internet has dramatically influenced the introduction of virtual education. Virtual education is a term that involves online education and e-learning. This study was conducted to evaluate a virtual education system based on the DeLone and McLean model. Methods: This descriptive analytical study was conducted using the census method on all the students of the Nursing and Midwifery Department of Alborz University of Medical Sciences who had taken at least one online course in 2016-2017. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the DeLone and McLean model in six domains and then analyzed in SPSS-16 and LISREL-8.8 using the path analysis. Results: The goodness of fit indices (GFI) of the model represent the desirability and good fit of the model, and the rational nature of the adjusted relationships between the variables based on a conceptual model (GFI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.014).The results showed that system quality has the greatest impact on the net benefits of the system through both direct and indirect paths (β=0.52), service quality through the indirect path (β=0.03) and user satisfaction through the direct path (β=0.73). Conclusions: According to the results, system quality has the greatest overall impact on the net benefits of the system, both directly and indirectly by affecting user satisfaction and the intention to use. System quality should therefore be further emphasized, to use these systems more efficiently.

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