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Статті в журналах з теми "Alkaline pre-Treatments":
1
Konn, Jonas, Andrey Pranovich, and Bjarne Holmbom. "Dissolution of fibre material in alkaline pre-treatment and refining of spruce CTMP." Holzforschung 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.007.
Анотація:
Abstract The chemistry of chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP) was assessed by chemical pre-treatment of spruce chips, followed by laboratory-scale refining. Pre-treatments with alkali, sulfite, alkaline sulfite and alkaline peroxide liquors were carried out at 40°C, 60°C and 80°C. The sodium hydroxide dosages were 1% and 2% and the sodium sulfite and hydrogen peroxide dosages were 2%, 4% and 6% on a dry wood basis. Process water samples were taken before and after refining. Alkali consumption in the pre-treatments and the amount and composition of released wood components were determined. A major part of the alkali was consumed in the alkaline and alkaline sulfite pre-treatments. In the alkaline peroxide pre-treatments, however, alkali consumption was considerably lower. Acetic acid was the main wood component released to the process waters in alkaline pre-treatments. Pectins, determined as galacturonic acid and rhamnose by acid methanolysis, were also released to some extent, as well as easily soluble polysaccharides. After fibre separation in refining, more hemicelluloses and pectins were released. There was a significant difference between the degree of demethylation for pectins and the degree of deacetylation for galactoglucomannans after the pre-treatments. The diffusion of chemicals into the secondary wall layers seemed to be slower than the liquor penetration into the porous middle lamella through the pit pores. Up to 10% of the pectins were dissolved in the process waters as a result of depolymerisation and extensive demethylation. The residual amount of pectins in the fibres, however, was determined to be as low as 65–70% of the initial pectin content.
2
Beszédes, Sándor, Zoltán Jákói, Balázs Lemmer, and Cecilia Hodúr. "Enhanced biodegradability of dairy sludge by microwave assisted alkaline and acidic pre-treatments." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 7, no. 1-2 (November 1, 2019): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2018.1-2.92-97.
Анотація:
Considering the rapid, volumetric and selective heating effects of microwaves the microwave assisted chemical methods could provide appropriate alternatives for conventional thermal methods in sludge processing. Microwave irradiation alone is suitable to accelerate the hydrolysis stage of anaerobic decomposition of sludge resulted in accelerated biogas production rate and in higher biogas yield. Alkaline pre-treatments increase the organic matter solubility and suitable for disintegration of sludge particles. In some study are concluded that acidic conditions help the disintegration of waste activated sludge and assist in the solubilisation of carbohydrates and proteins which led to increased higher biogas production, as well. Beside the promising results related to effects of microwave pre-treatments on anaerobic digestion of sludge there are very few reports on the investigation of combined acidic/alkali-microwave pre-treatment method for food industry originated sludge. Hence, our study focused on the examination of the effects of combined microwave-alkali and microwave-acidic pre-treatment on aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of sludge produced in dairy industry
Our experimental results verified, that microwave irradiation with alkaline dosage improve the solubility of organic matters in the pH range of 8-12. But enhancement of disintegration was not correlated linearly with biodegradability. During pre-treatment stage, applying pH over 10, the aerobic biodegradability show decreasing tendency. Applying of acidic condition during microwave irradiation resulted in lower disintegration degree than obtained for microwave-alkaline sludge pre-treatment method. But with microwave assisted acidic pre-treatments a higher aerobic biodegradability could be achieved than with alkaline dosage. In microwave pre-treatments acidic condition was preferable to increase the shorter aerobic biodegradability; the alkaline condition was favourable to intensify the anaerobic digestion process.
3
Louhelainen, Jarmo, Joni Lehto, Teresa Kłosińska, Michał Drożdżek, and Raimo Alén. "Characterization of pre-treatments on wood chips prior to delignification by near infrared spectroscopy." BioResources 12, no. 4 (September 22, 2017): 8378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.8378-8389.
Анотація:
A near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy-based method for predicting yields and lignin contents of differently pre-treated silver/white birch (Betula pendula/B. pubescens) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) chips was developed. The approach was to create multivariate calibration models from the NIR data by the partial least squares (PLS) method. Both parameters are important factors when adjusting adequate conditions for pre-treatments either with hot-water (HW) as such and slightly acidified HW (collectively referred to as autohydrolysis) or dilute alkaline aqueous solutions prior to alkaline pulping. Pre-treatment conditions were varied with respect to temperature (130 °C and 150 °C) and treatment time (from 30 min to 120 min). In the case of alkaline pre-treatments, the NaOH charge was 1% to 8% NaOH on wood dry solids (DS). The yields varied in the range 81.2% to 99.3% (in autohydrolyses) and 83.5% to 97.9% (in alkaline pre-treatments). High correlation coefficients and low prediction errors in relation to conventional yield and lignin content data clearly indicated the suitability of NIR spectroscopy combined with the multivariate modeling as an effective and fast tool for this purpose. This technique also showed promising possibilities for developing practical process control methods to follow such pre-treatments.
4
Rohma, N. A., S. Suhartini, and I. Nurika. "Chemical pre-treatments on oil palm empty fruit bunches: Impacts on characteristics and methane potential." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 924, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/924/1/012071.
Анотація:
Abstract Production of biogas from lignocellulosic biomass by anaerobic digestion (AD) has attracted much interest. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), one of lignocellulosic biomass, is highly abundant in Indonesia and has potential as feedstock for bioenergy production such as biogas or methane. Yet, pre-treatments are needed to improve biogas production due to its complex crystalline structures. Chemical pre-treatments with acid or alkaline solution were reported to increase cellulose or highly reduce the lignin content of OPEFB. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of acid and alkaline pre-treatments on the characteristics of OPEFB and methane potential. The acid pre-treatment experimental design was used factor of H2SO4 concentration (1, 1.3, and 1.6 (%v/v)) and NaOH concentration (1.8, 2.8, and 3.8 (%w/v)). Methane potential evaluation was carried out using the biochemical methane potential (BMP) test with the Automatic Methane Potential Test System (AMPTS) II under mesophilic condition (37°C), operated for 28 days. The results showed that both dilute acid and alkaline pre-treatment positively impact altering the characteristics of OPEFB, hence the specific methane potential. Alkaline pre-treatment with NaOH 3.8 (%w/v) gave the highest average SMP value of 0.161 ± 0.005 m3 CH4/kgVSadded.
5
Zemanová, Matilda, Ján Lokaj, Mária Karľová, and Jana Madejová. "Influence of pre-treatment on zirconium based conversion coating on AA2024." Acta Chimica Slovaca 10, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acs-2017-0018.
Анотація:
AbstractA comparison of the influence of two alloy pre-treatments and temperature treatments on the formation and composition of zirconium based conversion coating on the AA2024 alloy has been performed. The investigation employed mass changes, atomic force microscopy (AFM), XRD dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and electrochemical tests by open circuit potential (OCP) measurements. Pre-treatment using only alkaline etching is called alkaline pre-treatment. When alkaline etching is followed by de-oxidization in a phosphoric acid solution the process is called acidic pre-treatment. Conversion coatings were formed in Pragokor BL. IR analysis revealed the formation of a phosphate on the alloy surface. EDX analysis showed Mg dissolution. The Zr content increased with the temperature of the conversion coating formation. Both pre-treatment methods provided a phosphate layer on the alloy surface.
6
Konn, Jonas, Lari Vähäsalo, Andrey Pranovich, and Bjarne Holmbom. "De-esterification and sulfonation in spruce CTMP: Effects on pulp and paper properties." Holzforschung 60, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.056.
Анотація:
Abstract De-esterification and sulfonation reactions, which create new anionic groups in the middle lamella and primary wall layers, are the key chemical reactions in chemithermomechanical pulping. The effects of these reactions on the resulting fibre dimensions, refining energy demand, hand-sheet bulk and strength properties were assessed by laboratory-scale chemical pre-treatments and refining of Norway spruce chips. After pre-treatments with alkaline, sulfite, alkaline sulfite and alkaline peroxide liquors, a Wing defibrator-type batch refiner was used. The refining energy was measured. The degree of alkaline hydrolysis of acetyl and methyl ester groups in galactoglucomannans (GGMs) and pectins, and the degree of lignin sulfonation were determined. Hand-sheets were prepared and their physical properties were tested. The data were subjected to multivariate analysis and the order of significance of the chemical reactions towards pulp and paper properties was estimated. Chemical pre-treatments were found to increase the fibre length and the energy demand considerably. The fibre length and width after refining were strongly influenced by lignin sulfonation and pectin demethylation. GGM deacetylation had little influence on preserving the fibre dimensions in CTMP refining. The bulk, on the other hand, was highly influenced by GGM deacetylation. Peroxide reactions in alkaline peroxide treatments had no effect on the pulp and paper properties.
7
Solár, R., J. Dibdiaková, M. Mamoň, F. Kačík, Z. Rázgová, V. Vacek, J. Sivák, and M. Gaff. "Alkaline and Alkaline/oxidation pre-treatments of spruce wood (Picea abies) – Impact on the quality of kraft pulp." Bioresource Technology 102, no. 2 (January 2011): 1921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.023.
8
Sun, Runcang, J. Mark Lawther, and W. B. Banks. "Influence of alkaline pre-treatments on the cell wall components of wheat straw." Industrial Crops and Products 4, no. 2 (July 1995): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-6690(95)00025-8.
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Fonseca, Alessandra de Souza, Suhara Panthapulakkal, Samir Kumar Konar, Mohini Sain, Lina Bufalinof, Joabel Raabe, Ires Paula de Andrade Miranda, Maria Alice Martins, and Gustavo Henrique Denzin Tonoli. "Improving cellulose nanofibrillation of non-wood fiber using alkaline and bleaching pre-treatments." Industrial Crops and Products 131 (May 2019): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.01.046.
10
Afolabi, M. S., W. A. Lamidi, and M. O. Akoroda. "Response of Sweet Potato Storability with Different Pre-storage Treatments at Ambient Temperature." Journal of Agricultural Research and Development 19, no. 1 (April 22, 2021): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jard.v19i1.2.
Анотація:
The storage of sweet potato tuberous roots in tropical countries is a major challenge to farmers and retailers due to unfavourable climatic conditions. In this study, the storage performance of sweet potato roots in an ambient condition was investigated over a 12-week duration. The three different pre-storage treatments used were ash, alkaline solution (1.5 mol dm-3) and Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) extract – to evaluate their effects on weight loss, shrinkage, weevil damage and sprouting. The control comprised tubers with no pre-treatment. It was observed that weight loss increased linearly from the inception of storage while shrinkage became apparent only after two (2) weeks. The percentage shrinkage of the tuber pre-treated with Siam weed increased at decreasing rate from 8 WAP. Treatment of tuber with Siam weed extract provided significantly higher protection against weevil damage (p > 0.05). After this, sprouting was initiated. By the 12th week, the Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) extract treatment yielded better results. The Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) treatment also recorded the lowest weight loss of 28% and lowest shrinkage of 2.8%. It also sustained less weevil damage at 33.5% compared with the other treatments. Sprouting was higher in the tuber without pre-storage treatment. The alkaline solution and ash treatments had varied degree of performance for all the indicators.
Keywords: Sweet potato storability, Ambient condition, Pre-storage treatment, Chromolaena odorata
Дисертації з теми "Alkaline pre-Treatments":
1
Beukes, Natasha. "Effect of alkaline pre-treatments on the synergistic enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse by Clostridium cellulovorans XynA, ManA and ArfA." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004011.
Анотація:
The continual increase in industrialization and global population has increased the dependency and demand on traditional fossil fuels for energy; however, there are limited amounts of fossil fuels available. The slow depletion of fossil fuels has sparked a fresh interest in renewable sources such as lignocellulose to produce a variety of biofuels, such as biogases (e.g. methane), bioethanol, biodiesel and a variety of other solvents and economically valuable by-products. Agricultural crop wastes produced in surplus are typically lignocellulosic in composition and thus partially recalcitrant to enzymatic degradation. The recalcitrant nature of plant biomass and the inability to obtain complete enzymatic hydrolysis has led to the establishment of various pre-treatment strategies. Alkaline pre-treatments increase the accessibility of the exposed surface to enzymatic hydrolysis through the removal of acetyl and uronic acid substituents on hemicellulose. Unlike the use of steam and acid pre-treatments, alkaline pre-treatments solubilize lignin and a small percentage of the hemicellulose, increasing enzyme accessibility and thus the hydrolysis of lignocellulose. The majority of Clostridium cellulovorans associated enzyme synergy studies have been devoted to an understanding of the cellulolytic and hemi-cellulolytic degradation of plant cell walls. However, little is known about the effect of various physical and chemical pre-treatments on the synergistic enzymatic degradation of plant biomass and possible depolymerization of plant cell walls. This study investigates the use of slake lime, sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide to pre-treat sugarcane bagasse under mild conditions and elucidates potentially important synergistic associations between the C. cellulovorans enzymes for the enhanced degradation of lignocellulose. The primary aims of the study were addressed using of a variety of techniques. This included suitable vector constructs for the expression and purification of recombinant C. cellulovorans enzymes, identification of the effects of various pre-treatments on enzyme synergy, and identification of the resultant reducing sugars and phenolic compounds (released during the pre-treatment of the bagasse). This study also made use of physical and chemical pre-treatment methods, protein purification using affinity, high performance liquid and thin layer chromatography, mass spectrometry, sodium dodecyl sulphate and fluorophore-assisted polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (FACE) , enzymatic degradation and synergy studies with various substrates indirectly using the 3, 4-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) reducing sugar assay. From this investigation, the following conclusions were made: alkaline pre-treatment successfully solublised, redistributed and removed lignin from the bagasse, increasing the digestibility of the substrates. In summary, the most effective pre-treatment employed 0.114 M ammonium hydroxide / gram bagasse at 70°C for 36 hours, followed by hydrolysis with an enzyme cocktail containing 25% ManA and 75% XynA. This increased the production of sugars approximately 13-fold. Analysis of the sugars produced by the synergistic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) indicated the presence of xylose, indicating that the enzymes are potentially bifunctional under certain conditions. This study indicated that the use of mild pre-treatment conditions sufficiently removed a large portion of lignin without affecting the hemicellulose moiety of the SCB. This facilitated the potential use of the hemicellulose component for the production of valuable products (e.g. xylitol) in addition to the production of bioethanol. Thus, the potential use of additional components of holocellulose may generate an additional biotechnological benefit and allow a certain degree of flexibility in the biofuel industry, depending on consumer and industrial needs.
2
Thomas, Hélène. "Etude de l'impact des pré-traitements alcalins sur la digestion anaérobie du sorgho et du miscanthus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSAM0011.
Анотація:
Dans le contexte du réchauffement climatique et de la diminution des réserves de combustibles fossiles, la biomasse lignocellulosique peut fournir une source renouvelable d'énergie, de matériaux et de produits chimiques. En particulier, la production de biogaz par méthanisation est en plein essor. C’est dans ce contexte de bioraffinerie environnementale que se situe ce projet de thèse. Il porte sur deux biomasses lignocellulosiques différentes : le sorgho et le miscanthus ayant l'avantage de combiner un fort potentiel de production de biomasse avec un impact minimal sur l'environnement. Pour ce type de biomasse, il est bien connu que la lignine joue un rôle de barrière à l’accessibilité des composés. Cette thèse a pour objectif de d’étudier l’impact des pré-traitements alcalins, connus pour délignifier la biomasse de manière efficace et ainsi améliorer son bioaccessibilité et donc sa dégradation par digestion anaérobie. L’étude de l’impact de ces pré-traitements sur la composition biochimique des biomasses et leur production méthane a montré que ces impacts diffèrent en fonction de la biomasse et des conditions opératoires des pré-traitements appliqués (réactif, durée, température, teneur en eau). Dans un objectif d’application de co-digestion en méthanisation agricole, l’impact de certains des prétraitements de ces deux biomasses a été étudié lors d’essais en réacteurs batch à recirculation. Le sorgho s’est révélé être un co-substrat adéquat du fumier. Enfin, l’étude originale des mécanismes d’action de ces pré-traitements à l’échelle de la structure anatomique de la biomasse a montré que les pré-traitements agissent différemment suivant la localisation et le type de lignine. Ces travaux de thèse permettent donc une meilleure compréhension de l’impact des pré-traitements sur différentes biomasses lignocellulosiquesIn the context of global warming and declining fossil fuel reserves, lignocellulosic biomass can provide a renewable source of energy, materials and chemicals. In particular, biogas production by anaerobic digestion is facing a fast development. This thesis project takes place in this biorefinery concept. Two different lignocellulosic biomasses, which present the advantage of combining high biomass production potential with minimal environmental impact, were studied. For this kind of biomass, it is well known that lignin acts as a barrier to the accessibility of compounds. The objective of this thesis was to study the impact of alkaline pre-treatments, known be efficient in biomass delignification and thus improve its bioaccessibility and its degradation by anaerobic digestion. The study of the impact of these pre-treatments on the biochemical composition of biomasses and their methane production showed that these impacts were different according the biomass and the operating conditions of the applied pre-treatments (reagent, duration, temperature, water content). With the aim of applying it in agricultural anaerobic co-digestion context, the impact of some of these pre-treatments of sorghum and miscanthus was studied in leach bed reactors. Sorghum was found to be an adequate co-substrate for manure. Finally, the original study of the mechanisms of action of these pre-treatments at the biomass anatomical structure scale showed that the pre-treatments act differently depending on the location and type of lignin. This thesis work therefore allows a better understanding of the impact of pre-treatments on different lignocellulosic biomasses
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CAMPO, GIUSEPPE. "Effects of thermo-alkali pre-treatments on WAS and technical-economic assessment for their applicability in the largest Italian WWTP." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2736792.
Частини книг з теми "Alkaline pre-Treatments":
1
Cosgun, S., and N. Semerci. "Phosphorus Recovery from Waste Activated Sludge: Microwave Treatment and Ozonation with Acid & Alkaline Pre-treatments." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 55–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58421-8_9.
2
Trzcinski, Antoine Prota. "Comparison of the Effects of Ultrasonication, Ultrasonication-Ozonation and Ultrasonication-Alkaline Pre-Treatments of Sludge in Continuous Anaerobic Process." In Advanced Biological, Physical, and Chemical Treatment of Waste Activated Sludge, 235–44. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429437960-13.
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Chaudhry, Smita, and Shivani Garg. "Industrial Wastewater Pollution and Advanced Treatment Techniques." In Advanced Treatment Techniques for Industrial Wastewater, 74–97. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5754-8.ch006.
Анотація:
Industry creates more pressure on water resources by wastewater discharge than the quantity used in production. The wastewater produced by industries may be either excessively acidic or alkaline or may contain high or low concentrations of colored matter, organic or toxic materials, and possibly pathogenic bacteria. It is necessary to pre-treat the wastes prior to release to the sewer or a full treatment is necessary when this is discharged directly to surface or ground waters and it must be within the effluent standard limits provided by the environmental protection organizations. The management and control of liquid wastes in the industry as well as the selection of the different possible treatments for the wastewater prior to its discharge to the sewer system was studied. These would protect the environment and also benefits from the waste materials can be gained. Opportunities for introducing pollution prevention measures for different types of pollutants produced by different industries are discussed in this chapter.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Alkaline pre-Treatments":
1
Chaussy, Mariann, Morgan Chabannes, Arnaud Day, David Bulteel, Frederic Becquart, and Boubker Laidoudi. "Plant Biomass Used for Green Concrete: A Review of Treatment Methods." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.601.
Анотація:
Human activities require a growing need for raw materials. In order to contribute to sustainable development, many business sectors are focusing on biomass valorization. Whether from dedicated crops or first industrial processing, it generates materials with high potential that can be used in many fields. Non-food uses mainly concern the energy, chemical, and construction sectors. Whatever the intended application, a pre-treatment stage is essential to clean the material and/or to access a specific fraction. An additional modification may occur in order to endow the material with a new function thanks to a process known as functionalization. Uses of plant fractions (aggregates) in combination with cement offer advantages like low-density materials with attractive thermophysical properties for building. However, their development is limited by the compatibility of crop by-products with hydraulic binders such as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). This includes delays in setting time and hydrophilic character of vegetal components and their interaction with an alkaline environment. The aggregate/cement interfaces can therefore be strongly affected. In addition, the diversity of crop by-products and mineral binders increases the level of complexity. In order to overcome these drawbacks, the treatment of plant fractions before their use with mineral binders may result in significant benefits. In this way, various treatments have been tested, but the methods used at an industrial scale remain relatively under-researched. The purpose of this review is therefore to highlight the mechanisms involved in each specific process, thus justifying the operating conditions specific to each. This bibliography study aims to highlight potential treatments that could apply to biomass before their mixing with cementitious binders. According to the objective, a distinction can be made between extraction processes as hydrothermal or solvent treatments, assisted or not, and structural modification processes as surface treatments, impregnation, or grafting.
2
Al-Murayri, Mohammed T., Abrahim Hassan, Naser Alajmi, Jimmy Nesbit, Bastien Thery, Philippe Al Khoury, Alain Zaitoun, et al. "Field Implementation of In-Depth Conformance Gel Treatment Prior to Starting an ASP Flooding Pilot." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207850-ms.
Анотація:
Abstract Mature carbonate reservoirs under waterflood in Kuwait suffer from relatively low oil recovery due to poor volumetric sweep efficiency, both areal, vertically, and microscopically. An Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) pilot using a regular five-spot well pattern is in progress targeting the Sabriyah Mauddud (SAMA) reservoir in pursuit of reserves growth and production sustainability. SAMA suffers from reservoir heterogeneities mainly associated with permeability contrast which may be improved with a conformance treatment to de-risk pre-mature breakthrough of water and chemical EOR agents in preparation for subsequent ASP injection and to improve reservoir contact by the injected fluids. Each of the four injection wells in the SAMA ASP pilot was treated with a chemical conformance improvement formulation. A high viscosity polymer solution (HVPS) of 200 cP was injected prior to a gelant formulation consisting of P300 polymer and X1050 crosslinker. After a shut-in period, wells were then returned to water injection. Injection of high viscosity polymer solution (HVPS) at the four injection wells showed no increase in injection pressure and occurred higher than expected injection rates. Early breakthrough of polymer was observed at SA-0561 production well from three of the four injection wells. No appreciable change in oil cut was observed. HVPS did not improve volumetric sweep efficiency based on the injection and production data. Gel treatment to improve the volumetric conformance of the four injection wells resulted in all the injection wells showing increased of injection pressure from approximately 3000 psi to 3600 psi while injecting at a constant rate of approximately 2,000 bb/day/well. Injection profiles from each of the injection well ILTs showed increased injection into lower-capacity zones and decreased injection into high-capacity zones. Inter-well tracer testing showed delayed tracer breakthrough at the center SA-0561 production well from each of the four injection wells after gel placement. SA-0561 produced average daily produced temperature increased from approximately 40°C to over 50°C. SA-0561 oil cuts increased up to almost 12% from negligible oil sheen prior to gel treatments. Gel treatment improved volumetric sweep efficiency in the SAMA SAP pilot area.