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Дисертації з теми "Altitude exposure"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Baldwin, Chris. "THE EFFECT OF ALTITUDE EXPOSURE: VIA REBREATHING ON INTERVAL PERFORMANCE." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1304693881.

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2

Turner, Gareth. "Hypoxic exposure to optimise altitude training adaptations in elite endurance athletes." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2016. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/c252120d-e576-43d7-9627-214769c99ec1.

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The purpose of this thesis was to examine the physiological and haematological responses to altitude training and hypoxic exposures. Furthermore to investigate if additional hypoxic exposure around a “live high-train high” altitude training camp could maximise adaptations. Study one provided a detailed insight into the current practices and perceptions of elite British endurance athletes and coaches to altitude training. A survey found that the athletes and support staff’s concerns included maintaining training load at altitude, reducing the acclimatisation period, maximising haematological adaptations and when to compete on return to sea level. These challenges were prioritised and investigated further in the thesis. Confidence in the optimised carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing method (oCOR-method) is paramount when assessing haematological adaptations. Study two found that Radiometer ABL80 hemoximeter provided a more valid and reliable determination of percent carboxyhaemoglobin (%HbCO) with a minimum of three replicate blood samples to obtain an error of ≤1%. Study three found that administering different boluses of CO produced significantly different haemoglobin mass (tHbmass) results (0.6 mL·kg−1 = 791 ± 149 g; 1.0 mL·kg−1 = 788 ± 149 g; and 1.4 mL·kg−1 = 776 ± 148 g). A bolus of 0.6 to 1.0 mL·kg−1 provided sufficient precision and safety to determine %HbCO with the ABL80 hemoximeter. Additional hypoxic exposures have been identified as a strategy to maintain altitude haematological adaptations gained from altitude training camps. Study four investigated the time course of erythropoietin (EPO) and inflammatory markers after acute (2 h passive rest) hypoxic exposures (FiO2: 0.135, 0.125, 0.115, and 0.209). [EPO] increased in all hypoxic conditions 2 h post-exposure, being maintained until 4 h post-exposure, however, the largest increase came from the FiO2: 0.115 condition increasing by ~50% (P < 0.001). There were no differences found between hypoxic exposures in IL-6 or TNFα. Study five investigated the effect of acute hypoxia as a priming tool, by measuring the effect of increased circulating EPO on endurance performance. A 10 min pre-loaded treadmill running time trial (TT10) was preceded by 2 h normobaric hypoxia (HYPO; FiO2: 0.115), hyperoxia (HYPER; FiO2: 0.395) or normoxia (CON; FiO2: 0.209) 3.5 h prior to the TT10. No differences (P = 0.082) were found in distance covered during TT10 (HYPO: 2726 ± 277 vs. CON: 2724 ± 279 vs. HYPER: 2742 ± 281 m). Study six monitored physiological and haematological variables of elite endurance runners completing four weeks of live high-training high (LHTH; ~2,300 m) altitude training (ALT) compared to a control group (CON). A hypoxic sensitivity test (HST) was completed pre (PRE) and post-altitude (POST-2), alongside a treadmill test and oCOR-method. From PRE to POST-2 a difference in average lactate threshold (LT) (6.1 ± 4.6% vs. 1.8 ± 4.5%) and lactate turnpoint (LTP) (5.4 ± 3.8% vs. 1.1 ± 3.2%) was found within ALT, but not CON. Mean V̇O2max increased by 2.7 ± 3.5% in ALT, and decreased by 3.3 ± 6.3% in the CON group (P = 0.042). Total Hbmass increased by 1.9 ± 2.9% and 0.1 ± 3.3% (P > 0.05) from PRE to POST-2 in the ALT and CON group, respectively. No changes were found in mean tHbmass post-LHTH; however, EPO was lower at POST-1. The HST revealed desaturation at rest and hypoxic ventilatory response at exercise predicted individual changes in tHbmass and hypoxic cardiac response at rest predicted changes in V̇O2max. The evidence reported supports the notion that additional hypoxic exposures around an altitude training camp can maximise physiological and haematological adaptation via a prior understanding of an athlete’s response to hypoxia and therefore the optimisation the athlete’s altitude training needs.

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3

Winterhalder, Ralph Martinelli Michele. "Muscle degenerative and regenerative changes with high altitude exposure in humans /." Bern, 1989. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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4

Babcock, Carmen J. "The effect of intermittent simulated altitude exposure via re-breathing on cycling performance." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179856789.

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5

Boake, Elliott. "The evaluation of a mobile device to measure ataxia with high altitude exposure." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60197.

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To our knowledge, no study has used an assessment of ataxia and a finger-tapping task on a mobile device to monitor acclimatization to hypoxia. This research evaluated the utility of this tool in assessing human acclimatization to hypoxia while monitoring the development of acute mountain sickness (AMS). This study used a single-blinded repeated-measures randomized crossover design. Subjects experienced a familiarization trial at a simulated altitude of 2000m, a high altitude simulating 4200m and a sham condition simulating 250m. Measurements of AMS, pulse oxygen saturation and performance of the finger-tapping task were completed immediately prior to, and 5 minutes, 4 hours, and 12 hours following entrance to the chamber. Fifteen healthy male and female subjects were recruited form the Vancouver area. Subjects were between the ages of 19 and 25 years old. Subjects had not traveled to an altitude of 3000m or higher in the 3 months prior to testing. Subjects were excluded if they had any cardiovascular or pulmonary conditions. A repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to analyze if significant results were found for reaction time and accuracy of the finger-tapping task. Accuracy of the finger-tapping task worsened over the exposure to hypoxia, however, error rate and response time were not affected based on this simulated altitude alone. All other measures, including symptom questionnaires and pulse oxygen saturation suggest that these subjects had normal responses to altitude. Based on these findings, it appears that these finger-tapping tasks that focus on measures may be useful while monitoring acclimatization to hypoxia.
Education, Faculty of
Graduate

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6

Möller, Thomas [Verfasser]. "Measurement of the Radiation Exposure for High Altitude Flights in the Polar Region / Thomas Möller." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045604003/34.

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7

Desilets, Darin Maurice. "Cosmogenic nuclides as a surface exposure dating tool: improved altitude/latitude scaling factors for production rates." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1125%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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8

Hinckson, Erica A. "Effect of simulated altitude exposure on sea level performance a thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, July 2004." Full thesis. Abstract, 2004.

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9

Nybäck, Linn. "Spirometry before high altitude exposure: a way to predict an individual risk of developing acute mountain sickness." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-22182.

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10

Wood, Matthew R. "Effects of altitude exposure combined with sea level training on sea level performance a thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology for the degree of Master of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, September 2003." Full thesis. Abstract, 2003. http://puka2.aut.ac.nz/ait/theses/WoodM.pdf.

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11

Davidson, Robert Bruce. "The effects of a six week sea level exposure on the cardiac output of high altitude Quechua natives." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28138.

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Six healthy males (mean age 34 +/- 1.9) from La Raya, Peru served as subjects in a study of the effects of a six week sea level exposure on the cardiac output of high altitude natives. The subjects had resided, as had their ancestors, at or above 13,000 ft for their entire lives. Cardiac output was measured upon exposure to sea level, three weeks later, and after six weeks at sea level using a CO₂ rebreathing protocol, and also upon exposure and six weeks later using a nuclear ventriculogram protocol. Measurements of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate, were taken at rest and then workloads corresponding to 40%, 60%, (and in the case of the ventriculograms) 90% of maximal oxygen consumption. The results were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA to determine if significant changes occurred over time. Stroke volume increased 21% and cardiac output increased 28% averaged across intensity, for the nuclear ventriculogram protocol, but neither of these changes were found to be significant (p=.089 and .095 respectively). For the CO₂ rebreathing protocol cardiac output was found to increase significantly over time (p=.042), while the increase in stroke volume was non significant (p=.073). Non significant changes were also found in HR (p=.291), and O₂ delivery (p=.342), while significant changes were found in Hgb (which decreased an average of 16%) and VO₂ (which decreased an average of 23%) (p=.0001 and .023 respectively). It was found that over time at sea level slight in most cases non significant, increases in cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate all had the additive effect of compensating for the significant decrease found in the haemoglobin values. These contrary changes had the net effect of allowing the oxygen delivery to the tissues to remain essentially constant.
Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate

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12

Dobson, Bryan Paul. "Effects of intermittent hypoxic exposure on physical performance in trained basketball players." AUT University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/853.

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Strong evidence exists to support the use of a continuous (>8hr/day) hypoxic stimulus (either geographical altitude or simulated hypoxia) for enhancing the physical performance of endurance athletes. However, evidence supporting the use of acutely intermittent hypoxia (<1hr/day) for enhancing performance is less clear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acutely intermittent hypoxic exposure on physiological and physical performance measures in team sport athletes. Using a single-blind controlled design, 14 trained basketball players (HYP = 7, CON = 7) were subjected to 15 days of intermittent hypoxia or normoxia. Each exposure was 37 minutes in duration (four cycles of 7min on, 3min off) and achieved using a nitrogen dilution device (Airo Ltd, Auckland, NZ). Prescribed peripheral oxygen saturation levels (SpO2) were maintained using an automatic biofeedback system and were progressively decreased from 86-89% on Day 1 to 75-78% on Day 15. A range of physiological measures and performance tests were conducted seven and two days before, and ten days after the intervention. The tests were: an incremental treadmill test to establish peak oxygen consumption ( peak) and running economy (RE), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (YYIRT), and the Repeated High-Intensity Endurance Test (RHIET). Whole-blood samples were taken to assess a range of haematological measures. At 10 days post-intervention the HYP group, relative to the CON group, exhibited the following percent changes (±90% confidence limits, CL), and effect sizes (ES; ±90% CL); YYIRT running speedpeak (4.8; ± 1.6%, ES: 1.0 ± 0.4; benefit almost certain), RHIET total sprint time (-3.5; ± 1.6%; ES: -0.4 ± 0.2; benefit very likely), RHIET slowest sprint time (-5.0; ± 2.4%; ES: -0.5 ± 0.2; benefit very likely), soluble transferrin receptor (9.2; ± 10.1%; ES: 0.3 ± 0.3; benefit possible) running economy (11km.hr-1) (-9.0; ± 9.7%; ES: -0.7 ± 0.7; benefit likely, probable), and running economy (13km.hr-1) (-8.2; ± 6.9%; ES: -0.7 ± 0.5; benefit likely, probable). Changes to running economy (9km.hr-1), peak, maximum heart rate and lactate and all other blood measures were unclear. In conclusion, acutely intermittent hypoxia resulted in worthwhile changes in physical performance of trained basketball players in tests relevant to competition. However, the lack of clear change in physiological and haematological measures makes it difficult to determine the underlying mechanism for such enhancement.

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13

Pereira, José Fernando Magalhães Pinto. "Oxidative stress and damage induced by Hypobaric Hypoxia : Effects of the acute and chronic exposure to simulated and real high-altitude environments in blood and skeletal muscle of humans and mice." Doctoral thesis, Universidade do Porto. Reitoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/9832.

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14

Pereira, José Fernando Magalhães Pinto. "Oxidative stress and damage induced by Hypobaric Hypoxia : Effects of the acute and chronic exposure to simulated and real high-altitude environments in blood and skeletal muscle of humans and mice." Tese, Universidade do Porto. Reitoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/9832.

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15

Standell, Matthew R. "Late glacial (Younger Dryas) glaciers and ice-sheet deglaciation in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland : glacier reconstructions and their palaeoclimatic implications." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16159.

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The Cairngorm Mountains contain an outstanding assemblage of glacial landforms from both the deglaciation of the last British Irish Ice Sheet and the Younger Dryas readvance. Glaciers are recognised as sensitive indicators of past and present climate change and, thus, these landforms provide information about past climate and glacier-climate interaction that can be used to contextualise the present climate change. Previous interpretations have left doubt over the extent and style of the Younger Dryas readvance. In addition, the pattern and timing of deglaciation in the southern Cairngorms and, particularly, how local and external ice masses interacted is unclear. New geomorphological mapping from aerial images and fieldwork has been compiled in a GIS for a 600km2 area of the Cairngorm Mountains. This has allowed a complex pattern of ice-dammed lakes and local and regionally sourced ice margins to be reconstructed during the retreat of the last British Irish Ice Sheet. The mapping has been combined with new cosmogenic surface exposure ages taken from areas of hummocky moraine previously subject to differing age interpretations. The effect of moraine denudation on apparent 10Be ages has been checked by inverse modelling of the 10Be concentration vs. boulder height. The results indicate more extensive Younger Dryas glaciation, with glacier reconstructions and equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) comparable with the surrounding areas. Reconstruction of both valley and plateau-fed glaciers are presented, with modelling of local topoclimatic factors, such as radiation, avalanche and snow drifting, combined with precipitation gradients, explaining most of the variation within the glacier ELAs. The geomorphological evidence and palaeoclimatic inferences are important, alongside a growing number of palaeoglaciological studies, in acting as evaluation areas for current numerical models of ice-sheet growth and decay.

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16

Sekhon, Harmanjatinder S. "Adaptive lung growth following exposure to simulated high altitude." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1958.

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Altered oxygen balance in the body at high altitude and in some physiological and pathological conditions may induce adaptive changes in the body which may be organ specific. Because gas exchange is the primary function of the lungs, they may undergo structural changes to adapt to the imbalance of oxygen. High altitude residents have large lungs and short body stature. Whether these adaptive changes are caused by hypobaric pressure or hypoxia (low oxygen) or hypobaric hypoxia is not known. In hypoxic conditions, somatic growth retardation occurs due to undernutrition, but the effect of undernutrition on growth of lung and other organs is not known. In this thesis, the influence of hypobaric normoxia (410 mm Hg, oxygen enriched to correspond the fraction of oxygen (Fo2) to0.21 at sea level), normobaric hypoxia (Fo2 0.11), hypobaric hypoxia (410 mm Hg, Fo2 equivalent to 0.11 at sea level) and diminished somatic growth (equivalent to that occurs in hypobaric hypoxia, food restriction) on lung growth (including biochemical, morphometric, cytokinetic and functional aspects) in rats from 4 to 7 weeks of age was studied. After 3 weeks of exposure, somatic growth was diminished in hypobaric hypoxic and normobarichypoxic animals, but lung growth was accelerated. All absolute biochemical and morphometric measurements in hypobaric hypoxic and normobaric hypoxic rats were higher than undernourished animals indicating that augmented lung growth occurred by hyperplastic and hypertrophic changes with increased accumulation of collagen and elastin. Lung weight, lung volume, DNA, RNA, protein and desmosine were also increased compared to general controls. Maximal tritiated thymidine uptake occurred on day 3 and declined thereafter suggesting that lung growth stimulation occurred during early exposure. With the exception of endothelial cells (alveolar wall, arterial), the maximum response in other cells (type II pneumonocytes, interstitial cells, unidentifiable cells) in the central alveoli wall cells lagged behind and was lower than in the peripheral alveoli. After 3 day recovery, lung DNA synthesis reached the control levels. Pulmonary function tests showed that hypobaric hypoxia caused a decrease in expiratory flow rates (FEF corrected for FVC) and an increase in specific upstream airway resistance while in normobaric hypoxia, FEV0.1/FVC%, expiratory flow rates (absolute and FEF corrected for FVC, and PEER) decreased but both absolute and specific upstream airway resistance increased. However, static compliance remained unchanged. In addition to above parameters, hypobaric hypoxia also caused an increase in collagen and alveolar surface area. These changes did not occur in normobaric hypoxia instead enlargement of airspaces occurred indicating over inflation of the lungs. The collagen concentration and elastic lung recoil at high lung volumes were also decreased in normobaric hypoxic animals. Hypobaric normoxia caused slight reduction in somatic growth which was associated with decreased lung volume, but biochemical and morphometric parameters did not change. Morphometric unit structures were smaller. Peak lung growth stimulation occurred on day 5 in all the main cell types, but not in endothelial cells. Undernutrition impaired both somatic and lung growth as lung weight and volume, cell number and size, accumulation of connective tissue proteins, alveolar number, and alveolar surface area were decreased compared to controls. DNA synthetic activity in all the main cell types diminished. However, body weight normalized lung weight, DNA, alveolar surface area and total alveolar number were higher in undernourished animals than general controls. These data suggest that lung growth stimulation occurs in normobaric hypoxia and hypobarichypoxia despite an inhibitory effect of undernutrition. Accelerated lung growth at high altitude is primarily induced by low oxygen tension. However, the differences in hypobaric hypoxia and normobaric hypoxia and changes in normobaric hypoxia indicate that hypobaric pressure per se may play a role in lung growth adaptation at high altitude. Geometrical location of the central alveoli may limit their adaptive response compared to the peripheral alveoli. Synchronous endothelial cell stimulation in each component of the lung suggests that endothelial cells may respond to hemodynamic changes while the other cells respond to functional demand of the lungs. Although lung growth was increased in normobaric hypoxic and hypobaric hypoxic animals, pulmonary function tests observations suggested that it may be dysanaptic. The response to hypoxic stress is organ specific as growth of lung, heart and spleen increased, but liver and kidney followed the growth patterns of undernourished animals. Increased specific parameters of lung growth in undernourished animals suggest that in conditions which compromise somatic growth, corrections made for body weight may lead to misinterpretation of true changes.

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17

Chamberlain, Reina L. "Persistence of intermittent hypoxia exposure acclimation to simulated high altitude /." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10288/1235.

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18

Cheng, Lu-Ling, and 程綠苓. "Effect of Rhodiola crenulata and Cordyceps sinensis based supplementation on oxygen delivery system against acute altitude exposure." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69187395830563407142.

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碩士
台北巿立體育學院
運動科學研究所
98
Background: Under external challenge, oxygen demand in human body drastically increased, and mismatch between increased metabolic rate and oxygen supply thus cause stress. Stress is generally mirrored on lower parasympathetic activity and higher sympathetic activity. Lowered parasympathetic activity is closely associated with increased illness and mortality in aged human. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Rhodiola crenulata and Cordyceps sinensis-based (RC) oral supplementation on tissue oxygenation and autonomic modulation on heart rate under acute altitude challenge. Methods: Fourteen male healthy young subjects (aged 19.6±0.5 years) were recruited and evenly divided into placebo (n=7) and RC (n=7) groups with match of their maximal oxygen consumption. Placebo group received starch and RC group received 2000 mg of RC compound (Rhodiola rosea 1400 mg plus Cordyceps sinensis 600 mg) for 2-week before acute altitude exposure. All subjected performed exercise (3-min step test) at sea-level and altitude level (2200 meters). At sea-level and altitude level sympathetic, parasympathetic activities, oxygenation status for finger arterial, brain, and quadriceps femur’s muscle were measured before and after exercise. Results: Under resting condition, sympathetic activity was unaltered and parasympathetic activity was reduced at altitude for placebo group. RC supplementation had significantly less decrease in parasympathetic activity. Exercise challenge in altitude significantly lowered finger arterial oxygen level (SaO2) for both groups. Subjects with RC supplementation had a lower SaO2 after exercise compared to placebo group. Tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) in brain was increased after exercise, but no difference was found between placebo and RC group. Tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) in quadriceps femur’s skeletal muscle was not altered after exercise in the placebo group, whereas RC supplementation significantly elevated StO2 after exercise. Conclusion: The present study provides the evidence that RC supplementation attenuates physiological stress against exercise challenge in altitude, by enhancing oxygen delivery from artery to exercised muscle tissue.

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19

McGrady, B. Kyle. "Effect of intermittent hypoxic exposure delivered via cyclic variation in altitude conditioning chamber on heart rate variability in aerobic athletes." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20660.

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20

Oba, Yukiya. "Effect of intermittent hypoxic exposure delivered via cyclic variation in altitude conditioning chamber on anaeorbic [i.e., anaerobic] physical performance in well-trained athletes." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20658.

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21

Chiu, Wei-Po, and 邱韋博. "Heavy Metals Exposure Assessment of Kikuchi's field vole (Microtus kikuchii) and Formosan field mouse (Apodemus semotus) in High Altitude Area of Taroko National Park, Taiwan." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wdx4zz.

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碩士
國立東華大學
自然資源與環境學系
100
In order to understand the heavy metals in small mammals may be at high altitudes within the Taroko National Park, the habitat of the animals to high altitude simulation, acquisition Park at high altitudes, soil, plants and small mammals samples, in accordance with the Executive Yuan of TaiwanEPA has the standard method, the concentrations of heavy metals detected in samples. And soil analog simulation of the growth of plants to the region as a high altitude environment of the small mammal habitat, small mammals, food sources, refer to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop the formula, spreadsheets, small mammals, daily heavy metal exposure dose spreadsheet, and use the metal of the TRV (Toxicity Reference Value) value to calculate the hazard quotient (HQ, Hazard Quotient) to investigate whether the high-altitude areas of heavy metal would be the local habitat for small mammals to cause harm. From the results of the study found that high-altitude area hazard quotient less than 1, the high altitude region of the heavy metal of the Taroko National Park, though not with obvious extreme harm, but found the small outlet and Shimenshan hazard quotient was greater than the small Chilai and months pool, the environment of this area need to strengthen the ecological risk assessment of operations. Lead and other heavy metals compared to the hazard quotient are relatively high, speculated that the lead pollution situation at high altitudes is significantly more serious than other heavy metals, lead as compared to other heavy metals easy for the high-elevation habitats of biological adverse effects. The overall study results showed that heavy metal exposure of small mammals in high altitude areas of the Taroko National Park hazard quotients are less than 1, but according to differences and hazard quotient calculation according to the metal do not all the same distribution trends, and therefore the hazard quotient higher areas will still need to strengthen the exposure assessment of small mammals, and suggested that the sustained ecological risk assessment follow-up operations to avoid the potential of heavy metals harmful to animals. And then based on the heavy metal of the carcinogenic nature of carcinogenic toxicological effects assessment and ecological risk modeling spreadsheet, in-depth study of heavy metal pollution sources and bioaccumulation of the case for the basis for long-term ecological research and national park management.

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22

Pereira, José. "Oxidative stress and damage induced by hypobaric hypoxia : effects of the acute and chronic exposure to simulated and real high-altitude environments in blood and skeletal muscle of humans and mice." Tese de doutoramento, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/13604.

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23

Pereira, José. "Oxidative stress and damage induced by hypobaric hypoxia : effects of the acute and chronic exposure to simulated and real high-altitude environments in blood and skeletal muscle of humans and mice." Doctoral thesis, 2004. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/93167.

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24

Christiansen, Danny. "Promoting training adaptation in human skeletal muscle by blood flow restriction and cold-water immersion: with special emphasis on K+ regulation and Na+,K+-ATPase abundance in different fibre types." Thesis, 2018. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/38640/.

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The molecular signals underlying improvements in the skeletal muscle capacity for K+ regulation and Na+,K+-ATPase expression in humans are poorly understood. Further, fibre-type-specific regulation of Na+,K+-ATPase isoforms by exercise training appears inadequately explored. This thesis investigated in humans possible mechanisms regulating the muscle’s capacity for K+ regulation and Na+,K+-ATPase-isoform expression in different fibre types with exercise training and presents a novel method for fibre type identification of single muscle fibres. Molecular signals (oxidative stress, hypoxia, lactate, AMPK- and Ca2+-signalling) were modulated by exercising with and without blood flow restriction (BFR), and in systemic hypoxia, and changes in expression of Na+,K+-ATPase genes were examined by RT-PCR. In another experiment, an intra-subject design was used, where one leg trained with and the other leg without BFR, along with measurement of thigh K+ release. Effects of cold-water immersion on training-induced adaptations in Na+,K+-ATPase isoforms were also examined. The reliability and validity of dot blotting for fibre-type determination of single muscle fibres were evaluated by use of western blotting. Key findings were that increased oxidative stress, AMPK signalling, and disturbance of ionic and redox homeostasis are positively associated with training-induced increases in the capacity for K+ regulation and Na+,K+-ATPase-isoform expression. In contrast, the level of hypoxia and lactate concentration, and modulation of CaMKII signalling, was not related to the regulation of Na+,K+-ATPase-isoform expression. Fibre type-dependent adaptations of Na+,K+-ATPase expression were associated with improvements in K+ regulation and exercise tolerance. In addition, dot blotting was valid and reliable for fibre type determination of single muscle fibres. In conclusion, this thesis has identified key mechanisms underlying, and a novel strategy (BFR training) to augment, training-induced improvements in K+ regulation by human skeletal muscle and presents a valid and reliable method for easy and rapid fibre type determination of individual muscle fibres.

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