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Книги з теми "Ara ambiguus"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 3 червня 2025

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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1

Bogolyubov, Sergey, Larisa Alekseeva, Liya Vasil'eva, et al. Development of Russian legislation in the 1930s. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1938059.

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The 30s of the twentieth century represent a special stage in the history of the national state and law. At this time, on the one hand, the formation of the main state and legal institutions of the Soviet period was completed, on the other hand, a number of emergency measures were taken on the eve of the war, which still cause ambiguous assessments of scientists and the general public. The authors of the monograph made an attempt to objectively approach the consideration of the peculiarities of the development of legislation in the 1930s, to show its importance in regulating the most imp

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2

Paul, Heike, Alexandra Ganser, and Katharina Gerund, eds. Pirates, Drifters, Fugitives. Universitätsverlag WINTER, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.33675/2012-82538586.

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Figures of mobility appear prominently in US-foundational narratives of ‘discovery,’ the ‘Puritan errand,’ and westward expansion; the protagonists of these hegemonic tales of settlement and nation-building are (mostly) European travellers, pioneers, and colonists. By contrast, figures such as pirates, drifters, and fugitives are for the most part absent from canonical narratives of new world beginnings and may be considered as expressing/representing alternative mobilities. Their stories and their representations raise questions of legitimacy and legality – often from a transnational perspect

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3

Knoll, Franz, and Thomas Vogel. Design for Robustness. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed011.

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<p>Robustness is the ability to survive unforeseen circum-stances without undue damage or loss of function. It has become a requirement expressed in modern building codes, mostly without much advice as to how it can be achieved. Engineering has developed some approaches based on tra-ditional practice as well as recent insight. However, know-ledge about robustness remains scattered and ambiguous, making it difficult to apply to many specific cases.<p> The authors' attempt to collect and review elements, methods and strategies toward structural robustness, using a holistic, almost ph

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4

Aviezer, Hillel, and Ran Hassin. Inherently Ambiguous. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0018.

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The notion that facial expressions convey basic universal emotions has been enthusiastically endorsed by lay people and psychology researchers alike. According to this approach, a glance at the isolated face is all one needs in order to accurately discern specific emotions and affective states. Although intuitive, we argue that this notion is wrong. We review evidence suggesting that intense real-life facial expressions can be highly ambiguous, such that viewers are unsure of their valence. Alongside these data, we review work indicating an inherent role for context in emotion perception. Cont

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5

Bernstein, Lori J. Ambiguous Figures Moving Forward. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0095.

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There is inherent ambiguity in visual proximal stimuli, yet only under special circumstances is this obvious. There are many explanations for how we so effortlessly disambiguate inherently ambiguous shape information. An ambiguous figure is a type of optical illusion in that it can give rise to multistable interpretations. Some famous examples of these types of two-dimensional figures include the face/vase and the Necker wire cube. This chapter reviews evidence showing that direction of motion impacts this process. Specifically, a moving ambiguous figure is more likely to be “seen” as the obje

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6

Richard, Calnan. Part III Understanding Words, 6 Principle 6: Ambiguities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792307.003.0007.

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This chapter considers how ambiguous phrases are interpreted. It discusses the basic principle that, if words are ambiguous in their context, they are given the meaning the parties are most likely objectively to have intended. The chapter considers what we mean by ‘ambiguity’, and discusses how it is resolved. It contains examples of the way in which these issues have been dealt with in practice. It also discusses the contra proferentem rule.

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7

Sainsbury, Mark. Nonspecificity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803348.003.0005.

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This chapter criticizes Quine’s classic discussion (from the 1950s) of “John wants a sloop”, which he claims is ambiguous between a specific and a nonspecific reading. By contrast, the negation test shows that attributions like this are not ambiguous, but simply nonspecific. Nonspecificity is extended from indefinite noun phrases to other expressions, including plurals. It is also extended from language to psychology, from the sentence “John wants a sloop” to what state John is in when wanting a sloop. There are no nonspecific houses or trees, or ordinary things more generally. But there are n

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8

Hughes, Emily. Studying Talk to Her. Liverpool University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906733438.001.0001.

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Talk to Her (2002) is a hugely rich and interesting, though ambiguous, film that met with both popular success and critical acclaim. The film won an Oscar for best original screenplay and has been hailed by some critics as Pedro Almodóvar's masterpiece. Yet like most of Almodóvar's films, little is clear-cut. The characters are complex and our affinity and empathy for them shifts throughout the film. This book provides an in-depth analysis of both the formal elements of the film (its narrative, genre, and auteur study) and the themes and issues it raises, discussing the social context of moder

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9

Butler, Gary, and Jeremy Kirk. Endocrine emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232222.003.0097.

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Introduction 304Diabetic ketoacidosis 306Hypoglycaemia 314Adrenal insufficiency–adrenal crisis 316Hypocalcaemia 318Hypercalcaemia 320Acute diabetes insipidus 322Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) 324Hyperthyroid crisis 326Hypothyroid coma 327Unclear sex–ambiguous genitalia (Disorder of Sex Development) (DSD) 328This section is intended to be brief, with readily accessible information that is needed in an endocrine emergency in an infant, child, or adolescent. Endocrine emergencies are rare, but because of this they are usually unexpected. Always take a few moments

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10

Lavin, Maud. Hong Kong–based Fans of Mainland Idol Li Yuchun. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390809.003.0009.

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The more than 30 percent of Hong Kong residents born in Mainland China often face discrimination in their daily lives. This essay explores how those of this group who are fans and followers of Mainland singing star Li Yuchun use their participation in the fandom to build multiple senses of belonging that can help negotiate such tensions. Li Yuchun’s persona as a fresh face of China, cosmopolitan and gender ambiguous, and thus a new “new woman,” has a particular appeal to her Hong Kong–based female fans who are Mainland-born.

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11

Dreval, Alexander. Endocrine syndromes and diseases. A guide for doctors. Aegitas publishing house, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47359/978-0-369-40352-0.

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The manual presents the general principles of diagnosing diseases, which have not yet been thoroughly understood in the educational literature. The book provides algorithms for choosing diagnostic hypotheses, explains the basic concepts that are ambiguous in the medical literature. The manual will make it easier for senior medical students, clinical residents and novice doctors to master the fundamental principles of differential diagnosis. The book will help them become excellent specialists with a high general clinical culture and effectively apply their knowledge in real clinical prac

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12

Lægreid, Per. New Public Management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.159.

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New Public Management (NPM) reforms have been around in many countries for over the past 30 years. NPM is an ambiguous, multifaceted, and expanded concept. There is not a single driving force behind it, but rather a mixture of structural and polity features, national historical-institutional contexts, external pressures, and deliberate choices from political and administrative executives. NPM is not the only show in town, and contextual features matter. There is no convergence toward one common NPM model, but significant variations exist between countries, government levels, policy areas, task

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13

Shaner, Katherine A. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190275068.003.0006.

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Power struggles involving the ambiguous status of enslaved persons in leadership roles were endemic to first- and second-century religious practices within Ephesian groups, including early Christian groups. Indeed, these power struggles illustrate a fundamental problem in the study of slavery both ancient and contemporary: stable definitions of slavery are often declared in service to reifying kyriarchal leadership and power. Early Christian communities, like communities today, are not immune to this problem despite declarations of equality within them. Future scholarship as well as the contem

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14

Fogelin, Robert J. Garrett on Hume’s Notion of a True Religion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673505.003.0018.

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Don Garrett explains what Hume means by “true religion,” a doctrine, enunciated by Philo, that Hume regarded as true in an epistemic sense, not evaluative. Philo’s concluding assessment of the argument from design is transparently epistemic: “The cause or causes of order in the universe probably bear some remote analogy to human intelligence.” The level of probability may be low, the content ambiguous, but it is a genuine probabilistic assessment with some evidential and analogical support. We are left with an anemic deity no theist would find acceptable.

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15

Campos, Nauro F., and Jeffrey B. Nugent. The Dynamics of the Regulation of Labour in Developing and Developed Countries since 1960. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821878.003.0003.

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Labour market liberalization is certainly one of the most important structural reforms but it is also one of the least well-understood. In part, this is because empirical evidence is largely confined to OECD countries and to the post-1990 period. This chapter introduces a new index of labour market regulation rigidity covering 140 countries from 1960 to 2005. We find that trade liberalization and development level are more powerful explanations for the dynamics of labour market reform than the more conventional ‘legal origins’. We also find that the rigidity of employment protection legislatio

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16

Woodward, Kath. Body Politics. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036514.003.0010.

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This chapter interrogates the socially constructed inequalities of racial masculinities as evidenced in sport. It argues that global sport remains largely dominated by the “men's game” in so many fields. However, the men's game does not necessarily invoke an unproblematic, hegemonic masculinity. The centrality of bodies and the measures of embodiment are part of the culture of sport, which offers such primacy to masculinities, but sporting masculinities are also ambivalent and ambiguous, and are subject to the cultural transformations of other gendered identifications. Drawing on the works of

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17

Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Out-Side Pragmatics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0016.

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Out-side pragmatics concerns cases in which the referent of a construction is not fixed by the intentional content of the utterance but is a “natural referent,” fixed by the construction’s informational content. Examples are incomplete definite descriptions, clauses with unrestricted quantifiers, possessives. In these cases the linguistic sign contains a marker that conventionally directs a hearer to look outside of semantic content for a natural referent. Other times, although its referent is semantically determinate, the construction’s surface form is ambiguous in a way that requires looking

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18

Gloag, Oliver. Albert Camus: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198792970.001.0001.

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Albert Camus is one of the best known philosophers of the twentieth century, as well as a widely read novelist. Active in the first half of the twentieth century, his views contributed to the rise of absurdism philosophy, and his works have inspired numerous movies and are frequently referenced in contemporary politics. Albert Camus: A Very Short Introduction explores the life and work of a man full of contradictions, who occupied an ambiguous position in troubled and conflicted times. Following a broad chronological framework, it explores the major philosophical and literary works of Camus an

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19

Barak, Azy. Phantom emotions. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0020.

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This article focuses on the notion of ‘phantom emotions’. Two psychological phenomena – the natural tendency, based on personal needs and wishes, to fantasize and close gaps in subjectively important information in ambiguous situations on the one hand; and the common use of a made-up persona to represent one's identity in virtual environments, on the other – unavoidably creates phantom emotions. An individual online genuinely experiences an emotion – be it attraction or repulsion, lust, love, hate, or jealousy – although these emotional sensations are based, in principle, on false objective fo

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20

Anstis, Stuart. High-Level Organization of Motion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0064.

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Some ambiguous patterns of flashed dots are equally likely to be seen as jumping horizontally or vertically. Priming dots can disambiguate this motion, showing that observers prefer to see straight-line rather than L-shaped motion. Pairs of dots that circle around each other can become perceptually linked into larger, global shapes including many such pairs. Moving backgrounds can distort moving dots so that their circular paths appear elliptical or even linear. Observers radically misperceive the sliding motions of rods (chopsticks) or rings that glide over each other. Finally, a moving backg

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21

Kremláček, Jan. Two Sinusoids. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0100.

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Multiplication of a stationary and moving sinusoids create ambiguous stimulus that, when observed, can result in five alternating perceptions and another physically plausible but hardly traceable interpretation. The most astonishing about this illusion is that using single physical stimulus creates several vivid unambiguous perceptions that may intentionally or spontaneously alternate in observer’s mind. The illusion demonstrates the brain’s active role in acquiring and processing visual information and its ability to construct 3D objects from a 2D motion. To build such visual interpretations

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22

Yee, Martha M. Moving Image Cataloging. Libraries Unlimited, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400687952.

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Libraries, archives, and museums hold a wide variety of moving images. all of which require the same level of attention to issues of organization and access as their print counterparts. Consequently, the people who create collection level records and metadata for these resources need to be equally conversant in the principles of cataloging. Martha Yee covers both descriptive (AACR2R, AMIM, and FIAF rules) and subject cataloging (with a focus on LCSH). In the process, the reader is encouraged to think critically and to be prepared to make decisions in ambiguous situations where solutions to pro

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23

William A, Schabas. Part 4 Composition and Administration of the Court: Composition et Administration de la Cour, Art.39 Chambers/Les chambres. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0044.

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This chapter comments on Article 39 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 39 sets out the organization and functions of Chambers. The Court is required to ‘organize itself’ into the Appeals Division, Trial Division, and Pre-Trial Division, as set out in article 34(b) of the Statute. In each of the three Divisions, the judicial functions of the Court are carried out by Chambers. The Statute gives judges the authority to organize the composition of the Chambers, which has proven difficult because judges are required to agree upon matters in which they may have strong p

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24

Image, Isabella. Constraint (2): Thoughts and Passions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806646.003.0007.

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In common with others, Hilary sees passions or emotions as causing instability (mutabilitas), which prevents human action from being purely rational. In the Psalms commentaries (but not elsewhere) he suggests we cannot control our thoughts (cogitationes) which then might lead to destructive passions. This seems to be a translation of Origen’s (dia)logismoi, which in turn is related to a Stoic concept. The literature is assessed, concluding that the cogitationes should not be considered as Stoic pre-passions (propatheiai) but as impressions, an earlier step in the mental processes leading to ac

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25

Ferguson, Kate. Architectures of Violence. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190949624.001.0001.

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Paramilitary or irregular units have been involved in practically every case of identity-based mass violence in the modern world, but detailed analysis of these dynamics is rare. Exploring the case of former Yugoslavia, Kate Ferguson exposes the relationships between paramilitaries, state commands, local communities, and organised crime present in modern mass atrocities, from Rwanda and Darfur to Syria and Myanmar. Visible paramilitary participation masks the continued dominance of the state in violent crises. Political elites benefit from using unconventional forces to fulfil ambitions that v

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26

Watson, Tim. The Sun Also Sets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190852672.003.0003.

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It was in anthropological fiction that the challenges to the discipline of anthropology in the 1950s were most visibly registered, in terms of anthropology’s complicity with imperialism and its adoption of technical and professional practices that excluded amateurs and outsiders. This chapter analyzes the early science fiction of Ursula Le Guin, in which anthropologists are protagonists who grapple with their dual role as bearers of imperial power and observers of indigenous customs. The second half of the chapter focuses on the work of the anthropologist Laura Bohannan, who turned her fieldwo

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27

Stokes, Dustin. Rich Perceptual Content and Aesthetic Properties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786054.003.0002.

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Both common sense and dominant traditions in art criticism and philosophical aesthetics maintain that aesthetic features or properties are perceived. However, there are many reasons to be sceptical of this. This chapter defends the thesis—that aesthetic properties are sometimes represented in perceptual experience—against one of those sceptical opponents who maintains that perception represents only low-level properties, and since all theorists agree that aesthetic properties are not low-level properties, perception does not represent aesthetic properties. This chapter offers a novel argument—

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28

Vanka, Nandi, Avery Davis-Roberts, and David Carroll. Transparency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190934163.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 focuses on issues of transparency, particularly how far U.S. states allow nonpartisan observers to scrutinize the electoral process and results. This is a common practice abroad, where United Nations standards have strengthened the role and rights of international election observers, but it remains a relatively obscure activity at home, with a patchwork of regulations for access across America. The study concludes that rules across the 50 U.S. states regulating processes of electoral observation are relatively limited and ambiguous, GOP states are often more restrictive than Democrat

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29

MacDonald, Mandi. Imagined and Occasional Co-Presence in Open Adoption. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265076.003.0008.

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Notions of blood ties predominate in Western understandings of kinship, and parenthood is understood to be founded on biogenetic connection. Adoptive kinship is at odds with and indeed challenges these claims. After adoption, the positions of both birth (or original) and adoptive parents are somewhat ambiguous. These workings are even more complicated when adoption is contested, involuntary, or within the context of institutional care, and questions of parental status and entitlement are accentuated. This chapter explores the respective positions of adoptive and birth parents relative to the c

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30

Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Newtonian cosmology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0016.

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This chapter discusses the construction of models of the universe, which is ambiguous in Newtonian theory. It presents some results recovered within the framework of general relativity, which in addition makes it possible to lay the foundation of the theory of the formation of large-scale structures in the universe such as galaxies and galactic clusters. The chapter first constructs models of an expanding sphere. If galaxies are treated as the particles of a uniform cloud which is spherically symmetric about the origin of an inertial frame, then these models describe a universe which expands a

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31

Lindvall, Johannes, and David Rueda. Public Opinion, Party Politics, and the Welfare State. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807971.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the long-run relationship between public opinion, party politics, and the welfare state. It argues that when large parties receive a clear signal concerning the median voter’s position on the welfare state, vote-seeking motivations dominate and the large parties in the party system converge on the position of the median voter. When the position of the median voter is more difficult to discern, however, policy-seeking motivations dominate, and party positions diverge. This argument implies that the effects of government partisanship on welfare state policy are more ambiguo

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32

Gillespie, Caitlin C. Wife, Queen, Roman? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609078.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 investigates Boudica’s status as the wife of a client king and the lifestyle of her Iceni. Dio labels Boudica as a queen, using a Roman term with political implications that may be inaccurate. Queens are fearsome and anxiety-producing for the Romans, as seen by the examples of Tullia and Cleopatra. Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes in Britain and client queen of Rome, is characterized as a moral foil to Boudica in our texts. Cracks in the client regent system are revealed by Cartimandua and Prasutagus. As the wife of the client king Prasutagus, Boudica may have been a Roman citizen

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33

Zanoni, Patrizia, and Koen Van Laer. Collecting Narratives and Writing Stories of Diversity. Edited by Regine Bendl, Inge Bleijenbergh, Elina Henttonen, and Albert J. Mills. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679805.013.9.

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Drawing on the personal accounts of researchers of diversity, this chapter discusses the praxis of doing qualitative diversity research. First, it discusses how during a process of socialization, researchers are exposed to norms which promote certain research practices important to achieve the status of ‘good academic’. Second, it discusses the ambiguous and unstable power and identity dynamics characterizing qualitative research on diversity. Third, the chapter addresses the issue of translating research findings into writing, and highlights how in this process, authors have significant power

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34

Maloney, J. Christopher. Direct Realism and Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0008.

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The supposed problem of perceptual error, including illusion and hallucination, has led most theories of perception to deny formulations of direct realism. The standard response to this apparent problem adopts the mistaken presupposition that perception is indeed liable to error. However, the prevailing conditions of observation are themselves elements of perceptual representation, functioning in the manner of predicate modifiers. They ensure that the predicates applied in perceptual representations do indeed correctly attribute properties that perceived physical objects actually instantiate.

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35

Kazepov, Yuri, and Costanzo Ranci. Why No Social Investment in Italy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0026.

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In this chapter, the case of Italy is considered as an extreme adverse case for social investment policies. Not only is the country’s social expenditure strongly targeted to compensatory policies, but the contextual conditions within which these policies are implemented are also likely to produce ambiguous consequences. Three recent social investment policies will be reviewed: (a) childcare policies; (b) school–work transition policies aiming at increasing the human capital available in a given territory; (c) apprenticeship policy. We show that these policies produce negative effects, not only

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36

Tenhunen, Sirpa. Mediating Gender. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630270.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 looks at how mobile phones mediate gender and kinship relationships. It demonstrates that the positive impacts of women’s phone use are subtle and ambiguous: most calls are about the slight redefinition of home boundaries. Phones in Janta make it possible for women to extend the safety associated with home to cover moving in the outside world. Phones also help women reach the outside world from their homes, providing them with new possibilities to choose the context for their speech and to engage in critical and unconventional discourses. Phones especially help young wives to challen

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37

Siklos, Pierre L. The Over-Burdened Central Bank and the Shift Away from Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.003.0005.

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Many central banks took on additional responsibilities. Inadequate self-assessments remain unfinished almost a decade after the crisis erupted. Government-central bank relationships need to be conditioned on whether times are normal versus crisis conditions. Transparency confronts ambiguity when central banks must communicate the outlook and the conditionality of their decisions. Forward guidance was taken too far and ended up being futile. Central bankers simply exhausted their ability to influence behavior through mere words or ambiguous statements. This is a self-inflicted wound for institu

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38

Shuy, Roger W. Cooperating Witnesses Use Deceptive Ambiguity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190669898.003.0006.

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Cooperating witness are individuals who replace agents in undercover operations, often because they are con men who the police have caught in a crime, are believable experts about how the crime works, and expect to receive lighter sentences for their cooperation with law enforcement. This chapter describes three investigations in which the cooperating witnesses used deceptive ambiguity by misrepresenting the speech events that led to conflicting schemas about what they were doing, by manipulating and reinterpreting the targets’ agendas and speech acts, by using ambiguous conversational strateg

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39

Matsumoto, Yuji. Lexical Knowledge Acquisition. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0021.

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This article deals with the acquisition of lexical knowledge, instrumental in complementing the ambiguous process of NLP (natural language processing). Imprecise in nature, lexical representations are mostly simple and superficial. The thesaurus would be an apt example. Two primary tools for acquiring lexical knowledge are ‘corpora’ and ‘machine-readable dictionary’ (MRD). The former are mostly domain specific, monolingual, while the definitions in MRD are generally described by a ‘genus term’ followed by a set of differentiae. Auxiliary technical nuances of the acquisition process, find menti

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40

Mamedov, Agamaly. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL COGNITION THEORY. COMMENTS ON THE COURSE FOR MASTER STUDENTS. LCC MAKS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2653.978-5-317-06781-6.

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The manual is designed primarily for motivated readers. This is what defines its unique style of presentation. It is not a «classic» textbook strictly adhering to the curriculum and work programs. The author's task was primarily to stimulate thought and intellectual reflection. The main provisions are of an author's nature, in fact, the result of many years of research. The work updates personal position on all the issues discussed. At the same time, the peculiarities of the genre (manual) dictate their limitations and rules. Therefore, all parts of the book are framed with a framework of ques

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41

Williams, Paul D. Protecting Civilians. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724544.003.0011.

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Particularly during its first four years, AMISOM had a distinctly ambiguous relationship with civilian protection issues. It was not until late May 2013, for example, that AMISOM adopted a more explicit and proactive approach to civilian protection involving the deliberate application of its resources to reduce civilian harm. The chapter therefore begins by illustrating how the AU and AMISOM disseminated mixed messages on civilian protection issues. The second section then highlights the AU’s lack of experience in this area. The third section then analyses how AMISOM sometimes became a source

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42

Azzouni, Jody. The Transcendence of The Natural-Language “Exist” When Used to Assert or Deny Ontological Commitment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622558.003.0002.

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It’s shown that the existence concept that we express in natural languages and that we use to think about what we—philosophers and non-philosophers—take to exist in the world is criterion-transcendent, transcendent, and univocal. That is, speakers use a notion that they take to be fixed in its extension across languages and to be the same one they’ve used in the past and will use in the future. Furthermore, the existence concept has no meaning entailments. We do not understand what exists to have certain properties (or not to have certain properties) on the basis of the meaning of the word “ex

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43

Sobel, David. The Point of Self-Ownership. Edited by David Schmidtz and Carmen E. Pavel. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199989423.013.6.

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Traditional Libertarian Self-Ownership views suffer from the Conflation Problem—they fail to adequately distinguish serious from trivial infringements on our rights. Eric Mack has responded to this general concern. He argues that if we properly understand the point of rights, we can successfully distinguish between boundaries that it is morally crucial that we not cross from boundaries that are more flexible. This chapter argues that Mack’s proposed understanding of the point of rights—allowing people to live their own lives in their own way, uninterfered with—is ambiguous. Either we understan

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44

Gardner, Colin, and Patricia MacCormack. Introduction. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422734.003.0001.

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In spite of becoming-animal being a key concept in Deleuze and Guattari, this is the first volume to address the ambiguous idea of the animal as human and nonhuman life infiltrating all of Deleuze’s work. Contemporary applications of animality in Deleuze in film, television, music, gaming and art are collected alongside critical issues of ethics, activism and ecology in consideration of the future of our understanding of life and the animal as both the kingdom of which the human is part and the first dividing line of identity within the anthropocene. The Introduction provides summaries of all

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45

Scodel, Joshua. Shame, Love, Fear, and Pride in the Rape of Lucrece. Edited by Jonathan Post. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607747.013.0031.

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Shakespeare’s The Rape of Lucrece (1594) depicts a moral world based on classical conceptions of honour and shame. It does so not for antiquarian reconstruction but because these conceptions are very much part of Shakespeare’s world. Reimagining a famous story concerning Rome’s mythic past, Shakespeare engages with ancient and Renaissance moral psychology, Ovid’s Metamorphoses, and Spenser’s Faerie Queene to explore the ‘shame’ of Lucrece’s rape and the complex relationship of shame to other feelings such as love, fear, and pride. Lucrece, her rapist Tarquin, her ambiguous revenger Brutus, and

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46

McKinlay Gardner, R. J., and David J. Amor. Chromosomal Disorders of Sex Development. Edited by R. J. McKinlay Gardner and David J. Amor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199329007.003.0023.

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Chromosomal sex is, for the most part, congruently XX female and XY male. The XX and XY embryo are built on a fundamentally similar outline plan, and only as development proceeds do certain modifications evolve. If at any point in this sequential process some genetic instruction is faulty, inappropriate, or cannot be acted on, the direction of anatomical sexual development may proceed imperfectly or completely incongruently. This chapter reviews the conditions of ambiguous/incomplete/indeterminate development of the internal and external genitalia, where the basis of this is a chromosome abnor

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47

Gordon, Gregory S. Fixing Incitement to Commit Genocide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190612689.003.0009.

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Chapter 8 considers and proposes remedies for incitement to genocide’s problems. As a threshold matter, it considers the proposals of certain experts who have recommended scuttling the existing ICTR framework. The chapter considers these experts’ proposed alternative tests and concludes that, while making important contributions to the analytical exercise, these proposed frameworks have faults of their own and thus are not suitable as wholesale replacements. As a result, the chapter turns to potential ways to improve the existing framework. Solutions are offered with respect to the elements of

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48

Labonte, Melissa. R2P’s Status as a Norm. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.8.

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The shifting nature of the ‘wicked problems’ that the responsibility to protect (R2P) was formulated to address requires close examination its normative elements, including assessing its status as a norm and exploring whether and to what degree it may be new. Some of the norms expressed through R2P are well established and enjoy widespread acceptance and strong compliance pull, whereas others are new, which sets the scene for norm contestation, and ambiguous and selective implementation that often characterize a norm’s journey across and within its theoretical ‘life cycle’. Moreover, the const

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49

Williams, Erica Lorraine. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037931.003.0009.

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This book contributes to the anthropology of globalization by probing how people on the ground are negotiating global inequalities in their sexual practices and intimate lives. It has shown that, while top-down globalization in the form of the tourism industry still promises to spread the wealth to reach more Brazilian citizens, Bahian sex workers, tour guides, tourism industry workers, and cultural producers are enacting “insurgent cosmopolitanism” in the form of “counter-hegemonic solidarity, bottom-up globalization.” While the government, nongovernmental organizations, journalists, and abol

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50

Tandy, David. In Hesiod’s World. Edited by Alexander C. Loney and Stephen Scully. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190209032.013.34.

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A close analysis of Hesiod’s scheme of production indicates that he is pursuing “extensive surplus-generating agriculture.” Thus, Hesiod is indistinguishable on a rhythmic agricultural basis from the basilēes of the Homeric epics and of his own poems. Hesiod manages the labor of slaves and other dependent workers, and his interests are in opposition to those who provide labor and value to the production process. A second divide is discernible between the polis and its basilēes on the one side and on the other all those out in Ascra who are subject to both a market disadvantage and a judicial p

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