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Статті в журналах з теми "Australian Carbon Tax"
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Meng, Xianming, Mahinda Siriwardana, and Judith McNeill. "The Environmental and Employment Effect of Australian Carbon Tax." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 5, no. 6 (2015): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2015.v5.510.
Повний текст джерела
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Ge, Xin Janet. "Did the Introduction of Carbon Tax in Australia Affect Housing Affordability?" Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.840.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Australian carbon pricing scheme (carbon tax) was introduced and became effective on 01 July 2012. The introduction of the carbon tax immediately increases the cost of electricity to a number of industries such as manufacturing and construction. Households were also affected as a result of these costs been passed through the supply chain of the affected industries. The carbon tax policy was introduced to addresses greenhouse emissions and energy consumption in Australia. However, the carbon tax policy may have introduced a number of economic risk factors to the Australian housing market, in particular the impact of housing affordability.
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Nugraha, Nur Arif. "Controversies of the Implementation of Carbon Tax Policy for the Australian Economy: Harmful or Beneficial?" Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 6, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.6.2.109-122.2017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Australian government had an experience in carbon tax policy implementation and evidently, it did not work out since it was enacted for the first time in 2012. The background of this policy was the Kyoto Protocol in 2007. In the beginning, Australia and United States considered as resistant countries. However, the government finally implemented carbon tax policy in 2012. There were many debates around this issue, especially two major parties, Labour and Liberal. After some considerations, the Australian government decided to repeal this policy in 2014. This study will focus on controversies around the implementation of carbon tax policy. The first part will describe the background of carbon tax policy. The next part will expose on positive impacts of the policy implementation on the Australian economy, while the following part will focus on negative impacts on household expenditures. The final part will conclude which actions the government should decide either continues or terminates carbon tax policy. Keywords: implementation, carbon tax policy, environment, household, economy
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SAJEEWANI, DISNA, MAHINDA SIRIWARDANA, and JUDITH MCNEILL. "HOUSEHOLD DISTRIBUTIONAL AND REVENUE RECYCLING EFFECTS OF THE CARBON PRICE IN AUSTRALIA." Climate Change Economics 06, no. 03 (July 9, 2015): 1550012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007815500128.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Australian Government introduced a carbon tax from 1 July 2012. The then opposition party leader, now Prime Minister, introduced legislation to repeal the tax. Amongst the many issues being debated is that of the incidence of the tax. In this study, we explore household consumption and income changes arising from a A$23 carbon price employing a computable general equilibrium model (entitled A3E-G). The model has been calibrated using a social accounting matrix database of Australia with 10 household income groups. This carbon price generates A$6.39 billion revenue while reducing Australia's carbon emissions by 11%. The empirical evidence suggests household level impacts range from proportional to mildly progressive tax incidence. In this study, we propose four revenue recycling options to overcome any undesirable distributional effects from the carbon price. Results indicate that revenue recycling through income tax reductions and uniform lump sum transfers improves post tax income levels and welfare towards middle and high income groups. A nonuniform lump sum transferring option favors low income households. Uniform reductions in commodity tax rates are not found to be welfare improving but we find positive impacts on export competitiveness from this option.
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Maxim, Maruf Rahman, and Kerstin Zander. "Green Tax Reform and Employment Double Dividend in Australia Should Australia Follow Europe’s Footsteps? A CGE Analysis." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 14, no. 4 (November 2020): 454–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801020953310.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Australia has one of the highest per capita carbon emissions, and its energy sector contributes significantly to the country’s carbon emissions. Renewable energy and climate change call for a shift from fossil fuels to low-carbon technologies for energy production. Policies aiming to reduce carbon emissions are perceived by many people as leading to higher living costs, but changes in energy policies can also lead to economic gains in the presence of revenue recycling. This article applies a computable general equilibrium approach to study the effect of energy tax in the Australian economy. Four different scenarios of green tax reform (GTR) are simulated to test the employment double dividend (EDD) potential. All four scenarios simulate changes in energy tax and one of four tax revenue recycling policies including (a) value added tax reduction, (b) payroll tax reduction, (c) goods and services tax (GST) reduction and (d) a mixture of all three recycling policies. The results show strong EDD potential of GST and payroll tax reduction when used along with energy tax in a revenue-neutral GTR approach. The study also presents a comparison of an optimal EDD inducive policy design between the European and Australian GTR approaches. JEL classifications: H23, C68, H21, Q48
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Luo, Le, and Qingliang Tang. "Carbon tax, corporate carbon profile and financial return." Pacific Accounting Review 26, no. 3 (November 10, 2014): 351–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-09-2012-0046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the impact of the proposed carbon tax on the financial market return of Australian firms. It also considers the differential tax effect on individual firms with different carbon profiles, including factors such as emissions costs, carbon disclosure and climate-change policies. Design/methodology/approach – Utilising the event-study method, the authors examine the market reaction to seven key carbon legislative information events that occurred from February 2011 to November 2011. The sample includes 48 different firms whose emissions-related data are available from Carbon Disclosure Project reports; thus, 336 firm-event observations are used for the cross-sectional analysis. Findings – The paper documents evidence that the proposed tax has an overall negative impact on shareholder wealth as measured by abnormal returns. The negative impact varies across sectors, with the most significant effect found in the materials, industrial and financial sectors. It was also found that a firm’s direct carbon exposure (as measured by Scope 1 emissions) is significantly associated with abnormal returns, whereas the indirect exposure (as measured by Scope 2 emissions) is not, because Scope 2 emissions are not covered by the tax. In addition, the findings suggest that the information content of the events is more notable during the early stages of the development of the carbon tax. Research limitations/implications – The sample is restricted to the largest firms with relevant carbon profile information. Thus, caution should be exercised when generalising the inferences. Practical implications – The introduction of the carbon tax was largely unexpected and most firms were unprepared for it; thus, their carbon policy appears inadequate and does not impress investors. An understanding of how the carbon tax affects shareholder value and welfare will encourage management to take proactive actions to mitigate the compliance costs of carbon legislation. Originality/value – The enactment of the Australian carbon tax perhaps represents one of the biggest social and economic restructuring events in the country’s history. Our results offer initial insight into its impact and suggest that investors would penalise firms with heavy direct operational emissions. In addition, Australian corporate carbon policy seems inadequate, so does not reverse the negative effect of the tax on the value of a firm.
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LO, Alex. "The Political Economy of Carbon Tax: International Practice and the Australian Model." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 01, no. 01 (December 2013): 1350007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748113500073.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Carbon taxes create incentives for controlling greenhouse gases by putting a price on these emissions. In theory major carbon emitters would pay more under an effective carbon tax. In practice political considerations often dominate and consequently compromise effectiveness in emissions mitigation. Australia's carbon pricing mechanism is a recent example. It involves the use of a fixed-price instrument that resembles a carbon tax and will eventually turn into an emission trading scheme and enable price fluctuation. The policy design is however questionable for overcompensating big polluters and legitimizing the failure to curb emissions domestically. This paper offers a review of the development of carbon tax policies in various national contexts with a focus on Australia. Lessons from the international practices could provide a useful reference for China to advance its timely commitment to establishing a carbon pricing system.
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Kumarasiri, Jayanthi, and Sumit Lodhia. "The Australian carbon tax: corporate perceptions, responses and motivations." Meditari Accountancy Research 28, no. 3 (January 4, 2020): 515–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-10-2019-0590.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This study aims to explore how large Australian companies in emission intensive industries perceived the introduction of the Carbon Tax as an approach to carbon emissions regulation and as a tool for accountability. It also investigates the influence of perceptions of the new tax on the internal carbon emissions management practices and the motivations for such actions. Design/methodology/approach This study draws on transaction cost theory and legitimacy theory to address corporate perceptions, responses and motivations in relation to the Carbon Tax. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 senior managers directly responsible for the carbon emissions management of their companies. Findings The study found that the Carbon Tax, viewed by the high-emitting companies as a heavy financial burden, had a significant influence on moderating organisational legitimacy seeking behaviours. It is evident that the transaction cost issues in the form of the carbon pricing requirement has led to a change of focus to “management” rather than merely reporting to external stakeholders. This influenced companies to change their behaviour with the potential to internalise previous externalities of carbon pollution. Research limitations/implications This research highlights that a pricing signal in emissions regulations is essential in conjunction with external pressures to effectively stimulate emissions management actions in companies. It extends our understanding of legitimacy theory by suggesting that a mandatory pricing mechanism as explained by transaction cost economics has the potential to lead to actual changes in corporate behaviour through a focus on management rather than reporting. Practical implications The study highlights the important elements of any effective emissions policy designed to encourage strong emissions management actions from companies. Based on the findings of the study, it is evident that the Carbon Tax was a very effective mechanism in driving emission management actions, despite the general perception that any deficiencies associated with such a price mechanism could have a negative effect on the economy. Social implications Climate change is a critical issue for the modern society and this study discussed a short-lived policy tool in the Australian context that had the potential to change corporate behaviour in relation to carbon management. Originality/value This study is among the very few studies that have examined the influence of the Carbon Tax on internal emissions management practices of companies, and therefore, provides a unique dataset of corporate responses to the Carbon Tax. Given the short time frame that the Carbon Tax was in operation, the study enhances our understanding of the influence the Carbon Tax had on companies responsible for high greenhouse gas emissions.
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Dwyer, Larry, Peter Forsyth, and Ray Spurr. "Wither Australian Tourism? Implications of the Carbon Tax." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 19, no. 1 (January 2012): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jht.2012.18.
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Siriwardana, Mahinda, Sam Meng, and Judith McNeill. "A CGE assessment of the Australian carbon tax policy." International Journal of Global Energy Issues 36, no. 2/3/4 (2013): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgei.2013.061805.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Australian Carbon Tax"
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Deane, Felicity Jane. "The Australian clean energy package and the law of the world trade organisation : an analysis of compliance issues." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/61753/1/Felicity_Deane_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is a study of whether the Australian Clean Energy Package complies with the rules of the World Trade Organization. It examines the legal framework for the Australian carbon pricing mechanism and related arrangements, using World Trade Organization law as the framework for analysis. In doing so, this thesis deconstructs the Clean Energy Package by considering the legal properties of eligible emissions units, the assistance measures introduced by the Package and the liabilities created by the carbon pricing mechanism.
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Worden, Sandy. "The case against carbon tax : the Industry Greenhouse Network's 1994/95 campaign." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36316/1/36319_Lilarit_1997.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In late 1994, the Australian Industry Greenhouse Network
began receiving intelligence that the Federal Government was
examining the feasibility of establishing a carbon tax to reduce the
nation's greenhouse gas emissions. This intelligence prompted the
network to begin an urgent lobbying campaign against the
introduction of carbon tax in Australia.
This thesis adds to the body of Australian public policy
literature by analysing the lobbying strategies and tactics of a power
group (the Industry Greenhouse Network) in a controversial issue
(carbon tax) with global significance (the question of climate
change). I use rhetorical analysis to evaluate the persuasive strength
of the network's campaign.
I conclude that the campaign's success was predominantly
the result of:
The strength and diversity of opposition to carbon tax
fostered bv the network.
The network's abilitv to offer an alternati\·e to carbon tax -
voluntary cooperative action.
The strength of the network's economic argument.
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Sandu, Suwin. "Assessment of carbon tax as a policy option for reducing carbon-dioxide emissions in Australia." Electronic version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/535.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Engineering.This research has analysed the economy-wide impacts of carbon tax as a policy option to reduce the rate of growth of carbon-dioxide emissions from the electricity sector in Australia. These impacts are analysed for energy and non energy sectors of the economy. An energy-oriented Input–Output framework, with ‘flexible’ production functions, based on Translog and Cobb-Douglas formulations, is employed for the analysis of various impacts. Further, two alternative conceptions of carbon tax are considered in this research, namely, based on Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) and Shared Responsibility Principle (SRP). In the first instance, the impacts are analysed, for the period 2005–2020, for tax levels of $10 and $20 per tonne of CO2, in a situation of no a-priori limit on CO2 emissions. The analysis shows that CO2 emissions from the electricity sector, when carbon tax is based on PPP, would be 211 and 152 Mt, for tax levels of $10 and $20, respectively (as compared to 250 Mt in the Base Case scenario, that is, the business-as-usual-case). The net economic costs, corresponding with these tax levels, expressed in present value terms, would be $27 and $49 billion, respectively, over the period 2005-2020. These economic costs are equivalent to 0.43 and 0.78 per cent of the estimated GDP of Australia. Further, most of the economic burden, in this instance, would fall on the electricity sector, particularly coal-fired electricity generators – large consumers of direct fossil fuel. On the other hand, in the case of a carbon tax based on SRP, CO2 emissions would be 172 and 116 Mt, for tax levels of $10 and $20, respectively. The corresponding net economic costs would be $47 (0.74 per cent of GDP) and $84 (1.34 per cent of GDP) billion, respectively, with significant burden felt by the commercial sector – large consumers of indirect energy and materials whose production would contribute to CO2 emissions. Next, the impacts are analysed by placing an a-priori limit on CO2 emissions from the electricity sector – equivalent to 108 per cent of the 1990 level (that is, 138 Mt), by the year 2020. Two cases are analysed, namely, early action (carbon tax introduced in 2005) and deferred action (carbon tax introduced in 2010). In the case of early action, the analysis suggests, carbon tax of $25 and $15, based on PPP and SRP, respectively, would be required to achieve the above noted emissions target. The corresponding tax levels in the case of deferred action are $51 and $26, respectively. This research also shows that the net economic costs, in the case of early action, would be $32 billion (for PPP) and $18 billion (for SRP) higher than those in the case of deferred action. However, this research has demonstrated, that this inference is largely due to the selection of particular indicator (that is, present value) and the relatively short time frame (that is, 2005–2020) for analysis. By extending the time frame of the analysis to the year 2040, the case for an early introduction of carbon tax strengthens. Overall, the analysis in this research suggests that an immediate introduction of carbon tax, based on SRP, is the most attractive approach to reduce the rate of growth of CO2 emissions from the electricity sector and to simultaneously meet economic and social objectives. If the decision to introduce such a tax is deferred, it would be rather difficult to achieve not only environmental objectives but economic and social objectives as well.
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Mussared, Catherine. "Economic tools in environmental policy : carbon tax and Australia's greenhouse policy /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envm989.pdf.
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Pavic, Clémence. "Le cadrage de la tarification du carbone chez les élites politiques en Australie et au Canada." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
À travers le monde, des juridictions ont cherché — certaines avec plus de succès que d’autres — à implanter des systèmes de tarification du carbone. Même si ce système est appuyé par les experts comme étant le moyen le plus efficace de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, ce type de politique peine à recueillir l’appui du public. Or, dans la mesure où l’opinion publique est influencée par le discours des élites, la façon dont les politiciens parlent de la tarification carbone peut modifier les perceptions de l’électorat à son endroit. Grâce à l’étude des stratégies de cadrage et à une méthode quantitative, on identifie les cadres utilisés par l’élite politique australienne (sous le gouvernement de Julia Gillard) et l’élite politique canadienne (sous le 1er gouvernement de Justin Trudeau) pour dépeindre cette politique. Dans cette étude, on analyse les allocutions en chambre des premiers ministres Julia Gillard et Justin Trudeau, ainsi que celles des chefs d’opposition Tony Abbott et Andrew Scheer. À la lumière des résultats obtenus dans notre étude, on s'aperçoit que les stratégies de cadrage de l’élite politique peuvent varier selon le contexte national d’implantation. On remarque toutefois plusieurs tendances qui se dégagent des allocutions des promoteurs (Gillard et Trudeau) et de celles des opposants (Abbott et Scheer). Les promoteurs de cette politique privilégient les étiquettes « tarification carbone » ou « prix sur le carbone » tandis que les opposants la décrivent comme une « taxe ». Les promoteurs de cette politique font plus souvent appel à des cadres environnementaux que leurs opposants — même s’ils utilisent principalement des cadres économiques. On remarque également que lorsqu’ils utilisent des cadres économiques, les promoteurs utilisent plus souvent que les opposants des cadres qui touchent l’économie nationale, les entreprises et l’industrie. De leur côté, les opposants privilégient largement les cadres économiques reliés aux individus, aux emplois et aux prix.Jurisdictions around the world have sought — some more successfully than others — to implement carbon pricing systems. While this system is supported by experts as the most effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, this type of policy is struggling to garner public support. Considering the fact that public opinion is influenced by elite discourse, the way politicians talk about carbon pricing can change the way people perceive this system. Through the study of framing strategies and a quantitative method, we identify the frames used by the Australian political elite (under the government of Julia Gillard) and the Canadian political elite (under the 1st government of Justin Trudeau) to portray this policy. In this study, we analyse the speeches pronounced in parliament by prime ministers Julia Gillard and Justin Trudeau, as well as those of the leaders of opposition Tony Abbott and Andrew Scheer. In light of the results obtained in our study, we realize that the framing strategies of the political elite can vary depending on the national context. However, we have identified several trends in the framing strategies of promoters (Gillard and Trudeau) and those of opponents (Abbott and Scheer). The promoters of this policy use the labels "carbon pricing" or "price on carbon" while opponents describe it as a "tax". The promoters of this policy more often use environmental frames than their opponents — even though they mainly use economic frames. When they use economic frames, promoters use more often than opponents frames related to the national economy, businesses and industry — and when opponents use economic frames, they widely use frames linked to individuals, jobs and prices.
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Wardley, Neale. "The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Journey: Finding the Balance between Acceptance, Effectiveness and Emissions Reduction." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42035/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For over a decade this study followed designs for emissions trading schemes (ETS) that have emerged in response to global warming. An ETS is considered a cost-effective instrument to mitigate pollution (UNFCCC, 2006). Early in this study indications were that several operational ETSs struggled to achieve their emission reduction goals. Considering this problem, the study looks at the competing constraints of acceptance, effectiveness, and emissions reduction.
The parameters of an ETS can be adjusted in relation to these constraints and the study also considers the alignment of nine design factors to these constraints. The design factors considered are legislation, governance, compliance, rules, compensation, targets, phasing-in, coverage and the distribution of allowances. It emerges that adjustments in terms of factor alignment may affect a schemes ability to reduce emissions.
Other important factors sit outside the scope of this study, i.e. variations in greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the GFC and later COVID-19, also alternative mitigation policies, human adaptation, and innovative technologies.
Viewed in a comparative manner the main case studies are the antecedent US Acid Rain Program (US ARP), the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) and the US Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). Other ETS designs that provide data for the study include the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS), the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CRPS), which later became known as the Australian Carbon Tax, and the Californian Cap and Trade Program (CCTP).
An effective ETS may perform adequately in relation to its’ goals for governance and compliance, although it can be shown that if the design leans too far toward acceptance the capacity for emissions reduction is diminished. According to the conceptual framework developed early in the study, over time the relationship between the constraints and the design factors should be revised toward reducing emissions.
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Davidová, Kateřina. "Rámování klimatických politik: Diskurzivní analýza debat o oceňování emisí oxidu uhličitého v Kanadě a Austrálii." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-365018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Framing Climate Policies: Discourse Analysis of Carbon Pricing Debates in Canada and Australia Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare the discourses of Stephen Harper and Tony Abbot during federal election campaigns where climate policies played an unusually important role (2008 in Canada and 2013 in Australia). The study builds on a hypothesis, that according to the post-materialist theory and the Environmental Kuznets Curve, such economically advanced, democratic countries as Canada and Australia should be at the vanguard of climate action. However, in reality they are some of the worst performers when it comes to tackling carbon emissions. Both Harper and Abbott publicly promised to put in serious efforts to tackle climate change. However, when the question of setting a national price on carbon came up for discussion during the above-mentioned election campaigns, they both not only opposed it, but even tried to discredit it by framing the whole debate in overwhelmingly negative terms. In order to uncover what kind of frames and other discursive strategies the two politicians used to shape the debate, critical discourse analysis was applied to their public statements on the policy of carbon tax. Results of this analysis show that they used all of the frames that are typically associated...
Частини книг з теми "Australian Carbon Tax"
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Economou, Nick. "The Environment in the 2013 Election: Controversies over climate change, the carbon tax and conservation." In Abbott's Gambit: The 2013 Australian Federal Election. ANU Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/ag.01.2015.20.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Australian Carbon Tax"
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Tamaura, Yutaka, Hiroshi Kaneko, Akinori Fuse, and Hideyuki Ishihara. "Production of Solar Hybrid Fuels of DME, Methanol and H2 in Australia and Shipping to Japan." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Solar hybrid fuel production from natural gas using concentrated solar thermal energy in Australia was studied, assuming that 54.6MW/(one unit of solar farm) of the concentrated solar thermal energy is used for the endothermic process of stream reforming (solar steam reforming; SSR) with total solar energy conversion efficiency of 45.5% (120MW of heliostat field; one unit of solar farm). With 23 units of the solar farm, natural gas of 2516t/d can be reformed by the SSR. To ship the product fuel to Japan by existing tankers, the syngas (CO + 3H2) produced by the SSR is separated into one mole of H2 (375t/d) and the mixed gas of one mole of CO and two moles of H2 which is converted to one mole of methanol (6000t/d) to be shipped by existing tankers. The one mole of H2 will be used in Australia as the H2 fuel with 25% solar share (CO2 reduction). To improve cost barrier between oil and the methanol produced by SSR, the CO2 zero emission process of the combined process of SSR and AT (auto-thermal process) is proposed as the one whose methanol cost can be competitive with oil, when carbon tax is introduced. By shipping the methanol produced by the CO2 zero emission process of the combined process of SSR-AT (economically feasible), we can reduce CO2 emission by co-firing coal and methanol at coal-firing power stations in Japan. In this system, an excess H2 fuel with solar energy is produced, and can be used in Australia.