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Статті в журналах з теми "Avirulence factors"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 8 березня 2025

Оновлено: 29 липня 2025

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1

Janzac, Bérenger, Josselin Montarry, Alain Palloix, Olivier Navaud, and Benoît Moury. "A Point Mutation in the Polymerase of Potato virus Y Confers Virulence Toward the Pvr4 Resistance of Pepper and a High Competitiveness Cost in Susceptible Cultivar." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 6 (2010): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-6-0823.

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To understand why the Pvr4 resistance of pepper against Potyvirus spp. remained durable in field conditions while virulent Potato virus Y (PVY) variants could be selected in the laboratory, we studied the molecular mechanisms which generated these variants and the consequences on viral fitness. Using a reverse genetics approach with an infectious cDNA clone of PVY, we found that the region coding for the NIb protein (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) of PVY was the avirulence factor corresponding to Pvr4 and that a single nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution in that region, an adenosine to guanos

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2

Waalwijk, Cees, and Jacq R. A. De Koning. "Towards Isolation of Avirulence Factors in Fusarium Oxysporum from Carnation." Cereal Research Communications 25, no. 3 (1997): 841–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03543869.

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3

Zhu, Weiguang, Bing Yang, Jaishree M. Chittoor, Lowell B. Johnson, and Frank F. White. "AvrXa10 Contains an Acidic Transcriptional Activation Domain in the Functionally Conserved C Terminus." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 8 (1998): 824–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.8.824.

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The avrXa10 gene of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight of rice, is a member of the avrBs3 avirulence gene family and directs the elicitation of resistance in a gene-for-gene manner on rice lines carrying the resistance gene Xa10. The carboxyl (C) terminus of AvrXa10 has a previously undescribed domain that is structurally similar to the acidic activation domain of many eukaryotic transcription factors in addition to three nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequences. Removal of the C-terminal 38 codons containing the putative activation domain, but retaining the

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4

Huang, Changjun. "From Player to Pawn: Viral Avirulence Factors Involved in Plant Immunity." Viruses 13, no. 4 (2021): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040688.

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In the plant immune system, according to the ‘gene-for-gene’ model, a resistance (R) gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence (Avr) gene product. This system differs from other plant–pathogen interaction systems, in which plant R genes recognize a single type of gene or gene family because almost all virus genes with distinct structures and functions can also interact with R genes as Avr determinants. Thus, research conducted on viral Avr-R systems can provide a novel understanding of Avr and R gene product interactions and i

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5

Huertas-González, M. D., M. C. Ruiz-Roldán, A. Di Pietro, and M. I. G. Roncero. "Cross protection provides evidence for race-specific avirulence factors inFusarium oxysporum." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 54, no. 3-4 (1999): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmpp.1998.0185.

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6

Amezrou, Reda, Colette Audéon, Jérôme Compain, et al. "A secreted protease-like protein in Zymoseptoria tritici is responsible for avirulence on Stb9 resistance gene in wheat." PLOS Pathogens 19, no. 5 (2023): e1011376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011376.

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Zymoseptoria tritici is the fungal pathogen responsible for Septoria tritici blotch on wheat. Disease outcome in this pathosystem is partly determined by isolate-specific resistance, where wheat resistance genes recognize specific fungal factors triggering an immune response. Despite the large number of known wheat resistance genes, fungal molecular determinants involved in such cultivar-specific resistance remain largely unknown. We identified the avirulence factor AvrStb9 using association mapping and functional validation approaches. Pathotyping AvrStb9 transgenic strains on Stb9 cultivars,

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7

Valent, B., L. Farrall, and F. G. Chumley. "Magnaporthe grisea genes for pathogenicity and virulence identified through a series of backcrosses." Genetics 127, no. 1 (1991): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/127.1.87.

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Abstract We have identified genes for pathogenicity toward rice (Oryza sativa) and genes for virulence toward specific rice cultivars in the plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea. A genetic cross was conducted between the weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) pathogen 4091-5-8, a highly fertile, hermaphroditic laboratory strain, and the rice pathogen O-135, a poorly fertile, female-sterile field isolate that infects weeping lovegrass as well as rice. A six-generation backcrossing scheme was then undertaken with the rice pathogen as the recurrent parent. One goal of these crosses was to g

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8

Webb, Craig A., and John P. Fellers. "Cereal rust fungi genomics and the pursuit of virulence and avirulence factors." FEMS Microbiology Letters 264, no. 1 (2006): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00400.x.

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9

Bonshtien, Arale, Atar Lev, Avi Gibly, Paul Debbie, Adi Avni, and Guido Sessa. "Molecular Properties of the Xanthomonas AvrRxv Effector and Global Transcriptional Changes Determined by Its Expression in Resistant Tomato Plants." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 18, no. 4 (2005): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-18-0300.

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The Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria avirulence gene avrRxv specifies resistance on the tomato line Hawaii 7998 by interacting with three nondominant plant resistance genes. AvrRxv molecular properties that impinge on its avirulence activity were characterized and transcriptional changes caused by AvrRxv expression in resistant tomato plants were extensively examined. AvrRxv localized predominantly to the cytoplasm and possibly in association with plasma and nuclear membranes in both resistant and susceptible tomato plants. The AvrRxv cysteine protease catalytic core was found to be esse

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10

Beams, Alexander B., Rebecca Bateman, and Frederick R. Adler. "Will SARS-CoV-2 Become Just Another Seasonal Coronavirus?" Viruses 13, no. 5 (2021): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050854.

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The future prevalence and virulence of SARS-CoV-2 is uncertain. Some emerging pathogens become avirulent as populations approach herd immunity. Although not all viruses follow this path, the fact that the seasonal coronaviruses are benign gives some hope. We develop a general mathematical model to predict when the interplay among three factors, correlation of severity in consecutive infections, population heterogeneity in susceptibility due to age, and reduced severity due to partial immunity, will promote avirulence as SARS-CoV-2 becomes endemic. Each of these components has the potential to

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11

Mhiri, Corinne, Pierre J. G. M. De Wit, and Marie-Angèle Grandbastien. "Activation of the Promoter of the Tnt1 Retrotransposon in Tomato After Inoculation with the Fungal Pathogen Cladosporium fulvum." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 12, no. 7 (1999): 592–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.7.592.

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The copia-like Tnt1 element of tobacco is one of the few active plant retrotransposons and is transcriptionally activated, in tobacco and in heterologous species, by biotic and abiotic stress factors. In order to establish more precisely the link between Tnt1 activation and plant defense responses, the expression of the Tnt1 promoter was studied in a gene-for-gene pathosystem, the interaction between tomato and the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. In compatible interactions, Tnt1 expression is highly induced throughout the leaf regions colonized by the fungus, while in incompatible interac

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12

O'Garro, Leonard W., Harold Gibbs, and Anthony Newton. "Mutation in the avrBs1 Avirulence Gene of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Influences Survival of the Bacterium in Soil and Detached Leaf Tissue." Phytopathology® 87, no. 9 (1997): 960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.9.960.

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The role of the avrBs1 avirulence gene of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in survival of the bacterium was investigated by testing two strains that differ in the structure and function of the gene in 37 different soil types of Barbados and detached leaf tissue of four pepper genotypes. One strain carried a mutation in the avrBs1 gene and lacked avirulence activity, while the other expressed wild-type avrBs1 activity. In 30 to 32 soil types and all leaf tissue tested, the mutant strain persisted longer and more abundantly than the wild-type strain over a 2- to 6-week period. During this

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13

JANZAC, BERENGER, FREDERIC FABRE, ALAIN PALLOIX, and BENOIT MOURY. "Constraints on evolution of virus avirulence factors predict the durability of corresponding plant resistances." Molecular Plant Pathology 10, no. 5 (2009): 599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00554.x.

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14

Neveu, Cédric, Stéphanie Jaubert, Pierre Abad, and Philippe Castagnone-Sereno. "A Set of Genes Differentially Expressed Between Avirulent and Virulent Meloidogyne incognita Near-Isogenic Lines Encode Secreted Proteins." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 16, no. 12 (2003): 1077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.12.1077.

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A cDNA-amplification fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)-based strategy has been used to identify genes differentially expressed between two pairs of near-isogenic lines (NIL) of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita either avirulent or virulent against the tomato Mi resistance gene. Gene expression profiles from infective second-stage juveniles (J2) were compared, and 22 of the 24,025 transcript-derived fragments (TDF) generated proved to be differential, i.e., present in both avirulent NIL and absent in both virulent NIL. Fourteen of the TDF sequences did not show any significant simi

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15

Tyler, Brett M. "Inheritance of Avirulence Factors and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers in Outcrosses of the OomycetePhytophthora sojae." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 8, no. 4 (1995): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-8-0515.

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16

Lawrence, G. J. "Flax rust from Linum marginale: pathogenicity reactions on the Linum usitatissimum set of differential varieties." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 11 (1989): 3187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-397.

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Flax rust, Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév., occurs on Linum marginale Cunn., the only Linum species indigenous to Australia. Evidence suggests that the rust is native to L. marginale and is not a recent introduction. Forty-five isolates from this rust population, collected from 21 locations, were tested for reaction type on the standard set of 28 flax (L. usitatissimum) differential lines. All isolates were avirulent on the majority of differentials and only three clearly different virulence phenotypes were distinguished. This finding contrasts with the results of a companion study in which the

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17

de Jong, Camiel F., Frank L. W. Takken, Xinzhong Cai, Pierre J. G. M. de Wit, and Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten. "Attenuation of Cf-Mediated Defense Responses at Elevated Temperatures Correlates With a Decrease in Elicitor-Binding Sites." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, no. 10 (2002): 1040–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.10.1040.

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The interaction between the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and its only host, tomato, is a well-described gene-for-gene system and several resistance (Cf) genes of tomato and matching fungal avirulence (Avr) genes have been characterized. Transgenic tobacco suspension cells expressing Cf genes respond to matching elicitors with typical defense responses, such as medium alkalization and an oxidative burst. We found that this response is attenuated at elevated ambient temperatures. Tomato seedlings expressing both a Cf and the matching Avr gene rapidly die as a result of systemic necrosis a

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18

García-Calderón, Clara B., Meritxell García-Quintanilla, Josep Casadesús, and Francisco Ramos-Morales. "Virulence attenuation in Salmonella enterica rcsC mutants with constitutive activation of the Rcs system." Microbiology 151, no. 2 (2005): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27520-0.

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Mutations in rcsC that result in constitutive colanic acid capsule synthesis were obtained in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Most rcsC alleles were dominant; however, recessive rcsC alleles were also found, in agreement with the postulated double role (positive and negative) of RcsC on the activation of the RcsB/C phosphorelay system. Salmonella rcsC mutants with constitutive activation of the Rcs system are severely attenuated for virulence in BALB/c mice and their degree of attenuation correlates with the level of Rcs activation. Partial relief of attenuation by a gmm mutation indi

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19

Ellison, Damon W., Tina R. Clark, Daniel E. Sturdevant, Kimmo Virtaneva, Stephen F. Porcella, and Ted Hackstadt. "Genomic Comparison of Virulent Rickettsia rickettsii Sheila Smith and Avirulent Rickettsia rickettsii Iowa." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 2 (2007): 542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00952-07.

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ABSTRACT Rickettsia rickettsii is an obligate intracellular pathogen that is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. To identify genes involved in the virulence of R. rickettsii, the genome of an avirulent strain, R. rickettsii Iowa, was sequenced and compared to the genome of the virulent strain R. rickettsii Sheila Smith. R. rickettsii Iowa is avirulent in a guinea pig model of infection and displays altered plaque morphology with decreased lysis of infected host cells. Comparison of the two genomes revealed that R. rickettsii Iowa and R. rickettsii Sheila Smith share a high deg

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20

Na, Ren, Dan Yu, Dinah Qutob, Jun Zhao, and Mark Gijzen. "Deletion of the Phytophthora sojae Avirulence Gene Avr1d Causes Gain of Virulence on Rps1d." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 8 (2013): 969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-02-13-0036-r.

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Phytophthora sojae is an oomycete and a pathogen of soybean that causes root rot. During infection P. sojae delivers effector proteins into host cells to foster disease. However, effector-triggered immunity (ETI) results when pathogen factors are recognized by host resistance (R) proteins. We have now identified the P. sojae Avr1d gene, which encodes a predicted effector protein with the amino acid motif Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR). Genetic mapping of 16 different P. sojae isolates and of a segregating F2 population of 40 individuals shows that the predicted RXLR effector gene Avh6 precisely cosegreg

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21

Levic, Jelena, Slavica Stankovic, and Tijana Petrovic. "The determination of Exserohilum turcicum virulence factors in Serbia." Genetika 40, no. 3 (2008): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0803271l.

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The determination of Exserohilum turcicum virulence factors and resistance responses of three sets of maize inbred lines (four differential, eight isogenic and 22 commercial inbreeds) to three isolates of this pathogen under greenhouse conditions were studied. The maize inbreeds were selected according to previous testing of resistance based on lesion types in 194 inbreeds under field conditions of plant inoculation with the E. turcicum race 0 (designated as the isolate MRI-Et). The standard procedure was applied to obtained isolates MRIZP-1747 and MRIZP-1416 from resistant and susceptible les

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22

Corbett, Mark, Sam Virtue, Kenneth Bell, et al. "Identification of a New Quorum-Sensing-Controlled Virulence Factor in Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica Secreted via the Type II Targeting Pathway." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 18, no. 4 (2005): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-18-0334.

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Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the secreted proteins of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica revealed alow-abundance protein that was identified by mass spectrometry as a homologue of a Xanthomonas campestris avirulence protein with unknown function. The predicted Svx protein has an N-terminal signal sequence and zinc binding-region signature, and the mature protein is post-translationally modified. A 2D difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) showed that the protein is secreted by the type II (out) secretion apparatus, which is also responsible for the secretion of the m

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23

Ciesiolka, L. D., T. Hwin, J. D. Gearlds, et al. "Regulation of Expression of Avirulence Gene avrRxv and Identification of a Family of Host Interaction Factors by Sequence Analysis of avrBsT." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 12, no. 1 (1999): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.1.35.

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Resistance in tomato line Hawaii 7998 as well as in several nonhost plants to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria tomato strain (XcvT) is mediated in part by the avirulence gene avrRxv. Analysis of growth of wild-type and avrRxv deletion strains indicates that avrRxv plays a crucial role in the ability of XcvT 92–14 to induce resistance on Hawaii 7998. We used avrRxv reporter gene fusions and Northern (RNA) blot analysis to test several growth environments for inductive potential. We found that avrRxv is constitutively expressed at high levels and that growth in planta, in tobacco condition

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24

Baltrus, David A., Marc T. Nishimura, Kevin M. Dougherty, et al. "The Molecular Basis of Host Specialization in Bean Pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 25, no. 7 (2012): 877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-08-11-0218.

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Biotrophic phytopathogens are typically limited to their adapted host range. In recent decades, investigations have teased apart the general molecular basis of intraspecific variation for innate immunity of plants, typically involving receptor proteins that enable perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or avirulence elicitors from the pathogen as triggers for defense induction. However, general consensus concerning evolutionary and molecular factors that alter host range across closely related phytopathogen isolates has been more elusive. Here, through genome comparisons and gene

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25

Cantila, Aldrin Y., Nur Shuhadah Mohd Saad, Junrey C. Amas, David Edwards, and Jacqueline Batley. "Recent Findings Unravel Genes and Genetic Factors Underlying Leptosphaeria maculans Resistance in Brassica napus and Its Relatives." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (2020): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010313.

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Among the Brassica oilseeds, canola (Brassica napus) is the most economically significant globally. However, its production can be limited by blackleg disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Lepstosphaeria maculans. The deployment of resistance genes has been implemented as one of the key strategies to manage the disease. Genetic resistance against blackleg comes in two forms: qualitative resistance, controlled by a single, major resistance gene (R gene), and quantitative resistance (QR), controlled by numerous, small effect loci. R-gene-mediated blackleg resistance has been extensively studied

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26

Schwartz, Allison R., Robert Morbitzer, Thomas Lahaye, and Brian J. Staskawicz. "TALE-induced bHLH transcription factors that activate a pectate lyase contribute to water soaking in bacterial spot of tomato." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 5 (2017): E897—E903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620407114.

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AvrHah1 [avirulence (avr) gene homologous to avrBs3 and hax2, no. 1] is a transcription activator-like (TAL) effector (TALE) inXanthomonas gardnerithat induces water-soaked disease lesions on fruits and leaves during bacterial spot of tomato. We observe that water from outside the leaf is drawn into the apoplast inX. gardneri-infected, but notX. gardneriΔavrHah1(XgΔavrHah1)-infected, plants, conferring a dark, water-soaked appearance. The pull of water can facilitate entry of additional bacterial cells into the apoplast. Comparing the transcriptomes of tomato infected withX. gardnerivs.XgΔavrH

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27

Wang, Ziyi, Yujiao Du, Suhao Li, Xuewen Xu, and Xuehao Chen. "A Complete Genome Sequence of Podosphaera xanthii Isolate YZU573, the Causal Agent of Powdery Mildew Isolated from Cucumber in China." Pathogens 12, no. 4 (2023): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040561.

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Podosphaera xanthii is a well-known obligate biotrophic pathogen that causes powdery mildew (PM) disease on cucurbitaceous plants and is one of the most important limiting factors for cucumber production worldwide. To better understand the avirulence effector proteins in this species that are known to be involved in host-pathogen interaction, the draft genome assembly of P. xanthii isolate YZU573 from cucumber leaves with symptoms of PM was obtained with a hybrid approach, combining nanopore long-read and llumina paired-end sequencing. The final P. xanthii YZU573 genome assembly of 152.7 Mb co

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28

Niks, R. E., and D. Rubiales. "Avirulence factors corresponding to barley genes Pa3 and Pa7 which confer resistance against Puccinia hordei in rust fungi other than P. hordei." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 45, no. 4 (1994): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0885-5765(05)80062-1.

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29

Franke, Kathrin, Monika Nguyen, Albert Härtl, et al. "The vesicle transport protein Vac1p is required for virulence of Candida albicans." Microbiology 152, no. 10 (2006): 3111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.29115-0.

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The putative vesicle transport protein Vac1p of the human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans plays an important role in virulence. To determine the cellular functions of Vac1p, a null mutant was generated by sequential disruption of both alleles. The vac1 null mutant strain showed defective endosomal vesicle transport, demonstrating a role of Vac1p in protein transport to the vacuole. Vac1p also contributes to resistance to metal ions, as the null mutant strain was hypersensitive to Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+. In addition, the loss of Vac1p affected several virulence factors of C. albicans. In particu

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30

Velame, Karinna V. C., Anelita de Jesus Rocha, Mileide dos Santos Ferreira, et al. "Evidence of Correlation between Pathogenicity, Avirulence Genes, and Aggressiveness of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in Banana “Cavendish” and “Prata” Subgroups." Horticulturae 10, no. 3 (2024): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10030228.

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Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is one of the most destructive diseases in banana farming worldwide. Knowledge of the factors of genetic diversity and virulence of the pathogen contributes to the development of resistant cultivars and management strategies based on exclusion. In this study, phenotypic traits such as virulence and aggressiveness in a sample of 52 Foc isolates were analyzed and their relationship to the presence of putative effectors of gene SIX (Secreted in Xylem) pathogenicity homologs was verified. The similarity matrix revealed three isolates

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31

Hudson, Owen, James C. Fulton, Alexi K. Dong, Nicholas S. Dufault, and Md Emran Ali. "Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Molecular Diagnostics Past, Present and Future." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (2021): 9735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189735.

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Watermelon is an important commercial crop in the Southeastern United States and around the world. However, production is significantly limited by biotic factors including fusarium wilt caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium oxysporum forma specialis niveum (Fon). Unfortunately, this disease has increased significantly in its presence over the last several decades as races have emerged which can overcome the available commercial resistance. Management strategies include rotation, improved crop resistance, and chemical control, but early and accurate diagnostics are required for appropria

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32

Kharel, Aayushree, Md Tohidul Islam, James Rookes, and David Cahill. "How to Unravel the Key Functions of Cryptic Oomycete Elicitin Proteins and Their Role in Plant Disease." Plants 10, no. 6 (2021): 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061201.

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Pathogens and plants are in a constant battle with one another, the result of which is either the restriction of pathogen growth via constitutive or induced plant defense responses or the pathogen colonization of plant cells and tissues that cause disease. Elicitins are a group of highly conserved proteins produced by certain oomycete species, and their sterol binding ability is recognized as an important feature in sterol–auxotrophic oomycetes. Elicitins also orchestrate other aspects of the interactions of oomycetes with their plant hosts. The function of elicitins as avirulence or virulence

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Delourme, R., M. L. Pilet-Nayel, M. Archipiano, et al. "A Cluster of Major Specific Resistance Genes to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus." Phytopathology® 94, no. 6 (2004): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.6.578.

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Two types of genetic resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans usually are distinguished in Brassica napus: qualitative, total resistance expressed at the seedling stage and quantitative, partial resistance expressed at the adult plant stage. The latter is under the control of many genetic factors that have been mapped through quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies using ‘Darmor’ resistance. The former usually is ascribed to race-specific resistance controlled by single resistance to L. maculans (Rlm) genes. Three B. napus-originating specific Rlm genes (Rlm1, Rlm2, and Rlm4) previously were charact

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Thordal-Christensen, Hans. "A holistic view on plant effector-triggered immunity presented as an iceberg model." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 77, no. 20 (2020): 3963–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03515-w.

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Abstract The immune system of plants is highly complex. It involves pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which is signaled and manifested through branched multi-step pathways. To counteract this, pathogen effectors target and inhibit individual PTI steps. This in turn can cause specific plant cytosolic nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Plants and pathogens have many genes encoding NLRs and effectors, respectively. Yet, only a few segregate genetically as resistance (R) genes and avirulence (Avr) effector genes in wild-type popula

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Knoop, V., B. Staskawicz, and U. Bonas. "Expression of the avirulence gene avrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is not under the control of hrp genes and is independent of plant factors." Journal of Bacteriology 173, no. 22 (1991): 7142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.173.22.7142-7150.1991.

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VandeWoude, Sue, and Cristian Apetrei. "Going Wild: Lessons from Naturally Occurring T-Lymphotropic Lentiviruses." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19, no. 4 (2006): 728–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00009-06.

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SUMMARY Over 40 nonhuman primate (NHP) species harbor species-specific simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Similarly, more than 20 species of nondomestic felids and African hyenids demonstrate seroreactivity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antigens. While it has been challenging to study the biological implications of nonfatal infections in natural populations, epidemiologic and clinical studies performed thus far have only rarely detected increased morbidity or impaired fecundity/survival of naturally infected SIV- or FIV-seropositive versus -seronegative animals. Cross-specie

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Moscou, Matthew J., Nick Lauter, Rico A. Caldo, Dan Nettleton, and Roger P. Wise. "Quantitative and Temporal Definition of the Mla Transcriptional Regulon During Barley–Powdery Mildew Interactions." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 6 (2011): 694–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-10-0211.

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Barley Mildew resistance locus a (Mla) is a major determinant of immunity to the powdery mildew pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Alleles of Mla encode cytoplasmic- and membrane-localized coiled-coil, nucleotide binding site, leucine-rich repeat proteins that mediate resistance when complementary avirulence effectors (AVRa) are present in the pathogen. Presence of an appropriate AVRa protein triggers nuclear relocalization of MLA, in which MLA binds repressing host transcription factors. Timecourse expression profiles of plants harboring Mla1, Mla6, and Mla12 wild-type alleles versus

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Chiba, Soutaro, Hideki Kondo, Masaki Miyanishi, Ida Bagus Andika, Chenggui Han, and Tetsuo Tamada. "The Evolutionary History of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus Deduced from Genetic Variation, Geographical Origin and Spread, and the Breaking of Host Resistance." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 2 (2011): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-10-10-0241.

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Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is an economically important pathogen of sugar beet and has been found worldwide, probably as the result of recent worldwide spread. The BNYVV genome consists of four or five RNA components. Here, we report analysis of sequence variation in the RNA3-p25, RNA4-p31, RNA2-CP, and RNA5-p26 genes of 73 worldwide isolates. The RNA3-p25 gene encodes virulence and avirulence factors. These four sets of gene sequences each fell into two to four groups, of which the three groups of p25 formed eight subgroups with different geographical distributions. Each of these

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Simsek, Senay, Tuula Ojanen-Reuhs, Samuel B. Stephens, and Bradley L. Reuhs. "Strain-Ecotype Specificity in Sinorhizobium meliloti-Medicago truncatula Symbiosis Is Correlated to Succinoglycan Oligosaccharide Structure." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 21 (2007): 7733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00739-07.

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ABSTRACT Molecular signals, including Nod factors and succinoglycan, are necessary for the establishment of nitrogen-fixing nodules (Fix+) in Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis. This report shows that M. truncatula-S. meliloti interactions involve ecotype-strain specificity, as S. meliloti Rm41 and NRG247 are Fix+ (compatible) on M. truncatula A20 and Fix− (incompatible) on M. truncatula A17, the Fix phenotypes are reversed with S. meliloti NRG185 and NRG34, and there is a correlation between the host specificity and succinoglycan oligosaccharide structure. S. meliloti NRG185

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Tesfamariam, Mahelat, Picabo Binette, Diane Cockrell, et al. "Characterization of Coxiella burnetii Dugway Strain Host-Pathogen Interactions In Vivo." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (2022): 2261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112261.

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Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative, intracellular bacterium that causes the zoonosis Q fever. Among the many natural isolates of C. burnetii recovered from various sources, the Dugway group exhibits unique genetic characteristics, including the largest C. burnetii genomes. These strains were isolated during 1954–1958 from wild rodents from the Utah, USA desert. Despite retaining phase I lipopolysaccharide and the type 4B secretion system, two critical virulence factors, avirulence has been reported in a guinea pig infection model. Using guinea pig models, we evaluated the virulence, whole-ce

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Paulin, Susan M., Patricia R. Watson, Annette R. Benmore, et al. "Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serotype-Host Specificity in Calves: Avirulence of S. enterica Serotype Gallinarum Correlates with Bacterial Dissemination from Mesenteric Lymph Nodes and Persistence In Vivo." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 12 (2002): 6788–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.12.6788-6797.2002.

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ABSTRACT Host and bacterial factors that determine whether Salmonella serotypes remain restricted to the gastrointestinal tract or penetrate beyond the mucosa and cause systemic disease remain largely undefined. Here, factors influencing Salmonella host specificity in calves were assessed by characterizing the pathogenesis of different serotypes. Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin was highly virulent intravenously, whereas S. enterica serotype Choleraesuis was moderately virulent. Both serotypes were virulent in calves infected orally. In contrast, S. enterica serotypes Gallinarum and Abortus

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Timko, Michael P., Kan Huang, and Karolina E. Lis. "Host Resistance and Parasite Virulence in Striga–Host Plant Interactions: A Shifting Balance of Power." Weed Science 60, no. 2 (2012): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00039.1.

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The witchweeds, members of the genus Striga, are noxious and persistent pests in farmers' fields and serious constraints to crop productivity throughout Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Among the primary hosts for Striga are the major cereals (maize, sorghum, rice, and millet) and grain legumes (cowpea) that are important food staples worldwide. The negative impact of parasitic plants on crop productivity increases globally each year, and their potential for affecting domestic agriculture looms larger as the movement of seed resources expands on a global scale. At the present time there is a

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Ji, Zhiyuan, Wei Guo, Xifeng Chen, Chunlian Wang, and Kaijun Zhao. "Plant Executor Genes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (2022): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031524.

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Executor (E) genes comprise a new type of plant resistance (R) genes, identified from host–Xanthomonas interactions. The Xanthomonas-secreted transcription activation-like effectors (TALEs) usually function as major virulence factors, which activate the expression of the so-called “susceptibility” (S) genes for disease development. This activation is achieved via the binding of the TALEs to the effector-binding element (EBE) in the S gene promoter. However, host plants have evolved EBEs in the promoters of some otherwise silent R genes, whose expression directly causes a host cell death that i

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Lokossou, Anoma A., Hendrik Rietman, Miqia Wang, et al. "Diversity, Distribution, and Evolution of Solanum bulbocastanum Late Blight Resistance Genes." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 9 (2010): 1206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-9-1206.

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Knowledge on the evolution and distribution of late blight resistance genes is important for a better understanding of the dynamics of these genes in nature. We analyzed the presence and allelic diversity of the late blight resistance genes Rpi-blb1, Rpi-blb2, and Rpi-blb3, originating from Solanum bulbocastanum, in a set of tuber-bearing Solanum species comprising 196 different taxa. The three genes were only present in some Mexican diploid as well as polyploid species closely related to S. bulbocastanum. Sequence analysis of the fragments obtained from the Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-blb3 genes suggest

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Zhang, Na, Xinyang Li, Liangping Ming, et al. "Comparative Genomics and Pathogenicity Analysis of Three Fungal Isolates Causing Barnyard Grass Blast." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 12 (2024): 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10120868.

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Barnyard grass is one of the most serious rice weeds, often growing near paddy fields and therefore potentially serving as a bridging host for the rice blast fungus. In this study, we isolated three fungal strains from diseased barnyard grass leaves in a rice field. Using a pathogenicity assay, we confirmed that they were capable of causing blast symptoms on barnyard grass and rice leaves to various extents. Based on morphology characterization and genome sequence analyses, we confirmed that these three strains were Epicoccum sorghinum (SCAU-1), Pyricularia grisea (SCAU-2), and Exserohilum ros

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Wen, R. H., B. Khatabi, T. Ashfield, M. A. Saghai Maroof, and M. R. Hajimorad. "The HC-Pro and P3 Cistrons of an Avirulent Soybean mosaic virus Are Recognized by Different Resistance Genes at the Complex Rsv1 Locus." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 2 (2013): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-12-0156-r.

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The complex Rsv1 locus in soybean plant introduction (PI) ‘PI96983’ confers extreme resistance (ER) against Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) strain N but not SMV-G7 and SMV-G7d. Both the SMV helper-component proteinase (HC-Pro) and P3 cistrons can serve as avirulence factors recognized by Rsv1. To understand the genetics underlying recognition of the two cistrons, we have utilized two soybean lines (L800 and L943) derived from crosses between PI96983 (Rsv1) and Lee68 (rsv1) with distinct recombination events within the Rsv1 locus. L800 contains a single PI96983-derived member (3gG2) of an Rsv1-assoc

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Tamizi, Amin-Asyraf, Norliza Abu-Bakar, Aimera-Farhana Samsuddin, Lina Rozano, Rohaiza Ahmad-Redzuan, and Abdul-Munir Abdul-Murad. "Characterisation and Mutagenesis Study of An Alternative Sigma Factor Gene (hrpL) from Erwinia mallotivora Reveal Its Central Role in Papaya Dieback Disease." Biology 9, no. 10 (2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9100323.

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The alternative sigma (σ) factor E, RpoE or HrpL, has been reported to be involved in stress- and pathogenicity-related transcription initiation in Escherichia coli and many other Gram-negative bacteria, including Erwinia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. A previous study identified the hrpL/rpoE transcript as one of the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during early E. mallotivora infection in papaya and those data serve as the basis of the current project. Here, the full coding DNA sequence (CDS) of hrpL from E. mallotivora (EmhrpL) was determined to be 549 bp long, and it encoded a

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Hendrickson, Erik L., Pablo Guevera, Alejandro Peñaloza-Vàzquez, Jing Shao, Carol Bender, and Frederick M. Ausubel. "Virulence of the Phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. Maculicola Is rpoN Dependent." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 12 (2000): 3498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.12.3498-3507.2000.

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ABSTRACT We cloned the rpoN (ntrA andglnF) gene encoding ς54 from the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola strain ES4326. The P. syringae ES4326 rpoN gene complemented Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella aerogenes rpoN mutants for a variety of rpoN mutant phenotypes, including the inability to utilize nitrate as sole nitrogen source. DNA sequence analysis of the P. syringae ES4326 rpoN gene revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence was most similar (86% identity; 95% similarity) to the ς54 protein encoded by thePseudomonas putida rpoN gene. A marker exchan

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Shafikova, T. N., and Yu V. Omelichkina. "Evolution of views on plant immunity: from Flor’s “gene-for-gene” theory to the “zig-zag model” developed by Jones and Dangl." Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 10, no. 3 (2020): 424–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2020-10-3-424-438.

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The study of plant defence mechanisms in response to pathogens in the mid-20th century resulted in Harold Flor’s gene-for-gene interaction hypothesis, which became recognised as central to the study of phytoimmunity. According to this theory, the outcome of interactions in plant – pathogen phytopathosystems – i.e. compatibility or incompatibility – is controlled genetically in interacting organisms and determined by the presence of specific genes in both pathogen and plant: resistance genes in the plant and avirulence genes in pathogen. The latest achievements in phytoimmunology, obtained with

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Adhikari, Tika B., Jianfa Bai, Steven W. Meinhardt, et al. "Tsn1-Mediated Host Responses to ToxA from Pyrenophora tritici-repentis." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 9 (2009): 1056–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-9-1056.

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The toxin sensitivity gene Tsn1 interacts with Ptr ToxA (ToxA), a host-selective toxin produced by the necrotrophic fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. The molecular mechanisms associated with cell death in sensitive wheat cultivars following ToxA application are not well understood. To address this question, we used the Affymetrix GeneChip Wheat Genome Array to compare gene expression in a sensitive wheat cultivar possessing the Tsn1 gene with the insensitive wheat cv. Nec103, which lacks the Tsn1 gene. This analysis was performed at early timepoints after infiltration with ToxA (e.g., 0.5 t

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