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1
Campbell, Mary Ann. Assessing the utility of risk assessment tools and personality measures in the prediction of violent recidivism for adult offenders. [Ottawa]: Public Safety Canada, 2007.
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2
Okasha, Samir. Risk, Rational Choice, and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Decision-theoretic ideas arise in two areas of biology: risk-sensitive foraging, and the theory of evolution in variable environments. The former concerns the actual behavioural choices that organisms make, the latter the ‘choices’ made by natural selection. A natural suggestion is that both sorts of choices can be modelled in terms of expected utility maximization, the standard theory of rational decision in the face of risk. However, this is only true under particular model assumptions; it does not hold in situations involving a combination of aggregate and idiosyncratic risk. Mixed strategies further complicate the relation between rational and biologically optimal risk preferences. This implies a limit on the validity of the organism-as-rational-agent heuristic as a tool for understanding evolved behaviour.
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Feinstein, Robert E. Violence and Suicide. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Patients exhibiting violent or suicidal behavior have psychiatric symptoms varying along a spectrum of risk, from minimal to fatal. Evidence supports screening patients for intimate partner violence and suicide risk. Clinical care focuses on establishing a team and a working alliance, determining the “Why now?” of dangerousness, and using clinical judgments, risk assessment tools, a critical pathway, and a risk registry. Clinical care includes assessment of (1) violent or suicidal ideation, (2) recent dangerous behaviors, (3) past history of risky behaviors, (4) support system, (5) substance use, (6) cooperation with treatment, and (7) clinician reactions (8) diagnosis of medical and neurologic comorbidities. A multidisciplinary team can optimally manage these patients by deciding on the level of care needed for each problem or episode. Care can be delivered by using a practice registry and a critical pathway and focusing care on psychotherapy, with medications as needed. Steps are outlined for managing intimate partner violence.
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Evensky, Harold. Applications of Client Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter reviews various behavioral concepts and strategies to help clients avoid behavioral errors, with the result of increasing the probability of a successful plan design and implementation. The chapter discusses how the concepts introduced by research in behavioral finance have become integrated throughout Evensky & Katz/Foldes Financial’s practice. The chapter begins with framing for new clients, which is part of the firm’s approach to retirement planning called “anchoring on the efficient frontier.” Anchoring refers to the intersection of the client’s return requirement as determined by a capital needs analysis and the client’s risk tolerance. Framing is introduced as a powerful behavioral management tool for the practitioner. Behavioral finance lessons are integrated in the risk tolerance and return discussions, as well as the reporting process.
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Albus, Christian, and Christoph Herrmann-Lingen. Behaviour and motivation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Changing one’s lifestyle is difficult and adherence to medication in people at high cardiovascular risk and established cardiovascular disease is low. Lifestyle is usually based on longstanding patterns and is highly determined by social environment and socioeconomic status. Additional factors such as chronic stress, cognitive impairment, and negative emotions (e.g. depression, anxiety) further impede the ability to adopt a healthy lifestyle, as does complex or confusing advice by medical caregivers. In clinical practice, increased awareness of these factors will facilitate empathetic counselling and the provision of simple and explicit advice. Established cognitive-behavioural strategies are important tools to help with behaviour change and medication adherence. Specialized healthcare professionals (e.g. nurses, dieticians, psychologists) should be involved whenever necessary and feasible. Reducing dosage demands to the lowest applicable level is the single most effective means for enhancing adherence to medication.
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Albus, Christian, and Christoph Herrmann-Lingen. Behaviour and motivation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0009_update_001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Changing one’s lifestyle is difficult and adherence to medication in people at high cardiovascular risk and established cardiovascular disease is low. Lifestyle is usually based on longstanding patterns and is highly determined by social environment and socioeconomic status. Additional factors such as chronic stress, cognitive impairment, and negative emotions (e.g. depression, anxiety) further impede the ability to adopt a healthy lifestyle, as does complex or confusing advice by medical caregivers. In clinical practice, increased awareness of these factors will facilitate empathetic counselling and the provision of simple and explicit advice. Established cognitive-behavioural strategies are important tools to help with behaviour change and medication adherence. Specialized healthcare professionals (e.g. nurses, dieticians, psychologists) should be involved whenever necessary and feasible. Reducing dosage demands to the lowest applicable level is the single most effective means for enhancing adherence to medication.
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Suicide Risk Assessment: Practical Strategies and Tools for Jcaho Compliance. HCPro, Inc., 2007.
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8
Kiviniemi, Marc T., and Lynne B. Klasko-Foster. The Behavioral Affective Associations Model. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter presents a conceptual overview of the role of affective associations in behavioral decision-making. It focuses first on the mechanisms through which affect influences behavior. It then describes the behavioral affective associations model and provides a summary of the research using the model with examples showing promotion of protective behavior and reduction of risky behavior. While observational studies are included, experimental studies in both laboratory and field settings are highlighted to model how interventions can manipulate affective associations to change behaviors. As affect is central to decision-making, new directions for research, such as the role of constructs related to affect, are explored as they relate to decision-making. Finally, implications for real-world interventions and techniques to use affect as a tool for behavior change are discussed.
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Bongar, Bruce, Glenn Sullivan, Victoria Kendrick, and Joseph Tomlins. Evaluating and Managing Suicide Risk with the Adult Patient. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Suicide and suicidal behavior are major medical and social problems in many parts of the world, despite a growing understanding of how to adequately prevent suicide. Many health-care professionals do not have a sufficient knowledge base and the training to provide adequate suicide assessment, nor do they have an understanding of the protocols necessary for management of suicidal patients. Without validated predictive tools to use in cases of suspected suicidal ideation, it is usually left to the clinician to make a decision regarding risk and potential harm. In this chapter we describe how to identify a suicidal patient and the procedures necessary to adequately provide services.
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Wilson, Robyn S., Sarah M. McCaffrey, and Eric Toman. Wildfire Communication and Climate Risk Mitigation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.570.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Throughout the late 19th century and most of the 20th century, risks associated with wildfire were addressed by suppressing fires as quickly as possible. However, by the 1960s, it became clear that fire exclusion policies were having adverse effects on ecological health, as well as contributing to larger and more damaging wildfires over time. Although federal fire policy has changed to allow fire to be used as a management tool on the landscape, this change has been slow to take place, while the number of people living in high-risk wildland–urban interface communities continues to increase. Under a variety of climate scenarios, in particular for states in the western United States, it is expected that the frequency and severity of fires will continue to increase, posing even greater risks to local communities and regional economies.Resource managers and public safety officials are increasingly aware of the need for strategic communication to both encourage appropriate risk mitigation behavior at the household level, as well as build continued public support for the use of fire as a management tool aimed at reducing future wildfire risk. Household decision making encompasses both proactively engaging in risk mitigation activities on private property, as well as taking appropriate action during a wildfire event to protect personal safety. Very little research has directly explored the connection between climate-related beliefs, wildfire risk perception, and action; however, the limited existing research suggests that climate-related beliefs have little direct effect on wildfire-related action. Instead, action appears to depend on understanding the benefits of different mitigation actions and in engaging the public in interactive, participatory communication programs that build trust between the public and natural resource managers. A relatively new line of research focuses on resource managers as critical decision makers in the risk management process, pointing to the need to thoughtfully engage audiences other than the lay public to improve risk management.Ultimately, improving the decision making of both the public and managers charged with mitigating the risks associated with wildfire can be achieved by carefully addressing several common themes from the literature. These themes are to (1) promote increased efficacy through interactive learning, (2) build trust and capacity through social interaction, (3) account for behavioral constraints and barriers to action, and (4) facilitate thoughtful consideration of risk-benefit tradeoffs. Careful attention to these challenges will improve the likelihood of successfully managing the increasing risks that wildfire poses to the public and ecosystems alike in a changing climate.
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Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Brian F. Schaffner. Taking the Study of Political Behavior Online. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter describes the rise of online surveys as a research tool for social scientists. First it provides an analytical framework for understanding how survey mode matters to social science research. It examines the consequences of the trade-off between quality and cost for an entire research program or literature. For survey methodologists, quality boils down to the ability to test a hypothesis using the survey. Second, the chapter examines the controversy over the use of opt-in Internet polls rather than traditional polls. Recent studies have found that high-quality online surveys produce estimates that can be as reliable as those from traditional polls. Using data from over 300 state-level opt-in Internet subsamples from the CCES, the chapter measures the amount of error in a commonly used approach for conducting opt-in Internet surveys and compares it to traditional probability samples. It concludes by considering how to make wiser choices about survey mode.
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Rosati, Alexandra G. Ecological variation in cognition: Insights from bonobos and chimpanzees. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bonobos and chimpanzees are closely related, yet they exhibit important differences in their wild socio-ecology. Whereas bonobos live in environments with less seasonal variation and more access to fallback foods, chimpanzees face more competition over spatially distributed, variable resources. This chapter argues that bonobo and chimpanzee cognition show psychological signatures of their divergent wild ecology. Current evidence shows that despite strong commonalities in many cognitive domains, apes express targeted differences in specific cognitive skills critical for wild foraging behaviours. In particular, bonobos exhibit less accurate spatial memory, reduced levels of patience and greater risk aversion than do chimpanzees. These results have implications for understanding the evolution of human cognition, as studies of apes are a critical tool for modelling the last common ancestor of humans with nonhuman apes. Linking comparative cognition to species’ natural foraging behaviour can begin to address the ultimate reason for why differences in cognition emerge across species. Les bonobos et les chimpanzés sont prochement liés, pourtant ils montrent d’importantes différences dans leur sociologie naturelle. Alors que les bonobos vivent dans des environnements avec peu de diversité de climat entre saisons et plus d’accès à des ressources de nourriture alternatives, les chimpanzés ménagent une compétition étalée spatialement et des ressources plus variées. Je soutiens que la cognition des chimpanzés et bonobos montre les signatures psychologiques de leur écologie naturelle divergente. Les témoignages courants montrent que, malgré les forts points communs dans en cognition, les grands singes expriment des différences au niveau de compétences cognitives importantes au butinage. En particulier, les bonobos démontrent une mémoire spatial moin précise, moin de patience, et plus d’aversion de risques que les chimpanzés. Ces résultats fournissent des signes dans l’étude de l’évolution de la cognition humaine. Les études des grands singe sont un outil d’importance majeure dans la modélisation du dernier ancêtre commun des humains et grands singes non-humains. Faire des liens cognitives comparatives entre le butinage des différentes espèces peut commencer à dévoiler les raisons pour les différences de cognition entre espèces.
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Lucas, Robyn M., Rachel E. Neale, Peter Gies, and Terry Slevin. Protection from Ultraviolet Radiation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Strategies to protect against excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation are required to reduce the risk of melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancers, and eye diseases. The programs that have been most effective in reducing sun exposure involve combinations of education intended to change individual beliefs and behavior, tools for personal protection from the sun, and the creation of environments that support sun protection. Specific strategies include community-wide media campaigns, school-based interventions, counseling by healthcare providers about sun protection, education on the appropriate use of protective clothing and sunscreen, and policies to restrict access to indoor tanning beds. Sun protection strategies are most effective when introduced in childhood, although interventions in adulthood can also reduce skin cancer incidence. There are health risks of complete sun avoidance, so a balance between inadequate and excessive sun protection is necessary.
14
Brown, Andrew, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, Brian Grant, Barrie Greiff, Duane Hagen, Stephen Heidel, et al. On the Value of Work. Edited by Andrew Brown, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, Brian Grant, Barrie Greiff, Duane Hagen, Stephen Heidel, et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190697068.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Work is essential to healthy and adaptive human psychological functioning. The work ethic couples work and reward in order to endow work with meaning. The healthy workplace supports relationships and behaviors that promote a strong work ethic and cohesive group function such that the overall goals of the workplace can be accomplished and the mental health of the individual workers is enhanced. This book describes key drivers that disrupt the workplace environment and provides strategies and tools to address problematic behaviors and emotions that place the mental health of employees at risk and reduce the effectiveness of the organization. These tools can help managers, employees, and company leaders to optimize work functioning and informs mental health professionals who treat employees in distress.
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Burns, Nancy, Ashley Jardina, and Nicole Yadon. Women as a Force in Electoral Politics. Edited by Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger, and Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines the study of gender and electoral behavior. Early gender scholars took on the challenge of countering the literature’s portrait of women’s passivity and minority status. They provided analyses and data that could speak to the possibility that women were in fact participating, clear-eyed, and political. We begin with an overview of this early work, and outline the trajectory of research on gender and electoral politics through the present day, where women are now seen as a political force in American politics. Scholars have built on these groundbreaking efforts, re-centering attention more squarely on both women and men, gaining access to data they themselves shaped, and drawing on theoretical tools with a wider array of observable implications to shift understandings of sameness, difference, and the processes that give rise to these outcomes.
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Martí Molist, Joan. Assessing Volcanic Hazard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676889.013.32.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Volcanoes represent complex geological systems capable of generating many dangerous phenomena. To evaluate and manage volcanic risk, we need first to assess volcanic hazard (i.e., identify past volcanic system behavior to infer future behavior. This requires acquisition of all relevant geological and geophysical information, such as stratigraphic studies, geological mapping, sedimentological studies, petrologic studies, and structural studies. All this information is then used to elaborate eruption scenarios and hazard maps. Stratigraphic studies represent the main tool for the reconstruction of past activity of volcanoes over time periods exceeding their historical record. This review presents a systematic approach to volcanic hazard assessment, paying special attention to reconstruction of past eruptive history. It reviews concepts and methods most commonly used in long- and short-term hazard assessment and analyzes how they help address the various serious consequences derived from the occurrence (and nonoccurrence in some crisis alerts) of volcanic eruptions and related phenomena.
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Martí Molist, Joan. Assessing Volcanic Hazard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699420.013.32.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Volcanoes represent complex geological systems capable of generating many dangerous phenomena. To evaluate and manage volcanic risk, we need first to assess volcanic hazard (i.e., identify past volcanic system behavior to infer future behavior. This requires acquisition of all relevant geological and geophysical information, such as stratigraphic studies, geological mapping, sedimentological studies, petrologic studies, and structural studies. All this information is then used to elaborate eruption scenarios and hazard maps. Stratigraphic studies represent the main tool for the reconstruction of past activity of volcanoes over time periods exceeding their historical record. This review presents a systematic approach to volcanic hazard assessment, paying special attention to reconstruction of past eruptive history. It reviews concepts and methods most commonly used in long- and short-term hazard assessment and analyzes how they help address the various serious consequences derived from the occurrence (and nonoccurrence in some crisis alerts) of volcanic eruptions and related phenomena.
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Murphy, Dawn C. China's Rise in the Global South. Stanford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503630093.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As China and the U.S. increasingly compete for power in key areas of U.S. influence, great power conflict looms. Yet few studies have looked to the Middle East and Africa, regions of major political, economic, and military importance for both China and the U.S., to theorize how China competes in a changing world system. China's Rise in the Global South examines China's behavior as a rising power in two key Global South regions, the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. Dawn C. Murphy, drawing on extensive fieldwork and hundreds of interviews, compares and analyzes thirty years of China's interactions with these regions across a range of functional areas: political, economic, foreign aid, and military. From the Belt and Road initiative to the founding of new cooperation forums and special envoys, China's Rise in the Global South offers an in-depth look at China's foreign policy approach to the countries it considers its partners in South-South cooperation. Intervening in the emerging debate between liberals and realists about China's future as a great power, Murphy contends that China is constructing an alternate international order to interact with these regions, and this book provides policymakers and scholars of international relations with the tools to analyze it.
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Strahilevitz, Michal. A Closer Look at the Causes and Consequences of Frequent Stock Trading. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines the phenomenon of frequent stock trading. Specifically, it covers the ample research demonstrating the negative effects of frequent trading on investor returns, as well as several possible underlying causes for this irrational behavior. Possible causes of frequent trading discussed include overconfidence, risk seeking, gambling addiction, frequency of negative emotions, and emotional instability. The chapter also examines gender differences. Although the body of research showing that frequent trading is bad for returns is vast, many investors continue to trade too often for their own good. Therefore, besides discussing potential causes of frequent stock trading, this chapter also stresses the need for future research to identify effective methods of helping investors reduce this financially harmful behavior.
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Holt, Katrina, ed. Bright Futures Nutrition, Pocket Guide. 3rd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581106251.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Handy pocket guide to accompany the new 3rd edition of Bright Futures Nutrition. Handy go-anywhere tool provides ready access to key points from the comprehensive Bright Futures: Nutrition. Bulletted format highlights the essentials of nutritional screening, assessment, and supervision for each developmental period. Contents includes: Building Bright Futures: Nutrition, Bright Futures: Vision and goals, About Bright Futures: Nutrition, Infancy (Prenatal - Age 11 Months), Early Childhood ( Ages 1-4), Middle Childhood (Ages 5-10), Adolescence (Ages 11-21), Key Indicators of Nutrition Risk for Children and Adolescents, Strategies for Health Professionals to Promote Healthy Eating Behaviors, Tips for Fostering a Positive Body Image Among children and Adolescents, Basics for Handling Food Safety, Federal Nutrition Assistance Programs.
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Bafadhel, Mona. Prevention of respiratory disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0344.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The prevention of disease at a population health level rather than an individual health level is aimed at reducing causes of ‘preventable’ death and, under the auspices of public health and epidemiology, is an integral part of primary, secondary, and tertiary care. Classification of death is usually according to the type of primary disease or injury. However, there are a number of recognized risk factors for death, and modifications in behaviour or risk factors can substantially reduce preventable causes of death and the associated healthcare and economic burden of chronic disease management. According to the WHO, hundreds of millions of people from infancy to old age suffer from preventable chronic respiratory diseases, there are over four million deaths annually from preventable respiratory diseases, and common respiratory disorders (e.g. lower respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and tuberculosis) account for approximately 20% of all deaths worldwide. This chapter discusses the prevention of respiratory disease, covering diseases associated with smoking (one of the biggest risk factors associated with preventable deaths), air pollution, and other lifestyle factors associated with respiratory disease; changes in legislation concerning smoking and work-related respiratory disease; and, finally, the prevention of respiratory diseases through the use of immunization and screening tools.
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Burgio, Louis D., and Matthew J. Wynn. The REACH OUT Caregiver Support Program. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190855949.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Our nation increasingly relies on family members or friends (i.e., informal caregivers) for needed care and support as we age. Family caregivers typically assume their caregiving role willingly and reap personal fulfilment from helping a family member, developing new skills, and strengthening family relationships. For these benefits, however, caregivers often sacrifice their own health and well-being. Depression, anxiety, poor physical health, and compromised immune function are more common among family caregivers than in adults not providing such care. The REACH OUT (Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health: Offering Useful Treatments) program is a multicomponent, tailored, and flexible intervention for caregivers of people with dementia focused on the evidence-based therapeutic strategy of problem solving. This work is designed to guide clinicians through the process and provide them the necessary tools to share with caregivers with the goal of enhancing caregiver physical and mental health. Five common risk areas (home safety, caregiver health, social support, challenging behaviors, and emotional well-being) are described in the manual; and interventions are described that respect the nuances of each risk area. By beginning with an individualized risk assessment and being flexible to the needs and issues of the caregiver, the REACH OUT intervention helps clinicians identify risk areas and provide caregivers with tailored action plans to reduce risk and promote well-being.
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Brank, Eve, and Linda Demaine. The Psychology of Family Law. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479865413.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although family law is diverse and does not fit into a neat theoretical statement as do many other areas of law, one consistent theme is present in family law—human behavior. Although relying too heavily and uncritically on empirical data and conclusions can be risky, there is promise and utility in empirical science applied to family law. This book focuses on the premise that empirical research in family law can lead to better outcomes in many situations. Like other texts in the current Law and Psychology series, this book examines and includes a variety of psychological theories stemming from both applied and basic research. With that, the book has four main ambitions. First, it will explain the current state of family law. Second, it will demonstrate the relevance of psychological research to family law topics. Third, it will describe the existing research on those topics. And, fourth, it will outline areas for future research; offering specific research questions in some instances. Family law is inextricably linked with culture and time period; therefore, the book provides historical context and while examining individual behaviors and choices that laid foundations for our evolved and evolving current family law.
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Rascher, Wolfgang. Treatment of hypertension in children. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0219_update_001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Management of hypertension is dependent on the underlying cause and the magnitude of the blood pressure abnormality. Healthy behavioural changes are the primary management tool for treating primary hypertension in adolescents and other cardiovascular risk factors and obesity. In children and adolescents with renal hypertension, high blood pressure requires pharmacological treatment. There is randomized controlled trial evidence to support a blood pressure target for those with proteinuria of not higher than the 50th centile for age. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors is safe in patients with proteinuria, and assumed to be equally beneficial. For those without proteinuria, less stringent targets may be acceptable. Often a combination of two or three drugs is required to lower arterial blood pressure to the target blood pressures. In children and adolescents at or near end-stage renal failure, fluid removal by dialysis may be necessary to control hypertension.
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Ahmed, El Far. Abuse of Rights in International Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198850380.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, international arbitration has become plagued by different forms of substantive and procedural abuse. For example, we have witnessed a rise in cases where parties restructure their investments in an abusive manner by altering one of its features purely to gain access to ICSID arbitration. Similarly, the increasingly common practice of initiating parallel arbitral proceedings in order to maximise a party’s chances of success, and the possibility of inconsistent decisions pose a risk to standards of fairness. Abusive practices designed by parties to prejudice their opponents may undermine the fair resolution of disputes and frustrate the administration of arbitral justice. There are pre-existing tools and legal rules that can be utilised to prevent abuse. However, these tools are inherently rigid in their application and fail to remedy all forms of abuse. Abuse of Rights in International Arbitration introduces the principle of abuse of rights and considers its application as a general principle of law to prevent different forms of substantive and procedural abuse in international arbitration. The virtue of a single theory with a wide scope and an overarching premise is that it is a principle, which involves equity considerations, enjoys the flexibility of general principles of law, and can address different abusive behaviours. The author carefully examines the legal basis and core elements of abuse of rights and analyses the relevant case law to address how the principle may affect administration of arbitral justice. Arguing for the application of abuse of rights as a general principle of law, the author expertly examines how it could apply in both international commercial and investment arbitration to tackle procedural misconduct and different abusive practices.
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Holzer, Jacob C. The Psychiatric and Cognitive Mental Status Examination in the Medical-Legal Context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter provides an introduction to and overview of psychiatric and cognitive mental status examination in older adults, particularly within a medical-legal context. A methodical approach to the mental status examination involves assessment of a range of areas, including behavior, alertness, mood state, affect, thought content and process, sensory input and perception, symptom experience and safety variables, and cognitive domains including attention, language, visuospatial, memory and executive cognitive functions. This assessment can be critical in a variety of forensic contexts involving the elderly, including civil commitment, different forms of capacity, end-of-life decision making, assisting in the determination of safe or unsafe driving, risk of victimization and abuse, criminal competency and responsibility evaluations, and need for assisted and structured living. Rating scales and tools can augment, but not replace, the examination.
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Canli, Turhan. Neurogenethics. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.27.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ethical inquiry has followed advances in biology for decades, and different fields within biology have given rise to overlapping yet distinct areas of ethical inquiry. Genethics focuses on the ethics of genetics. Neuroethics focuses on the ethics of neuroscience. The author suggests that developments in molecular psychology, in which the tools of molecular biology are applied to study behavior, bring a new confluence of factors to generate a set of new questions, unique to the combination of neuroscience and genetics: neurogenethics—the ethics of neurogenetics. The questions are unique and novel because they emerge when genetic techniques are applied to the brain: to reprogram neural circuits and psychological processes, better predict behavior, personalize mental health treatment, and understand the Self. This chapter outlines the problem space and discusses specific examples of future neurogenethics research areas: viral-mediated gene therapy directed at the brain, optogenetics, imaging genetics, therapygenetics, and direct-to-consumer genomics.
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LaRose, Anna Terajewicz, and John Renner. Alcohol and Older Adults. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0004.
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This chapter reviews the prevalence, health risks, and treatment of alcohol use in older adults. We consider epidemiological data showing that a significant proportion of older adults who use alcohol exhibit harmful drinking behavior. We explore the recommendations for alcohol use and definitions of unhealthy use, the neurobiology of alcohol addiction, cognitive effects of alcohol use, and medical sequelae of chronic alcohol use. We identify biomarkers, effective screening tools, and brief interventions for hazardous and harmful alcohol use in older adults. Possible benefits for light alcohol use, as well as risks and medical complications of alcohol use among older adults, are considered. Finally, we review the medical treatment of intoxication and alcohol-use disorders in this population, with an emphasis on the need for evidence-based research to guide clinical practices in identifying harmful levels of use and developing treatment strategies for older patients with alcohol use disorders.
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Churchill, Robert Paul. Providing Protection and Leveraged Reform. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190468569.003.0007.
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This is the first of three chapters on protecting girls and women at risk and bringing about the end of honor killing. These short-term, emergency measures are understood as occurring while other efforts are made to achieve the long-term abolition of honor killing. Also examined are possibilities for leveraging change; that is, changing behaviors through pressures from outside honor–shame communities and through pressures that are coercive. Emergency interventions discussed include those tested elsewhere as well as new initiatives. Insofar as possible, trusted members of local communities should administer emergency interventions. Interventions include hotlines, smartphone apps, information networks, mobile crisis teams, observer-informants, shelters, halfway houses, family centers, granting asylum, and others. The objective of leveraged change, primarily initiated by outside change agents, is to make continuing honor killings too costly. Recommended leveraging strategies include legal reforms, moral entrepreneurship, initiative by media and national elites, and decreasing learned and socialized aggression.
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Whish, Richard, and David Bailey. Competition Law. 10th ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198836322.001.0001.
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Competition Law explains competition law and policy in the EU and UK. The intention is to provide the reader with an understanding of competition law and policy, to introduce the reader to key economic concepts, legal principles and tools in competition law, and to provide insights into the numerous different issues that arise when applying competition law to market behaviour. Describing the economic rationale for the law, the chapters consider the application of EU and UK competition law to various business practices, including cartels, cooperation agreements, distribution agreements, licences of intellectual property rights, joint ventures, and mergers. The text has been updated to include the changes to UK law as a consequence of Brexit. It discusses for the first time the rise of powerful digital platforms and the quest for a suitable competition law and regulatory response to this phenomenon. It also considers the implications of the European Green Deal and the sustainability agenda for EU competition law and practice. The text incorporates extensive new legislation, case-law, decisional practice, guidelines and periodical literature at EU and UK level.
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Porter, Ethan. The Consumer Citizen. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526781.001.0001.
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Americans spend far more time thinking about what to buy, and what not to buy, than they do about politics. Political leaders often make political claims while using consumer terminology, and political decisions resemble consumer decisions in surprising ways. Together, these forces help give rise to the consumer citizen: a person who depends on tools and techniques familiar from consumer life to make sense of politics. Understanding citizens as consumer citizens has implications for a broad array of topics related to public opinion and political behavior. More than a dozen new experiments make clear that appealing to the consumer citizen as consumer citizen can increase trust in government, improve attitudes toward taxes, and enhance political knowledge. Indeed, such appeals can even cause people to sign up for government-sponsored health insurance. However, the consumer citizen may also prefer candidates whose policies would explicitly undercut their own self-interest. Two concepts from consumer psychology—consumer fairness and operational transparency—are especially useful for understanding the consumer citizen. Although the rise of the consumer citizen may trouble democratic theorists, the lessons of the consumer citizen can be applied to a new approach to civic education, with the aim of enriching democracy and public life.
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Davis, Joy Lawson, and Shawn Anthony Robinson. Being 3e, A New Look at Culturally Diverse Gifted Learners with Exceptional Conditions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190645472.003.0017.
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Our nation’s population of culturally diverse students continues to rise. Among this group are many whose intellect and creativity are often masked by behaviors often seen by classroom teachers as a deficit or in such need of correction that the same student’s gifts are seldom given any attention and therefore, go under-developed. Teachers with broader cultural experience, training, and openness to diverse expressions of intelligence and creativity tend to fare better when working with diverse learners and are able to capitalize on their strengths, despite specific disabling conditions. The challenges of being a culturally diverse learner with high potential and identifiable disabling conditions are complex and often troubling to students, their parents, and teachers. This newly conceptualized 3e status presents a quagmire of conditions requiring that educators view these students through a different set of lenses and utilize a more creative tool box of strategies to bring out the best in these often overlooked and misdiagnosed learners. This chapter will explore the challenges, provide real-life cases, and offer unique, but practical strategies matched to student traits. Recommendations will also be offered for parents and family members to enhance their role as advocates for their uniquely exceptional children.
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Rowell, Arden, Kenworthey Bilz, and Linda Demaine. Psychology of Environmental Law. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479812301.001.0001.
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This is a book about the psychology of environmental law. Psychology can affect environmental legal doctrine and institutions by affecting how people perceive, respond to, value, and make decisions about the environment. Where environmental law fails to incorporate insights from psychology, it risks misunderstanding and mispredicting human behaviors that injure and affect the environment, and misprescribing legal tools to shape those behaviors. Yet there is no robust tradition of psychological analysis within environmental law. This book is intended to help change that, by sparking and supporting discussion about how psychology can inform, explain, and improve how environmental law operates. It begins by identifying what is distinctively psychological about environmental law, arguing that many of the characteristics that make environmental injury distinctive also implicate distinctive psychological phenomena, and understanding those phenomena can help in crafting, enforcing, and understanding the impact of laws that seek to manage environmental injury. In particular, it suggests that the distinctively diffuse, complex, and nonhuman character of environmental injury has psychological as well as legal implications. The book then explores the payoff of applying a psychological analysis to environmental law, exploring the policy, practical, and doctrinal implications of psychology in pollution control, ecosystem management, and climate change law and policy.
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Lekander, Mats. The Inflamed Feeling. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863441.001.0001.
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What do wanting to stay in bed, feeling sick, and being afraid of strangers have in common? The answer is that these feelings can reflect a drive which evolved in our ancestors to combat the threat of infection to survival. Listening to the body’s message to the brain that you are sick allows you to save energy that can be used for recuperation and recovery. Urges of staying still, noticing pain, feeling sorry for yourself, and focusing inward are thus bodily messages that benefit the immune defense. Similarly, superficial signs of ill health in others, or even the prejudicial idea of a person with a foreign bacterial culture, can cause anxiety and avoidance as part of the defense strategy. Being at a life or death juncture, your brain and your immune system join forces to preserve or regain health. Having a too high or too low sensitivity to inner or outer disease signals is therefore connected to a risk for mental as well as somatic disorders. In this book, Mats Lekander explains the science behind perceived health, using an arsenal of Barbie dolls, visual illusions, personal experiences, placebo, hypochondriacs, and historical anecdotes against a backdrop of the latest neuroscience and psychoneuroimmunology (the science of the brain, behavior, and immunity). He describes when he poisoned himself at work and enjoyed it, and why white blood cells and inflammation are key players when our brains try to guess what is going on in our inner worlds.
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Rettberg, Angelika, Carlo Nasi, Ralf J. Leiteritz, and Juan Diego Prieto, eds. Different Resources, Different Conflicts? The Subnational Political Economy of Armed Conflict and Crime in Colombia. Universidad de los Andes, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30778/2019.116.
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This book explores some of the risks associated with sustainable peace in Colombia. The book intentionally steers away from the emphasis on the drug trade as the main resource fueling Colombian conflicts and violence, a topic that has dominated scholarly attention. Instead, it focuses on the links that have been configured over decades of armed conflict between legal resources (such as bananas, coffee, coal, flowers, gold, ferronickel, emeralds, and oil), conflict dynamics, and crime in several regions of Colombia. The book thus contributes to a growing trend in the academic literature focusing on the subnational level of armed conflict behavior. It also illustrates how the social and economic context of these resources can operate as deterrents or as drivers of violence. The book thus provides important lessons for policymakers and scholars alike: Just as resources have been linked to outbreaks and transformations of violence, peacebuilding too needs to take into account their impacts, legacies, and potential
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Understanding Children's Sexual Behaviors: What's Healthy And Natural. USA: Toni Cavanagh Johnson, 2015.
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Understanding Children's Sexual Behaviors: What's Natural And Healthy. 2nd ed. USA: Toni Cavanagh Johnson, 2015.
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Pacchioni, Gianfranco. The Overproduction of Truth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799887.001.0001.
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The way science is done has changed radically in the last years. The personal reflections and experiences of a protagonist help us to understand the mechanisms of contemporary science. A system where passion, dedication and reliability, have increasingly less room, pressed by hard market laws. From vocation of a few, science has become the profession of many, possibly too many. With consequences and risks, such as the increase of frauds, plagiarism, but in particular with a huge amount of scientific publications, often of little relevance. The solution? A slow approach with more emphasis to quality than quantity, that helps us to rediscover the central role of a responsible scientist. The work is a critical review and assessment of present-day policies and behaviors in science production and publication, touching upon the tumultuous growth of scientific Journals, in parallel to the growth of self-declared scientists over the world. Along with personal reminiscences of times past, the author investigates the loopholes and hoaxes of pretended Journals and non-existing Congresses, so common nowadays in the scientific arena. The troubles with bibliometric indices are also discussed, as resulting in large part from the above distortions of science life.
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Lindner, Ralf, Michael Decker, Elisabeth Ehrensperger, Nils B. Heyen, Stephan Lingner, Constanze Scherz, and Mahshid Sotoudeh, eds. Gesellschaftliche Transformationen. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748901556.
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The intensively discussed term transformation refers to the comprehensive restructuring of processes and behaviour in order to address societal challenges posed by far-reaching changes in energy, transport, production and agricultural systems. Since such complex transformations are always accompanied by uncertainties about their effects and consequences, the contributions in this volume critically examine the opportunities and risks involved in these processes and discuss the possibilities and limits of technology assessment in the context of societal transformations. The volume brings together the academic contributions to the 8th international conference of the Technology Assessment Network, which took place in Karlsruhe from 7th to 8th November 2018. With contributions by Fabian Adelt, Marius Albiez, Annika Arnold, Walaa Bashary, Anja Bauer, Richard Beecroft, Alexander Bogner, Stefan Böschen, Tanja Bratan, Simone Colombo, Michael Decker, Rico Defila, Antonietta Di Giulio, Marion Dreyer, Elisabeth Ehrensperger, Philipp Ellett, Lorenz Erdmann, Ali Abdelshafy Ezzat, Erik Fisher, Michael Friedewald, Livia Fritz, Daniela Fuchs, Maryegli Fuss, Armin Grunwald, Niklas Gudowsky, Kristin Hagen, Simeon Hassemer, Alexandra Hausstein, Nils B. Heyen, Diego Iván Hidalgo Rodriguez, Peter Hocke, Florian Hoffmann, Sebastian Hoffmann, Michael Jonas, Dorothee Keppler, Jeanette Klink-Lehmann, Hannah Kosow, Cordula Kropp, Sophie Kuppler, Bastian Lange, Wolfgang Liebert, Ralf Lindner, Stephan Lingner, Andreas Lösch, Maria Maia, Martin Nicholas, Melanie Mbah, Franziska Meinherz, Rolf Meyer, Johanna Myrzik, Lisa Nabitz, Linda Nierling, Oliver Parodi, Witold-Roger Poganietz, Carmen Priefer, Filippo Reale, Ernst Dieter Rossmann, André Schaffrin, Dirk Scheer, Constanze Scherz, Jan Cornelius Schmidt, Maike Schmidt, Flurina Schneider, Andreas Seebacher, Astrid Segert, Mahshid Sotoudeh, Helge Torgersen, Ulrich Ufer, Karsten Weber, Matthias Weber and Johannes Weyer.
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Fluke, John D., Mónica López López, Rami Benbenishty, Erik J. Knorth, and Donald J. Baumann, eds. Decision-Making and Judgment in Child Welfare and Protection. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190059538.001.0001.
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Professionals working in child welfare and child protection are making decisions with crucial implications for children and families on a daily basis. The types of judgements and decisions they make vary and include decisions such as whether a child is at risk of significant harm by parents, whether to remove a child from home or to reunify a child with parents after some time in care. These decisions are intended to help achieve the best interests of the child. Unfortunately, they can sometimes also doom children and families unnecessarily to many years of pain and suffering. Surprisingly, despite the central role of judgments and decision making in professional practice and its deep impact on children and families, child welfare and protection training and research programs have paid little attention to this crucial aspect of practice. Furthermore, although extensive knowledge about professional judgment and decision making has been accumulated in relevant areas, such as medicine, business administration, and economics, little has been done to help transfer and translate this knowledge to the child welfare and protection areas. This book represents our aspiration to fill this critical gap in the child welfare and protection research agenda, while providing an up-to-date resource for practitioners and policy makers. It is our purpose to provide the reader with the ideas, methods and tools to improve their understanding of how context and decision-maker behaviors affect child welfare and protection decision making, and how such knowledge might lead to improvements in decision-making.
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Laland, Kevin N. Darwin's Unfinished Symphony. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182810.001.0001.
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Humans possess an extraordinary capacity for cultural production, from the arts and language to science and technology. How did the human mind—and the uniquely human ability to devise and transmit culture—evolve from its roots in animal behavior? This book presents a new theory of human cognitive evolution. It reveals how culture is not just the magnificent end product of an evolutionary process that produced a species unlike all others—it is also the key driving force behind that process. The book shows how the learned and socially transmitted activities of our ancestors shaped our intellects through accelerating cycles of evolutionary feedback. The truly unique characteristics of our species—such as our intelligence, language, teaching, and cooperation—are not adaptive responses to predators, disease, or other external conditions. Rather, humans are creatures of their own making. The book explains how animals imitate, innovate, and have remarkable traditions of their own. It traces our rise from scavenger apes in prehistory to modern humans able to design iPhones, dance the tango, and send astronauts into space. This book tells the story of the painstaking fieldwork, the key experiments, the false leads, and the stunning scientific breakthroughs that led to this new understanding of how culture transformed human evolution. It is the story of how Darwin's intellectual descendants picked up where he left off and took up the challenge of providing a scientific account of the evolution of the human mind.
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Gramiccia, Marina. The Leishmanioses. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0051.
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Leishmanioses are a large group of parasitic diseases range over the intertropical zones of America and Africa, and extend into temperate regions of South America, Southern Europe and Asia. The clinical aspect of the diseases is wide ranging from a simple, self-resolving cutaneous lesion to the potentially fatal visceral leishmaniosis, known as kala-azar. In numerous underdeveloped countries leishmanioses remain a major public health problem representing one of the most neglected diseases. Among 15 well-recognized Leishmania species known to infect humans, 13 have definite zoonotic nature, which include agents of visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms of the disease in both the Old and New Worlds. Mammal reservoir hosts belong to the marsupalia, edentata, carnivora, hyracoidea, and rodentia, maintaining sylvatic zoonotic foci in the deserts of Africa and Asia, the forests of South and Central America, as well as synanthropic foci in the Mediterranean basin and much of South America. Although the known vectors are all phlebotomine sandflies, these have a wide range of specific habits and habitats. The complexity of this group of infections has only recently been appreciated and is still being worked out. Currently, leishmanioses show a wider geographical distribution than previously known, with increased global incidence of human disease. Environmental, demographic and human behavioural factors contribute to the changing leishmaniosis landscape, which basically include increasing risk factors for zoonotic cutaneous leishmanioses, and new scenarios associated with the zoonotic entity of visceral leishmaniosis. In comparison with the anthroponotic entities of leishmaniosis, limited progresses were made for the control of the zoonotic ones, consisting mainly in new tools developed for the control of L. infantum in the canine reservoir.
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Lawreniuk, Sabina, and Laurie Parsons. Going Nowhere Fast. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859505.001.0001.
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This book sets out to answer a question of global importance: how does inequality persist in our increasingly mobile world? It is a contentious problem. From Barack Obama to Pope Francis, inequality is often referred to as the greatest threat to our democracy, society and economy. Yet in an era some call the ‘age of migration’, opportunity has apparently never been more accessible. Long and short distance transport—from motorbikes to aeroplanes—are available to more people than ever before. What’s more, physical mobility tells only part of the story. Telecommunications have transformed our lives, ushering in an era of translocality, in which the behaviour of people and communities are influenced from hundreds or even thousands of miles apart. Nevertheless, amidst ever more complex flows of people, ideas, and capital, persistent inequality cuts a jarringly static figure. The worst off all too often remain impervious to the winds of economic dynamism, whilst those who were better off in one place remain so in another. This is an age-old story enmeshed in modern complexities. The vast economic successes of India and China have redrawn the map of global poverty in recent decades, contributing to falling inequality between countries even as inequality within countries is on the rise. Scale, in other words, matters and this book sets out to show why. Eschewing the international cross-sectional analysis employed in others on the topic of inequality, in favour of a deep dive approach to its subject, its eight chapters bring together a decade of research across multiple contexts to cast a forensic eye over the many of faces of inequality in a rapidly changing environment. Tracing a “miraculous” decade of development in Cambodia, one of the world’s fastest growing economies since the turn of the millennium, it brings together a broad toolbox of data to make a case for inequality not as an economic phenomenon, but as a ‘total social fact’ in which stories, stigma, obligation, and assets combine to lock social structures in place.
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Mpedi, Letlhokwa George, ed. Santa Claus: Law, Fourth Industrial Revolution, Decolonisation and Covid-19. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928314837.
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The origins of Santa Claus, or so I am told, is that the young Bishop Nicholas secretly delivered three bags of gold as dowries for three young girls to their indebted father to save them from a life of prostitution. Armed with immortality, a factory of elves and a fleet of reindeer, his has been a lasting legacy, inextricably linked to Christmas. Of course, this Christmas looks a little different. Amidst a global pandemic, shimmying down the chimneys of strangers certainly does not adhere to social distancing guidelines. Some borders remain closed, and in some instances, the quarantine period is far too long. After all, he only has 24 hours to spread cheer across the world. As with the rest of us, Santa Claus is likely to get the remote working treatment. The reindeers this year are likely to be self-driving, reminiscent of an Amazon swarm of technology, and the naughty and nice lists are likely to be based on algorithms derived from social media accounts. In the age of the fourth industrial revolution, it is difficult to imagine that letters suffice anymore. How many posts were verified as real before shared? Enough to get you a drone. Fake news? Here is a lump of coal. Will we see elves in personal protective equipment (PPE) and will Santa Claus, high risk because of age and his likely comorbidities from the copious amount of cookies, have to self-isolate in the North Pole? In fact, will there be any toys at all this year? Surely production has been stalled with the restrictions on imports and exports into the North Pole. Perhaps, there is a view to outsourcing, or perhaps, there is a shift towards local production and supply chains. More importantly, as we have done in many instances in this period, maybe we should pause to reflect on the current structures in place. The sanctification of a figure so clearly dismissive of the Global South and to be critical, quite classist must be called into question. From some of the keenest minds, the contributions in this book make a strong case against this holly jolly man. We traverse important topics such as, is the constitution too lenient with a clear intruder who has conveniently branded himself a Good Samaritan? Allegations of child labour under the guise of elves, blatant animal cruelty, constant surveillance in stark contrast to many democratic ideals and his possible threat to national security come to the fore. Nevertheless, as the song goes, he is aware when you are asleep, and he knows when you are awake. Is feminism a farce to this beloved man – what role does Mrs Claus play and why are there inherent gender norms in his toys? Then is the worry of closed borders and just how accurate his COVID-19 tests are. Of course, this brings his ethics into question. While there is an agreement that transparency, justice and fairness, nonmaleficence, responsibility, and privacy are the core ethical principles, the meaning of these principles differs, particularly across countries and cultures. Why are we subject to Santa Claus’ notions of good and evil when he is so far removed from our context? As Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein would tell you, this is fundamentally a nudge from Santa Claus for children to fit into his ideals. A nudge, coined by Thaler, is a choice that predictably changes people’s behaviour without forbidding any options or substantially changing their economic incentives. Even with pinched cheeks and an air of holiday cheer, Santa Claus has to come under scrutiny. In the process of decolonising knowledge and looking at various epistemologies, does Santa still make the cut?