Статті в журналах: "Bidirectional EV charger"

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Lara, Jorge, Concepción Hernández, Marco Arjona, Lesedi Masisi, and Ambrish Chandra. "Bidirectional EV charger with ancillary power quality capabilities." Ingeniería Investigación y Tecnología 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fi.25940732e.2022.23.1.008.

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Анотація:

This paper presents a bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) charger with ancillary power quality (PQ) capabilities in grid-to-vehicle (G2V), vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-home (V2H) applications. The proposed configuration consists of a five-level (5L) neutral point clamped (NPC) converter in cascaded with a dual-active half bridge (DAHB) DC-DC converter. The proposed cascaded control strategy used for regulating the common DC bus voltage as well as for compensating the grid current harmonics and the reactive power through the 5L-converter is based on a performant proportional-resonant (PR) compensator. By applying the single-phase-shift (SPS) technique to the DAHB converter, the battery power flow is accurately regulated. A detailed study with exhaustive tests and simulation results obtained in MATLAB-SimPowerSystems for a full-scale power system based on a Nissan Leaf´s battery validate the fairly good performance of the proposed configuration and control strategies. The main achievements of this work are: 1) the system’s stability is maintained even during fairly abrupt changing conditions, 2) in steady state of the G2V/V2G operation modes, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid current remains below 3% while the power factor (PF) is kept at unity, 3) the reactive power demanded from the grid is zero in spite of feeding a highly nonlinear load, and 4) when a power outage occurs, the transition to the V2H mode is seamless and the home load is uninterruptedly supplied with a very low-distortion output voltage from the 5L-converter.

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Triviño, Alicia, Jose M. Gonzalez-Gonzalez, and Miguel Castilla. "Review on Control Techniques for EV Bidirectional Wireless Chargers." Electronics 10, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 1905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10161905.

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Анотація:

Due to their flexibility, Electric Vehicles (EVs) constitute an important asset for the integration of renewable energy sources in the Smart Grid. In particular, they should have a dual role: as a controllable load and as a mobile generator with a low inertia. To perform these tasks, chargers must provide the electronics with a power flow from the grid to the vehicle and vice versa. This bidirectionality can also be implemented in wireless chargers. The power converters, the compensation networks and the coil misalignment must be considered when designing the control of these systems. This paper presents a review about the proposed algorithms to control the active and the reactive power flow in a bidirectional wireless charger.

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3

Satish, K., and B. Sankara Prasad. "On- Board Non-Isolated Battery Charger for EV Application Using the BDC." Journal of Advance Research in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2395) 2, no. 5 (May 31, 2015): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nneee.v2i5.193.

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Non-isolated battery charger has been giving solutions in industrial applications so far. The survey has explained that generated torque in the motor must be zero to use the motor in charger circuit. Furthermore, this paper has been presented bidirectional converter for electric drive the proposed non-isolated integrated chargers are following advantages viz. Less price; structure is simple and very easy to control. Furthermore the switching devices have been replaced with electronic switches therefore lower price of thecharger compared to the other alternatives. Results have been presented using MATLAB/Simulink software.

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4

Jangam Susmitha and B.Parasuram. "A NOVEL ANFIS CONTROLLER BASED V-G ENABLED IN BIDIRECTIONAL EV CHARGER FOR REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 6, no. 6 (November 28, 2022): 685–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2022.v06i06.113.

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As a charger (g2v) and power generator (V2G), the ANFIS controller-based EV charger in off-board EV we propose in this research will also serve as a reactive power compensation device. In the front end, an AC-DC spiralled H-bridge transformer regulates power flow between both the grid as well as the EV battery, whereas a back-end DC-DC transformer controls this same power flow. The charger setup offers galvanic isolation from the rest of the system at the user's end as a safety precaution. The suggested ANFIS management algorithm follows active power instructions for G2V and V2G operation, as well as reactive power orders from the utility grid, as required, by controlling EV current and battery current. In addition, an adaptive notch filter-based controller is built for phase estimation and produced reference current synchronisation. The suggested control approach eliminates the phase-locked loop (PLL) from the controller design. Because the controller's steady-state and transient performance increases, its computing complexity reduces. A MATLAB/Simulink model of a 12.6 kVA off-board charge is also developed, and the proposed control individual's performance is assessed during in the EV charger's G2V, V2G, & power factor correction operations.

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Khandare, Mr Akshay A. "Performance Evaluation of Single-Phase On-Board Charger with Advanced Controller." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 1280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37556.

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Abstract: The increasing mobility of electric vehicles has inspired vehicle growth to power grid technology. Such as vehicle to grid technology allows to transfer the power from the electric vehicle battery to the power grid. This enable speak load shaving, load leveling, voltage regulation, and improved stability of the power system. To develop the vehicle to grid technology requires a specialized EV battery charger, which permits the bi-directional energy transfer between the power grid and the electric vehicle battery. There is a specific control strategy used for a bi-directional battery charger. The proposed control strategy is used for charge and discharge battery of EV. The charger strategy has two parts: 1) Bidirectional AC-DC Converter in two-way Communication System. 2) Bidirectional DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter. There are two modes of operation for a bidirectional ac-dc converter: for G2V, rectifying mode is used, and for V2G, inverter mode is used. The suggested charge strategy not only allows for two-directional power flow but also provides power quality management of the power grid. Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) transforms linguistic control topology evaluations knowledge into an automated control topology using FLC. The FLC is more stable, has less overshoot, and responds quickly. The operation of a standard PI controller and a FLC was compared in this study using MATLAB and Simulink, and different time domain characteristics were compared as toshow that the FLC had a smaller overshoot and a faster response than the PI controller. Keywords: Bi-directional AC-DC converter, bi-directional DC-DC Buck-Boost converter, electric vehicles (EVs), on-board battery charger (OBC), grid to vehicle (G2V), vehicle to grid (V2G).

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Meena, Veerpratap, Dr Vinay Pant, Arunendra Verma, and Kanchan Chariya. "Performance Analysis of Fast Charging Stations for G2V and V2G Micro-grid Systems." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (July 30, 2020): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul460.

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In order to promote the switching from ICE vehicles to more environment friendly EVs, a network of fast charging stations is necessary. A lot of research is being conducted in this area in order to design efficient models of chargers along with developing new technologies to mitigate the current problems encountered such as the charging time, incapability to charge multiple vehicles at a time etc. This paper presents the different ways of classifying EV battery charging technologies and also a topological survey of different charging stations proposed in the literature. A three-phase bidirectional charger and a modular fast charger proposed in the literature are also presented along with their modelling, control strategies and simulation results to analyse their respective performances.

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Krishna, Bekkam, D. Anusha, and V. Karthikeyan. "Ultra-Fast DC Charger with Improved Power Quality and Optimal Algorithmic Approach to Enable V2G and G2V." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 12 (February 24, 2020): 2050197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620501972.

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In existing electric vehicle (EV) charger topology, due to the presence of line frequency transformer and bidirectional DC-DC/AC converters, the circuit complexity in the structure gets increased in EV charger; thereby, it results bigger in size for high capacity. Moreover, due to rectification mode, it consumes the power with poor power quality. To overcome these drawbacks, this paper proposes a single input-dual port (SIDP) isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter (IBDC) to achieve ultra-fast EV charging of the battery. Also, to improve the power quality, a novel DC-link-fed PFC control strategy is proposed in this paper. Moreover, enabling grid to vehicle (G2V) and vehicle to grid (V2G) operation at bidirectional way depends on the situation such as state of charge (SOC) levels, off-peak and peak hours and user-defined data, which have been implemented using optimal algorithmic approach (OAA). The closed-loop control strategies are implemented to transfer the power at an accurate range using PWM plus phase-shifting approach. Moreover, it has the advantages of smaller in size due to the presence of medium frequency transformer and power quality gets improved without any additional converter stage. Finally, to validate the proposed operation, the results are observed under various case studies and conditional input from the customer and presented in this paper. Furthermore, the experimental results have been presented to validate the operation.

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Al Attar, Houssein, Mohamed Assaad Hamida, Malek Ghanes, and Miassa Taleb. "LLC DC-DC Converter Performances Improvement for Bidirectional Electric Vehicle Charger Application." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010002.

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Electric Vehicle (EV) bidirectional charger technology is growing in importance. It defines the fact of returning the electricity stored in the batteries of EV to Grid (V2G), to Home (V2H), to Load (V2L), or in one word V2X mode. The EV onboard charger is divided into two parts: AC-DC and DC-DC converters. The isolated bidirectional DC-DC LLC resonant converter is used to improve the charger efficiency within both battery power and voltage ranges. It is controlled by varying the switching frequency based on a small signal modeling approach using the gain transfer function inversion method. The dimensions of the DC-DC LLC converter directly affect the charger cost. Moreover, they cause an important control frequency saturation zone, especially in V2X mode, where the switching frequency is out of the feasibility zone. The new challenge in this paper is to design an optimization strategy to minimize the LLC converter cost and improve the control frequency feasibility zone, for a wide variation of battery voltage and converter power, in the charging (G2V) and discharging (V2X) modes simultaneously. For our best knowledge, this optimization problem, in the case of a bidirectional (G2V and V2X) charger, is not yet considered in the literature. An optimal design that considers the control stability equations in the optimization algorithm is elaborated. The obtained results show a significant converter cost decrease and important expansion of control frequency feasibility zones. A comparative study between initial and optimized values, in G2V and V2X modes, is generated according to the converter efficiency.

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9

Kumar Pandey, Neeraj, and Rashmi Sharma. "Bidirectional Converter for Charging /Discharging of Battery." Journal of Futuristic Sciences and Applications 3, no. 1 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/jfsa.312001.

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A better option for V2G and G2V compatibility is a bidirectional dc/dc on-board charger for EV battery discharging/charging application. Isolated converters favour working with high power densities over a wide variety of loads, which is advantageous for EV applications. For all power switches in both directions, the bidirectional converter executes the stepup and stepdown operation at zero voltage switching. There are two different types of architectures—direct and indirect architectures—that can be used to link EVs to the grid. The EV and the grid system operator only have one communication channel to use under the direct architecture. The indirect architecture, on the other hand, calls for communication between the grid operator and a middle system (sometimes referred to as an aggregator). In this essay, we focus on the earlier design. Electric vehicles (EVs) engage in continuous charge-discharge cycles when they connect to the grid to carry out various V2G services. The expense related to the EV batteries’ deterioration needs to be examined and assessed, therefore these cycles may be of major concern to the owners of the vehicles. In light of this, the battery cycle life (CL) must be taken into account while talking about the battery’s deterioration.

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10

Kisacikoglu, Mithat C., Burak Ozpineci, and Leon M. Tolbert. "EV/PHEV Bidirectional Charger Assessment for V2G Reactive Power Operation." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 28, no. 12 (December 2013): 5717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2013.2251007.

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11

Kataoka, Ryosuke, Akira Shichi, Hiroyuki Yamada, Yumiko Iwafune, and Kazuhiko Ogimoto. "Comparison of the Economic and Environmental Performance of V2H and Residential Stationary Battery: Development of a Multi-Objective Optimization Method for Homes of EV Owners." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040078.

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The use of batteries of electric vehicles (EVs) for home electricity applications using a bidirectional charger, a process called vehicle-to-home (V2H), is attracting the attention of EV owners as a valuable additional benefit of EVs. To motivate owners to invest in V2H, a quantitative evaluation to compare the performance of EV batteries with that of residential stationary batteries (SBs) is required. In this study, we developed a multi-objective optimization method for the household of EV owners using energy costs including investment and CO2 emissions as indices and compared the performances of V2H and SB. As a case study, a typical detached house in Japan was assumed, and we evaluated the economic and environmental aspects of solar power self-consumption using V2H or SB. The results showed that non-commuting EV owners should invest in V2H if the investment cost of a bidirectional charger is one third of the current cost as compared with inexpensive SB, in 2030. In contrast, our results showed that there were no advantages for commuting EV owners. The results of this study contribute to the rational setting of investment costs to increase the use of V2H by EV owners.

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Saadeh, Osama, Anwar Al Nawasrah, and Zakariya Dalala. "A Bidirectional Electrical Vehicle Charger and Grid Interface for Grid Voltage Dip Mitigation." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 3784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153784.

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Power quality issues have recently become a source of major concern due to the large increase in load demand and the addition of various sources of disturbance at the distribution level. Power quality mainly refers to voltage quality. Sudden load variations can lead to a fall in the line voltage magnitude, creating what is called a voltage sag. Many solutions have been proposed and implemented for voltage sag compensation. Power electronics-based solutions such as grid-connected converters and AC/DC schemes are considered basic units for transient voltage fault ride-through capability. This paper describes a multifunctional intelligent bidirectional electrical vehicle (EV) charger that is able to charge the EV battery at different power ratings in addition to voltage sag compensation. The performance of the proposed system is verified and validated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations (R2020A). The proposed solution can effectively meet three main requirements: charging the EV battery at different power ratings, detecting the voltage sag event, and providing the required active and reactive power compensation for voltage sag compensation.

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Barrero-González, Fermín, María Isabel Milanés-Montero, Eva González-Romera, Enrique Romero-Cadaval, and Carlos Roncero-Clemente. "Control Strategy for Electric Vehicle Charging Station Power Converters with Active Functions." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 18, 2019): 3971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203971.

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Based on the assumption that vehicles served by petrol stations will be replaced by Electric Vehicles (EV) in the future, EV public charging station facilities, with off-board fast chargers, will be progressively built. The power demand of these installations is expected to cause great impact on the grid, not only in terms of peak power demanded but also in terms of power quality, because most battery chargers behave as non-linear loads. This paper presents the proposal of a novel comprehensive global control strategy for the power electronic converters associated with bidirectional three-phase EV off-board fast chargers. The Charging Station facility Energy Management System (CS-EMS) sends to each individual fast charger the active and reactive power setpoints. Besides, in case the charger has available capacity, it is assigned to compensate a fraction of the harmonic current demanded by other loads at the charging facility. The proposed approach works well under distorted and unbalanced grid voltages. Its implementation results in improvement in the power quality of each fast charger, which contributes to improvement in the power quality at the charging station facility level, which can even provide ancillary services to the distribution network. Simulation tests are conducted, using a 100 kW power electronic converter model, under different load and grid conditions, to validate the effectiveness and the applicability of the proposed control strategy.

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Lee, Jun-Young, and Byung-Moon Han. "A Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer EV Charger Using Self-Resonant PWM." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 30, no. 4 (April 2015): 1784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2014.2346255.

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Kwon, Minho, and Sewan Choi. "An Electrolytic Capacitorless Bidirectional EV Charger for V2G and V2H Applications." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 32, no. 9 (September 2017): 6792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2016.2630711.

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Soni, Sanjay. "Dynamic Programming Based Optimised Energy Management Strategy." Journal of Futuristic Sciences and Applications 2, no. 1 (2019): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/jfsa.211902.

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A bidirectional dc/dc on-board charger for EV battery discharging/charging application is a preferable choice for V2G and G2V compatibility. It is useful for EV applications since isolated converters favour working with high power densities over a variety of loads. The bidirectional converter performs the stepup and stepdown operation at zero voltage switching for all power switches in both directions. EVs can be connected to the grid using either direct or indirect architectures, which are two different forms of architecture. Under the direct architecture, there is just one communication channel available for use by the EV and the grid system operator. The older design is the main topic of this essay. When electric vehicles (EVs) connect to the grid to provide various V2G services, they participate in continual charge-discharge cycles. These cycles may be of great concern to the owners of the vehicles because the cost associated with the degeneration of the EV batteries needs to be investigated and analysed. The strategy based on reinforced learning will be able to present a solution which is close to the optimal solution achieved by suing dynamic programming.

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González-Pérez, M., F. J. Asensio, J. I. San Martín, O. Oñederra, I. Zamora, and G. Saldaña. "Design of a bi-directional DC/DC converter for EV chargers oriented to V2G applications." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.262.

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In order to address the problems caused by climate change, electric vehicles have gained international attention in recent years. Furthermore, special attention is being paid to the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) services that this technology can provide. In this context, the development of bi-directional chargers is gaining importance. Taking all this into consideration, in this work a simple and easy-to-implement solution of the DC/DC stage of a bidirectional electronic charger that allows the integration of EVs in V2G applications has been designed and validated through simulation.

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Mishra, Debasish, Bhim Singh, and Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi. "Adaptive Current Control for a Bidirectional Interleaved EV Charger With Disturbance Rejection." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, no. 4 (July 2021): 4080–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2021.3074612.

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19

Chandra Mouli, Gautham Ram, Jos Schijffelen, Mike van den Heuvel, Menno Kardolus, and Pavol Bauer. "A 10 kW Solar-Powered Bidirectional EV Charger Compatible With Chademo and COMBO." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 34, no. 2 (February 2019): 1082–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2829211.

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Restrepo, Mauricio, Jordan Morris, Mehrdad Kazerani, and Claudio A. Canizares. "Modeling and Testing of a Bidirectional Smart Charger for Distribution System EV Integration." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2547178.

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Lee, Byung-Kwon, Jong-Pil Kim, Sam-Gyun Kim, and Jun-Young Lee. "An Isolated/Bidirectional PWM Resonant Converter for V2G(H) EV On-Board Charger." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 66, no. 9 (September 2017): 7741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2017.2678532.

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Triviño, Alicia, Jose M. Gonzalez-Gonzalez, and Jose A. Aguado. "Theoretical analysis of the efficiency of a V2G wireless charger for Electric Vehicles." Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering 3, no. 1 (September 3, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22149/teee.v3i1.118.

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Анотація:

V2G (Vehicle-to-grid) technology will report important benefits for the operation and safety of the grid. In order to facilitate the expansion of the V2G technology in a future, it is recommended to offer the drivers with easy to use methods to charge and discharge their EV batteries. In this sense, wireless chargers are expected to play a relevant role in the future electrical networks as it reduces the users intervention. The development of this kind of system is still open to improve them in terms of their operation, their compliance and their control. An important issue for the evaluation of these systems is the efficiency, which measures the power losses occurring in the system. This paper addresses a deep study about the losses in a bidirectional wireless charger. Then, it provides with a mathematical model to characterize them. This model is validated by means of experimental results conducted in a 3.7-kW prototype.

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Noh, Jung-Hun, Seong-il Song, and Deog-Jae Hur. "Numerical Analysis of the Cooling Performance in a 7.2 kW Integrated Bidirectional OBC/LDC Module." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010270.

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To satisfy increasing demands for ecofriendly vehicles, researchers are now studying electric vehicle (EV)-related technologies. In particular, integrated bidirectional onboard battery charger (OBC)/low-voltage DC–DC converter (LDC) modules are being researched to improve the efficiency of onboard chargers for EV charging applications. In this study, a numerical analysis method is proposed that considers the power loss and heat flow characteristics in the design of a 7.2 kW integrated bidirectional OBC/LDC module. The developed module supports four operating modes depending on the service situation: OBC and LDC single operation, OBC/LDC simultaneous operation, and LDC operation. The mode is selected based on the power system flow. The characteristics of the circuit were analyzed in each of the four modes to compute the heat loss from the major heating elements. The results of a numerical analysis of the internal cooling characteristics showed that the internal temperature was higher in the OBC single operating mode than in the OBC and LDC simultaneous operating mode in which the power loss was the highest. The results emphasize the importance of ensuring that cooling designs consider the characteristics of various modes as well as the worst-case power loss.

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Tripathi, Ashish, and Shimi Sudha Letha. "Analysis of Various Topologies and Control Circuit used in Single Phase EV Charger." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 921–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47112.

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Abstract: In remote electric vehicle charging frameworks utilizing inductive power transfer (IPT), power electronic converters assume a basic part in decreasing size and cost, as well as boosting the proficiency of the whole framework. As of late, analysts have led huge examination studies to work on the exhibition of power transformation frameworks, including power converter topologies and control plans. Incorporated On-Board Battery Chargers (OBC) have been acquainted as ideal arrangement with increase of electric vehicle (EV) market penetration and limit the general expense of EVs. OBCs are by and large arranged into triphasic and monophasic types with unidirectional or bidirectional power stream. Existing electric vehicle (EV) chargers utilize a hard-core non-linear diode bridge-rectifier (BR) to exploit the DC volt at the contribution of the DC converter and acquaint quality of the power is a counted as a problem with the AC input. These problems insist improvement in Power Quality for existing battery charger for this purpose the bridgeless Cuk Converter is used with the flyback converter. Cuk Converter used single diode and switch and provide additional advantage like reduction in the switch volt-stress and higher efficiency equated to the other conventional bridgeless (BL) converters. Similarly, bridgeless isolated Zeta-Luo converter with PF correction is also used. The Zeta and Luo is functioned for the half cycle of the supply individually and give the benefits of the both topologies. In this paper BL Zeta, BL Cuk, BL Buck-Boost, BL Luo, BL Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (BL SPIC), and Canonical Switched Cell (CSC) converters are reviewed.

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Leite, Rafael, João Afonso, and Vítor Monteiro. "A Novel Multilevel Bidirectional Topology for On-Board EV Battery Chargers in Smart Grids." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2018): 3453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123453.

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Анотація:

This paper proposes a novel on-board electric vehicle (EV) battery charger (EVBC) based on a bidirectional multilevel topology. The proposed topology is formed by an AC-DC converter for the grid-side interface and by a DC-DC converter for the battery-side interface. Both converters are interfaced by a split DC-link used to achieve distinct voltage levels in both converters. Characteristically, the proposed EVBC operates with sinusoidal grid-side current, unitary power factor, controlled battery-side current or voltage, and controlled DC-link voltages. The grid-side converter operates with five voltage levels, while the battery-side operates with three voltage levels. An assessment, for comparison with classical multilevel converters for EVBCs is considered along the paper, illustrating the key benefits of the proposed topology. As the proposed EVBC is controlled in bidirectional mode, targeting the EV incorporation into smart grids, the grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation modes are discussed and evaluated. Both converters of the proposed EVBC use discrete-time predictive control algorithms, which are described in the paper. An experimental validation was performed under real operating conditions, employing a developed laboratory prototype.

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Lara, Jorge, Lesedi Masisi, Concepcion Hernandez, Marco A. Arjona, and Ambrish Chandra. "Novel Five-Level ANPC Bidirectional Converter for Power Quality Enhancement during G2V/V2G Operation of Cascaded EV Charger." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 2650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092650.

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This paper presents a novel single-phase (SP) active-neutral point clamped (ANPC) five-level bidirectional converter (FLBC) for enhancing the power quality (PQ) during the grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation of an electric vehicle (EV) charger connected in series. This EV charger is based on a dual-active half-bridge DC-DC converter (DAHBC) with a high frequency isolation transformer. Unlike the comparable ANPC topologies found in literature, the proposed one has two more switches, i.e., ten instead of eight. However, with the addition of these components, the proposed multilevel converter not only becomes capable of properly balancing the voltage of the DC-link split capacitors under various step-changing conditions but it achieves a better efficiency, a lower stress of the switching devices and a more even distribution of the power losses. The resulting grid-tied ANPC-SPFLBC and DAHBC are accurately controlled with a cascaded control strategy and a single-phase shift (SPS) control technique, respectively. The simulation results obtained with MATLAB-SimPowerSystems as well as the experimental results obtained in laboratory validate the proposed ANPC-SPFLBC for a set of exhaustive tests in both V2G and G2V modes. A detailed power quality analysis carried out with a Fluke 43B alike demonstrates the good performance of the proposed topology.

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Zhao, De, Hua Wang, and Zhiyuan Liu. "Charging-Related State Prediction for Electric Vehicles Using the Deep Learning Model." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (August 8, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4372168.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming the potential contender for the conventional gasoline vehicles in view of the environment-friendly and energy-efficient characteristics. The prediction of EV charging-related states (defined in this study as home charge, outside charge, home stop, outside stop, low-battery travel, and high-battery travel) could help to identify the future charging demand (power consumption) of EV individuals. Specifically, it could guide the operation and management of charging facilities and also provide tailored charger availability information based on users’ real-time locations. This study aims to predict charging-related states of individual EVs using a deep learning approach. We first propose a tangible approach to convert EV trajectory data into state sequences and then develop a bidirectional gated recurrent unit model with attention mechanism (Bi-GRU-Attention) to forecast EV states. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to tune and/or calibrate parameters in the model based on plug-in hybrid EV trajectories dataset collected in Shanghai, China. Experiment results show that (i) the proposed method could achieve an average accuracy of 77.15% with a 1-hour prediction length and it outperforms the baseline models for all tested prediction lengths; (ii) it is also revealed that the prediction accuracy varies dramatically with different states and time periods. Among all states, the proposed model has a higher prediction accuracy on “home stop” (89.0%). As for time periods, the EV states around 08:00 am and 04:00 pm are hard to predict, and a comparatively low prediction accuracy (close to 60%) is obtained; and (iii) the stability and robustness analysis implies that the proposed model is stable and insensitive to SOC noise or season.

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28

Errahimi, Fatima, Najia Es sbai, Zakariae El Idrissi, and Youssef Cheddadi. "Robust integral sliding mode controller design of a bidirectional DC charger in PV-EV charging station." International Journal of Digital Signals and Smart Systems 5, no. 2 (2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijdsss.2021.10036181.

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29

Cheddadi, Youssef, Zakariae El Idrissi, Fatima Errahimi, and Najia Es sbai. "Robust integral sliding mode controller design of a bidirectional DC charger in PV-EV charging station." International Journal of Digital Signals and Smart Systems 5, no. 2 (2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijdsss.2021.114557.

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30

Xuan, Yang, Xu Yang, Wenjie Chen, Tao Liu, and Xiang Hao. "A Novel Three-Level CLLC Resonant DC–DC Converter for Bidirectional EV Charger in DC Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 68, no. 3 (March 2021): 2334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2020.2972446.

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31

Nasr Esfahani, Fatemeh, Ahmed Darwish, and Barry W. Williams. "Power Converter Topologies for Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Powered Electric Vehicles (EVs)—A Comprehensive Review." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 4648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134648.

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The transport sector generates a considerable amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide, especially road transport, which accounts for 95% of the total GHGs. It is commonly known that Electric vehicles (EVs) can significantly reduce GHG emissions. However, with a fossil-fuel-based power generation system, EVs can produce more GHGs and therefore cannot be regarded as purely environmentally friendly. As a result, renewable energy sources (RES) such as photovoltaic (PV) can be integrated into the EV charging infrastructure to improve the sustainability of the transportation system. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art literature on power electronics converter systems, which interface with the utility grid, PV systems, and EVs. Comparisons are made in terms of their topologies, isolation, power and voltage ranges, efficiency, and bi-directional power capability for V2G operation. Specific attention is devoted to bidirectional isolated and non-isolated EV-interfaced converters in non-integrated architectures. A brief description of EV charger types, their power levels, and standards is provided. It is anticipated that the studies and comparisons in this paper would be advantageous as an all-in-one source of information for researchers seeking information related to EV charging infrastructures.

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32

Aragon-Aviles, Sandra, Arvind H. Kadam, Tarlochan Sidhu, and Sheldon S. Williamson. "Modeling, Analysis, Design, and Simulation of a Bidirectional DC-DC Converter with Integrated Snow Removal Functionality for Solar PV Electric Vehicle Charger Applications." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 2961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082961.

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Different factors affect solar photovoltaic (PV) systems by decreasing input energy and reducing the conversion efficiency of the system. One of these factors is the effect of snow cover on PV panels, a subject lacking sufficient academic research. This paper reviews and compares current research for snow removal in solar PV modules. Additionally, this paper presents the design, analysis and modelling of a smart heating system for solar PV Electric Vehicle (EV) charging applications. The system is based on a bidirectional DC-DC converter that redirects the grid/EV-battery power into heating of the solar PV modules, thus removing snow cover, as well as providing the function of MPPT when required to charge the EV battery pack. A control scheme for each mode of operation was designed. Subsequently, a performance evaluation by simulating the system under various conditions is presented validating the usefulness of the proposed converter to be used in solar PV systems under extreme winter conditions.

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33

Purushotham, K. "Design and Implementation of Electric Vehicle Technology by Using ANN Controller." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1376–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40065.

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Abstract: It is possible to utilise EVs as both a load and provider of energy using the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) approach (or Gridto-Vehicle technique if EVs are used as a load). With this technology, industrial microgrids may have voltage and power flow regulation and congestion management. An no of electric vehicles with a variety of charging profiles, battery states of charge and electric vehicle counts may benefit from two separate controllers (grid regulation and charger controller), according to the controllers, It is possible to regulate the main power flow and voltage drop in an industrial microgrid by allowing bidirectional power flow. Simulations indicate that the suggested controllers can regulate an industrial microgrid's voltage levels and power flow. According to industrial microgrids include solar, wind farms, electric car fleets, industrial loads, commercial loads, and a diesel generator. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to simulate and analyze the results. Keywords: Electric vehicles (EV), State of Charge (SOC), Grid Regulation Power Genereation Controller(GRPGC), Charge Controller(CC), Grid to Vehicle(G2V), Vehicle to Grid(V2G), Industrial Microgrid(IMG), Grid Regulation Controller(GRC), Destributed Energy Resources(DER), Diesel Generators(DGs).

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34

Molina-Martínez, Emilio J., Pedro Roncero-Sánchez, Francisco Javier López-Alcolea, Javier Vázquez, and Alfonso Parreño Torres. "Control Scheme of a Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles Integrated into the Grid." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 1724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101724.

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Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems have become a very effective technology when charging the batteries of electric vehicles (EVs), with numerous research works devoted to this field in recent years. In the battery charging process, the EV consumes energy from the grid, and this concept is called Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V). Nevertheless, the EV can also be used to inject part of the energy stored in the battery into the grid, according to the so-called Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) scheme. This bidirectional feature can be applied to a better development of distributed generation systems, thus improving the integration of EVs into the grid (including IPT-powered EVs). Over the past few years, some works have begun to pay attention to bidirectional IPT systems applied to EVs, focusing on aspects such as the compensation topology, the design of the magnetic coupler or the power electronic configuration. Nevertheless, the design of the control system has not been extensively studied. This paper is focused on the design of a control system applied to a bidirectional IPT charger, which can operate in both the G2V and V2G modes. The procedure design of the control system is thoroughly explained and classical control techniques are applied to tailor the control scheme. One of the advantages of the proposed control scheme is the robustness when there is a mismatch between the coupling factor used in the model and the real value. Moreover, the control system can be used to limit the peak value of the primary side current when this value increases, thus protecting the IPT system. Simulation results obtained with PSCADTM/EMTDCTM show the good performance of the overall system when working in both G2V and V2G modes, while experimental results validate the control system behavior in the G2V mode.

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35

Kumar, Vinit, and KangHyun Yi. "Single-Phase, Bidirectional, 7.7 kW Totem Pole On-Board Charging/Discharging Infrastructure." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 2236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042236.

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In the present scenario of the fossil fuel crisis, a shift from conventional transportation to electric vehicles (EVs) is the goal, and it is necessary to make it economically feasible. Developing an efficient charger with mid-range power level may successfully resolve this problem. In this direction, an EV charging infrastructure has been proposed to achieve grid-to-vehicle (G2V) charging, with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability. In G2V mode, the proposed infrastructure consists of an on-board, single-phase, 7.7 kW totem pole converter in continuous conduction mode to achieve high-power factor correction (PFC). Additionally, instead of conventional Si power MOSFET, an SiC-based converter is introduced to lower the switching losses at high switching frequency with smaller filters. Using an SiC-based converter leads to increased efficiency (more than 98%) and reduced total harmonic distortion (less than 5%), making the system economical. Simultaneously, to make the system more economical, the proposed converter works as an inverter to feedback the power to the grid in V2G mode. Furthermore, to analyse the feasibility, the proposed infrastructure has been simulated and its performance is validated using the simpower tool in MATLAB/Simulink environment.

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36

Nam, Vu-Hai, Duong-Van Tinh, and Woojin Choi. "A Novel Hybrid LDC Converter Topology for the Integrated On-Board Charger of Electric Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 3603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123603.

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Recently, the integrated On-Board Charger (OBC) combining an OBC converter with a Low-Voltage DC/DC Converter (LDC) has been considered to reduce the size, weight and cost of DC-DC converters in the EV system. This paper proposes a new integrated OBC converter with V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) and auxiliary battery charge functions. In the proposed integrated OBC converter, the OBC converter is composed of a bidirectional full-bridge converter with an active clamp circuit and a hybrid LDC converter with a Phase-Shift Full-Bridge (PSFB) converter and a forward converter. ZVS for all primary switches and nearly ZCS for the lagging switches can be achieved for all the operating conditions. In the secondary side of the proposed LDC converter, an additional circuit composed of a capacitor and two diodes is employed to clamp the oscillation voltage across rectifier diodes and to eliminate the circulating current. Since the output capacitor of the forward converter is connected in series with the output capacitor of the auxiliary battery charger, the energy from the propulsion battery can be delivered to the auxiliary battery during the freewheeling interval and it helps reduce the current ripple of the output inductor, leading to a smaller volume of the output inductor. A 1 kW prototype converter is implemented to verify the performance of the proposed topology. The maximum efficiency of the proposed converter achieved by the experiments is 96%.

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37

Wang, Xuntuo, Chenguang Jiang, Bo Lei, Hui Teng, Hua Kevin Bai, and James L. Kirtley. "Power-Loss Analysis and Efficiency Maximization of a Silicon-Carbide MOSFET-Based Three-Phase 10-kW Bidirectional EV Charger Using Variable-DC-Bus Control." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 4, no. 3 (September 2016): 880–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2016.2575921.

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38

Mojumder, Md Rayid Hasan, Fahmida Ahmed Antara, Md Hasanuzzaman, Basem Alamri, and Mohammad Alsharef. "Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies: Impact on the Power Grid and Battery." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 13856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113856.

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The gradual shift towards cleaner and green energy sources requires the application of electric vehicles (EVs) as the mainstream transportation platform. The application of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) shows promise in optimizing the power demand, shaping the load variation, and increasing the sustainability of smart grids. However, no comprehensive paper has been compiled regarding the of operation of V2G and types, current ratings and types of EV in sells market, policies relevant to V2G and business model, and the implementation difficulties and current procedures used to cope with problems. This work better represents the current challenges and prospects in V2G implementation worldwide and highlights the research gap across the V2G domain. The research starts with the opportunities of V2G and required policies and business models adopted in recent years, followed by an overview of the V2G technology; then, the challenges associated with V2G on the power grid and vehicle batteries; and finally, their possible solutions. This investigation highlighted a few significant challenges, which involve a lack of a concrete V2G business model, lack of stakeholders and government incentives, the excessive burden on EV batteries during V2G, the deficiency of proper bidirectional battery charger units and standards and test beds, the injection of harmonics voltage and current to the power grid, and the possibility of uneconomical and unscheduled V2G practices. Recent research and international agency reports are revised to provide possible solutions to these bottlenecks and, in places, the requirements for additional research. The promise of V2G could be colossal, but the scheme first requires tremendous collaboration, funding, and technology maturation.

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39

He, Tingting, Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu, Mingli Wu, Qinyao Yang, Teng Li, and Qiujiang Liu. "Four-Quadrant Operations of Bidirectional Chargers for Electric Vehicles in Smart Car Parks: G2V, V2G, and V4G." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010181.

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This paper presents the four-quadrant operation modes of bidirectional chargers for electric vehicles (EVs) framed in smart car parks. A cascaded model predictive control (MPC) scheme for the bidirectional two-stage off-board chargers is proposed. The controller is constructed in two stages. The model predictive direct power control for the grid side is applied to track the active/reactive power references. The model predictive direct current control is proposed to achieve constant current charging/discharging for the EV load side. With this MPC strategy, EV chargers are able to transmit the active and reactive powers between the EV batteries and the power grid. Apart from exchanging the active power, the vehicle-for-grid (V4G) mode is proposed, where the chargers are used to deliver the reactive power to support the grid, simultaneously combined with grid-to-vehicle or vehicle-to-grid operation modes. In the V4G mode, the EV battery functions as the static var compensator. According to the simulation results, the system can operate effectively in the full control regions of the active and reactive power (PQ) plane under the aforementioned operation modes. Fast dynamic response and great steady-state system performances can be verified through various simulation and experimental results.

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40

He, Tingting, Mingli Wu, Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu, Ricardo P. Aguilera, Jianwei Zhang, and Jianguo Zhu. "Designed Dynamic Reference With Model Predictive Control for Bidirectional EV Chargers." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 129362–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2940214.

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41

Wang, Kai, Wanli Wang, Licheng Wang, and Liwei Li. "An Improved SOC Control Strategy for Electric Vehicle Hybrid Energy Storage Systems." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 5297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205297.

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In this paper, we propose an optimized power distribution method for hybrid electric energy storage systems for electric vehicles (EVs). The hybrid energy storage system (HESS) uses two isolated soft-switching symmetrical half-bridge bidirectional converters connected to the battery and supercapacitor (SC) as a composite structure of the protection structure. The bidirectional converter can precisely control the charge and discharge of the SC and battery. Spiral wound SCs with mesoporous carbon electrodes are used as the energy storage units of EVs. Under the 1050 operating conditions of the EV driving cycle, the SC acts as a “peak load transfer” with a charge and discharge current of 2isc~3ibat. An improved energy allocation strategy under state of charge (SOC) control is proposed, that enables SC to charge and discharge with a peak current of approximately 4ibat. Compared with the pure battery mode, the acceleration performance of the EV is improved by approximately 50%, and the energy loss is reduced by approximately 69%. This strategy accommodates different types of load curves, and helps improve the energy utilization rate and reduce the battery aging effect.

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42

Liao, Jian-Tang, Hao-Wei Huang, Hong-Tzer Yang, and Desheng Li. "Decentralized V2G/G2V Scheduling of EV Charging Stations by Considering the Conversion Efficiency of Bidirectional Chargers." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040962.

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With a rapid increase in the awareness of carbon reduction worldwide, the industry of electric vehicles (EVs) has started to flourish. However, the large number of EVs connected to a power grid with a large power demand and uncertainty may result in significant challenges for a power system. In this study, the optimal charging and discharging scheduling strategies of G2V/V2G and battery energy storage system (BESS) were proposed for EV charging stations. A distributed computation architecture was employed to streamline the complexity of an optimization problem. By considering EV charging/discharging conversion efficiencies for different load conditions, the proposed method was used to maximize the operational profits of each EV and BESS based on the related electricity tariff and demand response programs. Moreover, the behavior model of drivers and cost of BESS degradation caused by charging and discharging cycles were considered to improve the overall practical applicability. An EV charging station with 100 charging piles was simulated as an example to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The developed algorithms can be used for EV charging stations, load aggregators, and service companies integrated with distributed energy resources in a smart grid.

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43

S., Nagaraj, Ranihemamalini R., and Rajaji L. "Performance enhancement of DC/DC converters for solar powered EV." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 3423. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i4.pp3423-3430.

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The paper initially presents the essential drive arrangement required for electric vehicle. It requests high power bidirectional stream ability, with wide info voltage range, and yield voltage of vitality stockpiling gadgets, for example, super capacitors or batteries shift with the adjustment in stack. At that point the tenacity and outline of previously mentioned converter is proposed in this paper. The converter which relates a half extension topology, has high power stream ability and least gadget focuses on that can appropriately interface a super capacitor with the drive prepare of a crossover electric vehicle. Besides, by contrasting the fundamental qualities and applications with some ordinary bidirectional DC/DC converter, the proposed converter has low gadget rating and can be controlled by obligation cycle and stage move. Finally, the most essential attributes of this converter is that it utilizes the transformer spillage inductance as the essential vitality exchange component and control parameters, Simulation waveforms in light of MATLAB recreation are given to exhibit the integrity of this novel topology, and this converter is additionally reasonable for high power application, specifically to control the charge-release of super capacitors or batteries that can be utilized as a part of cross breed solar based electric vehicle.

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44

Li, Tong, Hai Zhao, Shihao Wang, Chao Yang, and Bonan Huang. "Attack and Defense Strategy of Distribution Network Cyber-Physical System Considering EV Source-Charge Bidirectionality." Electronics 10, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 2973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10232973.

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In the last few years, there has been an exponential increase in the penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) due to their eco-friendly nature and ability to support bidirectional energy exchanges with the power cyber-physical system. However, the existing research only proposes energy management in terms of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) support using fleets of EVs, which lacks research on EV attacks. Motivated by these facts, this paper first introduces a new data integrity attack strategy for a consistent energy management algorithm which considers electric vehicles as energy storage. In particular, we consider EV aggregators as energy storage with source-charge bidirectional characteristics. The attacker carefully constructs false information to manipulate aggregators to participate in scheduling and obtaining additional benefits on the premise of meeting the constraints of microgrid and various devices by attacking the consistent algorithm. Then, we propose a disturbance rejection control strategy combining privacy protection protocols and an isolation mechanism. We analyze the effectiveness of the proposed encryption mechanism and verify the feasibility of the isolation control algorithm by simulation and comparison.

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45

N, Padmini, and Dr Anupama Prakash. "Reduction of Ripples in A Three Phase Dc-Dc Converter Using Pi Controller." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (September 22, 2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.20036.

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The increasing population which in leads to the increase in use of automobiles which constitutes to seventy five percent of carbon monoxide emission. The use of electrical vehicles (EV) has become a necessity to protect the environment from further pollution. The slow charging of the EV is a main hindrance for the success of EV. Fast charging can be achieved by providing charging locations that can be built which can charge the EV in short time span. This paper proposes a bidirectional DC-DC converter with six inverter legs in parallel which is similar to 3Φ dual active bridge (DAB) converter. This proposed converter has additional inverter legs which increases the converter current capacity resulting in fast charging. A feedback controller is implemented to reduce the ripple content.

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46

Qu, Jin Yu, Ru Wang, and Ying Chao Zhou. "Study of EV Composite Power Supply for Energy Saving." Advanced Materials Research 578 (October 2012): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.578.3.

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Composite power supply technology is an efficient way to solve the energy performance problem of EV, it makes battery with high energy density and super capacitor which has the advantage of high power combined with together. Using the super capacitor characteristics of instantaneous large current charge and discharge, when EV in starting, accelerating or climbing, provide the actuating motor for peak current; and when in braking, absorb the generator feedback current, so as to avoid the battery are damaged, prolong its service life, and realizes the braking energy efficient recovery. In this paper according to the characteristics of battery, super capacitor, and bidirectional DC/DC converter, use backward simulation model of electric vehicle to perform drive cycle. The results show that, the work efficiency of battery is enhanced by using the super capacitor, and to make the composite power supply obtain a higher braking energy recycling efficiency.

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47

Kim, Chang-Hyun. "Discrete Optimal Control for Bidirectional DC-DC Converters of EV Chargers via Convex Combination Method." Journal of the Korean Society for Railway 21, no. 10 (November 30, 2018): 985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7782/jksr.2018.21.10.985.

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48

Bindra, Ashok. "EV Battery Chargers, Inverters, Bidirectional Switches, and Passive Components Take Center Stage at ECCE 2022." IEEE Power Electronics Magazine 9, no. 4 (December 2022): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpel.2022.3221647.

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49

Hasan, Mohammad Kamrul, AKM Ahasan Habib, Shayla Islam, Ahmad Tarmizi Abdul Ghani, and Eklas Hossain. "Resonant Energy Carrier Base Active Charge-Balancing Algorithm." Electronics 9, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122166.

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This paper presents a single LC tank base cell-to-cell active voltage balancing algorithm for Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle (EV) applications. EV batteries face challenges in accomplishing fast balancing and high balancing efficiency with low circuit and control complexity. It addresses that LC resonant tank uses an energy carrier to transfer the voltage from an excessive voltage cell to the lowest voltage cell. The method requires 2N - 4 bidirectional MOSFET switches and a single LC resonant circuit, where N is the number of cells in the battery strings. The balancing speed is improved by allowing a short balancing path for voltage transfer and guarantees a fast balancing speed between any two cells in the battery string, and power consumption is reduced by operating all switches in zero-current switching conditions. The circuit was tested for 4400 mAh Li-ion battery cells under static, cyclic, and dynamic charging/discharging conditions. Two battery cells at the voltage 3.93 V and 3.65 V were balanced after 76 min, and the balancing efficiency is 94.8%. The result of dynamic and cyclic charging/discharging conditions shows that the balancing circuit is applicable for the energy storage devices and Li-ion battery cells for EV.

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50

Fakhrooeian, Parnian, and Volker Pitz. "A New Control Strategy for Energy Management of Bidirectional Chargers for Electric Vehicles to Minimize Peak Load in Low-Voltage Grids with PV Generation." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 11 (November 19, 2022): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13110218.

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This paper introduces a new bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) control strategy for energy management of V2G charging points equipped with photovoltaic systems (PVs), considering the interaction between V2G chargers, electric vehicle (EV) owners, and the network operator. The proposed method aims to minimize peak load, grid infeed power, feeder loading, and transformer loading by scheduling EVs charging and discharging. The simulation experiments take into account three EV battery capacities as well as two levels of EV penetration. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, five scenarios are studied in a single feeder of a low-voltage (LV) distribution network in DIgSILENT PowerFactory, which comprises a combination of residential and commercial loads as well as PV systems. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed V2G strategy improves the paper’s objectives by providing ancillary services to the grid.

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