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Статті в журналах з теми "Binding policy"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 21 липня 2022

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1

Torvik, Ragnar. "Trade policy under a binding foreign exchange constraint." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 3, no. 1 (March 1994): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199400000002.

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2

Iglehart, John K. "‘Narrative Matters’: Binding Health Policy And Personal Experience." Health Affairs 18, no. 4 (July 1999): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.18.4.6.

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3

Tóth, Zsolt. "International dimensions of EU soil policy – The main binding and non-binding legal instruments." Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 59, no. 3 (September 2018): 290–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2052.2018.59.3.4.

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4

Bertollini, Roberto, Sofia Ribeiro, Kristina Mauer-Stender, and Gauden Galea. "Tobacco control in Europe: a policy review." European Respiratory Review 25, no. 140 (May 31, 2016): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0021-2016.

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Tobacco is responsible for the death of 6 million people every year globally, of whom 700 000 are in Europe. Effective policies for tobacco control exist; however, the status of their implementation varies across the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. In order to tackle the tobacco epidemic, action has been taken though the implementation of both legally binding and non-legally binding measures. This article aims to present the achievements and challenges of tobacco control in Europe, focussing on the available legally binding instruments such as the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the revision of the Tobacco Products Directive at the European Union level. Tobacco still faces heavy lobbying of the tobacco industry, which has systematically contrasted policies to achieve public health objectives. The legal instruments for tobacco control in Europe presented here are not always adequately enforced in all the countries and there is certainly room for improving their implementation. Finally, the need for a strong political commitment towards the end-game of the tobacco epidemic is emphasised.

5

Mesich-Brant, Jennifer L., and Lawrence J. Grossback. "Assisting Altruism: Evaluating Legally Binding Consent in Organ Donation Policy." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 30, no. 4 (August 2005): 687–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-30-4-687.

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6

Snyder, Eric. "Binding, Genericity, and Predicates of Personal Taste." Inquiry 56, no. 2-3 (April 2013): 278–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020174x.2013.784485.

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7

Tao, Ping, and Jie Qiong Hu. "Research on the External Characteristics & Binding Mechanism of the Environment Project." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 2058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.2058.

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This paper analyses the problems of the positive externality and effects that externality has on resource configure efficiency. It deeply analyses externality problems from economics view that related to the sewage and garbage disposing projects. It suggests setting up restricting mechanism from both of the incentive mechanism and policy mechanism. It empresses the validity of policy restricting mechanism and environment protection governance policy and the governance policy of non-environment-protect-behavior, so as to establish an effective investment and financing economic policy and to absorb nongovernmental capital mostly.

8

Schwanholz, Julia, Lavinia Zinser, and Johannes Hindemith. "Measuring policy effects: online participation on the municipal level." der moderne staat – Zeitschrift für Public Policy, Recht und Management 14, no. 1-2021 (June 15, 2021): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/dms.v14i1.10.

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Do citizens' decisions, which are discussed and co-ordinated a priori on online participation platforms, have any policy effects? The article addresses this question in an exploratory study. Taking theoretical concepts of participation and policy effects into account, LiquidFeedback platforms are investigated in four municipalities in Lower Saxony (Germany). A total of 80 cases—i.e., successful citizens’ initiatives that were afterwards considered by local city or district councils—are included in a content analysis. Results show that crucial policies are less often translated into binding policy decisions than other policies. Even though citizens’ decisions can have binding policy effects, large-scale projects, in particular, show rather diffuse policy effects. However, diffuse policy effects are hardly transparent for citizens and could, accordingly, inhibit the willingness to participate altogether.

9

Jurčík, R. "The economic impact of EC procurement policy." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 7 (January 7, 2008): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1155-agricecon.

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The economic impact of the EC procurement policy is an important aspect of public procurement in the most areas of industry and agriculture. There exist some studies about the economic impact of the EC procurement policy. The first major study was the one commissioned by the European Commission and published in 1997 as a part of a broader evaluation of the European single market. This dealt with the period from 1987 when the directives were substantially revised, to 1994. In February 2004, the Commission published a new summary analysis of the economic impact of the EC rules covering the period 1995−2002. A report on the functioning of public procurement markets in the EU: benefits from the application of the EU directives and challenges for the future (EC 2004). This confirms a much greater importance of the indirect cross-border activity as compared with the direct cross-border binding activity, and also indicates that this form of trade in public markets has increased further. The above mentioned studies in relation to the Economic Impact of the EC procurement Policy are the object of this article.

10

Nakata, Taisuke. "Optimal Fiscal and Monetary Policy with Occasionally Binding Zero Bound Constraints." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2013, no. 40 (April 2013): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2013.40.

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11

Nakata, Taisuke. "Optimal fiscal and monetary policy with occasionally binding zero bound constraints." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 73 (December 2016): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2016.09.011.

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12

BLUWSTEIN, KRISTINA, MICHAł BRZOZA‐BRZEZINA, PAOLO GELAIN, and MARCIN KOLASA. "Multiperiod Loans, Occasionally Binding Constraints, and Monetary Policy: A Quantitative Evaluation." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 52, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 1691–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12689.

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13

COPELAND, BRIAN R. "Trade and environment: policy linkages." Environment and Development Economics 5, no. 4 (October 2000): 405–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x00000255.

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This paper develops a simple model to investigate linkages between trade and environmental policy. In the case of purely local pollution, trade liberalization without constraints on environmental policy induces a non-cooperative game between countries in pollution policy. Without any agreement on environmental policy, trade negotiations are unlikely to lead to a point on the Pareto frontier. When pollution is global, countries may be expected to disagree on linkages between trade agreements and environmental agreements. Countries importing pollution-intensive goods have an incentive to try to link trade agreements with environmental agreements, while countries exporting pollution-intensive goods have an incentive to try to obtain a binding commitment to free trade prior to negotiations over global pollution.

14

Pelc, Krzysztof J. "How States Ration Flexibility: Tariffs, Remedies, and Exchange Rates as Policy Substitutes." World Politics 63, no. 4 (September 22, 2011): 618–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887111000190.

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A close look at the commitments of World Trade Organization (WTO) members presents a striking paradox. Most states could raise their duties significantly before falling afoul of their WTO obligations. Moreover, such “binding overhang” varies between countries: some could more than double the amount of trade protection they offer overnight, whereas others are tightly constrained. What accounts for this variation? The author argues that more flexibility is not always better: obtaining it and subsequently using it are both costly. Rather than maximize flexibility, states thus seek an optimal amount. If they have access to policy space through other means, such as currency devaluations and trade remedies, they will exercise restraint in seeking binding overhang. The same supply-side logic holds at the domestic level: governments strategically withhold binding overhang from industries that are able to rely on trade remedies, despite the fact that these tend to have the greatest political clout.

15

Lazíková, Jarmila. "The Consumer Policy in the Eu Law / Spotrebiteľská Politika V Práve Eú." EU agrarian Law 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eual-2016-0003.

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Abstract Consumer protection is a dominant policy of the EU. Despite this fact, the article 169 of the Treaty on Functioning of the European Union does not enable to adopt the binding legal laws on consumer protection per se. The binding legal laws could be adopted only within the context of other politics and activities on the internal market of the EU. The paper addresses the consumer policy and its status in the EU law by the historical development and legal analysis of the article 169 of the Treaty, secondary law development of consumer protection, jurisprudence, and judicature of the Court of the Justice of the EU.

16

Farhi, Emmanuel, and Iván Werning. "Monetary Policy, Bounded Rationality, and Incomplete Markets." American Economic Review 109, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 3887–928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20171400.

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This paper extends the benchmark New-Keynesian model by introducing two frictions: (i) agent heterogeneity with incomplete markets, uninsurable idiosyncratic risk, and occasionally-binding borrowing constraints; and (ii) bounded rationality in the form of level-k thinking. Compared to the benchmark model, we show that the interaction of these two frictions leads to a powerful mitigation of the effects of monetary policy, which is more pronounced at long horizons, and offers a potential rationalization of the “forward guidance puzzle.” Each of these frictions, in isolation, would lead to no or much smaller departures from the benchmark model. (JEL D52, D81, E12, E52)

17

Sychev, O. A., and I. N. Protasova. "Relationship of Ethic of Autonomy, Community and Nationalism to Russians’ Foreign Policy Attitudes." Social Psychology and Society 12, no. 4 (2021): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2021120404.

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Objectives. The aim was to study the association between moral foundations and Russians’ foreign policy attitudes. Background. There is a growing interest in the factors that determine attitudes towards other peoples and countries, but the foreign policy attitudes of citizens that determine their support of the respective state’s foreign policy remain insufficiently researched. This study examines the foreign policy attitudes in the context of the Moral foundations theory. We assume that militant internationalism is related to binding moral foundations (“Loyalty”, “Respect”, “Purity”) and nationalism, while cooperative internationalism probably is based on the individualizing moral foundations (“Care” and “Justice”). Study design. Correlation design was used, followed by structural linear modeling and analysis of mediation effects. Participants. 214 university students (average age 25.18, 20% men). Measurements. A blank survey was conducted using Moral Foundations Questionnaire by J. Graham et al., the questionnaire developed on the basis of Foreign Policy Attitudes Scales by T. Gravelle et al., and Civil Identity Scale from the International Social Survey. Results. The results of structural equation modeling have confirmed the indirect relation between binding moral foundations and militant internationalism mediated by the nationalism and the direct association between cooperative internationalism and individualizing moral foundations. We also revealed that individualizing moral foundations were inversely associated to nationalism and the related militant internationalism. Conclusions. Russians’ foreign policy attitudes are related with the characteristics of the moral sphere and nationalism: Binding moral foundations indirectly (through nationalism) support militant internationalism, while individualizing moral foundations support cooperative internationalism.

18

Majumder, Sayantan Bandhu, and Ranjanendra Narayan Nag. "Policy Trilemma in India: Exchange Rate Stability, Independent Monetary Policy and Capital Account Openness." Global Economy Journal 17, no. 3 (April 26, 2017): 20170012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2017-0012.

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This paper aims to investigate the situation of policy trilemma in India. Analysing the quarterly data from 1991 to 2015, we find that though the trilemma constraint is binding in the long run, there is ample evidence of short-run deviations from the constraint. Intervention in the foreign exchange market by the Reserve bank of India has successfully helped to relax this constraint. The policy mix has changed over this period – the degree of capital account openness has gradually increased, mainly at the cost of exchange rate stability. We further examine the determinants and the macroeconomic effects of the trilemma policy configuration. We find that the trilemma efficiency depends on the financial stress, financial development, intervention by the Central bank and the liquidity in the economy. Higher monetary policy independence helps to reduce the inflation rate while exchange rate stability and capital account openness are associated with the higher growth rate and the larger output gap.

19

Tasyaa, Azahra Haisy, and Tomy Michael. "THE BINDING POWER OF GOVERMENT RULES LAWS AND RESTRICTION TO SOCIETY BASED ON CONSTITUTION." Jurnal Abdikarya: Jurnal Karya Pengabdian Dosen Dan Mahasiswa 5, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/abdikarya.v5i1.6728.

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The purpose of this research is to offer an update on the position of PPKM policies issued by the Indonesian government in a precise and binding manner. Using normative research with the aim of answering issues based on the scientific side. From this research, the researcher offers that our country adheres to a system where legal norms are tiered where a lower norm is sourced, applies, and is based on a higher norm in accordance with a hierarchical arrangement where lower regulations may not conflict with higher regulations. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the government must immediately adjust the PPKM policy with the hierarchical arrangement of laws and regulations. This is because a policy that does not have a legal instrument or forum that is not included in the category of statutory regulations has a bias binding power where this is because the PPKM policy is contained in a rule in the form of a policy regulation, not a statutory regulation.

20

Hebden, James, and Fabian Winkler. "Impulse-Based Computation of Policy Counterfactuals." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021, no. 041 (July 15, 2021): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2021.042.

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We propose an efficient procedure to solve for policy counterfactuals in linear models with occasionally binding constraints. The procedure does not require knowledge of the structural or reduced-form equations of the model, its state variables, or its shock processes. Forecasts of the variables entering the policy problem, and impulse response functions of these variables to anticipated policy shocks under an arbitrary policy, constitute sufficient information to construct valid counterfactuals. We show how to compute solutions for instrument rules and optimal discretionary and commitment policies with multiple policy instruments, and discuss various extensions, including imperfect information, asymmetric objectives, and limited commitment. Our procedure facilitates the comparison of the effects of policy regimes across models. As an application, we compute counterfactual paths of the U.S. economy around 2015 for several monetary policy regimes.

21

Benigno, Pierpaolo, Gauti B. Eggertsson, and Federica Romei. "Dynamic Debt Deleveraging and Optimal Monetary Policy." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 310–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160124.

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This paper proposes a postcrisis New Keynesian model that incorporates agent heterogeneity in borrowing and lending with a minimum set of assumptions. Unlike the standard framework, this model makes the natural rate of interest endogenous and dependent on macroeconomic policy. The main application is to study optimal monetary policy at the zero lower bound (ZLB). Such policy succeeds in raising the natural rate of interest by creating an environment that speeds up deleveraging and thus endogenously shortens the crisis and the duration of binding ZLB. Inflation should be front-loaded and should overshoot its long-term target during the ZLB episode. (JEL E12, E31, E32, E43, E52)

22

Ferraro, Domenico, and Giuseppe Fiori. "Non-Linear Employment Effects of Tax Policy." International Finance Discussion Paper 2021, no. 1333 (December 20, 2021): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2021.1333.

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We study the non-linear propagation mechanism of tax policy in a heterogeneous agent equilibrium business cycle model with search frictions in the labor market and an extensive margin of employment adjustment. The model exhibits endogenous job destruction and endogenous hiring standards in the form of occasionally-binding zero-surplus constraints. After parameterizing the model using U.S. data, we find that the dynamic response of employment to a temporary change in the labor income tax is highly non-linear, displaying sizable asymmetries and state-dependence. Notably, the response to a tax rate cut is at least twice as large in a recession as in an expansion.

23

Akinci, Ozge, and Albert Queralto. "Credit Spreads, Financial Crises, and Macroprudential Policy." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 469–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20180059.

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Credit spreads display occasional spikes and are more strongly countercyclical in times of elevated financial stress. Financial crises are extreme cases of this nonlinear behavior, featuring skyrocketing credit spreads, sharp losses in bank equity, and deep recessions. We develop and estimate a macroeconomic model with a banking sector in which banks’ leverage constraints are occasionally binding and equity issuance is endogenous. The model captures the nonlinearities in the data and produces quantitatively realistic crises. Banks’ precautionary equity issuance makes crises infrequent but does not prevent them altogether. A macroprudential policy inducing banks to issue more equity has considerable welfare benefits. (JEL E13, E32, E44, G01, G21, G28)

24

FUSCALDO, GIULIANA. "GENETIC TIES: ARE THEY MORALLY BINDING?" Bioethics 20, no. 2 (April 2006): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2006.00478.x.

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25

Sotirov, Metodi, Benno Pokorny, Daniela Kleinschmit, and Peter Kanowski. "International Forest Governance and Policy: Institutional Architecture and Pathways of Influence in Global Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 7010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177010.

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This paper reviews the design of the international forest governance and policy, and analyses its impacts in addressing deforestation and forest degradation as global sustainability issues. Informed by literatures on international relations, regulatory governance of global commodity production, and international pathways of domestic influence, key arrangements are aggregated into six types, and mapped in terms of their main aims, instruments, and implementation mechanisms. Key analytical dimensions, such as the actors involved (state–private–mixed), the character of legal authority (legally binding–non-legally binding), and the geopolitical scope (global–transnational) helped to identify the potential and limitations of arrangements. They were assessed and compared in terms of their main pathways of influence such as international hard-law rules, cross-sectoral policy integration, non-legally binding norms and discourses, global market mechanisms, and direct access through capacity building. Our results reveal important challenges in the design and implementation, and in the pathways of influence, of the forest governance arrangements, including major inconsistencies with forest-adverse economic sectors. We conclude about the need for coherent international forest-related policy cooperation and integrative actions in agriculture, bioenergy, and mining to enhance the prospects of achieving the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

26

Kannan, Elumalai, and Sanjib Pohit. "Agricultural Growth Diagnostics: Identifying the Binding Constraints and Policy Remedies for Bihar, India." Review of Development and Change 26, no. 2 (December 2021): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722661211064394.

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Agriculture plays a significant role in economic development of underdeveloped regions. Multiple factors influence the performance of agricultural sector but a few of these have a strong bearing on its growth. This study develops a growth diagnostics framework for agricultural sector in Bihar, located in eastern India, to identify the most binding constraints. The study results show that poor functioning of agricultural markets and low-level of crop diversification are the important reasons for low agricultural growth in Bihar. Rise in price instability of agricultural produces indicates a weak price transmission across the markets even after repealing the Agricultural Produce Market Committee Act. Poor market linkages and non-functioning producer collectives at village-level affect the farmers’ motivation for undertaking crop diversification. Hence, policy suggestions to overcome these binding constraints include the state provisioning of basic market infrastructure to attract private investment in agricultural marketing, strengthening the Farmer Producer Organisations, and framing a comprehensive policy on crop diversification.

27

Desta, Tesfaw. "Labor-intensive focused industrial policy in Ethiopia: Potentials, latecomers advantage and binding constraints." Journal of Economics and International Finance 13, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jeif2021.1112.

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28

Kane, Motoko, Michael Jay, and Patrick P. DeLuca. "Binding of insulin to a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis system." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 43, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/43.1.81.

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29

Biljanovska, Nina. "OPTIMAL POLICY IN COLLATERAL CONSTRAINED ECONOMIES." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 2 (September 18, 2017): 798–836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000049.

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This paper examines optimal policy in a macroeconomic model with collateral constraints. Binding collateral constraints yield inefficient competitive equilibrium allocations because they distort the optimal utilization of real resources. I identify the set of policy instruments that can be used by a Ramsey planner to achieve the first-best and the second-best (i.e., constrained planner's) allocations. A system of distortionary taxes on capital and labor income, along with direct lump-sum transfers among borrowers and lenders replicates the first-best outcome. The tax rates correct for the marginal distortions, whereas the direct lump-sum transfers perform income redistributions among the agents. In absence of direct lump-sum transfers, the distortionary taxes have an additional role, i.e., to perform implicit income transfers, and only second-best outcomes are attainable. I also derive the optimal policy in response to real and financial shocks, and show how the policy recommendations differ depending on the set of policy instruments available.

30

Swinbank, Alan, and Carsten Daugbjerg. "Improving EU Biofuels Policy? Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Policy Efficiency, and WTO Compatibility." Journal of World Trade 47, Issue 4 (August 1, 2013): 813–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2013027.

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Both the EU's Renewable Energy Directive (RED) and Article 7a of its Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) seek to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transport fuels. The RED mandates a 10% share of renewable energy in transport fuels by 2020, whilst the FQD requires a 6% reduction in GHG emissions (from a 2010 base) by the same date. In practice, it will mainly be biofuels that economic operators will use to meet these requirements, but the different approaches can lead to either the RED, or the FQD, acting as the binding constraint. A common set of environmental sustainability criteria apply to biofuels under both the RED and the FQD. In particular, biofuels have to demonstrate a 35% (later increasing to 50/60%) saving in life-cycle GHG emissions. This could be problematic in the World Trade Organization (WTO), as a non-compliant biofuel with a 34% emissions saving would probably be judged to be 'like' a compliant biofuel. A more economically rational way to reduce GHG emissions, and one that might attract greater public support, would be for the RED to reward emission reductions along the lines of the FQD. Moreover, this modification would probably make the provisions more acceptable in the WTO, as there would be a clearer link between policy measures and the objective of reductions in GHG emissions; and the combination of the revised RED and the FQD would lessen the commercial incentive to import biofuels with modest GHG emission savings, and thus reduce the risk of trade tension.

31

MICHEL, PHILIPPE, and BERTRAND WIGNIOLLE. "CASH-IN-ADVANCE CONSTRAINTS, BUBBLES, AND MONETARY POLICY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 9, no. 1 (February 2005): 28–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100505040113.

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In this paper, we study the equilibrium dynamics of an overlapping generations model with capital, money, and cash-in-advance constraints. At each period, the economy can experience two different regimes: Either the cash-in-advance constraint is binding and money is a dominated asset, or the constraint is strictly satisfied and money has the same return as capital. When the second regime occurs, we say that the economy experiences a temporary bubble. We show the existence of temporary bubbles, and we prove that cyclical equilibria may exist. In these equilibria, the economy experiences some periods without bubbles and some periods with bubbles. We also show that monetary creation can be used to eliminate temporary bubbles.

32

Badrinarayana, Deepa. "India's Policy Priorities – Bleak Forecast for a Global Climate Regime?" German Law Journal 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200006453.

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The future of an effective climate regime, post-2012, depends on three nations—China, India, and the United States of America. While a deadlock persists when it comes to the question of accepting binding international legal obligations for targeted reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, all three countries favor action to address climate change. Nationally, each country is exploring a range of policy and legislative options to retard carbon emissions, especially by promoting alternative energy options and energy efficiency.

33

Dawson, Mark. "New governance and the displacement of Social Europe: the case of the European Semester." European Constitutional Law Review 14, no. 1 (March 2018): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019618000081.

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Has the European Semester led to a displacement of Social Europe, or to the development of social policy through fiscal processes and actors? – Potential for Semester to increase soft law’s binding effects or ‘socialise’ EU policy-making – Positive effects severely limited by the Semester’s overall goals: fiscal stabilisation and the creation of increasingly uniform economic policies – Dilemma for Social Europe: how can an autonomous EU social policy be (re) established without risking marginalisation?

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Aggestam, Filip, and Helga Pülzl. "Downloading Europe: A Regional Comparison in the Uptake of the EU Forest Action Plan." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 3999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12103999.

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The first EU Forest Strategy was adopted in 1998 to provide general guidelines for an EU forest policy designed to coordinate other EU forest-relevant policies. The implementation of the first strategy was done under the auspices of the EU Forest Action Plan, covering the period from 2007 to 2011. The Forest Action Plan was a tool that facilitated voluntary cooperation between EU Member States (no enforcement capabilities), with some coordinating actions being implemented by the European Commission. The reason for returning to the Forest Action Plan in this article is to provide further insight into how it was employed by EU Member States—in contrast to the majority of similar articles on the topic, which are primarily concerned with an examination of EU forest-relevant policies by either analyzing the impact of EU decision-making on forestry at the national level or studying EU Member States’ influence on the EU rather than how EU Member States actually react to EU strategies. This paper addresses this empirical gap and highlights the significant variations of the Europeanization effects on EU Member States when deciding upon and implementing a non-legally binding policy instrument when compared to legally binding policy instruments. Individual Member States exhibit varied strategies when implementing a soft policy instrument, as their respective decision spaces are substantially different, particularly when the costs and benefits of complying are not comparable to those of a legally binding instrument. These results highlight the need for a more nuanced and varied approach to the implementation of soft policy instruments by the EU, with the additional implementation strategies suggested in this article being presented to assist in meeting this need for variation.

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Nwapi, Chilenye. "Mineral Resource Policy Harmonisation in West Africa." Global Journal of Comparative Law 7, no. 1 (February 2, 2018): 134–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00701007.

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This article critiques the mineral resource policy harmonisation strategies adopted by supranational institutions in West Africa, focusing on local content/procurement and fiscal policy/taxation. Although minerals are sometimes defined to cover both mining and oil and gas, the article focuses on policies related to mining. It views West Africa’s mineral resource policy harmonisation strategies relating to local content and taxation as an attempt to standardise the rules and practices among individual States. Standardisation is particularly strong within the West African Economic and Monetary Union, which requires its member States to domesticate its harmonisation texts without modification. The article argues for a shift from enacting binding supranational rules governing substantive issues (such as the type of local content requirements to be adopted and the fixing of tax and royalty rates) towards rules that promote inter-State cooperation and sharing of information. This would give States sufficient latitude to tailor supranational initiatives to local needs.

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Vasiliauskienė, Violeta, and Martynas Vasiliauskas. "DEFINITION OF TERRORISM AND EU COUNTER-TERRORISM POLICY." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (October 20, 2020): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5362.

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The article dwells on the problem of the definition of terrorism. This term, though usually commonly understandable, is a legal term, the definition of which is not yet universally adopted. The threat of terrorism, taking upon different forms, is always relevant and the efforts to contain it continue. Thus the definition of the phenomenon and its elements is crucial in such efforts. The analysis is relevant as internationally this term is still not defined in one universal legally binding document and there are questions on its exact scope. The article explains two elements that are usually considered essential in defining terrorism. Furthermore, the article dwells on the EU efforts to contain the threat and in particular on its efforts to prevent terrorism – that is, actions taken to counter terrorist radicalisation.

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Vasiliauskienė, Violeta, and Martynas Vasiliauskas. "DEFINITION OF TERRORISM AND EU COUNTER-TERRORISM POLICY." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (October 20, 2020): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5362.

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The article dwells on the problem of the definition of terrorism. This term, though usually commonly understandable, is a legal term, the definition of which is not yet universally adopted. The threat of terrorism, taking upon different forms, is always relevant and the efforts to contain it continue. Thus the definition of the phenomenon and its elements is crucial in such efforts. The analysis is relevant as internationally this term is still not defined in one universal legally binding document and there are questions on its exact scope. The article explains two elements that are usually considered essential in defining terrorism. Furthermore, the article dwells on the EU efforts to contain the threat and in particular on its efforts to prevent terrorism – that is, actions taken to counter terrorist radicalisation.

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Maringka, Sevry, Lexie A. Lumingkewas, and Steven Vleike Tarore. "Policy Implementation to Prevent and Control the Covid-19 by BPBD of Minahasa Regency." Journal of The Community Development in Asia 4, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/jcda.v4i3.1184.

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Based on the Implementation of the Covid-19 Prevention and Control Policy by the Minahasa Regency BPBD, the policy implementation model is more directed to the Public Policy Implementation Model proposed by Grindle. Policies have clear objectives as a form of policy value orientation. The objectives of policy implementation are formulated into specific action programs and projects that are designed and financed. The program is implemented according to plan. The implementation of a policy or program is – broadly speaking – influenced by the content and the context of implementation. Overall the policy implementation is evaluated by measuring program outcomes based on policy objectives. The results of this qualitative study prove that the legal basis is binding on policies in the prevention and control of Covid-19 BPBD Minahasa Regency.

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Epstein, Gerald. "The Empirical and Institutional Limits of Modern Money Theory." Review of Radical Political Economics 52, no. 4 (August 4, 2020): 772–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613420912464.

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Modern Money Theory (MMT) economists acknowledge a number of empirical and institutional limitations on the applicability of MMT to macroeconomic policy, but they have not attempted to explore these empirically nor have they adequately addressed their implications for MMT’s main macroeconomic policy proposals. This paper identifies some of these important limitations, including those stemming from modern international financial markets, and argues that they are much more binding on the policy applicability of MMT than many of MMT’s advocates appear to recognize.

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Mojsovska, Silvana. "North Macedonia: Politics versus Policy of EU Integration." Comparative Southeast European Studies 69, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2021-0072.

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Abstract The accession of North Macedonia to the European Union (EU) has been at an impasse for 27 years due to the political dispute with Greece. In 2018, its resolution fuelled hopes that North Macedonia would finally start negotiations with the EU. Unfortunately, there was a new obstacle, as Bulgaria vetoed the talks in December 2020. Implicit to the latest political backlog, the efforts for further EU integration should be focused on the available policy instruments. The Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) is a legally binding document which has already enabled trade liberalisation between the parties, stipulates the national treatment of business entities on the basis of reciprocity, aims for full liberalisation of capital and financial flows, and also provides other opportunities for integration. Placing the SAA in the spotlight of the mutual relations between the parties, based on proactivity from North Macedonia, could provide the impetus for more substantial EU integration of the country, despite the political stagnation of the process.

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Yoon, Esook. "Cooperation for Transboundary Pollution in Northeast Asia: Non-binding Agreements and Regional Countries' Policy Interests." Pacific Focus 22, no. 2 (October 2, 2008): 77–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1976-5118.2007.tb00298.x.

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Chen, Jiawei, Eddie Chi-Man Hui, Michael J. Seiler, and Hong Zhang. "Household tenure choice and housing price volatility under a binding home-purchase limit policy constraint." Journal of Housing Economics 41 (September 2018): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2018.06.004.

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Bolleyer, Nicole, and Tanja A. Börzel. "Non-hierarchical policy coordination in multilevel systems." European Political Science Review 2, no. 2 (July 2010): 157–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175577391000007x.

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In theory, lower-level governments (provinces, regional governments, or member states) operating in multilevel systems within and beyond the nation-state can choose from a wide repertoire of modes of policy coordination to solve collective problems non-hierarchically. These modes range from unilateral policy emulation over informal intergovernmental agreements to binding interstate law. The modes that governments are willing and capable to use, however, vary considerably across multilevel systems which affects governments’ collective problem-solving capacity. This paper argues that the nature of executive–legislative relations in lower-level governments is crucial to account for this variation. The presence (or absence) of power sharing shapes the willingness of lower-level governments to enter agreements that greatly constrain individual government autonomy. Power-concentrating governments, as opposed to power-sharing ones, tend to avoid such agreements. The type of power sharing affects the capacity to enter agreements that require legislative approval. Compulsory power-sharing governments, as opposed to voluntary power-sharing governments, should find it difficult to enter such agreements, since this type of power sharing invites inter-branch divides. To substantiate these arguments, we apply them to Canada, Switzerland, the United States, and the European Union.

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Kodama, Yasuo, Hirofumi Kodama, Masae Kuranari, Kimiko Tsutsumi, Shunsuke Ono, Takuhiro Yamaguchi, and Akio Fujimura. "Protein binding of valproic acid in Japanese pediatric and adult patients with epilepsy." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 59, no. 9 (May 1, 2002): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/59.9.835.

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Creskoff, Stephen, and Petrit Gashi. "Tariffs as an Instrument of Trade Policy: The Unique Case of Kosovo." Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 5 (May 1, 2013): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013018.

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Although all sovereign nations use import tariffs as an instrument of trade policy, most nations today are restricted by tariff bindings in trade agreements. Kosovo, a nation that has been independent for only five years, is an exception. Kosovo's only current restrictions regarding tariff increases are its tariff binding obligation in the eight nation Central European Free Trade Area (CEFTA) agreement. This gives Kosovo unusual power to vary tariff levels to carry out its economic and trade policy objectives, power that it to date has not utilized. During Kosovo's administration by the United Nations (UN), a uniform tariff of 10% ad valorem was adopted to collect revenue for the state and for ease of administration. Trade policy concerns were not taken into consideration. This uniform 10% tariff on imports, with few exceptions, is still applied by Kosovo today in 2013. In contrast to Kosovo, other CEFTA nations and the European Union (EU) impose a widely variegated tariff structure to carry out their trade policy objectives and frequently have a higher average applied tariff rate than Kosovo's. This article briefly reviews Kosovo's current trade regime and policy regarding trade in goods and argues that Kosovo should revise its uniform tariff of 10% on imports to carry out a trade policy based upon sound economic analysis. Four options for a new tariff policy - maintenance of the current 10% tariff with a phasing out of tariffs through the use of exemptions and new regional and bilateral free trade agreements; adoption of unilateral free trade; maintenance of the current average applied tariff rate of approximately 5.3% with adjustments to individual tariff rates to benefit consumers and local producers; and adoption of an industrialization strategy scheme - are evaluated.

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Aweeka, FT, A. Stek, BM Best, C. Hu, D. Holland, A. Hermes, SK Burchett, J. Read, M. Mirochnick, and EV Capparelli. "Lopinavir protein binding in HIV-1-infected pregnant women." HIV Medicine 11, no. 4 (April 2010): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00767.x.

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Hunt, Benjamin, and Douglas Laxton. "The Zero Interest Rate Floor (ZIF) and its Implications for Monetary Policy in Japan." National Institute Economic Review 187 (January 2004): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00279501041871007.

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This paper uses the IMF's macroeconomic model MULTIMOD to examine the implications of the zero interest rate floor (ZIF) for the design of monetary policy in Japan. Similar to findings in other studies, targeting rates of inflation lower than 2.0 per cent significantly increases the likelihood of the ZIF becoming binding. Systematic monetary policy strategies that respond strongly to stabilise output and inflation, or that incorporate some explicit price-level component, can help to mitigate the implications of the ZIF.

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Wang, Jing‐Quan, Zhuo‐Xun Wu, Yuqi Yang, Qiu‐Xu Teng, Yi‐Dong Li, Zi‐Ning Lei, Khushboo A. Jani, Neeraj Kaushal, and Zhe‐Sheng Chen. "ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters in cancer: A review of recent updates." Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 14, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): 232–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12434.

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Zhang, Lei. "Global Fisheries Management and Community Interest." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 8586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158586.

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The conservation of fishery resources is a common interest of the international community. In the 1990s, the global fisheries management system was formed based on the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). In order to achieve sustainable fisheries management, the international community also adopted a series of legally binding and non-binding policy instruments for the implementation of the global fisheries regime. The regional institutional framework was strengthened and expanded to offer broad coverage worldwide. Based on the analysis of the global fisheries management system, the article concludes that the current legal and policy instruments collectively provide a comprehensive framework for global fisheries management, but there still exist limits in addressing the challenges of fishery resources today. More effective implementation of the current legal system through better cooperation among States, as well as efficient coordination within and between national, regional and global institutions, is required.

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LUU, Huong Ly. "Regional Harmonization of Competition Law and Policy: An ASEAN Approach." Asian Journal of International Law 2, no. 2 (July 2012): 291–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251312000124.

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The ASEAN Economic Ministers unveiled the ASEAN Regional Guidelines on Competition Policy on 24 August 2010. This is a non-binding document covering all key issues relating to competition law and policy. This article provides a comparative study of the regional harmonization of competition law and policy among the EU, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, CAN, and ASEAN, with a focus on ASEAN. In contrast to the “hard law” approach of the EU, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and CAN, ASEAN has opted for a “soft law” approach because it is constrained by (1) the traditional “ASEAN Way”; (2) the diversity in economic conditions and competition regimes among its members; and (3) the lack of a supranational body to enforce common competition rules, or, at least, a mechanism for dispute resolution. The author concludes that this modest step which ASEAN has taken in the regional harmonization of competition law and policy is appropriate for the time being.