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Статті в журналах з теми "Blackcurrant leaves"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Piotrowski, Wojciech, Barbara H. Łabanowska, Anna Galińska, and Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson. "Migration Monitoring of Blackcurrant Gall Mite (Cecidophyopsis ribis Westw.) from Buds to Leaves on Several Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) Cultivars." Journal of Horticultural Research 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johr-2016-0021.

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Abstract The blackcurrant gall mite (Cecidophyopsis ribis) is the most important pest of blackcurrant crops. Over recent years withdrawal from plant protection programmes of chemical products (endosulfan and amitraz) used for the control of this pest in Poland, has led to an observed increase in population numbers. In 2013, fenpiroxymate (Ortus 05 SC) became registered for control of this pest. It is deemed best that chemical protection should be used during the migration period; when big gall mites emerge from buds in search of new buds. The studies were carried out in a plantation of blackcurrants during 2011-2013. The assessment of migration of the blackcurrant gall mite was carried out on the cultivars ‘Ben Hope’, ‘Ben Alde’r, ‘Ojeby’n and ‘Ruben’. Every year, from selected cultivars buds were collected. They were then placed on blackcurrant leaves within Petri dishes. After one, three and five days of placing buds on the leaves, the estimated number of eriophyid mites on the leaves was calculated. The data has shown a very useful method for monitoring blackcurrant gall mite, which can be used in calculating the treatment dates for this pest. Also, the data has shown that differences in the periods of migration of the mite are dependent on the cultivar and time of flowering. Among the cultivars observed the least susceptible to colonization by the blackcurrant gall mite was a Polish cultivar ‘Ruben’, while the most susceptible cultivar was ‘Ben Hope’.
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2

Ziobroń, Magdalena, Aneta Kopeć, Joanna Skoczylas, Kinga Dziadek, and Jerzy Zawistowski. "Basic Chemical Composition and Concentration of Selected Bioactive Compounds in Leaves of Black, Red and White Currant." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 7638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167638.

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Анотація:
The aim of this study was to determine the basic chemical composition, the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in currant leaves. The leaves of black, red and white currant shrubs were collected in May, and in the beginning of June, July and August, for two years between 2018 and 2019. The proximate analysis, including dry matter, protein, fat, ash and total carbohydrates, was determined. In addition, the content of the polyphenols and the total antioxidant activity using ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays were conducted. The highest concentration of protein was detected in the whitecurrant leaves harvested in May in both years, while the highest content of crude fat was found in the blackcurrant leaves harvested in both years, with the exception of the August harvest. Extracts from the blackcurrant leaves collected in June/July 2019 had the highest antioxidant activity that was measured by the ABTS method (about 7000 µmol Trolox/g DM) and confirmed by other methods, while extracts from the whitecurrant leaves produced from the August 2018 collection had the lowest antioxidant activity (1884 µmol Trolox/g DM). Currant leaves are a rich source of bioactive compounds and contain higher amounts of polyphenols as compared with currant fruits. These compounds may play a very important role in the risk reduction and even prevention of the most chronic non-communicable diseases. Therefore, further research is needed to identify currant leaves as a source of bioactives for functional foods and natural health products. The highest antioxidant activity was in the redcurrant leaves from all the harvest times in 2018 as measured by the ABTS and FRAP methods. On the contrary, blackcurrant leaves from all the harvest times in 2019 had the highest antioxidant activity.
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3

Cyboran, Sylwia, Dorota Bonarska-Kujawa, Ireneusz Kapusta, Jan Oszmiański, and Halina Kleszczyńska. "Antioxidant potentials of polyphenolic extracts from leaves of trees and fruit bushes." Current Topics in Biophysics 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10214-011-0003-4.

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Antioxidant potentials of polyphenolic extracts from leaves of trees and fruit bushesThe aim of the work was to determine the antioxidant potential of extracts from leaves of strawberry, blackcurrant and apple in relation to lipids contained in the erythrocyte membrane. The studies performed have shown that the substances used protect membrane lipids against oxidation, clearly reducing the level of free radicals in erythrocyte ghosts suspension. The antioxidant activity of the substances studied follows the sequence: strawberry leaves > apple leaves > blackcurrant leaves. The results of the research on the antioxidant activity when confronted with the contents of polyphenols in the extracts indicates that the antioxidant potentials of the extracts depend both on the quantity and kind of individual polyphenols; in particular, on the kind and quantity of quercetin derivatives that constitute over 60 % of all the phenolic compounds. Moreover, the high antioxidant activity of the extracts may be also due to other, nonphenolic substances that occur in leaves. The extracts exhibit very good properties as free radical scavenges, and can thus be used as cheap, easily available, natural antioxidants in the industries where natural antioxidants in the form of fruit extracts have been used for long.
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4

Carter, John, Rex Brennan, and Michael Wisniewski. "Patterns of Ice Formation and Movement in Blackcurrant." HortScience 36, no. 6 (October 2001): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.6.1027.

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Ice formation and movement in stems, leaves, and flowers of blackcurrant were observed by infrared video thermography. Stem sections bearing leaves and racemes were cooled slowly to as low as -6.4 °C and allowed to freeze without artificial nucleation. Ice formed in stems first, then moved from stems into leaves and racemes. Patterns of ice movement were complex and depended upon the temperature of the initial nucleation event. Individual flowers froze between -1.6 and -5.5 °C. Survival of flowers after a cooling treatment depended upon whether they froze and the amount of freezing that occurred in the peduncles to which they were attached. Some flowers survived the initial freezing treatments but later died because of peduncle damage. Movement of ice from stems into peduncles sometimes was observed to occur in discrete steps, separated by time and temperature. Several independent freezing events were often observed in a peduncle, rather than one continuous event. Pedicels attached to frozen peduncles often remained supercooled for several minutes to over an hour before freezing. No consistent pattern was evident during freezing of individual flowers in an inflorescence. The range of temperature over which flowers in a single inflorescence froze was in some instances over 4 °C. Both mature and immature flowers supercooled. Barriers to movement of ice appeared to exist at certain anatomical junctions within the plant, notably where the peduncle of an inflorescence attaches to a stem and where a flower pedicel joins a peduncle. The time required for ice to pass through these barriers was inversely related to the degree of supercooling that had occurred prior to freezing.
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5

Orbán, Cs, É. Kis, Cs Albert, and É. Molnos. "Antioxidant capacity of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves and buds." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Alimentaria 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausal-2021-0007.

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Abstract The antioxidant capacity is the combined free radical scavenging effect of all antioxidant compounds found in the studied system. There is a growing need for accurate, numerical determination of this capacity (for easier comparison), so there are many analytical procedures, methods, and measurement systems available to researchers. Neither one is able to model the totality of real, naturally occurring reactions; therefore, conclusions about the antioxidant power of the studied sample can be drawn only after using several methods. In this work, the total phenolic content (TPC) of blackcurrant leaves and buds was determined, and the antioxidant capacity was tested using the DPPH and FRAP assays. 80% methanol was the most effective in the extraction of phenolics followed by 80% ethanol, while for the antioxidant capacity the acetone (50%)/water/acetic acid (2%) mixture proved to be the best. Significant differences were observed between cultivars and sampling dates, but the pattern of variation during the harvest period was similar for all cultivars.
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6

Cyboran, Sylwia, Dorota Bonarska-Kujawa, Hanna Pruchnik, Romuald Żyłka, Jan Oszmiański, and Halina Kleszczyńska. "Phenolic content and biological activity of extracts of blackcurrant fruit and leaves." Food Research International 65 (November 2014): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.037.

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7

Bonarska-Kujawa, Dorota, Sylwia Cyboran, Romuald Żyłka, Jan Oszmiański, and Halina Kleszczyńska. "Biological Activity of Blackcurrant Extracts (Ribes nigrumL.) in Relation to Erythrocyte Membranes." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/783059.

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Анотація:
Compounds contained in fruits and leaves of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrumL.) are known as agents acting preventively and therapeutically on the organism. The HPLC analysis showed they are rich in polyphenol anthocyanins in fruits and flavonoids in leaves, that have antioxidant activity and are beneficial for health. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of blackcurrant fruit and leaf extracts on the physical properties of the erythrocyte membranes and assess their antioxidant properties. The effect of the extracts on osmotic resistance, shape of erythrocytes and hemolytic and antioxidant activity of the extracts were examined with spectrophotometric methods. The FTIR investigation showed that extracts modify the erythrocyte membrane and protect it against free radicals induced by UV radiation. The results show that the extracts do not induce hemolysis and even protect erythrocytes against the harmful action of UVC radiation, while slightly strengthening the membrane and inducing echinocytes. The compounds contained in the extracts do not penetrate into the hydrophobic region, but bind to the membrane surface inducing small changes in the packing arrangement of the polar head groups of membrane lipids. The extracts have a high antioxidant activity. Their presence on the surface of the erythrocyte membrane entails protection against free radicals.
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8

Likhanov, A. F., M. S. Rozhko, A. A. Kliuvadenko, and S. M. Kostenko. "The Dynamics of Plastid Pigments Content in Leaves of Blackcurrant (Ribes Nigrum L.)." Scientific Bulletin of UNFU 26, no. 5 (September 30, 2016): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/40260510.

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9

Xu, Xiang Ming, Joyce D. Robinson, and Angela M. Berrie. "Infection of Blackcurrant Leaves byDrepanopeziza ribisin Relation to Weather Conditions and Leaf Position." Journal of Phytopathology 157, no. 5 (May 2009): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2008.01488.x.

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10

Piotrowski, Wojciech, Jan Oszmiański, Aneta Wojdyło, and Barbara H. Łabanowska. "Changing the content of phenolic compounds as the response of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves after blackcurrant leaf midge (Dasineura tetensi Rübs.) infestation." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 106 (September 2016): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.029.

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11

Kailas, T., M. Müürisepp, and A. Orav. "Composition of blackcurrant aroma isolated from leaves, buds, and berries of Ribes nigrum L." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Chemistry 51, no. 4 (2002): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/chem.2002.4.04.

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12

Wójcik, Paweł, and Jacek Filipczak. "Pre-bloom leaves of blackcurrant can be used to predict boron and manganese nutrition." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 49, no. 15 (May 24, 2018): 1880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1479418.

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13

Cao-Ngoc, Phu, Laurent Leclercq, Jean-Christophe Rossi, Jasmine Hertzog, Anne-Sylvie Tixier, Farid Chemat, Rouba Nasreddine, et al. "Water-Based Extraction of Bioactive Principles from Blackcurrant Leaves and Chrysanthellum americanum: A Comparative Study." Foods 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101478.

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The water-based extraction of bioactive components from flavonoid-rich medicinal plants is a key step that should be better investigated. This is especially true when dealing with easy-to-use home-made conditions of extractions, which are known to be a bottleneck in the course for a better control and optimization of the daily uptake of active components from medicinal plants. In this work, the water-based extraction of Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) leaves (BC) and Chrysanthellum americanum (CA), known to have complementary pharmacological properties, was studied and compared with a previous work performed on the extraction of Hawthorn (Crataegus, HAW). Various extraction modes in water (infusion, percolation, maceration, ultrasounds, microwaves) were compared for the extraction of bioactive principles contained in BC and CA in terms of extraction yield, of amount of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and proanthocyanidin oligomers, and of UHPLC profiles of the extracted compounds. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of the extraction, in addition to the kinetic of extraction, were studied. The optimized easy-to-use-at-home extraction protocol developed for HAW was found very efficient to easily extract bioactive components from BC and CA plants. UHPLC-ESI-MS and high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) were also implemented to get more qualitative information on the specific and common chemical compositions of the three plants (including HAW). Their antihyaluronidase, antioxidant, and antihypertensive activities were also determined and compared, demonstrating similar activities as the reference compound for some of these plants.
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14

Shavyrkina, М. А., E. I. Chekalin, and S. D. Knyazev. "ROLE OF THE RATE OF LEAVES PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND TRANSPIRATION IN THE FORMATION OF BLACKCURRANT PRODUCTIVITY." Vestnik OrelGAU 1, no. 58 (January 2016): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15217/issn1990-3618.2016.1.35.

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15

Lanham, P. G., R. J. Kemp, H. Jones, and R. M. Brennan. "Expression of dehydrin-like genes in response to chilling in leaves of blackcurrant,Ribes nigrumL." Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 76, no. 2 (January 2001): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2001.11511351.

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16

Vagiri, Michael, Sean Conner, Derek Stewart, Staffan C. Andersson, Susan Verrall, Eva Johansson, and Kimmo Rumpunen. "Phenolic compounds in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves relative to leaf position and harvest date." Food Chemistry 172 (April 2015): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.041.

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17

Boyd-Wilson, K. S. H., S. Read, and D. C. Mundy. "Mini munchers to control powdery mildew and botrytis bunch rot in grapes." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6591.

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The use of mycophagous (fungal feeding) invertebrates has potential to contribute to disease management in both organic and conventional wine production systems in New Zealand The New Zealand wine industry is actively working towards producing ultralow residue wines This involves removing all late season botrytis fungicide sprays from the vineyard spray programme In organic wine production systems in New Zealand the only products available to control powdery mildew and botrytis bunch rot are protectants In both these systems when fungicides are not available mycophagous invertebrates may reduce the amount of inoculum available to cause disease A survey of leaf material in 19 vineyards in Canterbury and Marlborough over the 20082009 growing season identified populations of beetles in two vineyards in sufficient numbers to justify further research In the laboratory fieldcollected beetles that were starved for 2 days fed on spores of Botrytis cinerea (botrytis bunch rot) growing on blackcurrant flowers Podosphaerea leucotricha (apple powdery mildew) on apple leaves and Erysiphe necator (grape powdery mildew) on grape leaves Beetles were identified as Aridius bifaciatus (Reitter) A nodifer (Westwood) and Cortinicara hirtalis (Broun)
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18

Miłek, Michał, Ewa Ciszkowicz, Ewelina Sidor, Joanna Hęclik, Katarzyna Lecka-Szlachta, and Małgorzata Dżugan. "The Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Properties of Rapeseed Creamed Honey Enriched with Selected Plant Superfoods." Antibiotics 12, no. 2 (January 22, 2023): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020235.

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The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of the addition of selected fruits and herbs belonging to the “superfoods” category for the bioactivity of a rapeseed honey matrix. Flavored creamed honeys with nine types of various additives (2 and 4% of content) were prepared and analyzed for the content of total phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant (FRAP, DPPH and ABTS) and antibacterial activity against four strains of bacteria. Additionally, the impact of three months of storage on the antioxidant properties of the products obtained was examined. The significant dose-dependent increase in the content of bioactive ingredients and antioxidant capacity in spiced honeys, as compared to control honey, was observed. The highest enrichment was obtained for the addition of powdered sea buckthorn leaves and black raspberry fruits. Honey with the addition of sea buckthorn leaves inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and K. pneumonia, whereas honeys with black raspberry and blackcurrant fruits showed activity only on the latter two strains. Furthermore, what is more interesting, honey supplemented with sea buckthorn leaf and black raspberry fruits inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation at the sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs), showing a dose-dependent anti-biofilm effect.
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19

Dobson, G. "Leaf lipids of Ribes nigrum: a plant containing 16:3, α-18:3, γ-18:3 and 18:4 fatty acids". Biochemical Society Transactions 28, № 6 (1 грудня 2000): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280583.

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The glycerolipid composition of Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant) leaves was determined. The total fatty acid composition was unusual in that α-linolenic acid (α-18:3) occurred together with cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3) and lower amounts of stearidonic acid (18:4) and γ-linolenic acid (γ-18:3). Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol contained the highest proportion of 16:3 with less in digalactosyldiacylglycerol. γ-18:3 and 18:4 were present in all lipids and 18:4 was always greater than γ-18:3. The highest percentages of γ-18:3 and 18:4 were in phosphatidylcholine, but phosphatidylglycerol was particularly low in these acids. In summary, the lipid composition was largely typical of 16:3 plants but there was a minor contribution typical of 18:4 plants. The possibility of three pathways for glycolipid biosynthesis is discussed.
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20

Cherkashina, M. I., A. A. Efimova, and A. G. Cherkashina. "THE CONTENT OF VITAMINS AND HEAVY METALS IN BERRIES OF WILD BLACKCURRANT OF YAKUTIA." Innovations and Food Safety, no. 4 (June 30, 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2019-26-4-40-47.

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The results of research on the content of vitamins (E, B1, B2, B6 and C) and heavy metals zinc, iron, cobalt, mercury, as well as iodine in the soil and berries of wild black currant growing on forest and floodplain soils of the Central and Vilyuisk zones of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are presented. It was established that the maximum amount of vitamins in berries and leaves of black currant is contained in the conditions of Amginsky and Ust-Aldan districts: vitamin E – 90.07–134.25 mg/kg; C – 1259.87–2092.4 mg/100g; B1 – 2.28–2.72 mg/kg; B2 – 17.83–24.92 mg/kg; B6 – 24.4–37.93 mg/kg. At the same time, the content of the studied vitamins in wild black currant berries from the Vilyuy group of districts was less: vitamin E – 68.53–76.46 mg/kg; C – 839.03–953.50 mg/100g; B1 – 2.43–2.63 mg/kg; B2 – 12.76–14.08 mg/kg; B6 – 16.73–18.68 mg/kg. Studies on the content of heavy metals in the soil and berries in the Central and Vilyuy zones of Yakutia. Proved that the amount of heavy metals contained in the soil, and their removal by black currant berries is different. There is no cadmium or mercury in wild currant berries. Zinc, iron, cobalt and iodine in the berries of currant are present within the permitted levels.
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21

Nowak, Agnieszka, Agata Czyzowska, Magdalena Efenberger, and Lucjan Krala. "Polyphenolic extracts of cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves as natural preservatives in meat products." Food Microbiology 59 (October 2016): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2016.06.004.

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22

Nour, Violeta, Ion Trandafir, and Sina Cosmulescu. "Antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds and minerals content of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves as influenced by harvesting date and extraction method." Industrial Crops and Products 53 (February 2014): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.12.022.

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23

HUYEN, N. T., C. FRYGANAS, G. UITTENBOGAARD, I. MUELLER-HARVEY, M. W. A. VERSTEGEN, W. H. HENDRIKS, and W. F. PELLIKAAN. "Structural features of condensed tannins affectin vitroruminal methane production and fermentation characteristics." Journal of Agricultural Science 154, no. 8 (August 16, 2016): 1474–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859616000393.

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SUMMARYAnin vitrostudy was conducted to investigate the effects of condensed tannin (CT) structural properties, i.e. average polymer size (or mean degree of polymerization), percentage ofcisflavan-3-ols and percentage of prodelphinidins in CT extracts on methane (CH4) production and fermentation characteristics. Condensed tannins were extracted from eight plants in order to obtain different CT types: blackcurrant leaves, goat willow leaves, goat willow twigs, pine bark, redcurrant leaves, sainfoin plants, weeping willow catkins and white clover flowers. They were analysed for CT content and CT composition by thiolytic degradation, followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Grass silage was used as a control substrate. Condensed tannins were added to the substrate at a concentration of 40 g/kg, with or without polyethylene glycol (+ or −PEG 6000 treatment) to inactivate tannins, then incubated for 72 h in mixed buffered rumen fluid from three different lactating dairy cows per run. Total cumulative gas production (GP) was measured by an automated GP system. During the incubation, 12 gas samples (10µl) were collected from each bottle headspace at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 56 and 72 h of incubation and analysed for CH4. A modified Michaelis-Menten model was fitted to the CH4concentration patterns and model estimates were used to calculate total cumulative CH4production (GPCH4). Total cumulative GP and GPCH4curves were fitted using biphasic and monophasic modified Michaelis-Menten models, respectively. Addition of PEG increased GP, GPCH4, and CH4concentration compared with the −PEG treatment. All CT types reduced GPCH4and CH4concentration. All CT increased the half time of GP and GPCH4. Moreover, all CT decreased the maximum rate of fermentation for GPCH4and rate of substrate degradation. The correlation between CT structure and GPCH4and fermentation characteristics showed that the proportion of prodelphinidins within CT had the largest effect on fermentation characteristics, followed by average polymer size and percentage ofcisflavan-3-ols.
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24

Pap, Nora, Dhanik Reshamwala, Risto Korpinen, Petri Kilpeläinen, Marina Fidelis, Marianna M. Furtado, Anderson S. Sant’Ana, et al. "Toxicological and bioactivity evaluation of blackcurrant press cake, sea buckthorn leaves and bark from Scots pine and Norway spruce extracts under a green integrated approach." Food and Chemical Toxicology 153 (July 2021): 112284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112284.

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25

Griffiths, D. W., G. W. Robertson, A. N. E. Birch, and R. M. Brennan. "Evaluation of thermal desorption and solvent elution combined with polymer entrainment for the analysis of volatiles released by leaves from midge (Dasineura tetensi) resistant and susceptible blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) cultivars." Phytochemical Analysis 10, no. 6 (November 1999): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1565(199911/12)10:6<328::aid-pca473>3.0.co;2-s.

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26

Karetnikov, Alexey, and Kirsi Lehto. "The RNA2 5′ leader of Blackcurrant reversion virus mediates efficient in vivo translation through an internal ribosomal entry site mechanism." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 286–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82307-0.

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The 5′ and 3′ non-translated regions (NTRs) of mRNAs of eukaryotes and their viruses often contain translational enhancers, including internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) comprised in the 5′ leaders of many uncapped viral mRNAs. Blackcurrant reversion virus (BRV) has a genome composed of two uncapped, polyadenylated RNAs with relatively short 5′ NTRs, almost devoid of secondary structure. In this work, a role of the RNA2 5′ NTR in translation was studied by using mono- and dicistronic Photinus pyralis and Renilla reniformis luciferase reporter mRNAs in protoplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana. The RNA2 5′ leader was found to confer efficient in vivo translation compared with the control 5′ NTR, and each half of the BRV leader was essential for stimulatory function. Such efficient translational enhancement was mediated, at least in part, through an IRES mechanism. Multiple RNA2 5′ NTR regions, complementary to a fragment of plant 18S rRNA demonstrated previously to be accessible for intermolecular mRNA–rRNA interactions and conserved between eukaryotes, were shown to be important for efficient translation. Similar mRNA–rRNA base-pairing potential was also predicted for the 5′ leaders of other nepoviruses.
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