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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Borrowed policy"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Borrowed policy"

Salam, Gbadebo, Alase Gbenga, Lamidi Sikiru, and Tonuchi Joseph. "Borrowers Strategic Loan Default in Central Bank Microfinance Facilities and Incentives to Repay." Applied Journal of Economics, Management and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (August 29, 2022): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53790/ajmss.v3i4.62.

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This study examines the incidence of strategic default by borrowers in Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) microfinance loan facilities and the role of incentives to prevent such opportunistic behaviour. A collective strategic default is a situation where sound borrower feigns inability to repay with an expectation that a large number of other borrowers will not repay their loans, thus reducing the bank’s enforcement capacity, and then the effectiveness of the policy. Such opportunistic behaviour of borrowers happens in a framework in which there is no incentives to compel and encourage borrowers to pay back the borrowed funds. Using an extensive form game in a global game theory framework, the study found that without incentives, there is a room for opportunistic behaviour in central government financial intervention programmes. While such programmes are expected to benefit the economy, but incentives, either positive or negative will reduce incidence of strategic default.

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Boyko, S., O. Dragan, and K. Tkachenko. "Current trends in debt policy of city councils and directions of its improvement." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (155) (May 21, 2020): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-155-1-56-67.

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The need to rethink the role of urban debt policy in accordance with the growing needs of urban communities and their sustainable socio-economic development is identified. In Ukraine, the legal preconditions for the formation of cities' own debt policy and the implementation of borrowing in both domestic and foreign nancial markets. The current state of local budgets and decentralization processes only highlight the need for cities to develop debt policy. The formation of the institution of local borrowings in Ukraine is analyzed and an in-depth analysis of borrowings of city councils in 2014-2019 is carried out with the definition of three periods: 2014-2015 - increase in borrowed funds, but such borrowings were formed mainly due to debt activity of Kyiv City Council domestic local bonds; 2016–2017 - decrease in the amount of borrowed funds, which occurred under the inÀuence of macroeconomic, political and fiscal instability; 2018-2019 - resumption of debt activity of city councils that had experience of borrowing in the previous, relatively analyzed, period and diversification of forms of local borrowing. Based on the cluster analysis, the main characteristics of the modern debt policy of city councils of Ukraine, which is based on the di൵erentiation of city councils-borrowers, are determined. The main borrower remains the Kyiv City Council (the share was about 67%), the activity of borrowings was noted in the following city councils: Zaporizhia, Dnipro, Lviv, Odessa, Ivano-Frankivsk. It is established that the debt policy of city councils is based on raising funds from NEFCO, state-owned banks and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. Improving the debt policy of city councils of Ukraine should be based on the synergy of actions of central government agencies: (Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, Debt Agency of Ukraine, NBU, National securities and stock market commission (NSSMC)Financial Control Ofice, etc.) and city councils. Vectors for improving the debt policy of city councils should be an integral part of the Strategy for the Development of the Financial Sector of Ukraine until 2025 and meet its key strategic goals and directions. Key words: debt policy, local debt, local borrowings, domestic local government bonds, external local government bonds, fiscal decentralization.

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Tindall, Michael L., and Roger W. Spencer. "Borrowed reserves and deposit variation: The risks to monetary policy." Atlantic Economic Journal 25, no. 3 (September 1997): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02298411.

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Panina, Irina V., and Margarita Yu Gushchina. "Analysis of the organisation's borrowed capital." Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser.: Ekonomika i upravlenie = Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Series: Economics and Management, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/econ.2022.2/8322.

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Subject. Due to increasing competition and an increasingly complicated social and economic environment, capital configuration in organisations requires a very flexible approach. The corporate tradition of relying only on the company’s own funds can result in many rapidly disappearing business opportunities being missed while operating based on mainly borrowed resources can result in unjustified risks to the company's solvency and financial stability. A comprehensive analysis of how borrowed capital is used is necessary for making informed and immediate decisions with regard to raising capital and structuring it. As a result of the state’s policy to increase transparency and digitalise the economy, many sources of information about the activities of organisations have become publicly available. These data allows conducting a comprehensive analysis of how the borrowed capital is used. Purpose. Developing recommendations for the analysis of the borrowed capital of organizations using open data. Methods. The research results were obtained using analysis, synthesis, analogy, classification, and other methods and approaches. Results. The article continues the discussion about the meaning and content of the term “borrowed capital”; it justifies a rejection of using the category “attracted funding” for the purpose of economic analysis; it proposes a methodological approach to the comprehensive analysis of the organisation’s borrowed capital; it demonstrates the procedure for such analysis and the interpretation based on the example of a telecommunication company and with a due consideration of the peculiarities of the current social and economic situation. Conclusions. The proposed recommendations for the analysis of borrowed capital are universal and can be applied in organisations outside the public and financial sectors that produce standard (not simplified) financial statements and annual reports.

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Manalis, Sylvia A. "Birding on Borrowed Time (review)." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 47, no. 3 (2004): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2004.0054.

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Conrad, Peter. "Borrowed Time: Artificial Organs and the Politics of Extending Lives." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 12, no. 4 (1987): 820–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-12-4-820.

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Subedi, Prasun, Eleanor M. Perfetto, and Riaz Ali. "Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed"¦Comparative Effectiveness Research: A Policy Perspective." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 17, no. 9 Supp A (November 2011): S05—S09. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2011.17.s9-a.s05.

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Podolsky, V. A. "Social Policy Development in the USSR: Comparative Analysis with Western Practices." Vestnik Povolzhskogo instituta upravleniya 21, no. 6 (2021): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1682-2358-2021-6-102-110.

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The origins and development of the social support system in the USSR: introduction of the pensions, free healthcare, and free education are analyzed. The study shows, how the Soviet system developed the German corporate ideas of insurance, borrowed by the Russian Empire, and then adopted the British universalistic approach in the second half of the XX century.

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Vu, Yen N. "Phạm Quỳnh, borrowed language, and the ambivalences of colonial discourse". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51, № 1-2 (червень 2020): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463420000181.

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Phạm Quỳnh (1893–1945), twentieth century Vietnamese intellectual and politician, is a contentious figure in Vietnamese colonial history in terms of his collaboration with the French administration. Much of the mixed opinions on his role, though gleaned from his essays and political positions, have not yet been connected to the ambiguities of the colonial reforms concurrent with his budding career. Informed by Homi Bhabha's framework of ‘mimicry’, this study offers a reading of Phạm Quỳnh's attachment to language, both tongue and discourse, to nuance his character and reveal the ambiguous articulations of French colonial policy in Vietnam.

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Mourell, Mark. "Accounting and Accountability for Australian Federal Unions." Economic and Labour Relations Review 16, no. 1 (July 2005): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460501600106.

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The amendments to Schedule 1B of the Workplace Relations Act have given the government substantially new means of controlling the internal affairs of industrial organisations. At the government's behest, the Review of Current Arrangements for Governance of Industrial Organisation (the review), used concepts borrowed from the Corporations Act as a basis for recommendations regarding union accounts, accounting procedures, fiduciary obligations of office-holders and organisational rules. This study is a critique of the review and the consequent amendments. It argues that notions borrowed from the Corporations Act are inappropriate for unions and will cause problems for them. The amendments also contradict the government's avowed policy of deregulation of labour market institutions.

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Дисертації з теми "Borrowed policy"

Afanasieva, Inna, and Maria Lesko. "Assessment of the efficiency of financial resources of the company." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/54644.

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1. Vints, J. O. Improvement of management of financial resources of an enterprise. State and Regions. 2007. №6. С. 325-328. 2. Kravtsova A. M. Estimation of the Efficiency of the Process of Use of Financial Resources of the Enterprise. Economika Krimu. 2006. №16. С. 47-50. 3. Gryhorash T. Srednevozvazhennaya varti kapitalu: peculiarities of the calculation in Ukraine and in the world. Business Inform. 2016. № 11. С. 281-286. 4. Estimation of the Efficiency of Use of Financial Resources of the Enterprise. URL: https://www.econa.org.ua/index.php-/econa/article/view/1480/6565656606 (date of application 03.12.2021).
It is presented that financial resources are the material substance of financial relations, the size and composition of which affect the efficiency of economic activity. The article determines the structure of the aggregate indicator and the criteria for assessing the efficiency of use of financial resources.

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Моісеєнко, В. А. "Формування депозитної політики банків". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12611.

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У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти формування депозитної політики банку. Проаналізовано депозитну політику банків України. Запропоновано шляхи вдосконалення депозитної політики АТ КБ «ПриватБанк».
The work deals with the theoretical aspects of the bank's deposit policy formation. Author analysis deposit policy of Ukrainian banks. Proposed ways to improve deposit policy JSC CB "PrivatBank".

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Punzi, Maria Teresa, and Katrin Rabitsch. "Effectiveness of macroprudential policies under borrower heterogeneity." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5731/1/wp253.pdf.

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We study the impact of macroprudential policies using a novel model which takes into account households´ ability to borrow under different loan-to-value ratios which are tied to their collateral values. Such model generates a larger amplification in real and financial variables, compared to standard models that assume homogeneity in the leveraging and deleveraging process. Conditional on this model, we consider the implications of macroprudential policies that aim to lean against an excessive credit cycle. In particular, we allow macroprudential authorities to tighten excessive lending to higher leveraged households, whose riskiness had been evaluated too optimistically. We find thata policy that targets only the group of households that most strongly deleveraged after an adverse idiosyncratic housing investment risk shock, is welfare-improving at social and individual levels, relative to a macroprudential policy which targets all households in the economy.
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

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Choi, Jae-Young. "Comparing monetary policy indicators and the credit channel of monetary policy : the role of small borrowers /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9901226.

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Anis, Ferdous. "Inclusive Education Policy in Bangladesh: Human Rights, Social Justice and Structural Exclusion." Thesis, 2022. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/44732/.

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Bangladesh is a signatory to international declarations that all children must have access to education and has introduced education policies to implement inclusive education in all schools. Despite the aim of the policies to build an inclusive society, widespread discrimination contributes to the exclusion of children with disability in Bangladeshi society. This study investigated how inclusive education is conceptualised in the Bangladeshi National Education Policy 2010 (NEP10) for children with disability by drawing together social theory, policy and educational practice. A close investigation of the NEP10 utilising Carol Bacchi’s WPR approach was undertaken. The theories of Sen, Slee and Spivak, in relation to inclusive education, led to a broader consideration of human rights, social justice and inclusion. Findings from policy analysis were supplemented by a small number of interviews undertaken in two villages. The research findings demonstrate that the conceptualisation of inclusive education must be complemented with a broader consideration of human rights, social justice and inclusion to strengthen inclusive education ideals. The imperative for the Government of Bangladesh to have access to richer evidence for the conceptualisation of inclusive education is suggested to reach the goals of Education For All by 2030. The study concludes by discussing the potential for NEP10 to uphold the ideals of inclusion and impact the rights of children with disability in Bangladesh.

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Guo, Zih-ning, and 郭子寧. "Policy Implementation and EffectivenessEvaluation of Start-up Loans for the Youth :A study on Borrowers." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59710659653568489664.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
國家發展研究所
101
According to the data of 2010 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), 29.6% of Taiwan people are aware of entrepreneurial opportunities and 26.4% of Taiwan people think they have entrepreneurial ability. However, people as high as 43.8% are still afraid of failure in entrepreneurship. Along with the plight of offshoring on Taiwan industry, knowing how to help the development of small and middle enterprises (SMEs) in a sustained and stable pattern is more important than ever before. Among of career guidance policies of Taiwan government, Business Start-up Loans for Young Entrepreneur is specifically designed for youths who want to start a business. By interviewing the approval loan applicants, this paper is trying to examine the substantial assistances of Business Start-up Loans for Young Entrepreneur including borrowing funds, incubation courses, etc., and the perspective of interviewees in order to provide some advices for policy deliberation in the future, moreover, to give a guideline to those beginners through the successful cases. In regard to collected data, this paper generalized all interviewees’ opinions into three points. First, most interviewees appreciate the incentive of their government on the policy, and they are also grateful for the service attitude of clerical staffs. On the other hand, most of interviewees think the bank eligibility inspection is too restricted, which means that the completion in required business plan and incubation courses does not guarantee the application for approval. Therefore, they prefer the government to be the decision maker rather than banks, which may decrease the difficulty of applying and unify the service windows. Second, most interviewees think the 20 hrs entrepreneurial incubation course is too general, but business plan writing is helpful on clarifying their financial and operational planning. Concerning others specialized courses, most of the interviewees do not know about the course information even though the interviewees, who attended the courses before, give a highly positive evaluation, thus, the government should strengthen on propagating the information. Third, most entrepreneurial consultants are proactive and consistent in giving help to the trainees over one year, but not all of them contain industrial experience. Due to the question of consultants’ profession, the youth entrepreneurs actually want to be taught by other Successful entrepreneurs. In conclusion, the paper suggests that the government can improve the policy in four dimensions: systematized entrepreneurial training, internationalized entrepreneurial market, flexibilized entrepreneurial loan, and specialized entrepreneurial assistance. Furthermore, youths who want to start their business must be ambitious and well-prepared, besides, comprehensive planning, maintaining finance and tax transparency, and managing good partner relationship will help them to cope with incoming challenges and unexpected situations.

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Книги з теми "Borrowed policy"

Emminger, Otmar. The dollar's borrowed strength. New York: Group of Thirty, 1985.

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Borrowed time: Artificial organs and the politics of extending lives. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986.

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Neil, Howe, ed. On borrowed time: How the growth in entitlement spending threatens America's future. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.

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Peterson, Peter G. On borrowed time: How the growth in entitlement spending threatens America's future. San Francisco, Calif: ICS Press, 1988.

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On borrowed time: Australia's environmental crisis and what we must do about it. Victoria: Penguin Books in association with CSIRO Pub., 2007.

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A, Newton Scott, ed. A nation on borrowed time: A common sense look at the economic decline of America and how it can be reversed. Downers Grove, Il: APEX Media Solutions, 2009.

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Office, General Accounting. Tax policy: Deducting interest on funds borrowed to purchase or carry tax-exempt bonds : report to the Joint Committee on Taxation. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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Hurley, Graham. Borrowed light. Bath: Windsor, 2012.

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Borrowed light. London: Orion, 2010.

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American theocracy: The peril and politics of radical religion, oil, and borrowed money in the 21st century. New York: Viking, 2006.

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Частини книг з теми "Borrowed policy"

Alkhater, Lolwah R. M. "Qatar’s Borrowed K-12 Education Reform in Context." In Policy-Making in a Transformative State, 97–130. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46639-6_4.

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Nilsen, Jeffrey H. "Borrowed Reserves, Fed Funds Rate Targets and the Term Structure." In Monetary Policy and Interest Rates, 80–120. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26891-7_5.

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Pickard, Claire. "Borrowed Knowledge: Pedagogy and Student Debt in the Neoliberal University." In The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Public Policy, 479–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93907-0_37.

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Fitzsimons, William. "Social Responses to Climate Change in a Politically Decentralized Context: A Case Study from East African History." In Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises, 145–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_10.

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AbstractOver the past 3,000 years, speakers of the Ateker family of languages in East Africa chose various strategies to respond to periods of climate change including the end of the African Humid Period and the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Some Ateker people made wholesale changes to food production, adopting transhumant pastoralism or shifting staple crops, while others migrated to wetter lands. All borrowed new economic and social idea from neighbors. These climate-induced changes in turn had profound social and political ramifications marked by an investment in resilient systems for decentralizing power, such as age-classes and neighborhood congresses. By integrating evidence from historical linguistics and oral traditions with paleoclimatological data, this paper explores how a group of stateless societies responded to climate change. It also considers whether these cases complicate concepts such as “collapse” and “resilience” that are derived from analyses of mostly state-centric climate histories.

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McMillan, Samuel Lucas, and Chad J. Kinsella. "Barack Obama, Intergovernmental Relations, and Economic Policy: Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, and Something Blue." In Achievements and Legacy of the Obama Presidency, 31–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89529-7_3.

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Karlsen, Sidsel. "The Politics of Intercultural Collaboration in Higher Music Education: Challenges Seen from a Leadership Point of View." In The Politics of Diversity in Music Education, 203–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65617-1_15.

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AbstractInternationally, various mandates and policy directives require higher music education institutions to engage in intercultural collaboration. These include fulfilling national policy demands for internationalization in higher education, providing students with experience of working internationally to increase their employability, and conducting proper diversity management so as to facilitate diversity-conscious and responsible interaction with employees, students, and the broader educational community. In this chapter, the topic of intercultural collaboration in higher music education is approached from a different starting point, asking what, from a leadership point of view, creates obstacles to such collaboration and what makes it challenging or difficult either at the levels of individual participants, administrators, or the institution. Twelve leadership representatives from three different institutions of higher music education were interviewed about their experiences with intercultural collaboration and the benefits and challenges of engaging in such interactions. From the interviewees’ experiences, their work of attempting to govern or manage situations of complex intercultural interaction while simultaneously negotiating between the different interests expressed within the frames of their respective institutions featured prominently in the empirical material. In this chapter, these negotiations and deliberations are theorized and discussed attending to perspectives borrowed from literature on intercultural competences, leadership in higher education, and new managerialism.

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Barabasch, Antje, Stefanie Petrick, and Cheonsoo Park. "Policy Lender and Borrower at Once: Korea’s Developments in the VET Sector and Its New Pathway to Apprenticeship." In Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Issues, Concerns and Prospects, 187–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47859-3_11.

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Peterson, Peter G., and Neil Howe. "Health-Care Policy: Facing the Painful Trade-Offs." In On Borrowed Time, 337–84. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315125510-12.

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Kollman, Kelly. "5 Same-Sex Unions Legislation and Policy Paradigms: Something Borrowed, Yet Something New." In Policy Paradigms, Transnationalism, and Domestic Politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442696716-007.

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Heffernan, David. "Introduction." In Debating Tudor policy in sixteenth-century Ireland. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526118165.003.0001.

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The introduction provides a general overview of the ‘reform’ treatises as a body of sources. The fact that there are approximately six-hundred of these documents is noted. The authors of the documents are examined with specific reference to their ethnic background and status within Irish officialdom. The different forms in which treatises were written and the major themes are then overviewed. Finally, issues such as intertextuality and how writers borrowed from one another are looked at.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Borrowed policy"

Zulu, Charles William. "Educating Girls: A Critical Analysis of the Impact of Keeping Girls in School Initiative, Petauke, Zambia." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.5815.

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In 1997, the Minister of Education in Zambia then, Dr. S. Siyamujaye announced that schoolgirls who become pregnant would no longer be expelled. The girls who had been expelled in that year were allowed to return to school. The directive showed serious commitment towards the education of girls. Hence, the Re-Entry Policy mandates schools to allow girls who fall pregnant or left school due to early marriages back into school system (MOE,1997). // Further, in the pursuit to educate girls, the Government of the Republic of Zambia is working with cooperating partners to eradicate the vices and borrowed funds from World Bank in 2016 to support the ‘Girls' Education and Women's Empowerment and Livelihood. Through ‘Keeping Girls in School (KGS) initiative’ the government has been providing bursaries to girls whose parents/guardians were identified to be vulnerable and who were beneficiaries of the Social Cash Transfer Programme. // The project objective is to support the Government of Zambia to increase access to livelihood support for women and access to secondary education for underprivileged adolescent girls in extremely poor households in selected districts, and Petauke is among the benefiting districts in Zambia. // Despite all these efforts to educate the girl-child, mitigate teenage pregnancies and child marriages, the ministry has continued receiving reports of dropouts due to covid-19, high poverty levels, tradition and culture, teenage pregnancies and early marriages. // The findings revealed that the KGS initiative has positively impacted on girls’ education as Memory Lungu, a learner at Petauke Boarding Secondary School states, “The KGS initiative is good. This is because some of us, our parents cannot manage to pay for us in school. The Government is helping us through KGS and we are grateful” (MOGE Magazine 2021). // The investigation involved 32 out of 53 benefiting schools; sampled and interviewed 100 out of 2,767 beneficiaries. The researcher used mixed research methods. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using the automated google form, one-on-one phone call interviews and also analysed some data using Microsoft excel. // Therefore, in order to keep pregnant dropouts and out-of-school girls in the education process, government should consider investing in open schooling as it provides access to distance and online methods which can support self-directed learning of Girls anytime and anywhere while on maternity leave or out-of-school.

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Bayramov, O. B., and I. I. Gasanov. "The Multicriteria Choice Problem of the Loan and Deposit Policy of the Coalition of Borrowers." In 2019 Twelfth International Conference "Management of large-scale system development" (MLSD). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd.2019.8911113.

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Пилипенко, Г. П. "Адаптация испанских глаголов в речи славян-переселенцев в Аргентине". У Межкультурное и межъязыковое взаимодействие в пространстве Славии (к 110-летию со дня рождения С. Б. Бернштейна). Институт славяноведения РАН, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/0459-6.09.

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In the north-east of Argentina, in the province of Misiones, there are speakers of Ukrainian, Polish, Belarusian dialects, descendants of labor migrants who began to settle there since the end of the XIX century. During the field researches carried out from 2015 to 2019, narratives in dialect were collected in these languages. The paper discusses models of verb adaptation borrowed from the Spanish language in the speech of the descendants of Slavic immigrants. Both oral speech recordings and written sources of the dialect are involved (the diary of a migrant from Volhynia, Kirill Wozniuk, written in the South Volhynian dialect of the Ukrainian language). The models of verb adaptation in all three languages are identical.

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Melikov, Y. I. "ABOUT IMPROVING THE FINANCIAL AND CREDIT MECHANISM AS A TOOL TO STIMULATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.650-654.

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The issues of improving the financial and credit mechanism for stimulating the development of the agro-industrial complex are considered. In the conditions of external and internal challenges, the coronavirus epidemic, there is a compression of the domestic market, a drop in effective demand, the profitability of the population, enterprises, the state, and the emergence of a budget deficit. This requires a fundamental change of financing mechanism and credit review criteria and approaches to aid sectors of the economy, improvement of the mechanism of agricultural lending on the basis of availability of Bank credit for borrowers. The necessity of conducting a hybrid combined monetary policy is justified.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Borrowed policy"

Cabrera, Wilmar, Santiago Gamba, Camilo Gómez, and Mauricio Villamizar-Villegas. Examining Macroprudential Policy through a Microprudential Lens. Banco de la República, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1212.

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In this paper, we examine the financial and real effects of macroprudential policies with a new identifying strategy that exploits borrower-specific provisioning levels for each bank. Locally, we compare similar firms just below and above regulatory thresholds established in Colombia during 2008--2018 for the corporate credit portfolio. Our results indicate that the scheme induces banks to increase the provisioning cost of downgraded loans. This implies that, for loans with similar risk but with a discontinuously lower rating, banks offer a lower amount of credit, demand higher quality guarantees, and impose a higher level of provision coverage through the loan-loss given default. To illustrate, a 1 percentage point (pp) increase in the provision-to-credit ratio leads to a reduction in credit growth of up to 15pp and lowers the probability of receiving new credit by up to 11pp. When mapping our results to the real sector, we find that downgraded firms are constrained in their investment decisions and experience a contraction in liabilities, equity, and total assets.

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Kira, Beatriz, Rutendo Tavengerwei, and Valary Mumbo. Points à examiner à l'approche des négociations de Phase II de la ZLECAf: enjeux de la politique commerciale numérique dans quatre pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Digital Pathways at Oxford, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/01.

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Realities such as the COVID-19 pandemic have expedited the move to online operations, highlighting the undeniable fact that the world is continuing to go digital. This emphasises the need for policymakers to regulate in a manner that allows them to harness digital trade benefits while also avoiding associated risk. However, given that digital trade remains unco-ordinated globally, with countries adopting different approaches to policy issues, national regulatory divergence on the matter continues, placing limits on the benefits that countries can obtain from digital trade. Given these disparities, ahead of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Phase II Negotiations, African countries have been considering the best way to harmonise regulations on issues related to digital trade. To do this effectively, AfCFTA members need to identify where divergencies exist in their domestic regulatory systems. This will allow AfCFTA members to determine where harmonisation is possible, as well as what is needed to achieve such harmonisation. This report analyses the domestic regulations and policies of four focus countries – South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Senegal – comparing their regulatory approaches to five policy issues: i) regulation of online transactions; ii) cross-border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection; iii) access to source code and technology transfer; iv) intermediary liability; and v) customs duties on electronic transmissions. The study highlights where divergencies exist in adopted approaches, indicating the need for the four countries – and AfCFTA members in general – to carefully consider the implications of the divergences, and determine where it is possible and beneficial to harmonise approaches. This was intended to encourage AfCFTA member states to take ownership of these issues and reflect on the reforms needed. As seen in Table 1 below, the study shows that the four countries diverge on most of the five policy issues. There are differences in how all four countries regulate online transactions – that is, e-signatures and online consumer protection. Nigeria was the only country out of the four to recognise all types of e-signatures as legally equivalent. Kenya and Senegal only recognise specific e-signatures, which are either issued or validated by a recognised institution, while South Africa adopts a mixed approach, where it recognises all e-signatures as legally valid, but provides higher evidentiary weight to certain types of e-signatures. Only South Africa and Senegal have specific regulations relating to online consumer protection, while Nigeria and Kenya do not have any clear rules. With regards to cross border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection, the study shows that all four focus countries have regulations that consist of elements borrowed from the European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In particular, this was regarding the need for the data subject's consent, and also the adequacy requirement. Interestingly, the study also shows that South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria also adopt data localisation measures, although at different levels of strictness. South Africa’s data localisation laws are mostly imposed on data that is considered critical – which is then required to be processed within South African borders – while Nigeria requires all data to be processed and stored locally, using local servers. Kenya imposes data localisation measures that are mostly linked to its priority for data privacy. Out of the four focus countries, Senegal is the only country that does not impose any data localisation laws. Although the study shows that all four countries share a position on customs duties on electronic transmissions, it is also interesting to note that none of the four countries currently have domestic regulations or policies on the subject. The report concludes by highlighting that, as the AfCFTA Phase II Negotiations aim to arrive at harmonisation and to improve intra-African trade and international trade, AfCFTA members should reflect on their national policies and domestic regulations to determine where harmonisation is needed, and whether AfCFTA is the right platform for achieving this efficiently.

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Gamba-Santamaria, Santiago, Luis Fernando Melo-Velandia, and Camilo Orozco-Vanegas. What can credit vintages tell us about non-performing loans? Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1154.

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Using Colombian credit vintage data, we decompose the non-performing loans into one component that captures the evolution of the payment capacity of borrowers, and other component that captures changes in the credit risk taken by the financial system at the time of loan disbursement. We use intrinsic estimators and penalized regression techniques to overcome the perfect multicollinearity problem that the model entails. We find that these two type of components have evolved differently over time, and that good economic conditions and loose financial conditions improve the payment capacity of borrowers to meet their obligations, and in turn, they tend to coincide with the financial system engaging in riskier loans. Finally, we advocate the use of this methodology as a policy tool that is easy to apply by financial and economic authorities that dispose of a constant flow of credit vintage information. Through it, they will be able to identify the origin of the credit risk materialization and curb the risk taken by the financial system.

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Allado, Armin Paul, Lance Nicklaus Lim, Neri Angelie Tulauan, Marvin Kyle Abreu, Patricia Louise Agabin, and Jaoquin Charles Regio. Construction of an Index Tracker for Debt Sustainability Assessment in the Philippines. Asian Development Bank Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/lpbc3497.

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With economies around the world facing more dire challenges as an immediate result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for national governments to borrow funds has grown. The abrupt increase in debt level highlights the importance of implementing suitable models to project emerging debt scenarios and assess debt sustainability. Given that sustainable debt levels vary from country to country, we applied the IMF’s Debt Sustainability Analysis to assess the Philippines’ debt burden over time to be used as an input in the construction of a debt index tracker that incorporates other relevant fiscal and economic indicators. The index tracker serves as an aggregate barometer on whether debt levels have breached the sustainable threshold level. Furthermore, we will utilize the debt tracker to show the implicit debt ceiling and the available fiscal policy room that can respond to the next potential shock.

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Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations, Small Island Developing States, and Emergency Situations Guidance Note on Procurement. Asian Development Bank, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tim220284-2.

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This guidance note offers ADB borrowers, including grant recipients, simplified and flexible measures to address procurement challenges in fragile and conflicted-affected situations (FCAS), small island developing states (SIDS), and emergency situations. ADB operations in FCAS, SIDS, and emergency situations involve many context-specific challenges unique to each country, region, or territory. The nature and capacity of local industries and local public administrations, and the requirements imposed on contractors, suppliers, and service providers, require careful adjustments for procurement to be efficient. The guidance note is for projects financed in whole or in part by an ADB loan or grant, or by ADB-administered funds. It reflects the principles-based approach in ADB’s Procurement Policy and the Procurement Regulations for ADB borrowers.

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