Статті в журналах: "Borrowed policy"

1

Salam, Gbadebo, Alase Gbenga, Lamidi Sikiru, and Tonuchi Joseph. "Borrowers Strategic Loan Default in Central Bank Microfinance Facilities and Incentives to Repay." Applied Journal of Economics, Management and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (August 29, 2022): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53790/ajmss.v3i4.62.

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This study examines the incidence of strategic default by borrowers in Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) microfinance loan facilities and the role of incentives to prevent such opportunistic behaviour. A collective strategic default is a situation where sound borrower feigns inability to repay with an expectation that a large number of other borrowers will not repay their loans, thus reducing the bank’s enforcement capacity, and then the effectiveness of the policy. Such opportunistic behaviour of borrowers happens in a framework in which there is no incentives to compel and encourage borrowers to pay back the borrowed funds. Using an extensive form game in a global game theory framework, the study found that without incentives, there is a room for opportunistic behaviour in central government financial intervention programmes. While such programmes are expected to benefit the economy, but incentives, either positive or negative will reduce incidence of strategic default.

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2

Boyko, S., O. Dragan, and K. Tkachenko. "Current trends in debt policy of city councils and directions of its improvement." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (155) (May 21, 2020): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-155-1-56-67.

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The need to rethink the role of urban debt policy in accordance with the growing needs of urban communities and their sustainable socio-economic development is identified. In Ukraine, the legal preconditions for the formation of cities' own debt policy and the implementation of borrowing in both domestic and foreign nancial markets. The current state of local budgets and decentralization processes only highlight the need for cities to develop debt policy. The formation of the institution of local borrowings in Ukraine is analyzed and an in-depth analysis of borrowings of city councils in 2014-2019 is carried out with the definition of three periods: 2014-2015 - increase in borrowed funds, but such borrowings were formed mainly due to debt activity of Kyiv City Council domestic local bonds; 2016–2017 - decrease in the amount of borrowed funds, which occurred under the inÀuence of macroeconomic, political and fiscal instability; 2018-2019 - resumption of debt activity of city councils that had experience of borrowing in the previous, relatively analyzed, period and diversification of forms of local borrowing. Based on the cluster analysis, the main characteristics of the modern debt policy of city councils of Ukraine, which is based on the di൵erentiation of city councils-borrowers, are determined. The main borrower remains the Kyiv City Council (the share was about 67%), the activity of borrowings was noted in the following city councils: Zaporizhia, Dnipro, Lviv, Odessa, Ivano-Frankivsk. It is established that the debt policy of city councils is based on raising funds from NEFCO, state-owned banks and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. Improving the debt policy of city councils of Ukraine should be based on the synergy of actions of central government agencies: (Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, Debt Agency of Ukraine, NBU, National securities and stock market commission (NSSMC)Financial Control Ofice, etc.) and city councils. Vectors for improving the debt policy of city councils should be an integral part of the Strategy for the Development of the Financial Sector of Ukraine until 2025 and meet its key strategic goals and directions. Key words: debt policy, local debt, local borrowings, domestic local government bonds, external local government bonds, fiscal decentralization.

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3

Tindall, Michael L., and Roger W. Spencer. "Borrowed reserves and deposit variation: The risks to monetary policy." Atlantic Economic Journal 25, no. 3 (September 1997): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02298411.

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4

Panina, Irina V., and Margarita Yu Gushchina. "Analysis of the organisation's borrowed capital." Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser.: Ekonomika i upravlenie = Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Series: Economics and Management, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/econ.2022.2/8322.

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Subject. Due to increasing competition and an increasingly complicated social and economic environment, capital configuration in organisations requires a very flexible approach. The corporate tradition of relying only on the company’s own funds can result in many rapidly disappearing business opportunities being missed while operating based on mainly borrowed resources can result in unjustified risks to the company's solvency and financial stability. A comprehensive analysis of how borrowed capital is used is necessary for making informed and immediate decisions with regard to raising capital and structuring it. As a result of the state’s policy to increase transparency and digitalise the economy, many sources of information about the activities of organisations have become publicly available. These data allows conducting a comprehensive analysis of how the borrowed capital is used. Purpose. Developing recommendations for the analysis of the borrowed capital of organizations using open data. Methods. The research results were obtained using analysis, synthesis, analogy, classification, and other methods and approaches. Results. The article continues the discussion about the meaning and content of the term “borrowed capital”; it justifies a rejection of using the category “attracted funding” for the purpose of economic analysis; it proposes a methodological approach to the comprehensive analysis of the organisation’s borrowed capital; it demonstrates the procedure for such analysis and the interpretation based on the example of a telecommunication company and with a due consideration of the peculiarities of the current social and economic situation. Conclusions. The proposed recommendations for the analysis of borrowed capital are universal and can be applied in organisations outside the public and financial sectors that produce standard (not simplified) financial statements and annual reports.

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5

Manalis, Sylvia A. "Birding on Borrowed Time (review)." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 47, no. 3 (2004): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2004.0054.

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6

Conrad, Peter. "Borrowed Time: Artificial Organs and the Politics of Extending Lives." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 12, no. 4 (1987): 820–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-12-4-820.

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7

Subedi, Prasun, Eleanor M. Perfetto, and Riaz Ali. "Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed"¦Comparative Effectiveness Research: A Policy Perspective." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 17, no. 9 Supp A (November 2011): S05—S09. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2011.17.s9-a.s05.

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8

Podolsky, V. A. "Social Policy Development in the USSR: Comparative Analysis with Western Practices." Vestnik Povolzhskogo instituta upravleniya 21, no. 6 (2021): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1682-2358-2021-6-102-110.

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The origins and development of the social support system in the USSR: introduction of the pensions, free healthcare, and free education are analyzed. The study shows, how the Soviet system developed the German corporate ideas of insurance, borrowed by the Russian Empire, and then adopted the British universalistic approach in the second half of the XX century.

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9

Vu, Yen N. "Phạm Quỳnh, borrowed language, and the ambivalences of colonial discourse". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51, № 1-2 (червень 2020): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463420000181.

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Phạm Quỳnh (1893–1945), twentieth century Vietnamese intellectual and politician, is a contentious figure in Vietnamese colonial history in terms of his collaboration with the French administration. Much of the mixed opinions on his role, though gleaned from his essays and political positions, have not yet been connected to the ambiguities of the colonial reforms concurrent with his budding career. Informed by Homi Bhabha's framework of ‘mimicry’, this study offers a reading of Phạm Quỳnh's attachment to language, both tongue and discourse, to nuance his character and reveal the ambiguous articulations of French colonial policy in Vietnam.

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10

Mourell, Mark. "Accounting and Accountability for Australian Federal Unions." Economic and Labour Relations Review 16, no. 1 (July 2005): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460501600106.

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The amendments to Schedule 1B of the Workplace Relations Act have given the government substantially new means of controlling the internal affairs of industrial organisations. At the government's behest, the Review of Current Arrangements for Governance of Industrial Organisation (the review), used concepts borrowed from the Corporations Act as a basis for recommendations regarding union accounts, accounting procedures, fiduciary obligations of office-holders and organisational rules. This study is a critique of the review and the consequent amendments. It argues that notions borrowed from the Corporations Act are inappropriate for unions and will cause problems for them. The amendments also contradict the government's avowed policy of deregulation of labour market institutions.

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11

Octarra, Harla Sara, and Agustina Hendriati. "‘Old, borrowed, and renewed’: A review of early childhood education policy in post-Reform Indonesia." Policy Futures in Education 16, no. 1 (October 25, 2017): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210317736207.

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Early childhood education (ECE) is not new in Indonesia. However, in the past decade, it has received more attention, as shown by the growing number of ECE centres in both urban and rural areas. This growth is accompanied by policy development that corresponds to the global agenda of ECE. Policy development is inevitably linked with the support of international organisations (such as UNICEF and the World Bank) at both national and local levels, through loans and grass-roots pilot projects. Such neo-liberal policies have been seen as contributing to inequality in educational access in developing countries. What is lacking is an understanding of how policies, caught up in the interwoven nature of global discourse and social problems, are being implemented at the local level. Such understanding is especially important in the changing social and political context of post-Reform Indonesia. Using a critical approach, this article examines the discourse around ECE policies and practice through critical engagement with policy documents and relevant reports. Because policy processes are messy and in many ways relative, this perspective enables the dominant discourse, within which ECE operates, to be challenged. This article concludes by suggesting the integration of ECE and health services at the practice level in order to bridge the current gap between ECE policy and practice.

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12

Dixon, John, Alexander Kouzmin, and Nada Korac‐Kakabadse. "Managerialism ‐ something old, something borrowed, little new." International Journal of Public Sector Management 11, no. 2/3 (April 1998): 164–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513559810216483.

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13

Dolowitz, D., S. Greenwold, and D. Marsh. "Policy transfer: something old, something new, something borrowed, but why red, white and blue?" Parliamentary Affairs 52, no. 4 (October 1999): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pa/52.4.719.

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14

MIHAI, Nicoleta. "DES EMPRUNTS LEXICAUX ET SÉMANTIQUES DANS LE LANGAGE DE LA POLITIQUE EXTÉRIEURE." Studii și cercetări de onomastică și lexicologie 28, no. 1-2 (February 12, 2022): 280–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/scol.2021.1-2.18.

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"The research analyses some lexical and semantic aspects of the foreign policy and international politics vocabulary which is used in on-line media. Although we focus especially on the loans from English and French, we also analyse some words from other languages borrowed in Romanian through English."

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15

Ивченко, Юлия, and Yuliya Ivchenko. "Company credit policy as a factor in its effective and long-term development." Russian Journal of Management 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10590.

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The scientific and practical publications and regulatory sources for essence credit policy of the firm are analyzed. Based on the analysis it was concluded that there is no unified approach to the content of the term «company credit policy». The credit policy of the firm as a set of principles and methods for management of accounts receivable and the provision of trade credit to buyers; management of payables and bank credits as the main sources of borrowed working capital; management of free cash in the form of giving commercial loans to other companies and opening bank deposits examined.

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16

Sung, Youl-Kwan. "Cultivating borrowed futures: the politics of neoliberal loanwords in South Korean cross-national policy borrowing." Comparative Education 47, no. 4 (June 9, 2011): 523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2011.555118.

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17

Lennert da Silva, Ana Lucia, and Karen Parish. "National curriculum policy in Norway and Brazil." Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE) 4, no. 2 (September 25, 2020): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/njcie.3721.

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This paper addressed in what ways national curriculum policy in Norway and Brazil adopted the global accountability logic of which OECD and other international organizations are proponents. It borrowed from an institutional logics perspective to explain the complexity found within the accountability logic across these two nation-states. The method used was thematic analysis of the national curriculum policy. The findings revealed that national curriculum policy is informed by the international context, but translated within national contexts. Norway elaborated the accountability logic to encompass multiple aspects of this logic that reinforced each other to create a cohesive policy. In Brazil, tensions between different social groups resulted in a curriculum policy with contradictory aspects of the accountability logic. The translations of the global accountability logic reflected the context-specific features of each country and illustrated both homogeneity and heterogeneity that still exists in different educational contexts.

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18

Korenik, Dorota, and Maria Węgrzyn. "Public Policy Timing in a Sustainable Approach to Shaping Public Policy." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 29, 2020): 2677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072677.

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This study addresses the problem of optimal public policy timing and the relation to public health policy. Ways of recognizing this problem are presented, as well as the role of public policy timing, which is perceived or can be performed from various economic theories and concepts, mainly: regulation theory; the concept of adaptive public policy; and the theory of policy timing based on the concepts of option value and the transaction costs of the political process. The approach of methodological pluralism adopted by the authors made it possible to reach for various cognitive inspirations borrowed from numerous theoretical approaches, in order to create a comprehensive and coherent theoretical foundation for the purposes of analyzing the role of timing in applied public policies. Next, an attempt was made to define the role of public policy timing in the applied approach, i.e., the case of Polish policy towards the public hospital care sector. The final conclusion is that the role of timing is marginalized in Polish public health policy. The time dimension of its creation was ignored or treated as an exogenous event in relation to the rest of the policy formulation process. There is no political approach that adaptively links the right combination of resources and regulatory activity to timing for specific stages of development or growth in public hospital care.

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19

Joulfaian, David. "Debt Policy and Corporate Choice of Organizational Form." Public Finance Review 39, no. 6 (November 2011): 770–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142111422441.

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Corporate income is taxed twice, once at the entity level and then taxed once again at the shareholder level. In addition, the corporate tax system favors debt over equity financing of capital expenditures; corporations are able to deduct interest on borrowed funds, unlike the return to equity. By excessive borrowing, corporations are able to reduce the burden of double taxation. In contrast, noncorporate entities such as S corporations and partnerships are only taxed once at the shareholder level. Switching their organizational form, say from C to S corporate status, allows firms to engage in a form of self-help integration and avoid double taxation. But do C corporations that switch their organizational form to the S status less leveraged? The evidence suggests that they do, albeit modestly, and may provide further support to the incentive effects of taxes on debt policy.

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20

Stutz, R. S., B. M. Croak, O. Leimar, and U. A. Bergvall. "Borrowed plant defences: Deterring browsers using a forestry by-product." Forest Ecology and Management 390 (April 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.01.013.

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21

Fitzgerald, Scott. "Something Borrowed and Something New?: Welfare Reform and Social Science." Policy Studies Journal 26, no. 2 (June 1998): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1998.tb01902.x.

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22

Ouyang, Nan. "Comprehensive Operation Risk Assessment of a Highway Maintenance Area Based on Reliability." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 8744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168744.

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To study the influence of various working conditions on traffic safety in the maintenance area of a mountain expressway, 675 groups of PTV VISSIM traffic simulation experiments were designed with various traffic organization modes, traffic volumes, traffic compositions, activity area lengths, and speed limit values. The results show that the activity area length of a closed lane, a compressed lane, and a borrowed opposite lane had no marked influence on the traffic conflicts. There was a significant positive correlation between the proportion of trucks and the number of traffic conflicts, and the number of traffic conflicts increased significantly with an increase in traffic volume. In the closed lane and borrowed opposite lane scenarios, the increase in traffic conflicts was more obvious with the increase in traffic volume. There were obvious differences in the number of traffic conflicts under different forms of traffic organization. The number of conflicts in the compressed lane scenario was the lowest, and in the borrowed opposite lane scenario the number of conflicts was the highest. There was a significant correlation between a decrease in the speed limit and an increase in the number of traffic conflicts. Finally, with traffic volume, truck proportion, and speed limit values as independent variables and reliability as a dependent variable, linear regression equations of reliability were established for three traffic organization scenarios: closed lane, borrowed opposite lane, and compressed lane.

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23

Brown, R. Blake, and Bruce A. Kimball. "When Holmes Borrowed from Langdell: The "Ultra Legal" Formalism and Public Policy of Northern Securities (1904)." American Journal of Legal History 45, no. 3 (July 2001): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3185326.

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24

Ingold, Karin, and Jale Tosun. "Special Issue “Public Policy Analysis of Integrated Water Resource Management”." Water 12, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 2321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092321.

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Public policy analysis is interested in how policies emerge and develop in order to address societal problems. Issues related to water, such as the contamination of surface waters, floods, or plastic pollution in oceans are often highly complex, concern different jurisdictions, and require the collaboration of public and private actors. This complexity is addressed through integrated water management principles. However, these principles give room to open questions such as: what are the main challenges of policy analysis (research and practice) in terms of multi-level actor involvement (politics), cross-sectoral solutions (policies), and new institutional arrangements (polity)? To answer these questions, the seven papers of this Special Issue combine approaches borrowed from policy analysis with principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Each article tackles a complex, water-related problem and collectively, the papers present empirical evidence from case studies located around the world. We learn from all these analyses that adopting a policy perspective helps disentangling the procedural components of IWRM (the involvement of actors, the definition of the appropriate management area, the attribution of competences, etc.) from more substantial ones (like the development of a management plan and the implementation of measures). Addressing cross-sectoral and multi-level challenges is a difficult task, and policy analysis can help shedding light on both, the legitimacy of processes, and the effectiveness of their outputs and outcomes.

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25

Ells, Carolyn, and Chris MacDonald. "Implications of Organizational Ethics to Healthcare." Healthcare Management Forum 15, no. 3 (October 2002): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)60593-5.

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Organizational ethics is an emerging field concerned with the study and practice of the ethical behaviour of organizations. For effective application to healthcare settings, we argue that organizational ethics requires attention to organizations' special characteristics combined with tools borrowed from the fields of business ethics and bioethics. We identify and discuss several implications of this burgeoning field to healthcare organizations, showing how organizational ethics can facilitate policy making, accountability, self-evaluation, and patient and business perspectives. In our conclusion, we suggest an action plan for healthcare organizations to help them respond appropriately to their ethical responsibilities.

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26

Nelson, Ediomo-Ubong E., and Gboyega E. Abikoye. "Syringe Sharing and the Risk of Viral Transmission Among People Who Inject Drugs in Nigeria: Structural, Relational, and Subjective Influences on Behaviors." Journal of Drug Issues 49, no. 2 (November 23, 2018): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042618811654.

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In this article, we report findings of a qualitative study on structural, relational, and subjective determinants of injecting risks. Forty-one current people who inject drugs (PWIDs) were recruited through snowball sampling in Uyo, Nigeria. They were interviewed with a loosely structured interview guide. We employed inductive and thematic analysis of interview transcripts. PWIDs recognize the risk of viral transmission through sharing of syringes. As countermeasures, they inject with sterile syringes, refuse to borrow syringes, and disinfect borrowed syringes. Risk reduction efforts are undermined by withdrawal, pleasure seeking, public injecting settings, policing, social networks, and intimate relationships. These factors create a risk environment for viral transmission. Pleasure-seeking and risk reduction practices show agency and subjectivity, counterbalancing current emphasis on structural determinants of injecting risks. Findings indicate the need for policy reforms, needle and syringe provision, oral drug substitution, safe injecting environments, and peer education. Interventions should build on PWIDs’ agency and risk management practices.

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27

Hoseinian, Foad. "Passing-on Damages and Community Antitrust Policy – An Economic Background." World Competition 28, Issue 1 (March 1, 2005): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2005002.

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Basic economic tools of analysis imply that overcharges imposed by cartels or monopolists are not entirely, if at all, absorbed by their direct purchasers. The harm is instead inflicted upon actors in an indeterminable number of submarkets. The net effect varies depending on the time scope, the nature of competition in the downstream markets and on the proportion of demand-supply elasticity in those markets. Under EC antitrust law it is unclear whether this so-called passing-on reasoning should be accepted in private litigations. The eventual answer will constitute a major policy choice for EC antitrust law in general. Assuming that competition law ought to enhance overall social welfare, a theoretic model can be borrowed from relevant US literature to gain an understanding of how the damage remedy should be contemplated within the system of EC antitrust law and how the passing-on question should be dealt with.

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28

Chan, Selina Ching. "Colonial policy in a borrowed place and time: Invented tradition in the new territories of Hong Kong." European Planning Studies 7, no. 2 (April 1999): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654319908720513.

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29

HELMAN, SARA, and ASA MARON. "Episodes of Translation and Network Resilience: Lessons from Israel's Attempted Institutionalisation of Workfare." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 1 (May 16, 2018): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000284.

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AbstractThe translation perspective explores the travel of policy ideas, programmes and practices across international boundaries, focusing on the process through which interpretative agents introduce and adjust borrowed policy items to a new policy context. Current research emphasises the significance of local networks’ support for translation's efficacy. However, we know little about how such networks are maintained and stabilized over time or how changing configurations and capacities may affect translation's prospects. This paper explores the case of Israel's attempted institutionalisation of workfare – an enduring international policy fashion – from 1998 to the present day. We follow the stabilization and destabilization of the local translation network across different levels and sites of policy design and implementation, analysing emerging conflicts and agreements at each site. We use the metaphor ‘episodes of translation’ to explore translation's value as a concept accounting for local policy change. In order for translation-led policy change to maintain legitimacy and actualisation in contested domains, ongoing engagement of existing and emerging policy actors is essential. This case demonstrates how when networks become destabilized, translation-led policy change may come to a halt.

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30

Shchurina, S. V., and E. F. Mustafina. "The Dividend Policy of High-Tech Companies in the Digital Economy." Economics, taxes & law 11, no. 2 (November 6, 2018): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2018-11-2-90-102.

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The subject of the research is the improvement of the dividend policy of high-tech companies. The purpose of the work was to develop recommendations for improving the dividend policy to ensure the stable development of companies and increase their value based on comparison of the US and Russian practices. The performance indices of the company’s dividend policy are calculated. Recommendations on improving the dividend policy are given. It is concluded that US companies do not have a positive correlation between the market price of a share and the dividend per share, and the dividends payout ratio has a tendency to decreasing in comparison with the share buyback ratio, which is associated with a high level of return on equity. The borrowed capital costs US companies cheaper, so they actively pursue the buyback policy rather than paying cash dividends. Russian companies that have worse ROE indicators are recommended to reduce their equity by buying back their own shares and reduce the cash dividend payment base.

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31

Werquin, Patrick. "Decolonising recognition of prior learning – The drawbacks of policy mimicking." Research in Comparative and International Education 16, no. 4 (November 27, 2021): 488–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17454999211063480.

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Recognition of prior learning features at the top of the policy agenda in many countries because recognition of prior learning (RPL) has proven effective in some parts of the world; and there is much policy learning taking place. Therefore, many countries want to gain the advantages associated with RPL. It brings benefits to individual end-users and countries as a whole. Whether RPL should be identically implemented everywhere is more questionable. This paper proposes a reflexion based on experience: It looks at what RPL is about, at what it took to implement the validation des acquis de l’expérience (VAE) system in France and its potential transferability. While it is important to learn from one another, transporting a system from one national context to another is unlikely to work because the necessary social and cultural context is never transferred along with the technical apparatus. This is not new, but this paper emphasises the need for appropriate adaption whenever systems are borrowed.

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32

POLOVA, Olena, and Hanna BALALAIEVA. "Commitments of commercial bank management." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 11/2 (November 21, 2019): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2019.11(2).5.

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One of the basic problems of the banking system is the resource providing for the bank activities, and so the question of the resource potential management of the institution is actual today. The article deals with the economic essence and structure of the liabilities of commercial banks. A review of the specific features of banking and bank management defines the goal in the liability management. The dynamics of the resource base of Ukrainian banks. The article deals with the overall analysis of management problems for involved and borrowed resources of banks. Attention is concentrated on factors of banks' resources. Summarizes the main methods of deposit liability management. Considers the features of the borrowed resources management. Defines the main parameters of the resource base formation. Proposed future directions of research in the field of the liabilities management . The purpose of the study is to determine the peculiarities of managing the obligations of commercial banks and improve the methodology of this process. In the course of the study, attention was drawn to the process of forming a commercial bank's resource base, where two main management parameters need to be considered - the value of borrowed and borrowed funds and their volume. The most common source of formation of bank resources is customer deposits. The need to attract non-deposit resources arises in the event of a lack of current liquidity or as a result of an attempt to balance payment flows at subsequent dates. Further research should be directed to substantiate the methods, instruments and instruments of deposit and non-deposit policy, which will provide not only sufficient capital but also a high rating of a banking institution. It is determined that price and non-price management methods are used to provide the desired structure, volume and level of expenses on deposit liabilities. The essence of pricing methods is to use the interest rate on deposits as the main lever in the competition for free cash of individuals and legal entities. Raising the bid offered by the bank makes it possible to attract additional resources.

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33

Streltsov, A. V., and G. I. Yakovlev. "SCENARIO STUDY OF INVESTMENT RESOURCE FLOWS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP." Vestnik of Samara State University of Economics 5, no. 199 (May 2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/1993-0453-2021-5-199-66-74.

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The study considers the issues of mobilizing investment resources of enterprises and business structures, highlights the factors that determine the need for an active technical policy in the modern digital economy. The lack and limitation of investment resources for production purposes in the necessary volumes, under favorable conditions for the provision of borrowed funds, is observed throughout the entire post-reform period of the development of the Russian economy. For the purposes of accelerated modernization, it is necessary to increase the scales of generation of all types of investment resources of enterprises, both own and borrowed, in order to ensure expanded reproduction of promising products on a new technical and technological basis. The purpose of the study is to study possible options for the formation of own investment resources of enterprises and business structures, ensuring their relationship with macroeconomic conditions, the need for borrowed funds, with the most important indicators of the efficiency of the enterprise. The methods of logical analysis, meaningful economic interpretation of economic and managerial phenomena in the environment of investment activity of enterprises, analysis of cause-and-effect relationships in the system of organization of technical development of the enterprise were used in the work. As a result, the study proved the hypothesis that depreciation and net profit can serve as a significant source of investments at enterprises, and proper management of the formation and use of the depreciation fund and the accumulation fund, when there are favorable macroeconomic factors, can significantly increase the share of enterprises ' own funds in their investments. It is proposed to carry out regular management of the depreciation fund and the movement of the accumulation fund for the entire period of the useful life of fixed assets. If this work is not carried out in some periods (years), this significantly reduces the possible share of own funds in investments and increases the need for borrowed funds, increases operating costs.

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34

Legido-Quigley, Helena, Mishal Khan, Anna Durrance-Bagale, and Johanna Hanefeld. "Something Borrowed, Something New: A Governance and Social Construction Framework to Investigate Power Relations and Responses of Diverse Stakeholders to Policies Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance." Antibiotics 8, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8010003.

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While antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has rapidly ascended the political agenda in numerous high-income countries, developing effective and sustainable policy responses in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) is far from straightforward, as AMR could be described as a classic ‘wicked problem’. Effective policy responses to combat AMR in LMIC will require a deeper knowledge of the policy process and its actors at all levels—global, regional and national—and their motivations for supporting or opposing policies to combat AMR. The influence of personal interests and connections between for-profit organisations—such as pharmaceutical companies and food producers—and policy actors in these settings is complex and very rarely addressed. In this paper, the authors describe the role of policy analysis focusing on social constructions, governance and power relations in soliciting a better understanding of support and opposition by key stakeholders for alternative AMR mitigation policies. Owing to the lack of conceptual frameworks on the policy process addressing AMR, we propose an approach to researching policy processes relating to AMR currently tested through our empirical programme of research in Cambodia, Pakistan, Indonesia and Tanzania. This new conceptualisation is based on theories of governance and a social construction framework and describes how the framework is being operationalised in several settings.

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35

Nuckols, William, Kim E. Bullington, and Dennis E. Gregory. "Was it Worth it? Using Student Loans to Finance a College Degree." Higher Education Politics & Economics 6, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/hepe.v6i1.1358.

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This qualitative study explores the perceptions of value added to the lives of graduates who borrowed money to fund their college educations. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, five themes emerged. Overall, the study participants agreed that the ability to take on student loans to fund their education was worth it, but on the other hand feel overburdened with the cost of paying back their loans. This paper also provides a foundation for future research and identifies public policy shortcomings and suggests solutions.

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36

Vujovic, Dusan. "Dragoslav Drag Avramovic: Probing the limits of development and stabilization policy." Panoeconomicus 69, no. 2 (2022): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan2202299v.

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Dragoslav Avramovic was one of most accomplished economists in the area of applied development policy. He came from a small country with limited exposure to western economics, and made a stellar career at the World Bank and the Brandt Commission. His main achievements include: (i) A novel approach to external debt management based on dynamic assessment of indebtedness and borrowing capacity. It differed from standard debt-to-GDP ratio approach since it evaluated the efficiency and effectiveness of borrowed resources. (ii) Model for reducing volatility of commodity prices based on intervention fund (buffer stock) activated on either demand or supply side to prevent excessive price changes. (iii) Stabilizing record hyperinflation in his home country Serbia by introducing new currency, sound macro-monetary policy, and breaking inflationary expectations that reduced inflation and allowed price liberalization. He faced formidable political economy opposition to implementing debt management and commodity stabilization models, and structural reforms once the stabilization results were achieved.

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37

Dematar, Dewangga Dura. "WTO’S Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) and Indonesia’s Compliance in Agriculture Sector." Global South Review 1, no. 1 (September 3, 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.32794.

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This article is designed to appraise TPRM as a monitoring instrument in WTO and understand how it affects Indonesia’s compliance in the agriculture sector. On paper, TPRM should be exercised as a surveillance system to boost transparency and compliance. However, the author doubts the current periodic, differentiated by economic power, and the self-serving reporting system of the TPRM. As this process is complicated and flexible, where often used as a diplomatic visit or excuses to initiate diplomatic relations between turbulent nations, the writer believes that TPRM is only the tip of the iceberg with unlimited complex problems underneath. Adapting instruments from International Law and Rational Choice Theory, the writer borrowed Guzman’s framework to determine how TPRM could affect Indonesia’s compliance in the agriculture sector. This article will give a better understanding of the monitoring process of an international institution, especially the one with no law enforcement system and held fundamentally by mutual respect and good faith.

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38

Glover, Nikolas. "The “Aidification” of National Experiences: Swedish-Supported Correspondence Education in Tanzania, ca 1960–1975." Nordic Journal of Educational History 6, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36368/njedh.v6i1.123.

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This article deals with the foundational juncture in a 60-year long (and counting) relationship between Swedish and Tanzanian adult educators. It analyses how Swedish correspondence education methods and objectives were adapted as they entered the emerging field of foreign aid. Two educational institutions in Tanzania, in which Swedish funds and personnel played a central role are studied: the Nordic-funded Co-operative Educational Centre in Moshi founded in 1964, and the Swedish-funded National Correspondence Institute in Dar es Salaam (1971–). The analysis shows how international NGOs and individual policy entrepreneurs created the initial arenas for policy transfer. It emphasises how the ideal of creating an equal partnership affected the policies that were being lent and borrowed. The article argues that the concept of aidification can be used to capture the ways in which transnational policy areas such as education were transformed in the wake of decolonisation.

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39

Whatley, Shawn D. "Borrowed philosophy: bedside physicalism and the need for a sui generis metaphysic of medicine." Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 20, no. 6 (July 5, 2014): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jep.12214.

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40

Asghar, Nabila, Muhammad Asif Amjad, and Hafeez-ur Rehman. "Historical Perspective of External Debt in Pakistan: Identifying Key Determinants / Strategies." Review of Economics and Development Studies 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v8i1.427.

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The non-developmental use of external debt creates macroeconomic instability which results in massive unemployment, poverty, inflation, and political instability in any country. The present study is focused on historical perspective of external debt in Pakistan. This study found that the leadership of Pakistan has heavily borrowed external debt without considering its sustainability and repayment capacity. On the basis of the systematic literature review of past studies, the key policy variables are highlighted to reduce the burden of external debt. The study indicated that external debt burden of Pakistan can be managed by lowering the consumption oriented imports, focusing targeted inflation, exchange rate and by promoting sustainable inclusive economic growth. The policy mix based on efficient management of macro-economic indicators are helpful in addressing external debt in Pakistan.

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41

Finn, Adam, and Jordan J. Louviere. "Determining the Appropriate Response to Evidence of Public Concern: The Case of Food Safety." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 11, no. 2 (September 1992): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569201100202.

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With social issues again close to the top of the research agenda for marketers, policy makers are increasingly likely to be presented public opinion research findings that suggest the public is very concerned about issues within their jurisdiction. Such findings have some shortcomings as a basis for policy decision making however. It is often difficult to interpret the practical importance of consumers’ expressed levels of concern, and concern alone tells nothing about what actions will be seen as ameliorating the problem. Alternative methods, borrowed from more mainstream marketing research, can readily overcome these shortcomings. To illustrate, the authors report the findings of a low cost study designed to identify what citizens want a government department to do in response to polling suggesting high levels of concern about food safety.

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42

Schneider, Anne, and Helen Ingram. "Systematically Pinching Ideas: A Comparative Approach to Policy Design." Journal of Public Policy 8, no. 1 (January 1988): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00006851.

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ABSTRACTPolicy design, whether conceptualized as a verb referring to the process of formulating policy ideas, or as a noun describing the logic through which policy intends to achieve its objectives, remains relatively uncharted territory. This paper reviews what we know about how policy designs emerge, and identifies the kinds of biases and weaknesses that are introduced into designs by the decision heuristics employed. Theories of policy invention and expert decision-making suggest that individuals search through large amounts of relevant information stored in memory, reason by analogies, make comparisons, and either copy or simulate patterns of information. Policy scholars may contribute to improved policy design by making more explicit the biases introduced through reliance on decision heuristics, and by suggesting a more formal, self conscious search and selection process that enables designers to be more discriminating when they pinch policy ideas from other contexts. To perform this task, comparative policy analysis is needed in which common elements that exist in virtually all policies are identified and the underlying structural logic of the policies is made explicit. In this paper we set forth generic elements found in policies, describe and compare some of the more common design patterns, and discuss the circumstances where these may be inappropriately copied or borrowed, thereby thwarting the effectiveness of the policy.

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43

Chung, Ho Jin, Muhammad Sufri, and Chee Keng John Wang. "An archaeological analysis to trace the emergence and transformation of qualified physical education teachers in Singapore primary schools." International Sports Studies 41, no. 2 (February 12, 2019): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30819/iss.41-2.05.

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This study explored the underlying processes associated with the policy of increasing qualified physical education teachers (QPETs) in Singapore primary schools. Data were collected from the National Archives of Singapore, Newslink, NewpaperSG and documents. An ‘archaeological analysis’ by Foucault (1972) was used to trace the discursive conditions which enabled and facilitated the policy. Three distinct elements were borrowed from ‘The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language’, namely: the status – as reflected in the positions of individuals influencing the PE policies and initiatives; the institutional sites – as in the locations of the decisions being exercised, and; the situation – identified by the key events leading to the decision to increase QPETs in primary schools. The conclusions based on the analysis of these elements offer a clearer understanding of the various contributions to the adoption of the policy and serve to provide an insightful lens to policymakers who might seek to redesign the future shape of Physical Education.

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VLADIMIROVNA, Kalinina T., Vasilchuk E. VASILIEVNA, Kurmangaliyeva A. KASYMBEKOVNA, Baizakov S. BAIZAKOVICH, Lysenko Y. VALENTINOVNA, Lysenko M. VALENTINOVICH, and Belokonov Y. VLADIMIROVICH. "Methodological approaches to the development of a digital model for analysis and evaluation of insolvency of joint-stock machine companies." Espacios 42, no. 10 (May 30, 2021): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a21v42n10p10.

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In this article, the application of the policy for managing the risk of insolvency is relevant, methodological approaches to the development of a digital model for analyzing and assessing the risk of insolvency are considered, which is focused on the universal concept of liquidity management for a machine-building company, taking into account the following algorithm: the principle of effective management of the structure of working capital; the principle of efficient use of financial resources; the principle of restoring solvency; the principle of effective management of borrowed funds and the principle of effective use of labor resources.

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45

Dischl, Jonas. ""Nuit et brouillard" – Die erinnerungskulturelle Gedächtnismaschine. Ein Blick auf Alain Resnais' Meisterwerk." Didactica Historica 3, no. 1 (2017): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/didacticahistorica.2017.003.01.47.

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he documentary film Nuit et brouillard of the year 1955 is a masterpiece. Ten years after the end of World War II, Alain Resnais (1922‒2014) created a striking documentary about the NS regime’s policy of extermination. The movie had a lasting impact on the visual commemorative culture of the Shoa. Numerous iconographic illustrations of the Shoa are based on this documentary. Hence, later documentaries and motion pictures borrowed heavily from the imagery of Nuit et brouillard. This paper focuses on the history of reception of Nuit et brouillard and outlines one possible application for history lessons at secondary levels I and II.

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46

Otake, Hideo. "Developments in the Japanese Political Economy since the mid‐1980s: The Second Attempt at Neoliberal Reform and its Aftermath." Government and Opposition 34, no. 3 (July 1999): 372–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1999.tb00487.x.

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THE DECADE FROM THE LATE 1970s TO THE LATE 1980S, WHICH BEGAN with the birth of the Thatcher and Reagan administrations and concluded with the fall of communist regimes throughout Russia and Eastern Europe, and the concurrent rise of the Asian NIES states, was the renaissance era of laissez-faire economic liberalism or neoliberalism. ‘Privatization’, ‘deregulation’, and ‘small government’ became popular slogans globally, borrowed heavily from the policy proposals of neoliberal economists such as Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek. It was best manifested in the world-wide trend towards privatization, involving more than one hundred countries.

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47

Germain, Sabrina. "The Role of Medical Professionals in Shaping Healthcare Law during Covid-19." Amicus Curiae 3, no. 1 (October 27, 2021): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14296/ac.v3i1.5351.

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This article explores the changing nature of the allocation of healthcare resources during the Covid-19 crisis and how it may have shaped a new role for medical professionals in healthcare law and policymaking. It contrasts the traditional input of medical professionals in systemic healthcare reforms (1946, 1990 and 2012) with their role in the elaboration of ethical emergency guidance published by the British Medical Association and the Royal College of Physicians in March–April 2020, using a discourse analysis methodology and concepts borrowed from political philosophy. Keywords: Covid-19; medical professionals; healthcare law and policy; ethics; justice; emergency guidance.

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Ir, Por, Bart Jacobs, Augustine D. Asante, Marco Liverani, Stephen Jan, Srean Chhim, and Virginia Wiseman. "Exploring the determinants of distress health financing in Cambodia." Health Policy and Planning 34, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2019): i26—i37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz006.

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Abstract Borrowing is a common coping strategy for households to meet healthcare costs in countries where social health protection is limited or non-existent. Borrowing with interest, hereinafter termed distress health financing or distress financing, can push households into heavy indebtedness and exacerbate the financial consequences of healthcare costs. We investigated distress health financing practices and associated factors among Cambodian households, using primary data from a nationally representative household survey of 5000 households. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with distress health financing. Results showed that 28.1% of households consuming healthcare borrowed to pay for that healthcare with 55% of these subjected to distress financing. The median loan was US$125 (US$200 for loans with interest and US$75 for loans without interest). Approximately 50.6% of healthcare-related loans were to pay for the costs of outpatient care in the past month, 45.8% for inpatient care and 3.6% for preventive care in the past 12 months. While the average period to pay off the loan was 8 months, 78% of households were still indebted from loans taken over 12 months before the survey. Distress financing is strongly associated with household poverty—the poorer the household the more likely it is to borrow, fall into debt and unable to pay off the debt—even for members of the health equity funds, a national scheme designed to improve financial access to health services for the poor. Other determinants of distress financing were household size, use of inpatient care and outpatient consultations with private providers or with both private and public providers. In order to ensure effective financial risk protection, Cambodia should establish a more comprehensive and effective social health protection scheme that provides maximum population coverage and prioritizes services for populations at risk of distress financing, especially poorer and larger households.

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Pearson, Maggie, Chris Dawson BA, Hannah Moore BA, and Sue Spencer BA. "Health on borrowed time? Prioritizing and meeting needs in low-income households." Health & Social Care in the Community 1, no. 1 (June 8, 2007): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.1993.tb00194.x.

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50

Senbet, Dawit. "Measuring the Channels of Monetary Policy Transmission: A Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregressive (Favar) Approach." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 5–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcbtp-2016-0009.

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Abstract There is more consensus on the effects of monetary policy than its transmission mechanism. Two channels of transmission mechanisms are the conventional interest rate channel and the credit channel. I investigate the channels of monetary policy transmission in the U.S. using the factor-augmented vector autoregressive (FAVAR) models developed by Bernanke, Boivin & Eliasz (2005). The newly developed FAVAR approach allows the researcher to include all relevant macroeconomic variables in the model and analyze them. Therefore, the FAVAR models span a larger information set and generate better estimates of impulse response functions than the commonly used vector autoregressive (VAR) models that utilize only 4–8 variables. I include 154 monthly U.S. time series variables for the period 1970–2014. The findings support the existence of the credit channel in the U.S. The conclusion remains the same when the non-borrowed reserve operating regime (October 1979–October 1982) is removed from the sample period.

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