Статті в журналах з теми "Brahmi tea"

The assurance of therapy with minimal side effects has been proven that ayurvedic formulation is to be promising for cosmetic use too. Maintenance of other factor shall not fulfill the need so extraneous treatment is essential that to which is safe. In case of hair disorder like dandruff problem, proper selection of ayurvedic ingredient with their required amounts, dosage form can be formulated as powder shampoo to fight against dandruff. A more radical approach in reducing the synthetic ingredient is by incorporating natural extract whose functionality is comparable with their synthetic ingredient. A shampoo is a cleansing aid for the hair and is counted among the foremost beuty products. Several herbs are reported to be effecting is controlling such fungi in our laboratory an antidandruff herbal shampoo –Herbello was prepared and characterized. Certain improvements, especially with respect to viscosity, conditioning ability and antidandruff activity were needed. Most effective herbs were chosen and used in different combination for preparation of shampoo in order to improve antidandruff activity. This herbal shampoo was formulated using natural ingredient like Bhringraj (Eclipta Alba), Fenugreek(methi), Azadirachta indica (neem), Acacia concinna (shikakai), Sapindus mukorossi(reetha), Ocimum santum (tulsi), Piper betle (paan), Hhibiscus rosa sinensis (Gurhal), Camellia sinesis (green tea leaf), Citrus aurantifolia (lemon), Phyllanthus emblica (amla), Eclipta alba (Brhingaraj leaf powder), Aloe Vera (Aloe leaf Powder), Ashwagandha powder, Triphala powder Nagarmotha Powder, Brahmi Root. The formulation at laboratory scale was done and evaluated for number of parameters to ensure its safety, stability and efficacy. Keywords: Hair Dandruff shampoo, cream shampoo, Herbal Material, Antidandruff shampoo.

Helopeltis bradyi is the main pest of tea plants. Ecological characteristics of this pest are important to be understood to support the development of their management and control measures. This study aimed to determine the coexistence and vertical distribution pattern of H. bradyi and its predator, Oxyopes javanus, on tea plant parts. The study was conducted at the PT Pagilaran tea plantation in Central Java, in the 2018 rainy season. Population observations were carried out in situ on 20 infested sample-trees taken randomly, for 10 consecutive days, in the morning, at noon, and in the afternoon. Vertical distribution patterns were determined based on Poisson dispersion index (DI), negative binomial, and Green index (GI). The results showed that the O. javanus spider was found preying on H. bradyi. Coexistence between this pest and predator in the same part of the plant, the pest, and the predator, occurred in the morning were 50.0, 42.8, and 7.2%; at noon were 58.3, 41.7, and 0%; and at the afternoon were 66.7, 33.3, and 0%, respectively. The parts of the plant for the coexistence are pekoe leaves; the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of young leaves; and 1st of older leaves. The pattern of vertical distribution in the morning, at noon and in the afternoon for H. bradyi was the weak clump, while for O. javanus was uniform. The ratio of predator: prey in the morning, at noon and in the afternoon was 1:10.7, 1:16.7, and 1:10.0, respectively.

Tea mosquito bug (TMB) is a serious pest of cocoa whose prevalence is high, mostly during summer and post monsoon season. Three species of tea mosquito bug have been reported on cocoa: Helopeltis antonii Signoret, H. theivora Waterhouse, and H. bradyi Waterhouse. H. theivora is the most prevalent one causing damage to young shoots, cherelles and pods. Rearing of tea mosquito bug on cocoa was found to be a failure in the present study hence Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse was maintained on the alternate host mile-a-minute (Mikania micrantha Kunth) under laboratory condition in insect rearing cages. Using freshly reared tea mosquito bugs twenty cocoa hybrids were screened for resistance and were ranked after 72 hours of screening. All the hybrids having less than three lesions per plant in seedlings and less than 33 lesions on pods were ranked as highly resistant. It was observed that hybrids classified as highly resistant had significantly higher phenol content than those classified as susceptible. The significantly low phenol content in the susceptible hybrids suggests that phenolics have a function in mediating resistance to tea mosquito bug in cocoa. From correlation and regression analysis it is confirmed that phenol content can be used as a potential marker indicating the level of resistance of cocoa hybrids against tea mosquito bug resistance.

<strong>Introduction</strong>: Intestinal protozoan infections continue to remain a global public health challenge, particularly in developing countries. Since diagnosis of these parasites is difficult, prevalence data on intestinal protozoa is scarce. <strong>Objectives</strong>: To measure the prevalence of intestinal Protozoan Infections and to identify risk factors associated with Protozoan Infections among the tea garden workers in Ilam district of Nepal. <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: A Community based cross-sectional study was conducted among tea garden workers in Ilam district of Nepal. Out of 4 tea estates in Ilam District, 2 tea estates (Ilam Municipality and Kanyam) were selected randomly. Out of total 150 tea workers (30 in Ilam Municipality and 120 in Kanyam), 98 workers participated in the study. Semi-structured questionnaire was used and routine examination of stool was done. Collected data was entered in Microsoft excel and analysed. <strong>Results</strong>: Prevalence of protozoan infections among the Tea Estates workers of Ilam District was 22.4%. <em>Giardia lamblia</em> was seen higher (12.2%) than <em>Entamoeba histolytica</em> (10.2%). Regarding ethnicity, the protozoan infection was seen higher among Dalit (40%) than Janajati (18.8%) and Brahmin/Chhetri (11.1%) (P&lt;0.05). The protozoan infections was seen lower who use of soap and water after defecation (6.2%) than those using only water (60%) (P&lt;0.001). The protozoan infections was also seen lower who wear sandals or shoes (17.3%) than those did not wear (47.1%) (P&lt;0.05). The protozoan infection was seen higher among those having the habit of nail biting and thumbs sucking. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: There is relatively high prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection among the Tea garden workers in Ilam District of Nepal. This obviously suggests that there is possible poor personal hygiene, sanitation, and behavior oriented risk factors which predispose the workers to these parasites.

Main objective of this article is to highlight the merits of some Brahui Customs and their impact on the society. Apart from that we also try to thresh out the importance of the customs for the society and how they keep intact with Rules & Regulations in shape of tradition without any written documentation or legislation. It reveals from the history that all such customs were implemented verbally by the stake holders strictly. In short we have also discussed some of the Brahui Customs that, how much importance and impact they have upon culture. For example, most of the people use to wear turbans, assuming that they wear this traditionally or for some other purpose? Similarly, it was mandatory to serve tea and Hubble Bubble (Tobacco "Chan-o-Chulum) when guest used to come and guest was mainly responsible to elaborate about his arrival journey and about the climate, which is traditionally called "Hall o Hawall" No doubt that Hall-o-awall was the main source of communication and core information at that time which were totally based on truthiness, trust and reality. Furthermore, another custom which is based on humanitarian ground which called "Bejjar " in which a person will traditionally demand some help in shape of exchequer, animals or any other sources from their relatives and friends to make necessary arrangements for his or his son or brother's marriage. In this way some body will be able to meet the expenses of marriage with the help of their friends. In addition, due to multi-dimensional merits/benefits, the customs were treated as manifesto of Brahui Culture so Brahui public strictly followed such norm with letter & sprit. If we briefly review the Brahui Culture and people, they may seem very innocent & sincere and mostly lived in rural and undeveloped areas. Their living style was very simple but their vision and commitment towards traditional norms were solid & strong. Especially respect of women, guests, brotherhood and for those who knocked at their door in time of need and shelter. Traditionally Brahui Culturist were always ready to sacrifice their lives for the protection of those who did ask them for. Due to such solid & committed customs, image of Brahui’s was highly appreciable and such code of life made them respectable & honorable in the society. All in all, the main motive was to expose these customs to bring awareness to the general public and open a clue for researchers who are interested to research on the merits of Brahui Culture and their way of life.

Abstract Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important beverage crop and commercially grown as a plantation crop. With the changing climate, the tea mosquito bug species complex, viz., Helopeltis theivora, H. bradyi and H. antonii, is emerging as a major threat to cocoa cultivation in India. Among the species of this complex H. theivora is responsible for causing considerable damage. The present investigations were carried out to find a weak link in the life cycle of H. theivora so it can be managed effectively. Specimens of the tea mosquito bug were found to first appear during the first week of September in South India. Helopeltis theivora requires on average 29.28 days to complete its life cycle on cocoa. The highest level of natural mortality was recorded in the first-instar nymph. The total developmental period of the fifth-instar nymph was significantly longer than that for the other nymphal instars. The sex ratio reflects that the population is highly female-biased, which may contribute to the dominant nature of this species in the cocoa ecosystem. Observation of the feeding and oviposition behavior of H. theivora revealed that the insect prefers to feed and oviposit on developing pods rather than on leaves and shoots. Analysis of the species distribution of tea mosquito bug at different elevations revealed that cocoa gardens situated less than 300 meter above mean sea level are dominated by H. theivora, whereas gardens situated more than 300 meter above mean sea level are dominated by H. bradyi. This separation of species across elevation may be driven either by abiotic or biotic factors.

Shampoos are used not only for cleansing purpose but also for imparting gloss to hair and to maintain their manageability and oiliness for hair. Shampoos are of various types, like powder shampoo, clear liquid shampoo liquid shampoo, lotion shampoo, solid gel shampoo, medicated shampoo, liquid herbal shampoo etc. As far as herbal shampoos are concerned in stability criteria. Depending upon the nature of the ingredients they may be simple or plain shampoo, antiseptic or antidandruff.In the present work the herbal shampoo powder has been developed, by using traditional drugs for hair care. The preparation were formulated using Onion Powder, Rose Petal, Lemon Grass, Flaxseed or Linseed, Hirda, Bahera, Black tea, Brahmni, Triphala, Bhringraj, Ginger Root, Ashwagadha, Shikakai, Feenu greek, Shatavari, Heena, Wala, Aloevera Powder, Nirgudi Powder, Bavachi, Jatha mansi, Tulsi, Neem, Hibiscus Flower, and Retha evaluated for organoleptic properties, powder characteristics, foam test and physical evaluation.The physicochemical evaluation of the formulated shampoo showed ideal results. However, to improve its quality, product performance, and safety, further development and study was required.

Sublethal inhibition of citrate metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle with monofluoroacetate (MFA) has been shown to cause a fivefold increase in myocardial blood flow without any change in cardiac output, blood pressure, or O2 consumption (C. Liang, J. Clin. Invest. 60: 61-69, 1977); however, blood flow did not increase to any organs examined other than the heart, including resting limb skeletal muscle. Preferential inhibition of glycolysis with iodoacetate (IA) failed to cause similar changes in distribution of blood flow. This unique response of myocardium to TCA cycle inhibition suggested a unique metabolic control of cardiac vasodilation. An alternate explanation is that MFA is preferentially concentrated in active muscle. After MFA, tissue citrate accumulates behind the block and the highest levels are reported in the heart and diaphragm, suggesting enhanced blockade or enhanced compensation in these two continuously active muscles. To test the hypothesis that vasodilation in the heart after MFA is not unique and that similar vasodilation will be evoked in active respiratory muscles, we measured blood flow to the myocardium, kidney, diaphragm, intercostals, transverse abdominals, and triceps brachii in anesthetized dogs using radionuclide-labeled microspheres, before and after MFA, and in another set of dogs before and after IA. Before MFA or IA, inspiratory loading significantly increased blood flow to active muscles of breathing in proportion to the added load. After MFA, blood flow to active muscles of breathing as well as to the heart became abnormally elevated with respect to mechanical work, and loading evoked no further increase in blood flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Globally, one of the two most common shallow-marine and estuarine foraminiferal genera is Ammonia. Over the past 50 years, the majority of workers have identified specimens in this genus as belonging to just 1-3 cosmopolitan species - A. beccarii, A. tepida and A. parkinsoniana. This has been partly because of the problems of discriminating the Ammonia species based entirely on shell morphology and partly because of a 1974 laboratory study that claimed to have shown that all morphologies were merely ecophenotypic variants of one species - a conclusion that molecular studies have proven to be unequivocally wrong. In this study we recognize, describe and figure sixty-seven living species and infraspecies of Recent Ammonia and two closely-related genera (Acarotrochus, Pseudoeponides) from around the world and summarize their ecological and biogeographic distribution. Twenty-six species and two subspecies are recognized by DNA sequencing and shown to be morphologically distinguishable. A further 39 morphospecies and one subspecies, that have not yet been sequenced, have sufficiently distinct morphology to be recognized. Canonical variates analysis using 42 measured or assessed morphological characters shows that the majority of these species can be readily discriminated by their test morphologies, although a few of the less-ornamented molecular species are verging on being pseudocryptic. Molecular sequencing of the type species of Challengerella (C. bradyi) and Helenina (H. anderseni) places them within our Ammonia clade. Here we continue to recognize the morphologically highly distinct genera Pseudoeponides (subjective senior synonym of Helenina) and allied Acarotrochus. Twenty new species or subspecies are described (molecular T types in brackets): Ammonia abramovichae (T8), A. akitaae, A. aoteana australiensis (T5A), A. arabica (T26), A. ariakensis quiltyi, A. buzasi (T11), A. fajemilai, A. goldsteinae, A. goodayi, A. haigi (T25), A. hattai, A. jorisseni (T23), A. justinparkeri, A. kitazatoi (T10), A. morleyae (T12), A. shchedrinae, A. turgida almogilabinae (T22M), Acarotrochus lippsi, Pseudoeponides hottingeri and P. dubuissoni. Aneotype is designated for A. veneta (Schultze 1854) (T1). We recognize 67 Ammonia and related taxa in this study but speculate that there may be 30 or more additional living species that we are not yet confident to discriminate without molecular sequencing. Ammonia species live in most parts of the world between 62 degrees N (Faeroe Islands) and 55 degrees S (Strait of Magellan), where seasonal sea-surface temperatures are 4-10 degrees C and above. One estuarine species (A. veneta, T1) is cosmopolitan, euryhaline and eurythermic. Several species are widespread in one or two ocean regions (e.g., Atlantic and Mediterranean; South Pacific), whereas the majority are endemic to smaller areas (e.g., eastern Mediterranean; Caribbean-Gulf of Mexico). Eleven biogeographic "provinces" are recognized by cluster analysis of presence/absence records with the highest diversities in the Australian and northwest Pacific provinces with 18 and 19 species each). Levels of endemism in our "provinces" range between 0 (temperate Atlantic) and 44% (Australian).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Helopeltis bradyi Waterhouse Heteroptera: Miridae Tea mosquito bug. Attacks cocoa, cashew, Cinchona, tea, Palaquium gutta(gutta percha). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Bangladesh, India, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Indonesia, Java, Sumatra, Timor, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam.

Abstract: Low density systems or adaptively coordinated systems that has enough buoyancy to float on over contents of the stomach for a significant length of time without noticeably decelerating the rate of gastric emptying are known as floating systems. To accomplish stomach retention, the principle process of flotation was specifically examined in this drug delivery system. It is advantageous to construct medications in an oral sustained release gastro-retentive dose form for those that are absorbed in the upper portions of the GIT. The development of dynamically controlled systems depends on the rate at which the stomach empties. The most recent FDDS advancements are strategies to reduce the variability that lengthens the drug delivery system's retention period to more than 12 hours. This paper also contains an overview of several contemporary in-vitro methods that demonstrate the correct. 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Floating Drug Delivery Of Nevirapine As A Gastroretentive System. J Young Pharm JYP. 2010;2(4):350-5. Doi: 4103/0975-1483.71622, PMID 21264092. Upadhye AA, Ambike AA, Mahadik KR, Paradkar A. Application Of Ion Exchange Resin In Floating Drug Delivery System. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2008;34(10):1117-24. Doi: 1080/03639040801973982, PMID 18777244. Jiménez-Castellanos MR, Zia H, Rhodes CT. Design And Testing In Vitro Of A Bioadhesive And Floating Drug Delivery System For Oral Application. Int J Pharm. 1994;105(1):65-70. Doi: 1016/0378-5173(94)90236-4. Adibkia K, Hamedeyazdan S, Javadzadeh Y. Drug Release Kinetics And Physicochemical Characteristics Of Floating Drug Delivery Systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2011;8(7):891-903. Doi: 1517/17425247.2011.574124, PMID 21506906. Singh BN, Kim KH. Floating Drug Delivery Systems: An Approach To Oral Controlled Drug Delivery Via Gastric Retention. J Control Release. 2000;63(3):235-59. Doi: 1016/S0168-3659(99)00204-7, PMID 10601721. Seth SD. Text Book Of Pharmacology. Reed Elsevier Ltd; 2005. Shah SH, Patel JK, Patel NV. Stomach Specific Floating Drug Delivery System: A Review. Int J Pharmacol Res. 2009;1(3):623-33. Thapa P, Jeong SH. Effects Of Formulation And Process Variables On Gastroretentive Floating Tablets With A High-Dose Soluble Drug And Experimental Design Approach. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(3):161. Doi: 3390/Pharmaceutics10030161, PMID 30227678. Streubel A, Siepmann J, Bodmeier R. Drug Delivery To The Upper Small Intestine Window Using Gastroretentive Technologies. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006;6(5):501-8. Doi: 1016/J.Coph.2006.04.007, PMID 16890020. Arora S, Ali J, Ahuja A, Khar RK, Baboota S. Floating Drug Delivery Systems: A Review. AAPS Pharmscitech. 2005;6(3):E372-90. Doi: 1208/Pt060347, PMID 16353995. Wang YT, Mohammed SD, Farmer AD, Wang D, Zarate N, Hobson AR Et Al. Regional Gastrointestinal Transit And Ph Studied In 215 Healthy Volunteers Using The Wireless Motility Capsule: Influence Of Age, Gender, Study Country And Testing Protocol. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42(6):761-72. Doi: 1111/Apt.13329, PMID 26223837. Feldman M, Barnett C. Fasting Gastric Ph And Its Relationship To True Hypochlorhydria In Humans. Dig Dis Sci. 1991;36(7):866-9. Doi: 1007/BF01297133, PMID 2070698. Deshpande AA, Shah NH, Rhodes CT, Malick W. Development Of A Novel Cont Rolled Release System For Gastric Retention. P Harm Res. 1997;14(6):815-9. of floating systems, and the applications of these systems are all summarised in this paper. These systems are helpful for a number of issues that arise during the creation of a pharmaceutical dosage form.