Статті в журналах: "Bulawayo city"

1

Chikwava, Brian. "City Portrait: Bulawayo." Wasafiri 26, no. 3 (September 2011): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690055.2011.583766.

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2

Ndlovu, Vinnet, Peter Newman, and Mthokozisi Sidambe. "Prioritisation and Localisation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Challenges and Opportunities for Bulawayo." Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 5 (September 29, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v13n5p104.

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Cities are engines of socio-economic development. This article examines and provides insight into the extent of localisation of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) using the City of Bulawayo (CoB), in Zimbabwe, as the case study. The key question posited is ‘Does Bulawayo demonstrate potential for sustainable development?’. Bulawayo is a strange case study as in the period of the Millennium Development Goals Zimbabwe had a massive increase in death rates from 2000 to 2010 due to the HIV pandemic, political chaos and economic disintegration of that period. Coming out of that period there was little to help cities like Bulawayo grasp the opportunity for an SDG-based development focus. However, after the paper creates a multi-criteria framework from a Systematic Literature Review on the localisation of the SDG agenda, the application to Bulawayo now generates hope. The city is emerging from the collapse of the city’s public transport and water distribution systems, once the envy of and benchmark for many local authorities in the country, and has detailed SDG plans for the future. Bulawayo now serves as a planning model for localisation of sustainable development goals.

3

Average, Chigwenya, and Desire Dube. "Infrastructure Development and Property Sales in Low Income Residential Properties in Bulawayo." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2019-0008.

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Abstract There is a usual positive correlation between infrastructure development and property sales, because infrastructure development has positive externalities on property sales. However, in Bulawayo this correlation is not usually present in all aspects of properties transactions. The research seeks to find out the trends in infrastructure development and property sales in the city of Bulawayo. The research also aims to unearth some of the factors other than infrastructure development that determine property values in Bulawayo’s low-density suburbs. The research took a mixed methods approach to data collection where both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were utilised. Questionnaires were administered to the people in low income areas of Pumula, Cowdrey Park and Emganwini. In depth interviews with key informants in the real estate sector were conducted to cross fertilise and enrich the inquiry. The research found out that in most cases there is a strong correlation between infrastructure development and property sales, but in some cases, this is not the case as some forces are put in play to distort the market play. The research also discovered that apart from infrastructure, property sales in Bulawayo’s low-income residential suburbs are also affected by income, supply of houses and demand for these houses. In Bulawayo, there are bottle-necks in the supply of houses and this has distorted the market because people are taking whatever there is on the market at any price. This has reduced the influence of infrastructure development on property sales.

4

Chigwenya, Average, and Desire Dube. "Infrastructure Development and Property Values in Low Income Residential Properties in Bulawayo." International Journal of Built Environment and Scientific Research 2, no. 2 (May 18, 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/ijbesr.2.2.131-140.

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There is a usual positive correlation between infrastructure development and property values. However, in Bulawayo, this correlation does not usually follow in all aspects of properties transactions. This research seeks to find out trends in infrastructure development and property values in the city of Bulawayo. This research took a mixed methods approach in data collection; both qualitative and quantitative methods were utilized. Questionnaires were administered to people in low-income areas of Pumula, Cowdrey Park and Emganwini. In-depth interviews with key informants in the real estate sector were done to cross-fertilize and enrich the inquiry. This research found out that in most cases there is a strong correlation between infrastructure development and property values, but in some cases, there is not any correlation as some forces are put in play distorting the market play. This research also discovered that apart from infrastructure, property values in Bulawayo’s low-income residential suburbs are also affected by income, supply, and demand factors.

5

Hammar, Amanda. "Urban Displacement and Resettlement in Zimbabwe: The Paradoxes of Propertied Citizenship." African Studies Review 60, no. 3 (November 29, 2017): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.123.

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Abstract:This article examines what urban displacement and resettlement can reveal about the nature of, and co-constitutive relationships among, property, authority, and citizenship. It focuses on an unusual case in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, where long-term illegal squatters living under constant threat of violent displacement by various local and national authorities were formally resettled by the Bulawayo City Council on peri-urban plots with houses. What surfaces are some of the paradoxes of propertied citizenship and of attaining seemingly “proper” lives in conditions of sustained marginality, a result that is not entirely unexpected when impoverished squatters are resettled far outside the frame of the city and its possibilities.

6

Ncube, Cynthia. "Prevalence and Associated Factors for Sick Leave Among Bulawayo City Health Employees, Zimbabwe, 2013." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT 7, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijmg.2015.07.02.art002.

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Sick leave is time spent away from work due to illness or injury. A preliminary review of sick leave records for 2012 for the 6 clinics in Nkulumane showed 3 clinics experienced higher sick leave incidents than the other 3 clinics. The study sought to establish the prevalence and associated factors for sick leave in the City of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. An analytic cross-sectional study was carried out among Bulawayo City Health employees working in 20 health facilities. A total of 144 respondents and 3 key informants were interviewed. An interviewer-administered questionnaire, key informant interview guide, and a checklist were used to collect data, which was analysed using Epi Info. The prevalence of sick leave was 34%. Employees who took sick leave less than six months ago were 4.3 times more likely to go on frequent sick leave than those who did not (POR 4.3, P-Value 0.002). Employees who reported good team climate were less likely to go on frequent sick leave (POR 0.29, P-Value 0.002). Feeling unappreciated at work was a risk factor for frequent sick leave (POR 2.61, P-Value 0.01). The cost of sick leave for the City of Bulawayo in 2012 was $US20 840. Periodic refresher meetings on conditions of service, training of managers and other employees on good teamwork, and production of a standard template for recording sick leave by clinics may assist in curbing frequent sick leave incidents.

7

Chigwenya, Average. "Financing Low-income Housing in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: Implications for the Right to the City and Inclusivity." Urban Development Issues 64, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/udi-2019-0022.

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Abstract Accessing finances for housing has been a major problem for people on low-incomes and this has been weighing heavily on them as they try to access housing. Financial institutions in the city of Bulawayo are failing to come up with financial products that suit low-income clients. There are an estimated 110000 low-income residents among the estimated 250000 residents of Cowdray Park low-density residential area in Bulawayo. This has also affected their right to the city as they have been excluded from the housing delivery system. There are so many initiatives that have been available to those on a low-income but these initiatives have rarely benefited the urban poor of the city. This research has examined how the financial services that exist in the housing sector have been crafted to benefit the urban poor. The research employed a mixed methods approach to the inquiry, where a questionnaire was the main quantitative method used and in-depth interviews and observations were the qualitative methods that complemented it. The research found that there are various financial services that are available in Zimbabwe, but these financial facilities rarely help the urban poor. The majority of the poor have been managing without any financial support and this has been stalling their access to housing. Most housing products are fashioned along neo-liberal economic principles that have very little to offer the urban poor. This has therefore denied the urban poor in the city of Bulawayo their right to the city. Most cities in Zimbabwe are struggling to satisfy their housing demand as they have long housing waiting lists. Research therefore recommends the crafting of financial facilities that are best targeted on the urban poor, and are specially adapted to their financial conditions.

8

Ncube, Cynthia. "Trends in Diarrhoeal Diseases, City of Bulawayo Clinics, 2007-2012." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.09.02.art026.

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Diarrhoeal Diseases Are A Public Health Concern And Constitute About 5% Of All Main Causes Of Out-Patient Department Visits In The City Of Bulawayo. We Conducted A Dataset Analysis Of Diarrhoeal Diseases To Determine How The Trends Have Varied Over The Years. A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study Based On An Electronic Database For Diarrhoeal Diseases (2007-2012) Was Conducted. Data Was Collected Using Compilation Forms And Checklists, Then Analysed Using Microsoft Excel. Three Key Informants Were Interviewed. The Formula, (Mean + 1.5SD), Was Used To Calculate Thresholds For Bloody Diarrhoea. There Were More Watery Than Bloody Diarrhoeal Cases Throughout The Review Period, With 2008 Having The Highest Number Of Such Cases Under 5. In Northern Suburbs, There Was A General Decrease In Both Types Of Diarrhoea Cases In Both Age Groups (<5 And >5) Whilst In Emakhandeni; There Was An Increase In Bloody Diarrhoea Incidence After 2009. The Incidence Rate For Bloody Diarrhoea Was Higher For Females Throughout. There Was An Increase In The Number Of Stool Specimens Collected For Examination Between 2008 And 2012. Overall, There Was A Decrease In The Incidence Of Diarrhoea In Bulawayo City, Partly Due To Regular Anti-Diarrhoeal Campaigns. Following The Study, The Following Measures Were Implemented: Health Education To Improve Hygienic Practices; Advocacy For Improved Water And Sanitation In Cowdray Park; Rotavirus Vaccination For Under-Fives; Maintenance Of All Records On Diarrhoea And Up To Date Thresholds In All Clinics For Use In Monitoring Diarrhoea.

9

Musemwa, Muchaparara. "Disciplining a ‘Dissident’ City: Hydropolitics in the City of Bulawayo, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe, 1980–1994." Journal of Southern African Studies 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070600656119.

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10

Mujere, J. "Bulawayo Burning: The social history of a Southern African city 1893-1960." African Affairs 113, no. 451 (April 1, 2014): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adu013.

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11

Attree, Lizzy. "Bulawayo burning: the social history of a Southern African city, 1893–1960." Journal of Postcolonial Writing 48, no. 5 (December 2012): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2012.712302.

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12

Padingani, Munekayi, Gladys Marape, Zanele Hwalima, Lucia Takundwa, Notion Gombe, Gerald Shambira, Tsitsi Juru, and Mufuta Tshimanga. "Evaluation of Perinatal Mortality Surveillance System in the City of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Open Journal of Epidemiology 11, no. 02 (2021): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojepi.2021.112012.

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13

Sinthumule, Ndidzulafhi, and Sinqobile Mkumbuzi. "Participation in Community-Based Solid Waste Management in Nkulumane Suburb, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Resources 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8010030.

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After years of conventional approaches to solid waste management (SWM), in 2009, Bulawayo City Council adopted a non-conventional approach in the form of community-based solid waste management (CBSWM). The success of a CBSWM depends on the participation of members of the public as well as private sector organisations. Yet there is no information documented about their involvement in such activities in the study area. This study provides an analysis of citizen knowledge, participation and their attitudes in SWM in Nkulumane suburb following implementation of a CBSWM project. Door-to-door surveys were undertaken in December 2017 and January 2018 during which interview-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from 375 randomly-selected households. Semi-structured interviews were also used to gather data from officials responsible for CBSWM. The study found that the CBSWM has not been successful in changing the waste disposal behaviour of citizens. It was also found that the community-based organisations (CBOs) have made no effort to implement alternative waste management practices of waste recycling and composting. Furthermore, lack of funds to improve waste infrastructure and infighting between the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) and the Bulawayo City Council have undermined the principles of CBSWM. The study concludes by suggesting strategies that could improve CBSWM in developing countries.

14

Hari, Chiedza Angela. "The Relevance of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Local Governance toward Environmental Management for Sustainable Development: A Case of Bulawayo City Council, Zimbabwe." Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/qjmss.v2i1.29024.

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Background: Inspired by Bertalanffy (1954)’s Systems Theory, this study sought to establish the relevance of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in local governance. Regardless of the overwhelming research on IKS, less attention has been put on its relevance to m.odern service delivery and seems to have lost its impact in influencing decision making. It was at the centre of this study,, therefore, to establish the relevance of IKS in local governance and establish the interconnectedness among local governance, IKS and environmental management for sustainable development. Predominantly, it focused on how IKS can be utilised as an integral system that contributes to the effective management of natural environment in urban cities, precisely Bulawayo Objective: The study strived towards contributing to the localisation of the Sustainable Development Goals within the Zimbabwean context in the best interest of the furtherance of sustainable cities for development with IKS at the centre of it all. Methods: Informed by the ontological interpretivist approach, this study adopted mixed methods of collecting data from 90 randomly selected residents of Bulawayo, three Environmental Management Agency officers and three Bulawayo City Council employees. Findings: One of the major findings was that IKS is silent in urban areas compared to the rural because of (although not limited to) a) lack of historical and sacred sites, b) ignorance of theexistence of IKS and c) adoption of technology. Referring to how IKS has been effectively utilised in the rural set up, this paper strongly believed that IKS as a system has an important role to play in this development discourse. Conclusions and Recommendations: Research should focus on the applicability of IKS in urban set up especial on its applicability to other environmental management aspects such as pollution and waste management. Implications: There must also be adequate transmission of information using proper channels for affirmation of IKS especially to the young generation and stakeholders should work together for sustainable management of the environment.

15

Mpofu, Busani. "Perpetual ‘Outcasts’? Squatters in peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Afrika Focus 25, no. 2 (February 25, 2012): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02502005.

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After independence in 1980 Zimbabwe’s cities experienced a proliferation in the number of squatter camps. This was because of the failure of the urban economy to offer adequate housing and jobs, leaving peri-urban space as the only sanctuary for the urban poor to live in and eke out a living informally. The promotion of rural ‘growth points’ by the national government to promote rural development to discourage migration to urban areas failed. Yet, a poor policy response by the state to this negative outcome of rapid urbanisation that aims to reverse this rural-urban migration has led to unending confrontations between its various arms and squatters who continue to be regarded as encroachers. Focussing on Bulawayo, the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and based on interviews, archival research, Council minutes and newspapers, this article critiques the state’s urban development policy vis-à-vis squatters and informality. It is argued that the persistence of a salient perception by government officials that all Africans belong to rural areas and have access to land they can fall back on in hard times serves as a vital lubricant to the state’s action of forcibly sending squatters to rural areas. This ignores the historical pattern of rapid urbanisation and the growth ofinformal economies supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people. I seek to add to the literature on low-cost housing shortages, urban squatters and peri-urbanism in Zimbabwe and on studies of informality in Third World cities in general.

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Average, Chigwenya. "Low income housing problems and low-income housing solutions: opportunities and challenges in Bulawayo." Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 34, no. 3 (May 30, 2019): 927–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10901-019-09676-w.

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Abstract The provision of housing for the low-income has been a major problem in many countries and the developing world has been hard hit. This inability has been the chief cause of the burgeoning slum settlement in cities of the globe where one billion people live in slum areas. The solution to the housing problem lies in the opening up of stakeholders’ participation in the provision of housing, where government, non-governmental organisation, multilateral agencies and the community can play a critical role. Critical in the whole process is the participation of urban poor in the provision of housing for the poor, where they are critical actors in defining housing programmes that best suit the urban poor. This research seeks to analyse the initiatives that have been taken by the urban poor in the city of Bulawayo in providing housing for the poor. The research made use both qualitative and quantitative methodologies in investigating the matter. Questionnaire was the main instrument to collect quantitative data and interviews and field observations were used to collect qualitative data. The research showed that there are a lot positive initiatives by the urban poor in the city of Bulawayo to provide house for the urban poor and these initiatives appear appealing to the poor as they are giving them a roof over their heads, which was never a dream in their lives. Though they appear noble they however fall far too short to provide sustainable housing to the poor as they appear to be a potential health hazard for the city. There is need for city authorities or any interested stakeholder to provide more support to such initiatives so that they can provide more sustainable housing for the poor. This will produce a housing scheme that will contribute to reduction of slum dwellers as called by the Millennium Development Goals.

17

Rubin, Joshua D. "Assembling emergence: making art and selling gas in Bulawayo." Africa 89, no. 3 (July 16, 2019): 479–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000482.

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AbstractThis article is an ethnographic investigation of the labours of making art and selling liquid petroleum gas (LPG) in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. It locates these activities within a shared social world, centred on one of Bulawayo's major art galleries, and it demonstrates that artists and LPG dealers use similar strategies to respond to the political conditions of life in the city. This article frames these conditions as unpredictable, insofar as they change frequently and crystallize in unexpected forms, and it argues that both groups are attempting to act within these conditions and shape them into emergent assemblages. In adopting this term ‘assemblage’, which has been elaborated theoretically by Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari and their many interlocutors, this article emphasizes both the mutability and the unpredictability of these formations. The artists who work in the gallery, for their part, make their art by assembling their chosen media. The processes by which they choose their media constitute assemblages as well, in that artists have to adapt their artistic visions to the materials that Zimbabwe's market can provide. Street dealers in gas also produce emergent assemblages against the backdrop of unpredictability. If they want to make natural gas available to consumers, dealers must shepherd their medium through an always emergent process of distribution. They participate in transnational networks of trade, but they also theorize innovative strategies of procurement, develop circuits of trust and loyalty, and conjure up visions of a predatory state. Like artists, they use their work to construct dynamic representations of the world around them. Artists may produce images, and dealers circulate gas, but this article shows that conceptualizing these practices in terms of ‘assemblages’ calls their commonalities into view. In doing so, it also demonstrates that these practices complicate easy distinctions between aesthetics, economics and politics.

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Ngwenya, Bigboy. "Heat Stress and Adaptation Strategies of Outdoors Workers in the City of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Community Medicine and Public Health Care 5, no. 1 (May 29, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/cmph-1978/100034.

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19

Taigbenu, Akpofure E., and Mthokozisi Ncube. "Reclaimed water as an alternative source of water for the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 30, no. 11-16 (January 2005): 762–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.017.

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20

Muleya, Nicholas, and Maléne Campbell. "A multisensory approach to measure public space quality in the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Town and Regional Planning 76 (June 29, 2020): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/2415-0495/trp76i1.5.

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21

Manyame-Murwira, Barbara, Kudakwashe Collins Takarinda, Pruthu Thekkur, Bright Payera, Herbert Mutunzi, Raiva Simbi, Nicholas Siziba, et al. "Prevalence, risk factors and treatment outcomes of isoniazid resistant TB in Bulawayo city, Zimbabwe: A cohort study." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 08 (August 31, 2020): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12319.

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Introduction: The isoniazid-resistant TB poses a threat to TB control efforts. Zimbabwe, one of the high TB burden countries, has not explored the burden of isoniazid resistant TB. Hence among all bacteriologically-confirmed TB patients diagnosed in Bulawayo City during March 2017 and December 2018, we aimed to assess the proportion with isoniazid resistant TB and associated factors. Also, we aimed to describe the TB treatment outcomes. Methodology: A cohort study involving routinely collected data by the National TB Reference Laboratory (NTBRL) in Bulawayo City and National TB programme of Zimbabwe. The percentage with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to express the proportion with isoniazid-resistant TB. The modified Poisson regression was used to assess the association of demographic and clinical characteristics with isoniazid mono-resistant TB. Results: Of 2160 bacteriologically-confirmed TB patients, 1612 (74.6%) had their sputum received at the NTBRL and 743 (46.1%) had culture growth. Among those with culture growth, 34 (4.6%, 95% CI: 3.5-6.7) had isoniazid mono-resistant TB, 25 (3.3%, 95% CI: 2.2-4.9) had MDR-TB. Thus, 59 (7.9%, 95% CI: 6.1-10.1) had isoniazid-resistant TB. Children < 15 years had a higher prevalence of isoniazid mono-resistant TB (aPR= 3.93; 95% CI: 1.24-12.45). Among those with rifampicin sensitive TB, patients with isoniazid-sensitive TB had higher favourable treatment outcomes compared to those with isoniazid-resistant TB (86.3% versus 75.5%, p = 0.039). Conclusions: The prevalence of isoniazid-resistant TB was low compared to neighbouring countries with high burden of TB-HIV. However, Zimbabwe should consider reviewing treatment guidelines for isoniazid mono-resistant TB due to the observed poor treatment outcomes.

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Makoni, Talent M., Pruthu Thekkur, Kudakwashe C. Takarinda, Sinokuthemba Xaba, Getrude Ncube, Nonhlahla Zwangobani, Julia Samuelson, et al. "Linkage of voluntary medical male circumcision clients to adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) services through Smart-LyncAges project in Zimbabwe: a cohort study." BMJ Open 10, no. 5 (May 2020): e033035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033035.

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ObjectivesWHO recommended strengthening the linkages between various HIV prevention programmes and adolescent sexual reproductive health (ASRH) services. The Smart-LyncAges project piloted in Bulawayo city and Mt Darwin district of Zimbabwe established a referral system to link the voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) clients to ASRH services provided at youth centres. Since its inception in 2016, there has been no assessment of the performance of the referral system. Thus, we aimed to assess the proportion of young (10–24 years) VMMC clients getting ‘successfully linked’ to ASRH services and factors associated with ‘not being linked’.DesignThis was a cohort study using routinely collected secondary data.SettingAll three VMMC clinics of Mt Darwin district and Bulawayo province.Primary outcome measuresThe proportion of ‘successfully linked’ was summarised as the percentage with a 95% CI. Adjusted relative risks (aRR) using a generalised linear model was calculated as a measure of association between client characteristics and ‘not being linked’.ResultsOf 1773 young people registered for VMMC services, 1478 (83%) were referred for ASRH services as they had not registered for ASRH previously. Of those referred for ASRH services, the mean (SD) age of study participants was 13.7 (4.3) years and 427 (28.9%) were out of school. Of the referred, 463 (31.3%, 95% CI: 30.0 to 33.8) were ‘successfully linked’ to ASRH services and the median (IQR) duration for linkage was 6 (0–56) days. On adjusted analysis, receiving referral from Bulawayo circumcision clinic (aRR: 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3 to 1.7)) and undergoing circumcision at outreach sites (aRR: 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1 to 1.3)) were associated with ‘not being linked’ to ASRH services.ConclusionLinkage to ASRH services from VMMC is feasible as one-third VMMC clients were successfully linked. However, there is need to explore reasons for not accessing ASRH services and take corrective actions to improve the linkages.

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Akpome, Aghogho. "Imagining Africa’s futures in two Caine Prize-winning stories: Henrietta Rose-Innes’s “Poison” and NoViolet Bulawayo’s “Hitting Budapest”." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 55, no. 1 (July 5, 2018): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989418777840.

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Since its launch in 1999, the annual Caine Prize for African short stories has assumed a dominant position on the continent’s literary landscape. It has been hailed for the exposure it provides for its winners who are mostly budding writers. Expectedly, it has also attracted stinging criticism, especially for what is perceived to be its legitimization of stereotypical narratives about Africa. In this article, I examine how the two winning entries of 2008 and 2011 represent contemporary African realities and in so doing reinforce the growing significance of the prize and the short story genre to modern African literary expression. I argue that, taken together, Henrietta Rose-Innes’ “Poison” (2007) and NoViolet Bulawayo’s “Hitting Budapest” (2010), both set in cities, contribute to problematic imaginings of African futures. Bulawayo does this through her representation of slum life and dystopian childhoods in Zimbabwe while Rose-Innes’s story speculates on the apocalyptic aftermath of a chemical explosion in post-apartheid South Africa. I highlight, also, how these two narratives reflect apparent relationships between the short story and the novel in contemporary African writing as well as the increasing role of the postcolonial city as a site from which unfavourable visions of postcolonial societies are generated.

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Padingani, Munekayi, Gladys Marape, Zanele Hwalima, Notion Gombe, and Ms T. Juru. "Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening among Women Attending Health Facilities in the City of Bulawayo, 2012." Open Journal of Epidemiology 08, no. 03 (2018): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojepi.2018.83013.

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Nyemba, Anesu, Emmanuel Manzungu, Sijabuliso Masango, and Simon Musasiwa. "The impact of water scarcity on environmental health in selected residential areas in Bulawayo City, Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 35, no. 13-14 (January 2010): 823–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2010.07.028.

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Chinyama, A., P. T. Chipato, and E. Mangore. "Sustainable sanitation systems for low income urban areas – A case of the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 50-52 (2012): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2012.08.010.

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Teta, Charles, and Yogeshkumar S. Naik. "Vitellogenin induction and reduced fecundity in zebrafish exposed to effluents from the City of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Chemosphere 167 (January 2017): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.011.

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Mazviona, B. "The Perception of ERM in the Zimbabwe’s Short Term Insurance Industry: A Case for Bulawayo Metropolitan City." British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade 4, no. 10 (January 10, 2014): 1544–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjemt/2014/10242.

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Mapuwei, Tichaona W., Oliver Bodhlyera, and Henry Mwambi. "Univariate Time Series Analysis of Short-Term Forecasting Horizons Using Artificial Neural Networks: The Case of Public Ambulance Emergency Preparedness." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2020 (May 1, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2408698.

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This study examined the applicability of artificial neural network models in modelling univariate time series ambulance demand for short-term forecasting horizons in Zimbabwe. Bulawayo City Councils’ ambulance services department was used as a case study. Two models, feed-forward neural network (FFNN) and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average, (SARIMA) were developed using monthly historical data from 2010 to 2017 and compared against observed data for 2018. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and paired sample t-test were used as performance measures. Calculated performance measures for FFNN were MAE (94.0), RMSE (137.19), and the test statistic value p=0.493(>0.05) whilst corresponding values for SARIMA were 105.71, 125.28, and p=0.005(<0.05), respectively. Findings of this study suggest that the FFNN model is inclined to value estimation whilst the SARIMA model is directional with a linear pattern over time. Based on the performance measures, the parsimonious FFNN model was selected to predict short-term annual ambulance demand. Demand forecasts with FFNN for 2019 reflected the expected general trends in Bulawayo. The forecasts indicate high demand during the months of January, March, September, and December. Key ambulance logistic activities such as vehicle servicing, replenishment of essential equipment and drugs, staff training, leave days scheduling, and mock drills need to be planned for April, June, and July when low demand is anticipated. This deliberate planning strategy would avoid a dire situation whereby ambulances are available but without adequate staff, essential drugs, and equipment to respond to public emergency calls.

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Musemwa, Muchaparara. "Early Struggles over Water: From Private to Public Water Utility in the City of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 1894–1924*." Journal of Southern African Studies 34, no. 4 (November 28, 2008): 881–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070802456813.

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MSIMANGA, A. "Breeding biology of Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe: impacts of human activities." Bird Conservation International 14, S1 (December 2004): S63—S68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270905000237.

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This paper summarizes current knowledge and outlines future work on the breeding biology of Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe. All available records since 1900 were analysed, including casual reports by members of BirdLife Zimbabwe and published records. Estimates were made for the start and end of the breeding season, group sizes, clutch size and productivity levels, together with an assessment of preferred habitats and nest-tree species. There is a need for intensive fieldwork to determine aspects of breeding biology such as incubation and nestling periods. Particularly important for sound management and conservation strategies is relative breeding success in different land-tenure systems. The author has started work in a communal area 40 km south of Bulawayo city; land-use systems such as new resettlement areas, commercial farms and protected areas remain to be studied.

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Mutengu, Sherman, Zvikomborero Hoko, and Fungai S. Makoni. "An assessment of the public health hazard potential of wastewater reuse for crop production. A case of Bulawayo city, Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 32, no. 15-18 (January 2007): 1195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.019.

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Musemwa, Muchaparara. "A Tale of Two Cities: The Evolution of the City of Bulawayo and Makokoba Township under Conditions of Water Scarcity, 1894–1953." South African Historical Journal 55, no. 1 (January 2006): 186–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582470609464937.

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Dube, Donatus, Champaklal T. Parekh, and Bothwell Nyoni. "Removal of Chromium and Nickel from Electroplating Wastewater Using Magnetite Particulate Adsorbent: (1) Effect of pH, Contact Time and Dosage, (2) Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 7 (May 24, 2016): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n7p222.

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Wastewater discharged into municipal sewer systems from electroplating process plants contains a heavy load of metal ions and often requires pre-discharge treatment. Treatment of wastewater to reduce the concentration of metal ions employing an adsorption process has been studied using a wide range of adsorbents. In this work, the concentrations of chromium and nickel ions in wastewater samples from a local electroplating shop were found to be above the limits set out by the Bulawayo City Council, and the Environmental Management Agency, a statutory agency under the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Government of Zimbabwe. Furthermore, the removal of chromium and nickel ions from the wastewater using magnetite as an adsorbent is studied. Magnetite particulate adsorbent used in this experiment has demonstrated to be an effective adsorbent material. At the optimum process operating pH of 4 – 7 the absorbent was able to achieve removal rates of up to 99% for chromium and 98% for nickel. The adsorption processes for chromium and nickel have been proven to be physical in nature using the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model. Also, the adsorption kinetics data fit well with pseudo second-order kinetic model.

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Rusakaniko, Simbarashe, Elopy Nemele Sibanda, Takafira Mduluza, Paradzayi Tagwireyi, Zephaniah Dhlamini, Chiratidzo Ellen Ndhlovu, Precious Chandiwana, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 Serological testing in frontline health workers in Zimbabwe." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): e0009254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009254.

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Background In order to protect health workers from SARS-CoV-2, there is need to characterise the different types of patient facing health workers. Our first aim was to determine both the infection status and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in health workers. Our second aim was to evaluate the occupational and demographic predictors of seropositivity to inform the country’s infection prevention and control (IPC) strategy. Methods and principal findings We invited 713 staff members at 24 out of 35 health facilities in the City of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe. Compliance to testing was defined as the willingness to uptake COVID-19 testing by answering a questionnaire and providing samples for both antibody testing and PCR testing. SARS-COV-2 antibodies were detected using a rapid diagnostic test kit and SAR-COV-2 infection was determined by real-time (RT)-PCR. Of the 713 participants, 635(89%) consented to answering the questionnaire and providing blood sample for antibody testing while 560 (78.5%) agreed to provide nasopharyngeal swabs for the PCR SARS-CoV-2 testing. Of the 635 people (aged 18–73) providing a blood sample 39.1% reported a history of past COVID-19 symptoms while 14.2% reported having current symptoms of COVID-19. The most-prevalent co-morbidity among this group was hypertension (22.0%) followed by asthma (7.0%) and diabetes (6.0%). The SARS-CoV-2 sero-prevalence was 8.9%. Of the 560 participants tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection, 2 participants (0.36%) were positive for SAR-CoV-2 infection by PCR testing. None of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody positive people were positive for SAR-CoV-2 infection by PCR testing. Conclusion and interpretation In addition to clinical staff, several patient-facing health workers were characterised within Zimbabwe’s health system and the seroprevalence data indicated that previous exposure to SAR-CoV-2 had occurred across the full spectrum of patient-facing staff with nurses and nurse aides having the highest seroprevalence. Our results highlight the need for including the various health workers in IPC strategies in health centres to ensure effective biosecurity and biosafety.

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BARNES, TERESA. "ZIMBABWEAN URBAN HISTORY - Bulawayo Burning: The Social History of a Southern African City, 1893–1960. By Terence Ranger. Suffolk, Rochester, NY and Harare: James Currey, Boydell and Brewer, and Weaver Press, 2010. Pp. ix+261. $80, hardback (ISBN 978-1-84701-020-9)." Journal of African History 52, no. 2 (July 2011): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853711000375.

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Ndlovu, Sambulo. "Characterisation and social impact of urban youth languages on urban toponymy: S’ncamtho toponomastics in Bulawayo." Literator 39, no. 1 (February 28, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v39i1.1373.

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This article focuses on the characterisation of S’ncamtho toponyms in Bulawayo and it goes on to measure the impact of these toponyms on the population of Bulawayo dwellers. S’ncamtho is an urban youth variety that is built on urbanity and streetwise style. The study assumes that, as S’ncamtho is the language of the youth in Bulawayo, people are exposed to S’ncamtho toponyms as the youth are found in all spheres of urban life in Bulawayo, especially the taxi industry which is used by the majority of people in the city. The research collected S’ncamtho verbal toponyms from Godini taxi rank in Bulawayo through undisclosed nonparticipant observations and some from the intuition of the researcher. Intuition and interviews were used to get the etymology of the toponyms and questionnaire tests of familiarity and usage were used to measure the impact of these toponyms on the population. Content analysis is used to characterise and classify S’ncamtho toponyms in Bulawayo and the metaphor comprehension test is used to measure their impact on the population. This article assumes that S’ncamtho has its own toponyms for locations in the city and that these are popular, especially with the youth, but people across age groups now use them.

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Gumbo, Amen, Donewell Bangure, Notion T. Gombe, More Mungati, Mufuta Tshimanga, Zanele Hwalima, and Ignatious Dube. "Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning among Bulawayo City Council employees, Zimbabwe, 2014." BMC Research Notes 8, no. 1 (September 28, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1490-4.

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Watambwa, Lenon. "Cybercrime in Local Authorities: A Case Study of the Bulawayo City Council." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3779482.

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Mpofu, Busani. "Perpetual ‘Outcasts’? Squatters in peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Afrika Focus 25, no. 2 (September 14, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v25i2.4946.

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After independence in 1980 Zimbabwe’s cities experienced a proliferation in the number of squatter camps. This was because of the failure of the urban economy to offer adequate housing and jobs, leaving peri-urban space as the only sanctuary for the urban poor to live in and eke out a living informally. The promotion of rural ‘growth points’ by the national government to promote rural development to discourage migration to urban areas failed. Yet, a poor policy response by the state to this negative outcome of rapid urbanisation that aims to reverse this rural-urban migration has led to unending confrontations between its various arms and squatters who continue to be regarded as encroachers. Focussing on Bulawayo, the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and based on interviews, archival research, Council minutes and newspapers, this article critiques the state’s urban development policy vis-à-vis squatters and informality. It is argued that the persist- ence of a salient perception by government officials that all Africans belong to rural areas and have access to land they can fall back on in hard times serves as a vital lubricant to the state’s action of forcibly sending squatters to rural areas. This ignores the historical pattern of rapid urbanisation and the growth of informal economies supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people. I seek to add to the literature on low-cost housing shortages, urban squatters and peri-urbanism in Zim- babwe and on studies of informality in Third World cities in general. Key words: squatters, outcasts, informality, institutional weaknesses, peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

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Bhebhe, Sindiso. "Makhokhoba and the Surrounding Areas as the Remarkable Centres of Liberation Struggle in Zimbabwe: A Case of Zhii Protests." Oral History Journal of South Africa 5, no. 1 (June 12, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/1876.

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Makhokhoba and Mzilikazi are two of the oldest suburbs in Zimbabwe and Bulawayo respectively. The people in these areas played a pivotal role in dismantling the yoke of colonialism in Zimbabwe. They also suffered a lot during this period as they were treated as second-class citizens; as evidenced by their type of dwellingsâ€”mainly hostels and one- room houses. These were meant for accommodating a man only, as women were not allowed in these areas because they were supposed to stay in rural areas while only the men worked in the city of Bulawayo. This mistreatment, poor working conditions and other ills they suffered in the hands of colonialists led to Zhii protests (Zhii is an Ndebele word for Ndebele war cry). The Zhii protests were mainly volatile skirmishes against the colonial power in the 1950s concerning poor working conditions. These skirmishes are vividly captured in records of oral history interviews found at the National Archives of Zimbabwe. It is therefore, the aim of this article to delve more into these protests by studying the life stories of selected individuals in order to understand the socio-political and economic factors behind them. The life story approach will be interrogated as the best way of collecting oral testimonies. Oral history sources and published literature have been used as sources of information

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Mhazo, Tafadzwa, and Vusilizwe Thebe. "‘Hustling Out of Unemployment’: Livelihood Responses of Unemployed Young Graduates in the City of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Journal of Asian and African Studies, June 27, 2020, 002190962093703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620937035.

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Youth unemployment has emerged as a major policy issue in the recent past. Within policy circles two solutions have been proposed: first, investing in youth education, and second, incorporating youth into agriculture. Our thesis, backed by a long history of proletarianisation, is that perceptions of work and agriculture, which have become deeply entrenched in society, tend to undermine any prospects of educated youth engaging in agriculture-based livelihoods. We develop our argument by focusing on the experiences, responses and livelihood pathways of young university graduates in the city of Bulawayo. We show that young graduate youth prefer livelihood activities which maintain their status as educated citizens, and that agriculture does not confer such status. We argue that young graduates’ aspirations and livelihood pathways are often dictated by societal attitudes and views of what is an acceptable occupation. In this regard, our thesis contradicts the widespread faith in agriculture placed by policymakers in Africa.

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Tongayi Mwedzi, Nqobizitha Siziba, Oghenekaro Nelson Odume, Eisen Nyamazana, and Innocent Mabika. "Responses of macroinvertebrate community metrics to urban pollution in semi-arid catchments around the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Water SA 46, no. 4 October (October 27, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2020.v46.i4.9071.

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River health monitoring is becoming increasingly important because of the anthropogenic activities that continue to impact on water quality and biodiversity of aquatic systems. This study aimed at identifying and evaluating macroinvertebrate community-based metrics that best respond to degradation due to urban pollution in riverine systems of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Data (physicochemical variables and macroinvertebrate specimens) were collected from 17 sites over 3 seasons. The sites were selected across an impairment gradient comprising less impacted, moderately impacted and heavily impacted sites. Heavily impacted sites had the highest levels of total dissolved solids, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, total phosphates, total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and sedimentary zinc. Dissolved oxygen was significantly highest in less impacted sites. Sensitivity of 24 macroinvertebrate metrics to this impairment gradient were assessed. A total of 5 metrics were identified as sensitive to modifications in water quality due to urban pollution. These metrics were taxon richness, South African Scoring System (SASS5) score, average score per taxon (ASPT), percentage collectors and percentage scrapers. The selected metrics will be useful for the monitoring and assessment of the studied riverine systems and can be further integrated into one multimetric index that combines a range of indices and allows the integration of ecological information for better management of aquatic ecosystems in this region.

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Ndlovu, Nkanyiso, Mokoko Percy Kekana, Sogo France Matlala, and Thembelihle Sam Ntuli. "Exposure to secondhand smoke in health institutions and sources of knowledge: a cross-sectional study from the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Pan African Medical Journal 35 (February 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.35.46.15341.

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Damba, Glory, Wilfred Lunga, and Charles Musarurwa. "Awareness campaigns as survival tools in the fight against gender-based violence in peri-urban communities of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe." Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 5, no. 2 (January 23, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v5i2.83.

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Most of Zimbabwe’s urban settlements owe their existence to mining activities; hence most peri-urban communities around Bulawayo, Zimbabwe’s second largest city, are mining communities. However, research in these mining communities has shown that there is little focus on the strengthening of community dynamics that help members to cope with the challenges associated with Gender-Based Violence. Psychosocial support rarely arrives in time to effectively cover gaps left by traditional coping strategies. This paper presents and discusses experiences and insights accumulated from awareness campaigns meant to sensitise people about the nature and scope of gender-based violence. This article is a culmination of focus group discussions, informal interviews and participant observation as efforts were made towards capacity building for community members’ abilities to identify forms of risky behaviour associated with gender-based violence, and the appropriate actions members could take should they find themselves in such situations. In short, this article discusses the conceptualisation of domestic and gender violence as a risk, forms of gender-based violence, the rationale behind campaigns to reduce the internalisation of gender-based violence, and challenges faced in inculcating behaviour change efforts.

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Banda, Collium, and Gift Masengwe. "Overcoming fear? A search for an empowering theological response to the fear of witchcraft among urban Zimbabwean Christians." Verbum et Ecclesia 39, no. 1 (May 29, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v39i1.1837.

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How can we make theological sense of the resilience of the fear of witchcraft among indigenous Zimbabwean Christians? From the perspective of the transcendence and immanence of God, this article analyses the resilience of the fear of witchcraft among African Christians in Zimbabwe. The article uses results of a case study conducted in Zimbabwe in a congregation belonging to the Churches of Christ in Zimbabwe (COCZ) in the city of Bulawayo. Using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, the study affirms that many African Christians struggle to overcome the fear of witchcraft in their lives. Witchcraft is feared because it is primarily viewed as an evil power that destroys life. The article analyses the awareness of witchcraft, the experiences of witchcraft and the responses to witchcraft among Zimbabwean Christians. The article proposes that African Christians be grounded on the transcendence and immanence of God as a way of overcoming the enduring fear of witchcraft.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: A meaningful response to the fear of witchcraft in Africa requires a multidisciplinary approach including phenomenology of religion, Christian doctrines and practical theology and pastoral care. The immanence and transcendency of God in a context of fear of witchcraft must be unpacked in the light of insights from phenomenology of religion, African traditional religions, discipleship and pastoral care.

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Makanyeza, Charles, and Francois Du Toit. "Consumer ethnocentrism in developing countries: Application of a model in Zimbabwe." Acta Commercii 17, no. 1 (January 31, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ac.v17i1.481.

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Orientation: The study focused on the application of a model of consumer ethnocentrism in Zimbabwe, a developing country.Research purpose: The study sought to determine the effect of consumer ethnocentrism on consumer attitude, to determine the effect of consumer attitude on purchase intention and to establish the moderating effects of gender, age, education, income, ethnic grouping and city of residence on the effect of consumer ethnocentrism on consumer attitude.Motivation for the study: Research on consumer ethnocentrism in developing countries is still in its infancy. There is a need to conduct more research on consumer ethnocentrism in developing countries in order to enhance an understanding of this important construct in international marketing.Research design, approach and method: The study uses a cross section of 289 consumers from Harare and Bulawayo, the two largest cities in Zimbabwe. Structural equation modeling and moderated regression analysis were conducted to test the research hypotheses.Main findings: The study found that consumer ethnocentrism has a negative effect on consumer attitude, and consumer attitude has a positive effect on purchase intention. None of the demographic variables was found to significantly moderate the effect of consumer ethnocentrism on consumer attitude.Practical and managerial implications: Marketers who intend to expand into developing markets such as Zimbabwe are advised to consider consumer ethnocentrism and attitudes towards foreign poultry products. Firms targeting foreign markets where consumers are ethnocentric, such as in Zimbabwe, are advised to set up manufacturing facilities in such countries instead of exporting.Contribution and value-add: The study enhances our understanding of consumer ethnocentrism in developing countries where research on consumer ethnocentrism is still in its infancy.

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Chimwaza, Anesu N., Hannock Tweya, Owen Mugurungi, Angela Mushavi, Solomon Mukungunugwa, Ngwarai Sithole, Justice Nyakura, et al. "Early retention among pregnant women on ‘Option B + ’ in urban and rural Zimbabwe." AIDS Research and Therapy 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12981-021-00333-3.

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Abstract Background In 2013, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended Option B+ as a strategy to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. In option B+ , lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) is offered to all HIV positive pregnant and breastfeeding women to reduce MTCT rate to less than or equal to 5%. Its success depends on retaining women on ART during pregnancy, delivery and breast-feeding period. There is limited data on early retention on ART among pregnant women in Zimbabwe. We therefore assessed early retention among women on Option B + from antenatal care (ANC) until 6 months post ANC booking and at delivery in Bulawayo city and Mazowe rural district of Zimbabwe. Methods We collected data for pregnant women booking for ANC between January and March 2018, comparing early retention among ART naïve women and those already on ART. The two cohorts were followed up for 6 months post ANC booking, and this was done in two districts. Data were collected from routine tools used at facility level which include ANC, delivery and ART registers. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate retention probabilities at 1, 3 and 6 months post-delivery and for retention at delivery proportions were used. Poisson regression was used to investigate factors associated with non-retention at 6 months post ANC booking. Results A total of 388 women were included in the study with median age of 29 years (IQR: 25–34). Two-thirds booked in their second trimester. Retention at 3 and 6 months post ANC booking was 84% (95% CI 80–88) and 73% (95% CI 69–78) respectively. At delivery 81% (95% CI 76–84) were retained in care, 18% lost-to-follow-up and 1% transferred out. In this study we did not find marital status, gestation age, facility location, ART status at ANC booking, to be associated with loss to follow-up. Conclusion In this study, we found low retention at 3, 6 months and delivery, a threat to elimination of Mother-to-child Transmission of HIV in Zimbabwe. Our findings emphasize the need for enhanced interventions to improve early retention such as post-test counselling, patient tracing and visit reminders.

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Verdoolaege, Annelies. "Editorial." Afrika Focus 25, no. 2 (September 14, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v25i2.4966.

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This special issue of Afrika Focus is called “(r)Urban Africa: multidisciplinary ap- proaches to the African city”. It contains a number of articles that were presented at GAPSYM5, the fifth symposium of the Africa Platform of the Ghent University Association, on 2 December 2011. In all four articles in this issue the reader is introduced to a unique aspect of African culture. These are cultural elements or developments the West should be made aware of, they could be promoted and supported by the West, and they could even be enriching for external powers. In his article “The Ogaden War: Somali women’s roles” Van Hauwermeiren tries to refute the stereotypical role the West tends to attribute to African women. During the 1977 Ogaden War, both Somali and Ogadeni women were active in the war, thus presenting a different image of gender roles in the Horn of Africa. Van Hauwermeiren stresses that women participated in the war of their own free will, and that they were respected for what they did. This article illustrates that the role of women in African societies is often much stronger than expected. It is espe- cially women who testify to dynamism, resilience and exibility, and this also in African cultures usually associated with very stereotypical gender roles. This is one of the African strengths the West should try to tap into and help to develop. Brinkman’s article – “Town, village and bush: war and cultural landscapes in south-eastern Angola (1966- 2002)” – also talks about a war situation, more particularly about the opposition between ‘town’ and ‘bush’ during the war in Angola, and how this opposition altered perceptions and could eventually have lethal consequences. The fact that the terms ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ received a very particular, but rapidly changing significance is illustrative of a society that wants to start appropriating reality to its own needs, rather than having its reality determined by post-colonial imaginations. In Mpofu’s article – “Perpetual ‘Outcasts’? Squatters in peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe” – the reader is introduced to a typical urban African phenomenon: the township dweller. The author stresses that squatter camps are often informal, but well-organized societies that should qualify as ‘cities inside the city’. These squatter camps are dynamic structures in which citizenship and local identity are forged – they are another vibrant element of contemporary Africa, to which local governments and Western agencies should pay much more attention. Finally, Batibonak also describes a distinctive African phenomenon in her article “Sorcellerie en milieu urbain amplifiée par les pentecôtismes camerounais”. This article deals with the way in which witchcraft was transformed when it was introduced into modern city life. In the context of Cameroon, witchcraft has thus been reconstructed by Pentecostal preachers in order to find an answer to socio-economic urban challenges. Also in this case, a fundamental African concept is transformed and re-invented, in a manner that attests to an enormous capacity for exibility and vitality.The strength of women, the re-appropriation of current-day realities, the dynam- ics of new and informal social structures, and the exibility of traditional values are all unique elements of African society, but these elements rarely attract attention, as they do not match the merely economic or security-oriented interests in Africa. In finishing, we would like to draw the reader’s attention to the fact that this issue of Afrika Focus also contains a large number of reports, most of which are extensive reports of doctoral research. These reports provide an interesting overview of the research that is being carried out in and on Africa and they testify to the fact that Africa is indeed a valuable research site, with highly competent researchers and research institutes.

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