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Статті в журналах з теми "Carbonaceous species"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 травня 2022

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1

Szramowiat, Katarzyna, Katarzyna Styszko, Magdalena Kistler, Anne Kasper-Giebl, and Janusz Gołaś. "Carbonaceous species in atmospheric aerosols from the Krakow area (Malopolska District): carbonaceous species dry deposition analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 10 (2016): 00092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20161000092.

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2

Lawson, Douglas R., and Susanne V. Hering. "The Carbonaceous Species Methods Comparison Study—An Overview." Aerosol Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786829008959318.

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3

Volckens, John, David A. Olson, and Michael D. Hays. "Carbonaceous species emitted from handheld two-stroke engines." Atmospheric Environment 42, no. 6 (February 2008): 1239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.032.

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4

Martins, Zita. "Carbonaceous Material in Extra-terrestrial Matter." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29A (August 2015): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316003008.

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AbstractComets, asteroids, meteorites, micrometeorites, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), and ultra-carbonaceous Antarctic micrometeorites (UCAMMs) may contain carbonaceous material, which was exogenously delivered to the early Earth. Carbonaceous chondrites have an enormous variety of extra-terrestrial compounds, including all the key compounds important in terrestrial biochemistry. Comets contain several carbon-rich species and, in addition, the hypervelocity impact-shock of a comet can produce several α-amino acids. The analysis of the carbonaceous content of extra-terrestrial matter provides a window into the resources delivered to the early Earth, which may have been used by the first living organisms.

5

Li, Qiang, Yucai Qin, Duping Tan, Yuan Xie, Manli Lv, and Lijuan Song. "Theoretical investigation of conversion between different C2Hx species over Pd–Ag/Pd(100) surface alloys: influence on the selectivity and transformation of carbonaceous species." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 24 (2018): 19827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj03274b.

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6

Yang, F., K. He, B. Ye, X. Chen, L. Cha, S. H. Cadle, T. Chan, and P. A. Mulawa. "One-year record of organic and elemental carbon in fine particles in downtown Beijing and Shanghai." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, no. 6 (June 15, 2005): 1449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1449-2005.

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Abstract. Weekly PM2.5 samples were collected for one year (1999-2000) in Beijing and Shanghai and the carbonaceous species analyzed to investigate and compare their time series patterns and possible sources in the two biggest cities of China. Weekly carbonaceous concentrations varied in wide ranges with 8.6-59µg m-3 for OC and 1.5-25.4µg m-3 for EC in Beijing, and with 5.1-38.4µg m-3 for OC and 2.3-13.0µg m-3 for EC in Shanghai. Similar weekly and seasonal variations of OC and EC concentrations were found in each city though major combustion sources presented source-dependent emission characteristics and seasonal differences in emission amount for carbonaceous species. Both OC and EC maintained much higher concentrations in late fall through winter, probably due to enhanced emissions coupled with unfavorable meteorological conditions. In Beijing, the 14C analysis of limited samples suggested there was a significant contribution (33-48%) of modern carbon to the total fine carbonaceous PM burden with higher fractions in the harvest seasons. The high mass ratios of excessive potassium to EC in both Beijing and Shanghai also indicated that biomass burning had important contribution to fine carbonaceous particles.

7

Nuth, Joseph A., Frank T. Ferguson, Hugh G. M. Hill, and Natasha M. Johnson. "Did a Complex Carbon Cycle Operate in the Inner Solar System?" Life 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10090206.

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Solids in the interstellar medium consist of an intimate mixture of silicate and carbonaceous grains. Because 99% of silicates in meteorites were reprocessed at high temperatures in the inner regions of the Solar Nebula, we propose that similar levels of heating of carbonaceous materials in the oxygen-rich Solar Nebula would have converted nearly all carbon in dust and grain coatings to CO. We discuss catalytic experiments on a variety of grain surfaces that not only produce gas phase species such as CH4, C2H6, C6H6, C6H5OH, or CH3CN, but also produce carbonaceous solids and fibers that would be much more readily incorporated into growing planetesimals. CH4 and other more volatile products of these surface-mediated reactions were likely transported outwards along with chondrule fragments and small Calcium Aluminum-rich Inclusions (CAIs) to enhance the organic content in the outer regions of the nebula where comets formed. Carbonaceous fibers formed on the surfaces of refractory oxides may have significantly improved the aggregation efficiency of chondrules and CAIs. Carbonaceous fibers incorporated into chondritic parent bodies might have served as the carbon source for the generation of more complex organic species during thermal or hydrous metamorphic processes on the evolving asteroid.

8

Conterosito, Eleonora, Luca Palin, Diego Antonioli, Maria Riccardi, Enrico Boccaleri, Maurizio Aceto, Marco Milanesio, and Valentina Gianotti. "On the Rehydration of Organic Layered Double Hydroxides to form Low-Ordered Carbon/LDH Nanocomposites." Inorganics 6, no. 3 (August 14, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6030079.

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Low-ordered carbon/layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites were prepared by rehydration of the oxides produced by calcination of an organic LDH. While the memory effect is a widely recognized effect on oxides produced by inorganic LDH, it is unprecedented from the calcination/rehydration of organic ones. Different temperatures (400, 600, and 1100 °C) were tested on the basis of thermogravimetric data. Water, instead of a carbonate solution, was used for the rehydration, with CO2 available from water itself and/or air to induce a slower process with an easier and better intercalation of the carbonaceous species. The samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared in reflection mode (IR), and Raman spectroscopies and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRPD indicated the presence of carbonate LDH, and of residuals of unreacted oxides. IR confirmed that the prevailing anion is carbonate, coming from the water used for the rehydration and/or air. Raman data indicated the presence of low-ordered carbonaceous species moieties and SEM and XRPD the absence of separated bulky graphitic sheets, suggesting an intimate mixing of the low ordered carbonaceous phase with reconstructed LDH. Organic LDH gave better memory effect after calcination at 400 °C. Conversely, the carbonaceous species are observed after rehydration of the sample calcined at 600 °C with a reduced memory effect, demonstrating the interference of the carbonaceous phase with LDH reconstruction and the bonding with LDH layers to form a low-ordered carbon/LDH nanocomposite.

9

Xi, Yuanzhou, Nathan A. Ottinger, and Z. Gerald Liu. "Simulation of exotherms from the oxidation of accumulated carbonaceous species over a VSCR catalyst." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 4, no. 6 (2019): 1090–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8re00291f.

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10

HE, PING, JIANG WU, XIUMIN JIANG, WEIGUO PAN, and JIANXING REN. "MERCURY ADSORPTION ON SULFURIC ACID-IMPREGNATED CARBONACEOUS SURFACE: THEORETICAL STUDY." Surface Review and Letters 21, no. 01 (February 2014): 1450018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x14500188.

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Density functional theory calculations are performed to provide a molecular-level understanding of the mechanism of mercury adsorption on sulfuric acid-impregnated carbonaceous surface. The carbonaceous surface is modeled by a nine-fused benzene ring in which its edge carbon atoms on the upper side are unsaturated to simulate the active sites for reaction. SO 4 clusters with and without charge are examined to act as the representative species to model the sulfuric acid absorbed on the carbonaceous surface. All of the possible approaches of SO 4 clusters with and without charge on the carbonaceous surface are conduced to study their effects on mercury adsorption. The results suggest that sulfuric acid effect on the mercury adsorption capacity of the carbonaceous surface is very complicated, and it depends on a combination of concentration and charge of SO 4 cluster. SO 4 cluster presents a positive effect on mercury adsorption on the carbonaceous surface, but higher concentration of SO 4 cluster decreases the adsorption capacity of the carbonaceous surface for mercury removal because there is considerable competition for active sites between Hg and SO 4 cluster. Since all of the possible approaches of mercury on the carbonaceous surface with [Formula: see text] cluster, excluding one that mercury is adsorbed at bridge active site, can lead to the decrease in the adsorption energies of mercury on the carbonaceous surface, [Formula: see text] cluster presents a negative effect on the capacity of the carbonaceous surface for mercury adsorption regardless of the concentration of [Formula: see text] cluster. The results also indicate that SO 2 cluster and surface oxygen complex can be formed from SO 4 cluster with or without charge if mercury is adsorbed at bridge active site, which facilitates the mercury removal for the carbonaceous surface.

11

Zhou, Zhan, Yuhui Zheng, Cheng Cheng Zhang, Jinwei Gao, Yiping Tang, and Qianming Wang. "In vitro and in vivo studies of a chlorin-based carbon nanocarrier with photodynamic therapy features." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 17, no. 10 (2018): 1329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8pp00287h.

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12

Zhang, Yongyong, Ying Jia, Ming Li, and Li'an Hou. "Characterization of carbonaceous species in PM2.5 in Xi'an during spring." Environmental Forensics 19, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2018.1448910.

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13

Yang, Fumo, Kebin He, Yongliang Ma, Qiang Zhang, Steven H. Cadle, Tai Chan, and Patricia A. Mulawa. "Characterization of Carbonaceous Species of Ambient PM2.5 in Beijing, China." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 55, no. 7 (July 2005): 984–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464699.

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14

Cadle, Steven H., and Patricia A. Mulawa. "Atmospheric Carbonaceous Species Measurement Methods Comparison Study: General Motors Results." Aerosol Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (January 1990): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786829008959333.

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15

Cahill, J. F., K. Suski, J. H. Seinfeld, R. A. Zaveri, and K. A. Prather. "The mixing state of carbonaceous aerosol particles in Northern and Southern California measured during CARES and CalNex 2010." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 7 (July 27, 2012): 18419–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-18419-2012.

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Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosols impact climate directly by scattering and absorbing radiation, and hence play a major, although highly uncertain, role in global radiative forcing. Commonly, ambient carbonaceous aerosols are internally mixed with secondary species such as nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium, which influences their optical properties, hygroscopicity, and atmospheric lifetime, thus impacting climate forcing. Aircraft-aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (A-ATOFMS), which measures single-particle mixing state, was used to determine the fraction of organic and soot aerosols that are internally mixed and the variability of their mixing state in California during the Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) and the Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field campaigns in the late spring and early summer of 2010. Nearly 88% of all A-ATOFMS measured particles (100–1000 nm in diameter) were internally mixed with secondary species, with 96% and 75% of particles internally mixed with nitrate and/or sulfate in Southern and Northern California, respectively. Even though atmospheric particle composition in both regions was primarily influenced by urban sources, the mixing state was found to vary greatly, with nitrate and soot being the dominant species in Southern California, and sulfate and organic carbon in Northern California. Furthermore, mixing state varied temporally in Northern California, with soot becoming the prevalent particle type towards the end of the study as regional pollution levels increased. The results from these studies demonstrate that the majority of ambient carbonaceous particles in California are internally mixed and are heavily influenced by secondary species that are most prevalent in the particular region. Based on these findings, considerations of regionally dominant sources and secondary species, as well as temporal variations of aerosol physical and optical properties, will be required to obtain more accurate predictions of the climate impacts of aerosol in California.

16

Cahill, J. F., K. Suski, J. H. Seinfeld, R. A. Zaveri, and K. A. Prather. "The mixing state of carbonaceous aerosol particles in northern and southern California measured during CARES and CalNex 2010." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 22 (November 21, 2012): 10989–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10989-2012.

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Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosols impact climate directly by scattering and absorbing radiation, and hence play a major, although highly uncertain, role in global radiative forcing. Commonly, ambient carbonaceous aerosols are internally mixed with secondary species such as nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium, which influences their optical properties, hygroscopicity, and atmospheric lifetime, thus impacting climate forcing. Aircraft-aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (A-ATOFMS), which measures single-particle mixing state, was used to determine the fraction of organic and soot aerosols that are internally mixed and the variability of their mixing state in California during the Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) and the Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field campaigns in the late spring and early summer of 2010. Nearly 88% of all A-ATOFMS measured particles (100–1000 nm in diameter) were internally mixed with secondary species, with 96% and 75% of particles internally mixed with nitrate and/or sulfate in southern and northern California, respectively. Even though atmospheric particle composition in both regions was primarily influenced by urban sources, the mixing state was found to vary greatly, with nitrate and soot being the dominant species in southern California, and sulfate and organic carbon in northern California. Furthermore, mixing state varied temporally in northern California, with soot becoming the prevalent particle type towards the end of the study as regional pollution levels increased. The results from these studies demonstrate that the majority of ambient carbonaceous particles in California are internally mixed and are heavily influenced by secondary species that are most prevalent in the particular region. Based on these findings, considerations of regionally dominant sources and secondary species, as well as temporal variations of aerosol physical and optical properties, will be required to obtain more accurate predictions of the climate impacts of aerosol in California.

17

Wang, Lin, Jing Qi, Hongqiao Jiao, Liangcheng An, Chong Guan, Xiaojing Yong, Zhengwei Jin, Angui Zhang, and Dianhua Liu. "The guiding role of pre-coking on the coke deposition over ZSM-5 in methanol to propylene." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 9 (September 4, 2019): 190218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190218.

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Deposition of carbonaceous compounds was used to improve the propylene selectivity of ZSM-5 by deactivating some acid sites meanwhile maintaining the high activity for methanol conversion. The carbonaceous species of pre-coked samples before and after MTP reactions were investigated by elementary analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that pre-coke formed at low temperature (250°C) was unstable and easy to transform into polyaromatics species at the high reacting temperature, while combining 5% pre-coking process with 95% steam treatment at high temperature (480°C) was effective in inhibiting the formation of coke deposits and presented a significant improvement in the propylene selectivity.

18

Kim, Sanghoon, Mario De bruyn, Johan G. Alauzun, Nicolas Louvain, Nicolas Brun, Duncan J. Macquarrie, Lorenzo Stievano, Bruno Boury, Laure Monconduit, and P. Hubert Mutin. "Alginic acid-derived mesoporous carbon (Starbon®) as template and reducing agent for the hydrothermal synthesis of mesoporous LiMn2O4 grafted with carbonaceous species." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 29 (2018): 14392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta04128h.

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19

Yoshii, Takeharu, Koki Chida, Hirotomo Nishihara, and Fumito Tani. "Ordered carbonaceous frameworks: a new class of carbon materials with molecular-level design." Chemical Communications 58, no. 22 (2022): 3578–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc07228e.

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20

Zhang, Xin Kai, Ze Qin Li, and Xiao Ming Liu. "Assessment of Selenium Bioavailability in Tea Plantation Soil to Bashan Tea Species (Wanyuan, Southwest China) Using Single Extraction Methods." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.541.

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Se concentration varies for different soil types, whether can be absorbed by plants is not related with the total amount of selenium, it is controlled by the bio-availability Se in soil. This paper is aim to look for the laws of the bio-availability Se in different soils, and find out an accuracy and effective method to extract the bio-available Se from different soil types. Digest the soil and tea leaves samples and used six methods (KH2PO4, NaHCO3, HAC, MgCl2, HCl, EDTA) to extract Se from the different soils, the result was measured by AFS. The mean values of total Se is 8.45μg/g in carbonaceous slates soil, 0.32μg/g and 0.41μg/g in malmstone soil, 0.78μg/g in shale soil. The maximum correlation coefficients (r) between the six extract methods and tea leaves about the extraction ratio of Se in four soils is 0.93188 with KH2PO4, 0.77097 and 0.83589 with NaHCO3, 0.84231 with HAC. So it can be indicate that the total Se contents is carbonaceous slates soil>shale soil>malmstone soil, the best extract method for carbonaceous slates soil, malmstone soil and shale soil are KH2PO4, NaHCO3, and HAC respectively.

21

Pierce, J. R., K. Chen, and P. J. Adams. "Contribution of primary carbonaceous aerosol to cloud condensation nuclei: processes and uncertainties evaluated with a global aerosol microphysics model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 20 (October 19, 2007): 5447–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5447-2007.

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Abstract. This paper explores the impacts of primary carbonaceous aerosol on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations in a global climate model with size-resolved aerosol microphysics. Organic matter (OM) and elemental carbon (EC) from two emissions inventories were incorporated into a preexisting model with sulfate and sea-salt aerosol. The addition of primary carbonaceous aerosol increased CCN(0.2%) concentrations by 65–90% in the globally averaged surface layer depending on the carbonaceous emissions inventory used. Sensitivity studies were performed to determine the relative importance of organic solubility/hygroscopicity in predicting CCN. In a sensitivity study where carbonaceous aerosol was assumed to be completely insoluble, concentrations of CCN(0.2%) still increased by 40–50% globally over the no carbonaceous simulation because primary carbonaceous emissions were able to become CCN via condensation of sulfuric acid. This shows that approximately half of the contribution of primary carbonaceous particles to CCN in our model comes from the addition of new particles (seeding effect) and half from the contribution of organic solute (solute effect). The solute effect tends to dominate more in areas where there is less inorganic aerosol than organic aerosol and the seeding effect tends to dominate in areas where there is more inorganic aerosol than organic aerosol. It was found that an accurate simulation of the number size distribution is necessary to predict the CCN concentration but assuming an average chemical composition will generally give a CCN concentration within a factor of 2. If a "typical" size distribution is assumed for each species when calculating CCN, such as is done in bulk aerosol models, the mean error relative to a simulation with size resolved microphysics is on the order of 35%. Predicted values of carbonaceous aerosol mass and aerosol number were compared to observations and the model showed average errors of a factor of 3 for carbonaceous mass and a factor of 4 for total aerosol number; however, errors in the accumulation mode concentrations were found to be lower in comparisons with European and marine observations.. The errors in CN and carbonaceous mass may be reduced by improving the emission size distributions of both primary sulfate and primary carbonaceous aerosol.

22

Pierce, J. R., K. Chen, and P. J. Adams. "Contribution of carbonaceous aerosol to cloud condensation nuclei: processes and uncertainties evaluated with a global aerosol microphysics model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 4, 2007): 7723–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-7723-2007.

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Abstract. This paper explores the impacts of carbonaceous aerosol on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations in a global climate model with size-resolved aerosol microphysics. Organic matter (OM) and elemental carbon (EC) from two emissions inventories were incorporated into a preexisting model with sulfate and sea-salt aerosol. The addition of carbonaceous aerosol increased CCN(0.2%) concentrations by 65–90% in the globally averaged surface layer depending on the carbonaceous emissions inventory used. Sensitivity studies were performed to determine the relative importance of the organic "solute effect", in which CCN concentrations increase because of the added soluble carbonaceous material, versus the "seeding effect", in which CCN concentrations increase because of increased particle number concentrations. In a sensitivity study where carbonaceous aerosol was assumed to be completely insoluble, concentrations of CCN(0.2%) still increased by 40–50% globally over the no carbonaceous simulation because primary carbonaceous emissions were able to become CCN via condensation of sulfuric acid. This shows that approximately half of the contribution of carbonaceous particles to CCN comes from the "seeding effect" and half from the "solute effect". The solute effect tends to dominate more in areas where there is less inorganic aerosol than organic aerosol and the seeding effect tends to dominate in areas where is more inorganic aerosol than organic aerosol. It was found that an accurate simulation of the number size distribution is necessary to predict the CCN concentration but assuming an average chemical composition will generally give a CCN concentration within a factor of 2. If a "typical" size distribution is assumed for each species when calculating CCN, such as is done in bulk aerosol models, the mean error relative to a simulation with size resolved microphysics is on the order of 35%. Predicted values of carbonaceous aerosol mass and aerosol number were compared to observations and the model showed average errors of a factor of 3 for carbonaceous mass and a factor of 4 for total aerosol number. These errors may be reduced by improving the emission size distributions of both primary sulfate and primary carbonaceous aerosol.

23

Dietrich, Stefan, Mihails Kusnezoff, Uwe Petasch, and Alexander Michaelis. "Evaluation of Indium Tin Oxide for Gas Sensing Applications: Adsorption/Desorption and Electrical Conductivity Studies on Powders and Thick Films." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020497.

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By combining results of adsorption/desorption measurements on powders and electrical conductivity studies on thick and thin films, the interaction of indium tin oxide with various ambient gas species and carbon monoxide as potential target gas was studied between room temperature and 700 °C. The results show that the indium tin oxide surfaces exhibit a significant coverage of water-related and carbonaceous adsorbates even at temperatures as high as 600 °C. Specifically carbonaceous species, which are also produced under carbon monoxide exposure, show a detrimental effect on oxygen adsorption and may impair the film’s sensitivity to a variety of target gases if the material is used in gas sensing applications. Consequently, the operating temperature of an ITO based chemoresistive carbon monoxide sensor should be selected within a range where the decomposition and desorption of these species proceeds rapidly, while the surface oxygen coverage is still high enough to provide ample species for target gas interaction.

24

Schuster, G. L., O. Dubovik, and A. Arola. "Remote sensing of soot carbon – Part 1: Distinguishing different absorbing aerosol species." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 9 (May 12, 2015): 13607–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-13607-2015.

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Abstract. We describe a method of using the aerosol robotic network (AERONET) size distributions and complex refractive indices to retrieve the relative proportion of carbonaceous aerosols and iron oxide minerals. We assume that soot carbon has a spectrally flat refractive index, and that enhanced imaginary indices at the 440 nm wavelength are caused by brown carbon or hematite. Carbonaceous aerosols can be separated from dust in imaginary refractive index space because 95% of biomass burning aerosols have imaginary indices greater than 0.0042 at the 675–1020 nm wavelengths, and 95% of dust has imaginary refractive indices of less than 0.0042 at those wavelengths. However, mixtures of these two types of particles can not be unambiguously partitioned on the basis of optical properties alone, so we also separate these particles by size. Regional and seasonal results are consistent with expectations. Monthly climatologies of fine mode soot carbon are less than 1.0% by volume for West Africa and the Middle East, but the southern Africa and South America biomass burning sites have peak values of 3.0 and 1.7%. Monthly-averaged fine mode brown carbon volume fractions have a peak value of 5.8% for West Africa, 2.1% for the Middle East, 3.7% for southern Africa, and 5.7% for South America. Monthly climatologies of iron oxide volume fractions show little seasonal variability, and range from about 1.1 to 1.7% for coarse mode aerosols in all four study regions. Finally, our sensitivity study indicates that the soot carbon retrieval is not sensitive to the component refractive indices or densities assumed for carbonaceous and iron oxide aerosols, and differs by only 15.4% when these parameters are altered from our chosen baseline values. The associated soot carbon absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) does not vary at all when these parameters are altered, however, because the retrieval is constrained by the AERONET optical properties.

25

Schuster, G. L., O. Dubovik, and A. Arola. "Remote sensing of soot carbon – Part 1: Distinguishing different absorbing aerosol species." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 3 (February 11, 2016): 1565–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1565-2016.

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Abstract. We describe a method of using the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) size distributions and complex refractive indices to retrieve the relative proportion of carbonaceous aerosols and free iron minerals (hematite and goethite). We assume that soot carbon has a spectrally flat refractive index and enhanced imaginary indices at the 440 nm wavelength are caused by brown carbon or hematite. Carbonaceous aerosols can be separated from dust in imaginary refractive index space because 95 % of biomass burning aerosols have imaginary indices greater than 0.0042 at the 675–1020 nm wavelengths, and 95 % of dust has imaginary refractive indices of less than 0.0042 at those wavelengths. However, mixtures of these two types of particles can not be unambiguously partitioned on the basis of optical properties alone, so we also separate these particles by size. Regional and seasonal results are consistent with expectations. Monthly climatologies of fine mode soot carbon are less than 1.0 % by volume for West Africa and the Middle East, but the southern African and South American biomass burning sites have peak values of 3.0 and 1.7 %. Monthly averaged fine mode brown carbon volume fractions have a peak value of 5.8 % for West Africa, 2.1 % for the Middle East, 3.7 % for southern Africa, and 5.7 % for South America. Monthly climatologies of free iron volume fractions show little seasonal variability, and range from about 1.1 to 1.7 % for coarse mode aerosols in all four study regions. Finally, our sensitivity study indicates that the soot carbon retrieval is not sensitive to the component refractive indices or densities assumed for carbonaceous and free iron aerosols, and the retrieval differs by only 15.4 % when these parameters are altered from our chosen baseline values. The total uncertainty of retrieving soot carbon mass is ∼ 50 % (when uncertainty in the AERONET product and mixing state is included in the analysis).

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Milos, F. S., and Y. K. Chen. "Ablation Predictions for Carbonaceous Materials Using Two Databases for Species Thermodynamics." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 50, no. 2 (March 2013): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.a32316.

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27

Liu, Jing, Wenqi Qu, and Chuguang Zheng. "Theoretical studies of mercury–bromine species adsorption mechanism on carbonaceous surface." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34, no. 2 (January 2013): 2811–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.07.028.

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28

Kim, Yong P., J. H. Lee, and K. C. Moon. "Concentrations of carbonaceous species in fine particles in Cheju Island, Korea." Journal of Aerosol Science 30 (September 1999): S915—S916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(99)80468-6.

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29

Lengyel, Jozef, Nikita Levin, Frank J. Wensink, Olga V. Lushchikova, Robert N. Barnett, Uzi Landman, Ueli Heiz, Joost M. Bakker, and Martin Tschurl. "Carbide Dihydrides: Carbonaceous Species Identified in Ta 4 + ‐Mediated Methane Dehydrogenation." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 59, no. 52 (October 22, 2020): 23631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202010794.

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30

Cahill, Thomas A., Marcelle Surovik, and Ian Wittmeyer. "Visibility and Aerosols During the 1986 Carbonaceous Species Methods Comparison Study." Aerosol Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (January 1990): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786829008959335.

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31

Sharma, S. K., T. K. Mandal, A. Sharma, Srishti Jain, and Saraswati. "Carbonaceous Species of PM2.5 in Megacity Delhi, India During 2012–2016." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 100, no. 5 (March 7, 2018): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2313-9.

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32

Lonati, G., S. Ozgen, and M. Giugliano. "Primary and secondary carbonaceous species in PM2.5 samples in Milan (Italy)." Atmospheric Environment 41, no. 22 (July 2007): 4599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.046.

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33

Wu, Yun, Mei Wang, Shaojuan Luo, Yunfeng Gu, Dongyang Nie, Zhiyang Xu, Yue Wu, Mindong Chen, and Xinlei Ge. "Comparative Toxic Effects of Manufactured Nanoparticles and Atmospheric Particulate Matter in Human Lung Epithelial Cells." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010022.

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Although nanoparticles (NPs) have been used as simplified atmospheric particulate matter (PM) models, little experimental evidence is available to support such simulations. In this study, we comparatively assessed the toxic effects of PM and typical NPs (four carbonaceous NPs with different morphologies, metal NPs of Fe, Al, and Ti, as well as SiO2 NPs) on human lung epithelial A549 cells. The EC50 value of PM evaluated by cell viability assay was 148.7 μg/mL, closest to that of SiO2 NPs, between the values of carbonaceous NPs and metal NPs. All particles caused varying degrees of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) suppression. TiO2 NPs showed similar performance with PM in inducing ROS production (p < 0.05). Small variations between two carbonaceous NPs (graphene oxides and graphenes) and PM were also observed at 50 μg/mL. Similarly, there was no significant difference in ATP inhibition between carbonaceous NPs and PM, while markedly different effects were caused by SiO2 NP and TiO2 NP exposure. Our results indicated that carbonaceous NPs could be served as potential surrogates for urban PM. The identification of PM model may help us further explore the specific roles and mechanisms of various components in PM.

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PI, YIN-HUI, XU ZHANG, LI-LI LIU, QING-DE LONG, XIANG-CHUN SHEN, YING-QIAN KANG, KEVIN D. HYDE, SARANYAPHAT BOONMEE, JI-CHUAN KANG, and QI-RUI LI. "Contributions to species of Xylariales in China—4. Hypoxylon wujiangensis sp. nov." Phytotaxa 455, no. 1 (August 5, 2020): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.455.1.3.

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A species of Hypoxylon, found on dead wood in China, differs from H. hypomiltum and H. samuelsii in having highly carbonaceous stromata, asci with a long stipe and wider ascospores. Based on morphology and molecular phylogeny, it is described as a new species, H. wujiangensis sp. nov. A detailed description and illustration are provided, along with molecular evidence for the new species.

35

Salasin, J. R., S. E. A. Schwerzler, R. Mukherjee, D. J. Keffer, K. E. Sickafus, and C. J. Rawn. "Direct Formation and Structural Characterization of Electride C12A7." Materials 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12010084.

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Ca12Al14O33 (C12A7 or Mayenite) is a material whose caged clathrate structure and occluded anionic species leads to significant functionality. The creation of occluded anionic vacancies leads to the injection of localized electrons at the center of the cage, converting the wide band gap insulator to a semi- or metallic conducting material. The conversion to the electride historically requires the synthesis of oxy-C12A7, consolidation, and then reduction to introduce anionic vacancies. This report develops and characterizes an electride formation procedure from three starting points: unconsolidated oxy-C12A7, heterogenous solid-state reactants (CaCO3 and Al2O3), and homogenous non-carbonaceous polymer assisted sol-gel reactants. Electride-C12A7 formation is observed in a vacuum furnace where the reactants are in direct contact with a carbon source. Process time and temperature-dependent structural characterization provides insight into the source of high temperature C12A7 stability, the mechanism of anionic vacancy formation, and the magnitude of ultimate conductivity that cannot be explained by current reduction theories. A new theory is presented where mixed O- and C-occupied cages lead to high temperature stability, oxidation of C species creates anionic vacancies, and an equilibrium between the reducing power of the electride-C12A7 and of the C species leads to the ultimate conductivity achieved by the process. This represents a shift in understanding of the carbonaceous reduction process and the first report of high purity electride-C12A7 formation from heterogenous solid-state reactants and homogenous non-carbonaceous polymer assisted sol-gel reactants.

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He, Qiusheng, Wendi Guo, Guixiang Zhang, Yulong Yan, and Laiguo Chen. "Characteristics and Seasonal Variations of Carbonaceous Species in PM2.5 in Taiyuan, China." Atmosphere 6, no. 6 (June 19, 2015): 850–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos6060850.

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37

Saman, Norasikin, Atiqah Abdul Aziz, Khairiraihanna Johari, Shiow-Tien Song, and Hanapi Mat. "Adsorptive efficacy analysis of lignocellulosic waste carbonaceous adsorbents toward different mercury species." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 96 (July 2015): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2015.04.004.

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38

Brook, Jeffrey R., and Tom F. Dann. "Contribution of Nitrate and Carbonaceous Species to PM2.5 Observed in Canadian Cities." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 49, no. 2 (February 1999): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1999.10463794.

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39

Kim, Yong Pyo, Kil-Choo Moon, Jong Hoon Lee, and Nam Jun Baik. "Concentrations of carbonaceous species in particles at Seoul and Cheju in Korea." Atmospheric Environment 33, no. 17 (August 1999): 2751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(98)00313-6.

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40

Montoya, Alejandro, Fanor Mondragón, and Thanh N. Truong. "First-Principles Kinetics of CO Desorption from Oxygen Species on Carbonaceous Surface." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 106, no. 16 (April 2002): 4236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0144294.

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41

Liu, Yu-Hsuan, Manh Hiep Vu, JeongHoon Lim, Trong-On Do, and Marta C. Hatzell. "Influence of carbonaceous species on aqueous photo-catalytic nitrogen fixation by titania." Faraday Discussions 215 (2019): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8fd00191j.

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42

Zeldin, Melvin D., and Bruce Wylie. "Meteorological Conditions During the 1986 Southern California Carbonaceous Species Methods Comparison Study." Aerosol Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (January 1990): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786829008959319.

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43

Sharma, S. K., T. K. Mandal, A. K. De, N. C. Deb, Srishti Jain, Mohit Saxena, S. Pal, A. K. Choudhuri, and Saraswati. "Carbonaceous and inorganic species in PM10 during wintertime over Giridih, Jharkhand (India)." Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 75, no. 2 (November 21, 2017): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10874-017-9373-9.

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44

DAN, M. "The characteristics of carbonaceous species and their sources in PM2.5 in Beijing." Atmospheric Environment 38, no. 21 (July 2004): 3443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.052.

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45

Forbot, Natalia, Paulina Bolibok, Marek Wiśniewski, and Katarzyna Roszek. "Carbonaceous Nanomaterials-Mediated Defense Against Oxidative Stress." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557519666191029162150.

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: The concept of nanoscale materials and their applications in industrial technologies, consumer goods, as well as in novel medical therapies has rapidly escalated in the last several years. Consequently, there is a critical need to understand the mechanisms that drive nanomaterials biocompatibility or toxicity to human cells and tissues. : The ability of nanomaterials to initiate cellular pathways resulting in oxidative stress has emerged as a leading hypothesis in nanotoxicology. Nevertheless, there are a few examples revealing another face of nanomaterials - they can alleviate oxidative stress via decreasing the level of reactive oxygen species. The fundamental structural and physicochemical properties of carbonaceous nanomaterials that govern these anti-oxidative effects are discussed in this article. The signaling pathways influenced by these unique nanomaterials, as well as examples of their applications in the biomedical field, e.g. cell culture, cell-based therapies or drug delivery, are presented. We anticipate this emerging knowledge of intrinsic anti-oxidative properties of carbon nanomaterials to facilitate the use of tailored nanoparticles in vivo.

46

Magi, B. I. "Chemical apportionment of southern African aerosol mass and optical depth." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 19 (October 13, 2009): 7643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7643-2009.

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Abstract. This study characterizes the aerosol over extratropical and tropical southern Africa during the biomass burning season by presenting an aerosol mass apportionment and aerosol optical properties. Carbonaceous aerosol species account for 54% and 83% of the extratropical and tropical aerosol mass, respectively, which is consistent with the fact that the major source of particulate matter in southern Africa is biomass burning. This mass apportionment implies that carbonaceous species in the form of organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) play a critical role in the aerosol optical properties. By combining the in situ measurements of aerosol mass concentrations with concurrent measurements of aerosol optical properties at a wavelength of 550 nm, it is shown that 80–90% of the aerosol scattering is due to carbonaceous aerosol, and the derived mass scattering cross sections (MSC) for OC and BC are 3.9±0.6 m2/g and 1.6±0.2 m2/g, respectively. Derived values of mass absorption cross sections (MAC) for OC and BC are 0.7±0.6 m2/g and 8.2±1.1 m2/g, respectively. The values of MAC imply that ~26% of the aerosol absorption in southern Africa is due to OC, with the remainder due to BC. The results in this study provide important constraints for aerosol properties in a region dominated by biomass burning and should be integrated into climate models to improve aerosol simulations.

47

Magi, B. I. "Chemical apportionment of southern African aerosol mass and optical depth." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 3 (June 18, 2009): 13439–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-13439-2009.

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Abstract. We investigate the aerosol mass apportionment and derive aerosol optical properties that characterize the aerosol over extratropical and tropical southern Africa during the biomass burning season. We find that 54% and 83% of the extratropical and tropical aerosol mass, respectively, is composed of carbonaceous species, consistent with the fact that the major source of particulate matter in southern Africa is biomass burning. This mass apportionment implies that carbonaceous species in the form of organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) play a critical role in the aerosol optical properties. By combining the in situ measurements of aerosol mass concentrations with concurrent measurements of aerosol optical properties at a wavelength of 550 nm, we find that 80–90% of the aerosol scattering is due to carbonaceous aerosol, where our derived mass scattering cross sections (MSC) for OC and BC are 3.9±0.6 m2/g and 1.6±0.2 m2/g, respectively. Our derived values of mass absorption cross sections (MAC) for OC and BC are 0.7±0.6 m2/g and 8.2±1.1 m2/g, respectively. The values of MAC imply that 26–27% of the aerosol absorption in southern Africa is due to OC, with the remainder due to BC. Our results provide important constraints for aerosol properties in a region dominated by biomass burning and should be integrated into climate models to improve aerosol simulations.

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Lin, Jim J., and Hua-Shan Tai. "Concentrations and distributions of carbonaceous species in ambient particles in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan." Atmospheric Environment 35, no. 15 (May 2001): 2627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00444-1.

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49

Rivera Rocabado, D. S., T. Ishimoto, T. Quang-Tuyen, Y. Shiratori, and M. Koyama. "Theoretical Study of Inorganic Carbonaceous Species Reaction with the Surfaces of BaTiO3(001)." ECS Transactions 68, no. 1 (July 17, 2015): 3177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06801.3177ecst.

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50

Nakhaei Pour, Ali, Mohammad Reza Housaindokht, Jamshid Zarkesh, and Sayyed Faramarz Tayyari. "Studies of carbonaceous species in alkali promoted iron catalysts during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 16, no. 6 (November 2010): 1025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2010.09.003.

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