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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 16 травня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Carbone black":

1

Singh, Madhu, and Randy Vander Wal. "Nanostructure Quantification of Carbon Blacks." C 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c5010002.

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Carbon blacks are an extensively used manufactured product. There exist different grades by which the carbon black is classified, based on its purpose and end use. Different properties inherent to the various carbon black types are a result of their production processes. Based on the combustion condition and fuel used, each process results in a carbon black separate from those obtained from other processes. These carbons differ in their aggregate morphology, particle size, and particle nanostructure. Nanostructure is key in determining the material’s behavior in bulk form. A variety of carbon blacks have been analyzed and quantified for their lattice parameters and structure at the nanometer scale, using transmission electron microscopy and custom-developed fringe analysis algorithms, to illustrate differences in nanostructure and their potential relation to observed material properties.
2

Bibi, Amna, Aaditya Pallerla, Nyelia Williams, Caroline Wheeler, Rebecca Hoyd, Shankar Suman, Joseph Amann, et al. "Abstract 3523: A Black Raspberry dietary intervention to modify the gut microbiome and improve the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 3523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3523.

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Abstract Lung cancer kills more people annually worldwide than any other cancer. Outcomes have improved with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment, however, only about 20% of tumors respond. Emerging data demonstrate that responses to ICI may depend on the host microbiome. The challenge is to identify strategies to manipulate the gut microbiome to improve response to ICIs. Here we explore a targeted dietary intervention to modify the microbiome and determine the response to ICIs. Studies in a preclinical murine model showed that freeze-dried black raspberry powder (AIN-76A synthetic diet containing 5% lyophilized black raspberry powder) increased the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, which has been associated with improved response to ICIs in melanoma. Next, we conducted a human intervention trial called the BEWELL Study (Black raspberry nEctar Working to prEvent Lung cancer NCT04267874). This placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over trial examined the impact of 2x 80 mL black raspberry (BRB) nectar drink boxes per day for 4 weeks. There were 96 participants recruited and classified as being at high risk of developing lung cancer (eligibility criteria: >30 pack-year smoking history and 55-77 years old) in an attempt to match the phenotype of typical lung cancer patients but allowing us to clearly assess the impact of the intervention on the microbiome. Pre- and post-dietary intervention gut microbiome, blood, and urine samples were collected. Black raspberry dietary supplementation was not associated with a significant change in A. muciniphila (logistic regression with negative binomial Wald test p-value 0.056), however, changes in other taxa were observed. Finally, stool from participants in the BEWELL study was gavaged into C57BL/6J mice to create human microbiome avatar models. Mouse colon cancer cells (mc38) were injected subcutaneously and treated with anti-PD1 Ab (5mg/kg mouse; clone RMP1-14) or isotype control (clone 2A3). Preliminary experiments using avatar mice with post-BRB human microbiomes showed smaller tumors relative to mice receiving stool from that same individual pre-BRB dietary intervention, relative to isotype control (t-test, p-value 0.05). These results suggest that black raspberry nectar may modify the human gut microbiome in a way that promotes an improved response to immunotherapy. Citation Format: Amna Bibi, Aaditya Pallerla, Nyelia Williams, Caroline Wheeler, Rebecca Hoyd, Shankar Suman, Joseph Amann, Mounika Goruganthu, Tamio Okimoto, Yangyang Liu, Marisa Bittoni, Ni Shi, Shiqi Zhang, Alvin Anand, Kristen Heitman, Maxine Mendelson, Elizabeth M. Grainger, Madison Grogan, Carolyn J. Presley, Fred K. Tabung, Lang Li, Yael Vodovotz, Jiangjiang Zhu, David P. Carbone, Tong Chen, Steven K. Clinton, Daniel Spakowicz. A Black Raspberry dietary intervention to modify the gut microbiome and improve the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3523.
3

Gupta, Prem Kumari. "Effect of temperature and surface area on adsorption of chlorine on different adsorbent carbons." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i2.265.

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Chlorine is used in several ways in industry. In such situations, where residual chlorine persists as pollutant, Activated carbons like animal charcoal, carbon black and coconut charcoal can serve as agents to remove residual pollutant “chlorine” by the process of adsorption. Five samples of Carbon black, six samples of active Carbons and two samples of charcoals were treated with a stream of chlorine @0.4 litre/hour at temperature varying from 300 to 1200 C. Chlorine is adsorbed partially physically and partially chemically. Percentage of the chemisorbed increases with rise in the temperature. Maximum percentages of chemisorptions occur at 1200 C while the maximum uptake, physical as well as chemical, takes place at 300 C, which was the lowest temperature. It is seen that activated carbon, carbon blacks and charcoal differ markedly by in their total chlorine uptake at 300 C. Activated carbons associated with high surface were seen to take up maximum chlorine. Fall in surface area is more in active carbons as compared to carbon black due to greater adsorption of chlorine. This probably shows that micro porous carbons are better adsorbent for chlorine adsorption. The unsaturated sites also play far dominant role and provide centres where the adsorption takes place predominantly. Uptake of chlorine is enhanced on evacuating the carbon samples at 6000 C and 10000 C. This is due to the creation of more unsaturated sites. Process of adsorption cum chemisorption takes place through different kinetic stages with different energetics. The activation energies keep on increasing with increasing amounts of chemisorption.
4

Darmstadt, H., N.-Z. Cao, D. M. Pantea, C. Roy, L. Sümmchen, U. Roland, J.-B. Donnet, T. K. Wang, C. H. Peng, and P. J. Donnelly. "Surface Activity and Chemistry of Thermal Carbon Blacks." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547592.

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Abstract The surface energy of thermal and furnace carbon blacks was determined by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution. In general, the specific surface energy decreases with decreasing carbon black specific surface area. However, there is also an influence of the concentration of impurities during the carbon black production. The surface energy decreases with decreasing concentration of impurities. The carbon black surface and bulk chemistry was studied by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) was used for characterization of the surface morphology. Thermal grades of carbon black produced from high purity natural gas feedstock do not contain fewer surface functional groups than the other grades. No correlation between the concentration and nature of the oxygen and sulphur surface groups and the carbon black surface energy was found. Instead, a correlation between the surface energy and the polyaromatic character of the carbon black surface exists. Both increased in the order: thermal blacks from high purity natural gas feedstock < thermal black from oil feedstock < furnace blacks. The increase of the surface energy might be related to the formation of active sites which are formed upon removal of non-carbon elements during the carbon black formation. There was no principal difference in the surface morphology of thermal blacks from high purity gas feedstock and other blacks.
5

Zhong, Ruipeng, Jinjia Xu, David Hui, Sanjana S. Bhosale, and Ruoyu Hong. "Pyrolytic preparation and modification of carbon black recovered from waste tyres." Waste Management & Research 38, no. 1 (August 30, 2019): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19869987.

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The medium temperature pyrolysis process using a fixed-bed reactor at atmospheric pressure was utilised to recover carbon black from motorcycle and automobile tyres. Experimental results have shown that the ash and volatile contents of several recovered carbon blacks are high, the elongation at break of the vulcanised natural rubber filled with recovered carbon blacks from motorcycle tyres is better than that from motorcycle tyres and standard carbon black 7#, while the other mechanical properties are worse. In order to improve the reinforcing effect of recovered carbon blacks, the modification of recovered carbon black was performed by high-energy electron bombardment and non-oxidising acid. The specific surface area of the pyrolytic carbon blacks increased after high-energy electron bombardment. The ash content of the pyrolytic carbon black was reduced from 22.5% to 8.4% after rinsing with hydrochloric acid, and the tensile stress at 300% was increased by about 2.2 MPa.
6

Dai, Shuang Ye, Ge You Ao, and Myung Soo Kim. "Properties of CB/Rubber Composites Filled by Carbon Black Used as Catalysts for Hydrocarbon Decomposition." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.301.

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Carbon blacks were used as catalysts for hydrogen production through hydrocarbon decomposition. The aim of this work is to find suitable conditions for decomposition reaction to cut down the net cost of hydrogen production. Carbon blacks after hydrocarbon decomposition under different operation conditions were mixed with NBR rubber. The surface area of carbon black increased with low weight gain in methane decomposition caused by carbon deposits on the surface of carbon black aggregates, and the decrease of surface area with further weight gain might be due to the carbon deposits adhering to each other and forming bigger aggregates. The same results were gotten from decomposition of mixture gas of methane and propane. The surface area of carbon black always decreased with the development of propane decomposition reaction. With the same carbon black loading, the composites filled by carbon blacks with low weight gain in methane and methane-propane mixture gas decompositions showed higher tensile strength than those mixed with raw carbon blacks, but there were no significant differences in 300% modulus. With the increase of carbon blacks loading in all composites, 300% modulus and tensile strength always increased. The surface resistivity of composites showed that it was much easier for carbon blacks with low weight gain in methane and methane-propane mixture gas decompositions to dissipate well in the in rubber system.
7

Pantea, Dana, Hans Darmstadt, Serge Kaliaguine, Silvia Blacher, and Christian Roy. "Surface Morphology of Thermal, Furnace and Pyrolytic Carbon Blacks by Nitrogen Adsorption - Relation to the Electrical Conductivity." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 4 (September 1, 2002): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544995.

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Abstract The surface morphology of various carbon blacks was studied by low-pressure nitrogen adsorption. The shape of their low-pressure nitrogen isotherm depends on the concentration of surface defects. This defect concentration on the surface is different for thermal blacks, even for those of the same grade. Different surface morphologies were also observed for carbon blacks obtained by pyrolysis of truck tires. The concentration of defects increased with pyrolysis pressure. For the various furnace blacks, however, similar surface morphologies were observed. The electrical conductivity of thermal and pyrolytic carbon blacks decreases with increasing defect concentration. However, in spite of a similar surface morphology, different conductivities were observed for furnace blacks. The carbon black surface morphology is therefore not a determining factor for the electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the graphitic character of the carbon black surface was studied by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). For thermal, furnace and pyrolytic carbon blacks, the conductivity increased with increasing graphitic character of the carbon black surface, thus underlining the importance of this parameter.
8

Fu, Qing Shan, Jian Chen, Zu Xiao Yu, and Rui Song Yang. "Study on the Structures and Surface Forces of Different Carbon Blacks by Atomic Force Microscopy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.106.

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Carbon blacks are used universally as fillers in polymer matrix for mechanical, electronical and thermal properties improvement. Plenty of studies show that the structure and surface properties affect the function of carbon blacks in polymer matrix intensively. However, the reinforcing mechanism is still controversial. In this study, we studied the structure of three carbon blacks by Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) absorption and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and analyzed the absorption/desorption forces of the three carbon blacks surface by force-distance curves. The results show that the carbon black with relatively high structure possesses more branches and bigger aggregation morphologies and shows the highest surface absorption/desorption forces, which may increase the reaction between carbon black and polymer matrix.
9

Probst, N., E. Grivei, F. Fabry, L. Fulchéri, G. Flamant, X. Bourrat, and A. Schröder. "Quality and Performance of Carbon Blacks from Plasma Process." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 891–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547690.

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Abstract Plasma carbon black, a new material? For several years already, the Plasma process for carbon black production has been promoted and considered as a threat to the furnace black production. After a brief introduction to the fundamental differences between a partial combustion process and plasma process, plasma blacks have been compared with partial combustion blacks. The plasma blacks have not been optimised but are more a selection of materials based on feedstock and operating conditions. Physico-chemical properties as well as SEM and high resolution TEM micrographs illustrate differences and similarities. Surface heterogeneity of those carbon blacks has been characterised by static gas adsorption. This way the more graphitic nature of the selection of plasma blacks could be demonstrated, explaining the specific behaviour of those blacks in rubber compounds. The specificity of the carbon blacks investigated is not only in the production technique, namely plasma torch, but also in the variety of the row materials used, demonstrating the flexibility of the process. Methane, ethylene, pyrolysis fuel oil and even a renewable vegetable oil have been used.
10

Bevan, David R., and Nancy T. Yonda. "Elution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Carbon Blacks Into Biomembranes in Vitro." Toxicology and Industrial Health 1, no. 1 (January 1985): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378500100106.

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Elution of endogenous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from four carbon blacks into biomembranes was investigated in vitro. Membrane systems employed were phospholipid vesicles composed of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), rat lung homogenate, and simulated lung surfactant. Amounts of benzo[a]-pyrene which were eluted from carbon blacks were not dependent on the type of membrane, but elution was dependent on the type of carbon black. Elution of B[a]P was detected from only 2 of the carbon blacks and amounts eluted represented only 0.2% to 0.6% of total B[a]P associated with those carbon blacks. The largest amount of B[a]P was eluted from the carbon black with lowest surface area and highest endogenous B[a]P content. Benzo[ghi]perylene also was eluted from carbon blacks though amounts eluted again represented extremely small fractions (0.1-0.2%) of the total on the particles. From these experiments, it appears that only very small quantities of B[a]P and other PAH on carbon blacks are bioavailable.
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Статті в журналах Дисертації Книги

Дисертації з теми "Carbone black":

1

Grenard, Vincent. "Structuration et fluidification de gels de noir de carbone." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00732079.

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Les " gels attractifs " constituent une catégorie particulière de fluides complexes. Ces gels sont formés à partir d'une suspension de particules attractives en faible concentration volumique. La microstructure du gel est très facilement modifiée par l'application d'une contrainte. Ainsi, il est possible de structurer ces gels par un cisaillement dans une géométrie suffisamment confinée. Nous avons étudié en détail ce phénomène dans des gels de noirs de carbone ainsi que dans des suspensions de billes de verre dans de l'huile rendues attractives par la présence d'une faible quantité d'eau. Nous avons reproduit ce phénomène dans des simulations numériques de dynamique moléculaire, ce qui permet d'étudier les conditions nécessaires à l'apparition de telles structures. Enfin, en géométrie peu confinée, le mécanisme de rupture et d'écoulement de ces gels en volume est complexe puisque leur rupture est en perpétuelle compétition avec leurcinétique de reformation. Nous avons étudié la rupture des gels de noir de carbone en couplant des techniques classiques de rhéologie avec une technique de mesure locale de déplacement par ultrasons. Ces expériences nous ont permis d'établir un lien entre le comportement global du matériau (sa rhéologie macroscopique) et la dynamique locale de fluidification.
2

Lim, Saehee. "Variability and trends of black carbon in Europe over the last 140 years retrieved from a Caucasian ice core." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU043.

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Le carbone-suie, ou "black carbon" (BC), est considéré comme le deuxième plus grand contributeur d'origine anthropique au changement climatique, après le dioxyde de carbone, en raison de son importante capacité à absorber la lumière (Bond et al., 2013). Malgré son influence sur le système climatique, les observations pluriannuelles des teneurs atmosphériques de BC demeurent rares, particulièrement en Europe. Cette étude propose une reconstruction nouvelle de la variabilité passée du BC atmosphérique à partir de l'analyse d'une carotte de glace forée au glacier de l'Elbrus (ELB), situé dans le Caucase en Russie. Un analyseur de carbone-suie SP2 (Single Particle Soot Photometer) a été exploité pour l'analyse du BC réfractaire (rBC) sur 153m de carotte de glace couvrant les derniers 140 ans. Un nouveau système analytique couplant un nébuliseur APEX-Q et le SP2, intégré au sein d'un système d'Analyse en Flux Continu, a été développée et a permis d'obtenir un enregistrement unique quasi-continu du rBC. La glace de l'Elbrus révèle une augmentation marquée des teneurs en rBC entre les années 1870 et 1980, suivie d'une diminution des concentrations jusqu'en 2000 environ. Au cours de la dernière décennie, les concentrations en rBC demeurent stables. Parallèlement, une augmentation des niveaux de fond jusqu'en 1980 indique clairement un impact non négligeable des émissions anthropiques sur la charge en BC atmosphérique à des échelles spatiales très larges, et notamment dans la troposphère libre. Une étude fine des inventaires d'émissions de BC disponibles et la modélisation FLEXPART viennent confirmer que l'augmentation forte de rBC depuis 1920 est principalement due aux émissions anthropiques de BC. Une analyse du gradient est-ouest des dépôts de rBC à haute altitude au cours de la dernière décennie a été réalisée, en comparant l'archive récente (10 ans) de l'Elbrus avec deux autres enregistrements provenant du Col du Dôme (CDD, France) et du Colle Gnifetti (CG, Italie). Les concentrations à l'Elbrus se révèlent deux à trois fois supérieures à celles des autres sites, une différence liée à l'intensité plus forte des sources en Europe de l'Est et confirmée par la modélisation FLEXPART. Les combustions de biomasse se trouvent identifiées comme la principale cause de variabilité interannuelle à l'Elbrus en été. Sur les derniers 10 ans, une diminution statistiquement significative des concentrations en rBC dans la neige est détectée au CDD, un résultat qui s'oppose aux observations réalisées à l'Elbrus où une tendance à l'augmentation au cours des périodes estivales est identifiée. Ces tendances, aussi bien CDD et ELB, sont relativement cohérentes avec les inventaires d'émissions de BC anthropiques disponibles. Ces enregistrements nouveaux et continus de rBC dans plusieurs carottes de glace européennes viennent faire progresser notre compréhension des évolutions passées des sources et de la charge atmosphérique du BC en Europe. Ces enregistrements peuvent participer à une meilleure évaluation de l'efficacité des politiques passées et actuelles de réduction des émissions de BC, ainsi qu'à une amélioration des inventaires d'émission
Black carbon (BC) is considered as the second largest man-made contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide due to its highly light-absorbing ability (Bond et al., 2013). Despite its climatic role, multi-year observations of ambient BC concentrations are scarce, in particular over Europe. In this thesis, we reconstructed past variability of atmospheric BC using an ice core from the Elbrus glacier (ELB), Caucasus in Russia. We have used a single particle soot photometer (SP2) to retrieve refractive BC (rBC) along 153 m of ice core covering the last 140 years. We have developed and validated a novel analytical system coupling of APEX-Q nebulization to SP2 in a Continuous-flow Analysis system to derive a unique quasi-continuous record of rBC. Results reveal a substantial rBC increase since 1870s lasting until 1980, followed by a decrease until ~2000. In the last decade, rBC concentrations remained constant. In parallel, an increase in background concentration until 1980 clearly highlights that anthropogenic BC emissions have substantially affected the atmospheric BC loading on a very large spatial scale, particularly in the free troposphere. A comparison with the estimated BC reaching the ELB site using a BC emission inventory/FLEXPART modeling confirms that the strong rBC increase since around 1920 is mainly due to anthropogenic BC emissions. Analysis of the East-West gradient of rBC deposited in snow over the last decade is investigated comparing the recent archive (10-year) at ELB with two other records from Col du Dôme (CDD), France, and Colle Gnifetti (CG), Italy. Concentrations at ELB are 2-3 times higher than at other sites, which is linked to source intensity in the Eastern part of Europe, as confirmed by the FLEXPART modelling. Biomass burning is identified as a main cause of inter-annual variability at ELB during summer time. Over the last decade, a statistically significant reduction of rBC concentration in snow is found at CDD, opposite to what is found at ELB with an increasing trend observed for summer periods. These trends are also fairly consistent with anthropogenic BC emissions inventories. Availability of continuous records of rBC in European ice cores improved our understanding of past evolution of atmospheric BC over Europe. They can be used to assess efficiency of past and current emission reduction policies and improve emission inventories
3

Alexis, Marie. "Effet du feu sur le stockage de carbone dans un écosystème subtropical : dynamique des charbons." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066332.

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L’impact des feux de biomasse sur le stockage de C dans les écosystèmes terrestres reste incertain. Nous mettons en relation la production et l’évolution des stocks de carbone pyrogénique dans un maquis à chênes subtropical. Au cours d’un événement de feu, les pertes de carbone de l’écosystème sont estimées à 2. 6kgCm-2 et la production de charbons à 140gCm-2. D’après des analyses élémentaires et isotopiques, RMN du 13C à l’état solide et calorimétrie, les charbons sont plus riches en C et moins concentrés en 13C que la MO initiale. L’oxydation chimique indique que la production de black carbon (BC) est de 10 à 30gm-2. A l’échelle du siècle, le taux de stabilisation du carbone par le feu est inférieur au taux de stabilisation par les processus d’humification classiques. La première étude in situ de la dynamique du BC dans les sols tend à confirmer qu’une part au moins du BC a un temps de résidence supérieur à 100 ans et constitue un compartiment de C stable dans les sols.
4

Zouaoui, Nabila. "Etude expérimentale et théorique des paramètres régissant la combustion du noir de carbone au cours d'une analyse thermogravimétrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Mulhouse, 2009. https://www.learning-center.uha.fr/.

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La combustion du noir de carbone (NC) dans le creuset d'une thermobalance est contrôlée à la fois par la réaction et par le transport de l'oxygène jusqu'à la surface du lit et à l'intérieur du lit poreux de NC.Les expériences menées en modifiant la masse de NC ont montré que la concentration en oxygène peut tomber à zéro avant d'atteindre le fond du lit. Ainsi, à un instant donné, seule une partie du lit est en combustion. Cette masse, appelée masse critique (mc) dépend de la température. Elle passe de 35 mg à 570°C à 17,5 mg à 650°C.Un gradient d'oxygène s'établi donc dans le lit. La modélisation du transport interne de l'oxygène a montré que la diffusion de Fick constitue une bonne approximation pour représenter ce transport.Des conseils pour extraire correctement une constante cinétique à partir d'expériences thermogravimétrique sont donnés. La procédure est adaptée en fonction de la précision souhaitée.Ainsi, l'utilisation de faibles masses afin de réduire au mieux l'effet de la masse et l'exothermicité de la réaction est fortement conseillée. L'influence de la diffusion externe du gaz peut être réduite en utilisant des creusets de très faibles hauteurs, ou en mettant l'échantillon le plus proche de la bouche du creuset en remplissant le fond du creuset avec un matériau inerte
Combustion of carbon black (CB) in the crucible of a thermobalance is controlled by both carbon reactivity and oxygen transport from the oxidizing flux to the surface of the bed and within the porous bed.The experiments conducted by changing the mass of CB showed that the oxygen concentration can fall to zero before the bottom of the bed. Thus, at a given time, only a part of the bed is burning. This mass, called critical mass (mc), depends to temperature. It went from 35 mg at 570°C to 17.5 mg at 650°C.An oxygen gradient is thus established in the bed. The Modelling of the internal transport of oxygen showed that the Fick diffusion is a good approximation to represent the transport.Advices to correctly extract a kinetic constant using thermogravimetric experiments are given. The procedure is adjusted depending to the precision desired.Thus, the use of low masses to best reduce the mass and exothermic reaction effects is strongly recommended. The influence of stagnant gas can be reduced by using crucibles with very low height, or by placing the sample closest to the mouth of the crucible by filling the bottom of the crucible with an inert material
5

Zanatta, Marco. "Le carbone-suie dans l'atmosphère européenne : identification, transfert, dépots et impacts." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU005/document.

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Le carbone-suie, ou “black carbon” (BC), contribue au réchauffement climatique avec un forçage positif de l’ordre de +1.1 W m-2 dont l’incertitude reste haute (de l’ordre de 90%). Ce forçage s’effectue à travers l’interaction aérosol-radiation et l’interaction aérosols-nuage. Ces deux mécanismes sont affectés par le degré de mélange des particules du BC avec divers matériaux non-réfractaires et non-absorbants. Cependant, les estimations du forçage radiatif considèrent rarement les effets du mélange interne. Par ailleurs le rôle du BC comme noyau glaçogène qui influence l’interaction aérosol-nuage est largement inconnu. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels le degré de mélange interne du BC influence la variabilité des propriétés optiques du BC et les propriétés d’activation des noyaux glaçogènes contenant du BC.Dans le premier chapitre de cette thèse, nous avons exploré la variabilité spatiale et saisonnière du coefficient d’absorption massique -mass absorption cross-section (MAC)- dans l’atmosphère en Europe. Les valeurs de MAC sont déterminées à partir de concentrations de carbone élémentaire et de coefficients d’absorption observée à différentes stations d’observation européenne du réseau ACTRIS (Aerosol, Cloud and Trace gases Research InfraStructure). Les résultats montrent une faible variabilité spatiale du MAC avec une moyenne de 10 ± 2.5 m2 g-1 à 637 nm de longueur d’onde qui peut être considérée comme représentative du BC en Europe. Le cycle saisonnier du MAC est probablement lié à la composition chimique de l’aérosol et son état de mélange, qui provoque une augmentation du MAC.Dans le second chapitre on s’est intéressé au lien entre l’absorption du BC et son état de mélange après transport sur longue-distance. Ce travail se base sur des mesures effectuées dans le cadre du projet CLIMSLIP (CLimate IMpact of Short-Lived Pollutants and methane in the Arctic). Une campagne de mesure a été conduite sur la station de recherche Zeppelin au Svalbard, Norvège en Avril 2012. Les données acquises avec un Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) révélaient que le BC est généralement présent en mélange interne dont l’épaisseur moyenne de la couche superficielle de matériel non-absorbant est de 47 nm pour des particules de BC de diamètre compris entre 170 et 280 nm. Ce mélange interne conduit à une augmentation d’absorption de 46%. Elle entraîne cependant une diminution relativement faible de l’albédo de simple diffusion, de l’ordre de 1%.Enfin, la capacité du BC à agir comme noyaux glaçogène pour la formation de cristaux de glace a été étudiée sur le site de haute altitude du Jungfraujoch (Suisse) dans le cadre du “cloud and aerosol characterization experiment” (CLACE) en 2013. Les différents éléments du nuage étaient séparé à partir d’une prise d’entrée type ice-CVI connectée au SP2. Ce dispositif permet de sélectionner uniquement les cristaux de glace et quantifier la fraction de BC activée. Une réduction de la présence de BC dans les résidus de glace a été observée. Des mesures de l’épaisseur de la couche de mélange interne des particules contentant du BC ont montré que les résidus de cristaux de glace présentaient des enrobages bien plus épais comparée à l’aérosol total.Les résultats obtenus au cours de ce travail ont permis de mieux comprendre l’impact du degré de mélange interne sur les propriétés optiques du BC et sur son rôle dans la formation de cristaux de glace. Les propriétés optiques du BC évoluent en fonction de la saison, tandis que la formation d’une couche superficielle amplifie sa capacité d’absorption du rayonnement solaire. De plus, cette étude souligne l’importance du vieillissement atmosphérique du BC sur sa capacité à servir de noyau de nucléation de la glace. Enfin, il fournit une avancée au sujet des propriétés sensibles mesurées dans l’atmosphère avec des techniques innovantes qui permettront la simulation plus précise du forçage radiatif
Black carbon (BC) induces a warming effect (RFBC = +1.1 W m-2 ± 90%) through two main pathways: aerosol-radiation interaction (RFari) and aerosol-cloud interaction (RFaci). Both BC-radiation and BC-cloud interaction are affected by the mixing of black carbon with other non-refractory and non-absorbing matter present in the atmosphere. An estimation of the global radiative forcing of BC rarely accounts for internal mixing of BC while the net global cloud radiative forcing is sensitive to assumptions in the initiation of cloud glaciation, which is mostly unknown for black carbon particles. Within this thesis we investigated the variability of the light absorbing properties of black carbon, the mixing of black carbon, and the impact on light absorption and ice activation.In the first part of this thesis we investigated the spatial and seasonal variability of the mass absorption cross section (MAC) over Europe. MAC values were determined from ambient observations of elemental carbon mass concentrations (mEC) and absorption coefficients (σap). The data had been acquired during several years at different background ACTRIS supersites spread over Europe. Site specific MAC values were found to be spatially homogeneous, suggesting that the overall MAC average 9.5 ± 1.9 m2 g-1 at a wavelength of 637 nm might be representative of BC at European background locations. The MAC values showed a distinct seasonal cycle at every station. This seasonality might be related to chemical composition and aging. We observed that the MAC value has a linear and positive proportionality with the non-absorbing matter mass fraction.The second part of the work focuses on the coating acquisition of BC and the induced absorption enhancement after long-range transport. Within the CLIMSLIP (climate impact of short-lived pollutants and methane in the Arctic) project field experiments were conducted at the Zeppelin research site in Svalbard, Norway, during the Arctic spring. SP2 data were used to characterize the BC size distribution and mixing. BC containing particles having a core diameter between 170 and 280 nm were found to have a median coating thickness of 47 nm. The relationship between coating thickness and BC absorption was simulated. The observed coating thickness enhanced the mass absorption cross section by 46%, which led to a decrease of less than 1% in the single scattering albedo.In the final part of this work, the role of black carbon as ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds was investigated at the high elevation measuring site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) during the cloud and aerosol characterization experiment (CLACE) held in 2013. The ice-CVI inlet and a single particle soot photometer were used to select and quantify the ice activated BC particles. According to the observations, BC containing particles were depleted in the ice residuals. The activation efficiency showed a size dependency, with larger BC containing particles being activated more efficiently compared to smaller ones. Activated BC cores having a diameter between 170 and 240 nm showed a larger coating thickness (median = 53 nm) compared to the total aerosol (median = 16 nm).The results obtained in this thesis shed new light on the effect of the mixing state on the optical properties and cloud activation of black carbon particles. Absorbing properties of BC showed a distinct seasonal pattern, while aging was found to consistently increase its absorption behavior. However, black carbon was found not to act as ice nuclei in low tropospheric mixed-phase clouds, where the coating thickness might play a role in the activation efficiency. This work provides freshly determined physical properties derived from ambient observations that will improve the accuracy of future aerosol and cloud radiative forcing estimations
6

Zouaoui, Nabila. "Etude expérimentale et théorique des paramètres régissant la combustion du noir de carbone au cours d'une analyse thermogravimétrique." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MULH3285.

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La combustion du noir de carbone (NC) dans le creuset d'une thermobalance est contrôlée à la fois par la réaction et par le transport de l'oxygène jusqu'à la surface du lit et à l'intérieur du lit poreux de NC.Les expériences menées en modifiant la masse de NC ont montré que la concentration en oxygène peut tomber à zéro avant d'atteindre le fond du lit. Ainsi, à un instant donné, seule une partie du lit est en combustion. Cette masse, appelée masse critique (mc) dépend de la température. Elle passe de 35 mg à 570°C à 17,5 mg à 650°C.Un gradient d'oxygène s'établi donc dans le lit. La modélisation du transport interne de l'oxygène a montré que la diffusion de Fick constitue une bonne approximation pour représenter ce transport.Des conseils pour extraire correctement une constante cinétique à partir d'expériences thermogravimétrique sont donnés. La procédure est adaptée en fonction de la précision souhaitée.Ainsi, l'utilisation de faibles masses afin de réduire au mieux l'effet de la masse et l'exothermicité de la réaction est fortement conseillée. L'influence de la diffusion externe du gaz peut être réduite en utilisant des creusets de très faibles hauteurs, ou en mettant l'échantillon le plus proche de la bouche du creuset en remplissant le fond du creuset avec un matériau inerte
Combustion of carbon black (CB) in the crucible of a thermobalance is controlled by both carbon reactivity and oxygen transport from the oxidizing flux to the surface of the bed and within the porous bed.The experiments conducted by changing the mass of CB showed that the oxygen concentration can fall to zero before the bottom of the bed. Thus, at a given time, only a part of the bed is burning. This mass, called critical mass (mc), depends to temperature. It went from 35 mg at 570°C to 17.5 mg at 650°C.An oxygen gradient is thus established in the bed. The Modelling of the internal transport of oxygen showed that the Fick diffusion is a good approximation to represent the transport.Advices to correctly extract a kinetic constant using thermogravimetric experiments are given. The procedure is adjusted depending to the precision desired.Thus, the use of low masses to best reduce the mass and exothermic reaction effects is strongly recommended. The influence of stagnant gas can be reduced by using crucibles with very low height, or by placing the sample closest to the mouth of the crucible by filling the bottom of the crucible with an inert material
7

Méjean, Chloé. "Élaboration de nouveaux matériaux absorbants : application en chambres anéchoïques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S153.

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Ces travaux de thèse ont porté sur l’étude de nouveaux matériaux pour l’absorption électromagnétique en chambre anéchoïque. Ce sujet a été imaginé à partir de l’étude d’une nouvelle matrice jusqu’alors jamais utilisée pour les absorbants électromagnétiques : la mousse époxy. Cette dernière présente en effet de nombreux avantages par rapport aux matrices habituellement utilisées dans le commerce : possibilité de réaliser des formes complexes, piégeage de la charge au cœur du matériau… Nous avons associé cette matrice avec différentes charges carbonées (noir de carbone, graphite et des fibres longues de carbone). L’association de la mousse époxy avec des fibres de carbone millimétriques a montré d’excellentes performances d’absorption pour un taux de charge très faibles : 0,5 %wt (S11 ≈ -40 dB entre 4 et 18 GHz en incidences normale et oblique). En variant la longueur des fibres de carbone, nous avons mis en évidence qu’il était possible d’améliorer les performances d’absorption en basses fréquences en utilisant des fibres plus longues. Enfin, nous avons dirigé nos recherches sur la réalisation d’un matériau absorbant ‘Vert’ à partir d’une matrice de liège. Ces nouveaux matériaux, réalisés à partir de matières biosourcées, ont montré de meilleures performances d’absorption qu’un absorbant du commerce de mêmes dimensions en incidence normale (S11 = -53 dB et S11 = - 27 dB respectivement à 4,2 GHz) et en incidence oblique (S11 = -50 dB et S11 = -30 dB respectivement à 4,2 GHz) et constituent donc des candidats potentiels pour le remplacement des matériaux absorbants du commerce actuels
This thesis work focused on the study of new materials for electromagnetic absorption in anechoic chambers. This subject arose from the study of a new matrix which was never used for electromagnetic absorbers until then: the epoxy foam. This foam has many advantages compared to the matrices usually used in the trade like the possibility of cutting complex shapes out of them or trapping the charge in the core of the absorber...This matrix was associated to different carbonaceous load (carbon black, graphite and carbon fibers). The combination of epoxy foam with millimeter carbon fibers has shown better absorption performance at very low loading rates: 0.5 %wt (S11 ≈ -40 dB between 4 and 18 GHz under normal and oblique incidences). The use of different fiber lengths showed that it is possible to improve absorption performance at low frequencies using long carbon fibers. Finally, we directed our work on the creation of an absorbent material from a cork matrix. These new materials, made from bio-based materials, have shown better absorption performance than a commercial absorber, with the same dimensions in normal incidence (S11 = -54 dB and S11 = - 27 dB respectively at 4.26 GHz) and oblique incidence (S11 = -51 dB and S11 = -30 dB respectively at 4.26 GHz) and are therefore potential candidates for the replacement of existing commercial absorbent materials
8

Moulin, Ludovic. "Vapothermolyse des pneus usagés. Valorisation du noir de carbone récupéré, relation procédé-produit." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0015/document.

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Selon la European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA), plus de 3 millions de tonnes de pneus en fin de vie sont à traiter en Europe chaque année et sont directement concernés par les mesures législatives visant le réemploi et la valorisation de 95 % de la masse totale des véhicules hors d'usage. Malgré les différentes possibilités de valorisation des pneus usagés (applications dans le secteur du bâtiment et travaux publics, valorisation matière, valorisation énergétique), une partie du gisement français n’est pas répertorié, ni valorisé, et aucune des voies citées auparavant ne s’intéresse à la récupération du noir de carbone, qui est un constituant essentiel du pneu. Ce produit, à forte valeur ajoutée, est principalement utilisé comme charge de renfort dans l'industrie du caoutchouc et des plastiques. Il existe deux types de procédés thermiques industrialisés permettant de récupérer le noir de carbone d’un pneumatique en fin de vie : la pyrolyse et la vapo-thermolyse. La vapo-thermolyse, actuellement industrialisée par Alpha Recyclage Franche Comté (ARFC), est une variante innovante de la pyrolyse, qui utilise la vapeur d’eau surchauffée à pression atmosphérique. La solution qui consiste à substituer un noir de carbone issu d’un procédé de fabrication conventionnel par un noir de carbone issu de vapo-thermolyse de pneus repose sur la qualité du noir de carbone récupéré et, en particulier, sur ses propriétés physico-chimiques intrinsèques et de surface. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de proposer et mettre en place une méthodologie adéquate afin de récupérer et caractériser les propriétés physico-chimiques du noir de carbone recupéré (rCB) par vapo-thermolyse à partir d'une formulation de pneu, d'évaluer l'impact des conditions de fonctionnement du procédé sur les propriétés du rCB, et enfin de valoriser le rCB en tant que charge de renfort alternative pour l'élaboration d'un produit final
According to the European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA), more than 3 millions tonnes of waste tires are to be treated in Europe each year and are subject to legislation and regulation policies for the re-use and recycling of 95 % of the total mass of end-of-life vehicles. Despite the various opportunities for recycling used tires (civil engineering applications, material recovery, energy recovery), a part of the French available resource remains unvalued and none of the applications just mentioned focuses specifically on the recovery of carbon black, which is one of the main component of a tire. This high added value product is mainly used as reinforcing filler in the rubber and plastics industries. There are two types of industrialized thermal processes for recovering the carbon black from an end-of-life tire : pyrolysis and steam thermolysis. Steam thermolysis, currently industrialized by Alpha Recyclage Franche Comté (ARFC), is an efficient pyrolysis alternative which uses superheated steam at atmospheric pressure. The substitution of carbon blacks produced from a conventional manufacturing process by carbon blacks recovered from the steam thermolysis treatment is based upon the quality of the recycled product, especially regarding its physicochemical properties (intrinsic and surface). The objective of this work is to propose and implement an adequate methodology to recover and characterize the physicochemical properties of recovered carbon black (rCB) from steam thermolysis of a tire, to assess the impact of the process operating conditions on the properties of the rCB, and finally to valorize the rCB as an alternative reinforcing filler for the elaboration of a final product
9

Figarol, Agathe. "Toxicité in vitro et propriétés physico-chimiques de nanotubes de carbone." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMSE0764/document.

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Les propriétés exceptionnelles des nanotubes de carbone (CNT) attirent de nombreux industriels dans les domaines de la microélectronique, des matériaux ou de la nanomédecine. Néanmoins, le risque sanitaire lié à ce nanomatériau reste encore mal compris. Des profils toxicologiques différents, dépendant des caractéristiques physico-Chimiques des CNT, ont été mis en évidence. Une approche « safer by design » est proposée, afin d’identifier les paramètres pouvant, dès la conception des CNT, pour limiter le risque sanitaire. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse avait pour objectif d’étudier l’impact sur la réponse in vitro d’une lignée de macrophages murins (RAW 264.7) de deux traitements de post-Production de CNT : la fonctionnalisation acide et le recuit haute température.Les groupements acides en surface des CNT fonctionnalisés ont entrainé une augmentation de la réponse pro-Inflammatoire sans influencer significativement la cytotoxicité. D’un autre côté, la fonctionnalisation acide, principalement par l’élimination des impuretés métalliques, a permis de diminuer le stress oxydant. Les CNT recuits à haute température étaient à l’origine d’une réponse pro-Inflammatoire plus importante que les CNT bruts, confirmant lasensibilité de cette réponse biologique à la chimie de surface. En revanche, le recuit n’a pas diminué significativement le stress oxydant malgré la purification des CNT, suggérant l’importance des défauts de structure sur cette réponse biologique. La fonctionnalisation acide de nano-Graphite et de noir de carbone a eu un impact similaire à celle des CNT sur l’activité biologique des macrophages. La comparaison de ces trois nanomatériaux fonctionnalisés semble s’accorder avec le paradigme mettant en exergue la toxicité spécifique des fibres et des plaquettes. Enfin, afin de compléter ces résultats, des études exploratoires sur les interférences entre les tests de toxicité et les CNT, ainsi que sur le stress oxydant, ont été conduites
Due to their exceptional properties, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have aroused a huge interest among in industrial fields such as microelectronics, material science and nanomedicine. Nevertheless, the health impacts of this nanomaterial still remain not well understood. The first toxicological studies pointed out that there is no unique response regarding the healthimpact of the CNT, but different toxicological profiles according to their various physicochemical properties. A safer by design approach is thus proposed to identify the parameters decreasing from their production the CNT biological impacts. In this context, this work aimed at studying the impact on the in vitro response from a macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) of two post-Production treatments: acid functionalization and high temperature annealing.Surface acid groups from functionalized CNT enhanced the pro-Inflammatory response although the cytotoxicity remained stable. On the other hand, acid functionalization, through the elimination of metallic impurities, significantly decreased the oxidative stress. Annealed CNT increased the pro-Inflammatory response compared to the pristine CNT. It thus confirmed the sensitivity of this response for the changes in surface chemistry. However, the high temperature annealing did not influence the oxidative stress, despite of the CNT purification. It suggested that structural defects are also of importance for this response. Besides, the acid functionalization of nano-Graphite and carbon black displayed trends in the macrophage response similar to the acid functionalization of CNT. The comparison of these three carbon-Based nanomaterials seemed to conform to the fibre and platelets paradigm. Eventually, exploratory studies have also been conducted on the interferences between CNT and the toxicity assays, and on the oxidative stress
10

Torrado, David. "Effect of carbon black nanoparticles on the explosion severity of gas mixtures." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0199/document.

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Les explosions de mélanges de gaz inflammables/solides combustibles ne sont pas bien comprises en raison de la complexité des transferts thermiques, des mécanismes de cinétiques et des interactions entre la turbulence /combustion. L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'étudier la sévérité des explosions des nanoparticules de carbone noir/méthane afin de comprendre l'influence de l'insertion des nanoparticules sur les explosions de gaz. Des tests ont été effectués sur ces mélanges dans un tube de propagation de la flamme et dans une sphère d'explosion standard de 20 L. L'influence de la turbulence initiale et de la taille de particule élémentaire du noir de carbone a également été étudiée. Il semble que l'insertion de nanoparticules de noir de carbone augmente d'environ 10% la sévérité de l’explosion pour les mélanges pauvres en méthane. Par conséquent, il semble que les nanoparticules ont un impact sur la sévérité de l'explosion même pour les systèmes à basse turbulence, contrairement aux systèmes impliquant des poudres de taille micrométrique qui nécessitent une dispersion à des niveaux élevés de turbulence. L'augmentation de la vitesse maximale de montée en pression est plus élevée pour des poudres avec un petit diamètre de particule, notamment en raison des phénomènes de fragmentation. En outre, un modèle numérique de propagation de front de flamme associé à un mélange gaz/noir de carbone a été développé pour examiner l'influence du noir de carbone sur la propagation de la flamme. Les résultats du modèle numérique suggèrent que la contribution de la chaleur radiative favorise l'accélération de la flamme. Ces résultats sont en accord avec les résultats expérimentaux de sévérité de l'explosion pour certains mélanges hybrides
Flammable gas/solid hybrid mixture explosions are not well understood because of the interaction of the thermal transfer process, the combustion kinetics mechanisms and the interactions between turbulence and combustion. The main objective on this work is to study the explosion severity and flame burning velocities of carbon black nanoparticles/methane to better understand the influence of added nanopowders in gas explosions. Tests have been performed in a flame propagation tube and in the standard 20 L explosion sphere. The influence of carbon black particles on the explosions severity and in the front flame propagation has been appreciated by comparing the results obtained for pure gas mixtures. It appeared that the carbon black nanoparticles insertion increases around 10% the explosion severity for lean methane mixtures. Therefore, it seems that nanoparticles has an impact on the severity of the explosion even for quiescent systems, contrary to systems involving micro-sized powders that requires a dispersion at high turbulence levels. The increment on the maximum rate of pressure rise is higher for powders with lower elementary particle diameter, which is notably due to the fragmentation phenomena. A flame propagation numerical model associated to a gas/carbon black mixture has been developed to examine the influence of carbon blacks on the flame propagation. The results of the numerical model suggest that the radiative heat contribution promotes the flame acceleration. This result is consistent with the experimental increase on the explosion severity for some hybrid mixtures
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Книги з теми "Carbone black":

1

1921-, Bacha John D., Newman John W. 1937-, White J. L. 1925-, and American Chemical Society, eds. Petroleum-derived carbons. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986.

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2

Sanders, Ian J., and Thomas L. Peeten. Carbon black: Production, properties, and uses. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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3

Vsesoi͡uznoe nauchno-tekhnicheskoe soveshchanie "Sovershenstvovanie syrʹevoĭ bazy i povyshenie ėffektivnosti ispolʹzovanii͡a syrʹi͡a v proizvodstve tekhnicheskogo ugleroda" (1990 Omsk, R.S.F.S.R.). Problemy poluchenii͡a i ėffektivnogo ispolʹzovanii͡a syrʹi͡a dli͡a proizvodstva tekhnicheskogo ugleroda: Materialy Vsesoi͡uznogo nauchno-tekhnicheskogo soveshchanii͡a "Sovershenstvovanie syrʹevoĭ bazy i povyshenie ėffektivnosti ispolʹzovanii͡a syrʹi͡a v proizvodstve tekhnicheskogo ugleroda," g. Omsk, 18-19 senti͡abri͡a, 1990 g. Moskva: T͡Sentr. nauchno-issl. in-t informat͡sii i tekhniko-ėkon. issl. neftepererabatyvai͡ushcheĭ i neftekhim. promyshl., 1991.

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4

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Carbon black, titanium dioxide, and talc. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2010.

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5

National Register of Foreign Collaborations (India) and India. Dept. of Scientific & Industrial Research., eds. Technology in Indian carbon black industry: Study prepared under the National Register of Foreign Collaborations. New Delhi: Govt. of India, Dept. of Scientific & Industrial Research, Ministry of Science & Technology, 1990.

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6

Yin, Yunlong. Tan hei sheng chan jie neng jian pai ji shu. 8th ed. Beijing Shi: Hua xue gong ye chu ban she, 2008.

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7

Szlachta, Zygmunt. Studium możliwości zastosowania zawiesiny sadzy w oleju napędowym jako paliwa dla silnika wysokoprężnego. Kraków: Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kościuszki, 1993.

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8

Goldberg, Edward D. Black carbon in the environment: Properties and distribution. New York: J. Wiley, 1985.

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9

Ranade, S. V. Morphology and properties of carbon black-polypropylene composites. Manchester: UMIST, 1992.

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10

Wang, Rong. Global Emission Inventory and Atmospheric Transport of Black Carbon. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46479-3.

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Частини книг з теми "Carbone black":

1

Rivin, D. "Carbon Black." In Anthropogenic Compounds, 101–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39468-6_3.

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2

Loadman, M. J. R. "Carbon black." In Analysis of Rubber and Rubber-like Polymers, 265–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4435-3_11.

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3

Gooch, Jan W. "Carbon Black." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 116. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1924.

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4

Schumacher, W. "Carbon black." In Chemistry and Technology of Water Based Inks, 153–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1547-3_5.

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5

Accorsi, John, and Michael Yu. "Carbon black." In Plastics Additives, 153–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_18.

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6

Kluüppel, Manfred, Andreas Schroüder, and Gert Heinrich. "Carbon Black." In Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook, 539–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69002-5_31.

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7

Gupta, Tapan. "Coal, the Black Carbon." In Carbon, 139–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66405-7_5.

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8

Chen, Yu Feng, Hua Wang, Jie Tang, Hai Lin Liu, and Qi Sheng Fan. "Gelcasting of Aqueous Silicon Carbide / Carbon Black Slurry." In High-Performance Ceramics III, 1291–96. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-959-8.1291.

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9

Thrower, Peter A. "Carbon Blacks." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 171–72. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145333.ch121.

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10

Gooch, Jan W. "Lead Carbonate, Black." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 422. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6833.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Carbone black":

1

Shariati Pour, Seyedmohammad, Gillian E. Pickup, Eric James Mackay, and Niklas Heinemann. "Flow Simulation of CO2 Storage in Saline Aquifers Using Black Oil Simulator." In Carbon Management Technology Conference. Carbon Management Technology Conference, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7122/151042-ms.

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2

Stojanov, Sonja, Mirjana Jovičić, Ilija Bobinac, Olga Govedarica, Jelena Pavličević, Julijana Blagojević, Dragan Govedarica, and Oskar Bera. "RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RUBBER COMPOSITES BASED ON NATURAL RUBBER LOADED WITH MINERAL OILS AND PYROLYTIC CARBON BLACK." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.173s.

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Анотація:
This paper aims to investigate the effect of the addition of mineral oil and pyrolytic carbon black on crosslinking the natural rubber and the mechanical properties of the crosslinked products. A rheometer determined curing characteristics at a temperature of 150 °C. The mechanical properties of prepared vulcanized composites were determined. By adding mineral oil to rubber compounds, the vulcanization reaction starts later, and it takes slightly more time to achieve the optimal vulcanization time. The addition of mineral oil to the rubber mixture achieves better dispersion of pyrolytic carbon blacks in the matrix and thus increases the physical interaction between the filler and rubber. Pyrolytic carbon black (pCB) is obtained by recycling waste products and contains a higher proportion of impurities. Due to impurities, PCB has a smaller surface area for the physical adsorption of rubber molecules than standard carbon black, and it can be assumed that this has led to a decrease in the crosslinking density. The addition of mineral oil to rubber compounds results in a slight reduction in mechanical properties. The type of carbon black has a much more significant influence on the mechanical properties of vulcanized composites based on natural rubber.
3

Aoki, Yuji, Albert Co, Gary L. Leal, Ralph H. Colby, and A. Jeffrey Giacomin. "Rheology of Carbon Black Suspensions: Effect of Carbon Black Structure." In THE XV INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON RHEOLOGY: The Society of Rheology 80th Annual Meeting. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2964922.

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4

Husseinzadeh, R. "Thermal Maturities Based on Stable Carbon Isotope Composition Gases." In Caspian and Black Sea Geosciences Conference. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20146144.

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5

Zhang, Liang, X. Li, B. Ren, G. D. Cui, S. R. Ren, and G. L. Chen. "Preliminary Assessment of CO2 Storage Potential in the H-59 Block in Jilin Oilfield CCS Project." In Carbon Management Technology Conference. Carbon Management Technology Conference, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7122/439497-ms.

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6

Beresnev, Sergey A., and Maria Vasiljeva. "Black carbon aerosol in stratosphere." In XXIV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii and Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2503881.

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7

Gozhik, P. F., I. D. Bagriy, T. O. Znamenska, N. V. Maslun, S. D. Aks'om, I. D. Bagriy, T. O. Znamenska, N. V. Maslun, and S. D. Aks'om. "Atmogeochemical Aspect of Integrated Geological Research in Forecasting of Carbon Resources in Azov-Black Sea Region." In Caspian and Black Sea Geosciences Conference. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20146129.

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8

Hao, Hongda, Jirui Hou, Fenglan Zhao, Zhixing Wang, Zhongfeng Fu, Wengfeng Li, Peng Wang, Meng Zhang, Guoyong Lu, and Jian Zhou. "Synergetic CO2 Huff-n-Puff for Edge-Water Fault-Block Reservoir: Experimental and Numerical Simulation." In Carbon Management Technology Conference. Carbon Management Technology Conference, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7122/484985-ms.

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9

Wang, Yongliang, Hu Shi, and Zhidong Han. "Higher electrical conductivity of carbon black/polystyrene composites by selective localization of carbon black." In 2017 1st International Conference on Electrical Materials and Power Equipment (ICEMPE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icempe.2017.7982078.

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10

Orekhova, Natalia, Natalia Orekhova, Eugene Medvedev, Eugene Medvedev, Sergey Konovalov, and Sergey Konovalov. "CARBONATE SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION IN THE SEVASTOPOL BAY (THE BLACK SEA)." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93867499f8.32847275.

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Анотація:
A 20% increase of the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere during the last century and a dramatic increase in nutrient load to marine systems due to human activity have resulted in pronounced carbon cycle transformation in coastal areas. Acidification and carbon dioxide increasing in the water column and appearance of oxygen minimum zones are reported for the worldwide coast. This makes ecological assessment of aquatic systems, including key cycles of elements, an important social and scientific task. In this study, we present information on the inorganic part of the carbon cycle and its transformation in the Sevastopol Bay (the Black Sea). This semi-enclosed coastal area has been under heavy anthropogenic pressure over the last century. Municipal and industrial sewage discharge, maritime activities, including excavation of bottom sediments, provide additional sources of nutrients and organic carbon. We present data on dynamics of the inorganic part of the carbon cycle from 1998 – 2015. Values of pH and total alkalinity were obtained analytically, whereas CO2, HCO3-, CO32- concentrations and pCO2 values were calculated. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and its partitioning into CO2, HCO3-, CO32- demonstrate the state of the carbon cycle and its evolution. Our observations reveal up to 2% increase of DIC from 1998 – 2015, but the value of pCO2 has increased by up to 20% in line with declining pH (acidification). Seasonal variations are far more pronounced and reveal extremes for areas of oxygen minimum zones. This results in negative consequences for the ecosystem, but these consequences for the Sevastopol Bay’s ecosystem remain reversible and the carbonate system can be restored to its natural state.

Звіти організацій з теми "Carbone black":

1

Author, Not Given. Rheology of carbon-black filled rubber during cure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10129798.

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2

Sedlacek, A., P. Davidovits, E. R. Lewis, and T. B. Onasch. Characterization of Black Carbon Mixing State Field Campaign Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1248934.

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3

Kirchstetter, Thomas. Development of a Black Carbon Standard for Thermal-OpticalAnalysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/922998.

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4

Penner, J. E. Carbonaceous aerosols influencing atmospheric radiation: Black and organic carbon. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10118242.

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5

Ciupek, K., D. Butterfield, P. Quincey, B. Sweeney, A. Lilley, C. Bradshaw, G. Fuller, D. Green, and A. Font Font. 2019 Annual Report for the UK Black Carbon Network. National Physical Laboratory, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47120/npl.env38.

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6

Kholod, Nazar, and Meredydd Evans. Black carbon emissions from diesel sources in Russia. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1365450.

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7

Barrett, Tate. Barrow Black Carbon Source and Impact Study Final Campaign Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1192173.

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8

Jaffe, Dan A., Arthur Sedlacek, and James R. Laing. Black Carbon at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory Field Campaign Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1345377.

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9

Bambha, Ray, Brian LaFranchi, Paul E. Schrader, Daniel A. Lucero, Mark D. Ivey, and Hope A. Michelsen. Measurements and Modeling of Black-Carbon Aerosols in the Arctic. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1562413.

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10

Smith, York. Demineralization of Carbon Black Derived from End-of-Life Tires. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1831456.

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