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Статті в журналах з теми "Catalytic cracking Data processing"
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Kalmakov, K. K., G. Z. Turebekova, F. M. Yusupov, K. Zh Azhibekov, R. A. Kozykeeva, and K. S. Nadirov. "Effects of the depth of hydro desulfurization of raw materials on the yields of catalytic cracking products." Neft i Gaz, no. 4 (August 30, 2024): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37878/2708-0080/2024-4.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the problem of complex processing of oil feedstock and increasing the output of light petroleum products, in particular, catalytic cracking gasoline. Currently, the oil refining industry of Kazakhstan is faced with the task of complex processing of hydrocarbon raw materials, increasing the depth of processing and output of light petroleum products. In this connection it is urgent to solve the problem of lack of raw materials for oil refineries of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The complexity of solving the problem of processing residues of oils, fuel oil and intermediates of secondary processes lies in the fact that they contain a large amount of various sulfur compounds. This problem concerns not only domestic refineries, for example, oil from Uzbekistan fields contains a relatively large amount of SO2 compounds, which in turn contains about 1.28% sulphur. The high content of sulfur compounds in oil not only negatively affects the quality and environmental friendliness of manufactured products, but also reduces the service life of equipment and oil refineries. In this regard, the preparation and hydrodesulfurization of raw materials is one of the main issues of intensifying the process of catalytic cracking of petroleum raw materials of "PKOP" LLP. The issues of possibility of modernisation of catalytic cracking process units by including the process of hydrodesulphurisation of feedstock in order to improve the quality and yield of light products when using fuel oil and secondary intermediates having a large volume of various sulphur compounds in their composition have been considered by the authors. To evaluate the influence of the depth of hydrodesulfurisation of feedstock on the yields and composition of catalytic cracking products, the cracking of crude and hydrotreated hydrogenated vacuum gas oil mixed with fuel oil was carried out on a laboratory unit. The experiments were carried out on a fluidised catalyst bed at mass feed rates of 2h-1 and 4h-1, catalyst to feed ratio of 3:1 and temperature equal to 5100 C. The analysis of the experimental data obtained showed that preliminary hydrotreating of a mixture of vacuum gas oil and sulfur fuel oil followed by catalytic cracking increases the depth of oil refining and helps to increase the yield of catalytic distillate, improves its quality, which ultimately leads to a decrease in environmental pollution with sulfur compounds.
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Evdokimova, Natalya G., Tatyana M. Levina, Ramil N. Mutallapov, Elena V. Startseva, and Olga Yu Shishkina. "IMPROVEMENT OF CATALYTIC CRACKING FOR DEEPEN OF OIL REFINING." Oil and Gas Business, no. 6 (December 17, 2024): 135–56. https://doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2024-6-135-156.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At the moment, there is a situation in the world in which the volume of proven reserves of light oils is decreasing, and the volume of reserves of heavy oils are increasing. The processing of heavy hydrocarbons is becoming more complicated and does not provide the necessary depth of extraction of light distillates. Large capital expenditures are required to ensure the specified oil refining depth parameter.The deepening of oil refining is developing through the development and implementation of flexible technological schemes and advanced high-intensity environmentally friendly thermocatalytic and hydrogenation processes for deep processing of vacuum gas oils and oil residues, which include catalytic cracking.Catalytic cracking allows not only to increase the depth of oil refining, but also to ensure the production of a high-octane component of commercial gasoline. In addition, the products are gases rich in propane-propylene and butane-butylene fractions which are used as raw materials for petrochemical synthesis and production of motor fuel components.Currently, the problem of improving the catalytic cracking process is quite acute, because at existing installations, catalytic systems are being replaced with domestic analogues, the raw materials of the process are becoming heavier due to the use of deep vacuum distillation of oil and the need for high-quality commercial products and petrochemical raw materials is increasing.Therefore, the paper proposes to use a modeling method to predict the process indicators. The mathematical model will allow us to develop technical solutions to optimize the operation of the catalytic cracking unit in order to increase the depth of processing of hydrocarbon raw materialsBased on monitoring the operation of an industrial catalytic cracking plant, experimental dependences of the effect of process parameters on the yield of target products were obtained, systems of differential equations of material balance were developed, experimental and calculated data on the model were compared.Regression analysis was used to determine the existence of dependence, and the correlation method was used to describe the nature of the relationships. The main parameters of the catalytic cracking process are described, such as temperature, pressure drop, catalyst level and steam consumption. The dependences of the output parameters on each other (gasoline, butane-butylene and propane-propylene fractions) were revealed. The model is obtained in the form of a generalized formula based on a combination of complex methods in the analysis. The adequacy of the obtained equation has been confirmed using existing software. A new software solution has been proposed for the selection of optimal process parameters based on the previously compiled model.
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de Souza, Francisco José, Jonathan Utzig, Guilherme do Nascimento, Alicia Carvalho Ribeiro, Higor de Bitencourt Rodrigues, and Henry França Meier. "Reduced-Order Model for Catalytic Cracking of Bio-Oil." Fluids 10, no. 7 (2025): 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10070179.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work presents a one-dimensional (1D) model for simulating the behavior of an FCC riser reactor processing bio-oil. The FCC riser is modeled as a plug-flow reactor, where the bio-oil feed undergoes vaporization followed by catalytic cracking reactions. The bio-oil droplets are represented using a Lagrangian framework, which accounts for their movement and evaporation within the gas-solid flow field, enabling the assessment of droplet size impact on reactor performance. The cracking reactions are modeled using a four-lumped kinetic scheme, representing the conversion of bio-oil into gasoline, kerosene, gas, and coke. The resulting set of ordinary differential equations is solved using a stiff, second- to third-order solver. The simulation results are validated against experimental data from a full-scale FCC unit, demonstrating good agreement in terms of product yields. The findings indicate that heat exchange by radiation is negligible and that the Buchanan correlation best represents the heat transfer between the droplets and the catalyst particles/gas phase. Another significant observation is that droplet size, across a wide range, does not significantly affect conversion rates due to the bio-oil’s high vaporization heat. The proposed reduced-order model provides valuable insights into optimizing FCC riser reactors for bio-oil processing while avoiding the high computational costs of 3D CFD simulations. The model can be applied across multiple applications, provided the chemical reaction mechanism is known. Compared to full models such as CFD, this approach can reduce computational costs by thousands of computing hours.
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Kelly, John T., Christopher J. Koch, Robert Lascola, and Tyler Guin. "Online Monitoring of Catalytic Processes by Fiber-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy." Sensors 24, no. 23 (2024): 7501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24237501.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An innovative solution for real-time monitoring of reactions within confined spaces, optimized for Raman spectroscopy applications, is presented. This approach involves the utilization of a hollow-core waveguide configured as a compact flow cell, serving both as a conduit for Raman excitation and scattering and seamlessly integrating into the effluent stream of a cracking catalytic reactor. The analytical technique, encompassing device and optical design, ensures robustness, compactness, and cost-effectiveness for implementation into process facilities. Notably, the modularity of the approach empowers customization for diverse gas monitoring needs, as it readily adapts to the specific requirements of various sensing scenarios. As a proof of concept, the efficacy of a spectroscopic approach is shown by monitoring two catalytic processes: CO2 methanation (CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O) and ammonia cracking (2NH3 → N2 + 3H2). Leveraging chemometric data processing techniques, spectral signatures of the individual components involved in these reactions are effectively disentangled and the results are compared to mass spectrometry data. This robust methodology underscores the versatility and reliability of this monitoring system in complex chemical environments.
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Shi, Meirong, Xin Zhao, Qi Wang, and Le Wu. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Co-Processing of Bio-Oil and Vacuum Gas Oil in an Existing Refinery." Processes 9, no. 2 (2021): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The co-cracking of vacuum gas oil (VGO) and bio-oil has been proposed to add renewable carbon into the co-processing products. However, the environmental performance of the co-processing scheme is still unclear. In this paper, the environmental impacts of the co-processing scheme are calculated by the end-point method Eco-indicator 99 based on the data from actual industrial operations and reports. Three scenarios, namely fast pyrolysis scenario, catalytic pyrolysis scenario and pure VGO scenario, for two cases with different FCC capacities and bio-oil co-processing ratios are proposed to present a comprehensive comparison on the environmental impacts of the co-processing scheme. In Case 1, the total environmental impact for the fast pyrolysis scenario is 1.14% less than that for the catalytic pyrolysis scenario while it is only 26.1% of the total impacts of the pure VGO scenario. In Case 2, the environmental impact of the fast pyrolysis scenario is 0.07% more than that of the catalytic pyrolysis and only 64.4% of the pure VGO scenario impacts. Therefore, the environmental impacts can be dramatically reduced by adding bio-oil as the FCC co-feed oil, and the optimal bio-oil production technology is strongly affected by FCC capacity and bio-oil co-processing ratio.
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Shakiyeva, Tatyana V., Larissa R. Sassykova, Anastassiya A. Khamlenko, et al. "Catalytic cracking of M-100 fuel oil: relationships between origin process parameters and conversion products." Chimica Techno Acta 9, no. 3 (2022): 20229301. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.2022.9.3.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of technologies for processing oil residues is relevant and promising for Kazakhstan, since the main oil reserves of hydrocarbons in the country are in heavy oils. This paper describes the study of the influence of technological modes on the yield and hydrocarbon composition of products formed because of cracking of commercial fuel oil and fuel oil M-100 in the presence of air in the reactor. For catalysts preparation, natural Taizhuzgen zeolite and Narynkol clay were used. It was found that the introduction of air into the reaction zone, in which oxygen is the initiator of the cracking process, significantly increases the yield of the middle distillate fractions. In the presence of air, the yield of diene and cyclodiene hydrocarbons significantly increases compared to cracking in an inert atmosphere. According to the data of IR spectral analysis of M-100 grade oil fractions, in addition to normal alkanes, the final sample contains a significant amount of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. On the optimal catalyst, owing to oxidative cracking of fuel oil, the following product compositions (in %) were established: Fuel oil M-100: gas – 0.8, gasoline – 1.1, light gas oil – 85.7, heavy residue – 11.9, loss – 0.5 and total – 100.0%; commodity Fuel oil (M-100): gas – 3.3, gasoline – 8.4, light gas oil – 84.3, heavy residue – 4.0, loss – 0 and total – 100.0%.
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Kerssens, M. M., A. Wilbers, J. Kramer, et al. "Photo-spectroscopy of mixtures of catalyst particles reveals their age and type." Faraday Discussions 188 (2016): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00210a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Within a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, a mixture of catalyst particles that consist of either zeolite Y (FCC-Y) or ZSM-5 (FCC-ZSM-5) is used in order to boost the propylene yield when processing crude oil fractions. Mixtures of differently aged FCC-Y and FCC-ZSM-5 particles circulating in the FCC unit, the so-called equilibrium catalyst (Ecat), are routinely studied to monitor the overall efficiency of the FCC process. In this study, the age of individual catalyst particles is evaluated based upon photographs after selective staining with substituted styrene molecules. The observed color changes are linked to physical properties, such as the micropore volume and catalytic cracking activity data. Furthermore, it has been possible to determine the relative amount of FCC-Y and FCC-ZSM-5 in an artificial series of physical mixtures as well as in an Ecat sample with unknown composition. As a result, a new practical tool is introduced in the field of zeolite catalysis to evaluate FCC catalyst performances on the basis of photo-spectroscopic measurements with an off-the-shelf digital single lens reflex (DSLR) photo-camera with a macro lens. The results also demonstrate that there is an interesting time and cost trade-off between single catalyst particle studies, as performed with e.g. UV-vis, synchrotron-based IR and fluorescence micro-spectroscopy, and many catalyst particle photo-spectroscopy studies, making use of a relatively simple DSLR photo-camera. The latter approach offers clear prospects for the quality control of e.g. FCC catalyst manufacturing plants.
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Orazbayev, Batyr, Dinara Kozhakhmetova, Ryszard Wójtowicz, and Janusz Krawczyk. "Modeling of a Catalytic Cracking in the Gasoline Production Installation with a Fuzzy Environment." Energies 13, no. 18 (2020): 4736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184736.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article offers a systematic approach to the method of developing mathematical models of a chemical-technological system (CTS) in conditions of deficit and fuzziness of initial information using available data of various types. Based on the results of research and processing of the collected quantitative and qualitative information, mathematical models of the reactor are constructed. Formalized and obtained mathematical statements of the control problem for choosing effective modes of operation of technological systems are based on mathematical modeling. Based on the obtained expert information, linguistic variables were described and a database of rules describing the operation of the input parameters of the reactor unit of the catalytic cracking unit was obtained.
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Dolomatova, M. M., A. I. Bystrov, R. I. Khairudinov, et al. "The Possibility of Estimating the Characteristics for the Fractional Composition of Heavy Oils by Optical Absorption Spectra." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 631, no. 3 (2022): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2022-631-3-10-13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The possibility of estimating the fractional composition by the parameters of optical absorption spectra is shown for heavy oils and gas oils of catalytic cracking. The characteristics of the normal distribution of the composition by boiling points were obtained by processing experimental data on the ITK curves using the Newton - Raphson optimization method. The dependences linkingthe average boiling point μ and the dispersion of the normal distribution law for the composition are established.The obtained dependences can be used for primary estimates of the fractional composition for raw materials and the efficiency of the fractionating columns on the refinery.
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Da, Hongju, Degang Xu, Jufeng Li, et al. "Influencing Factors of Carbon Emission from Typical Refining Units: Identification, Analysis, and Mitigation Potential." Energies 16, no. 18 (2023): 6527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16186527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As the global third-largest stationary source of carbon emissions, petroleum refineries have attracted much attention. Many investigations and methodologies have been used for the quantification of carbon emissions of refineries at the industry or enterprise scale. The granularity of current carbon emissions data impairs the reliability of precise mitigation, so analysis and identification of influencing factors for carbon emissions at a more micro-level, such as unit level, is essential. In this paper, four typical units, including fluid catalytic cracking, Continuous Catalytic Reforming, delayed coking, and hydrogen production, were chosen as objects. A typical 5-million-ton scale Chinese petroleum refinery was selected as an investigating object. The Redundancy analysis and multiple regression analysis were utilized to explore the relationship between the process parameters and carbon emissions. Three types of influencing factors include reaction conditions, processing scale, and materials property. The most important mitigation of carbon emission, in this case, can be summarized as measures of improving energy efficiency via optimizing equipment parameters or prompting mass efficiency by upgrading the scale for material and energy flow.
Дисертації з теми "Catalytic cracking Data processing"
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Pashikanti, Kiran. "Predictive Modeling of Large-Scale Integrated Refinery Reaction and Fractionation Systems from Plant Data: Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) and Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR) Catalytic Reforming Processes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation includes two accounts of rigorous modeling of petroleum refinery modeling using rigorous reaction and fractionation units. The models consider various process phenomena and have been extensively used during a course of a six-month study to understand and predict behavior. This work also includes extensive guides to allow users to develop similar models using commercial software tools.
(1) Predictive Modeling of Large-Scale Integrated Refinery Reaction and Fractionation Systems from Plant Data: Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Process with Planning Applications: This work presents the methodology to develop, validate and apply a predictive model for an integrated fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. We demonstrate the methodology by using data from a commercial FCC plant in the Asia Pacific with a feed capacity of 800,000 tons per year. Our model accounts for the complex cracking kinetics in the riser-regenerator and associated gas plant phenomena. We implement the methodology with Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and a commercial software tool, Aspen HYSYS/Petroleum Refining from Aspen Technology, Inc. The methodology is equally applicable to other commercial software tools. This model gives accurate predictions of key product yields and properties given feed qualities and operating conditions. This work differentiates itself from previous work in this area through the following contributions: (1) detailed models of the entire FCC plant, including the overhead gas compressor, main fractionator, primary and sponge oil absorber, primary stripper and debutanizer columns; (2) process to infer molecular composition required for the kinetic model using routinely collected bulk properties of feedstock; (3) predictions of key liquid product properties not published alongside previous related work (density, D-86 distillation curve and flash point); (4) case studies showing industrially useful applications of the model; and (5) application of the model with an existing LP-based planning tool.
(2) Predictive Modeling of Large-Scale Integrated Refinery Reaction and Fractionation Systems from Plant Data: Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR) Reforming Process: This work presents a model for the rating and optimization of an integrated catalytic reforming process with UOP-style continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR). We validate this model using plant data from a commercial CCR reforming process handling a feed capacity of 1.4 million tons per year in the Asia Pacific. The model relies on routinely monitored data such ASTM distillation curves, paraffin-napthene- aromatic (PNA) analysis and operating conditions. We account for dehydrogenation, dehydrocyclization, isomerization and hydrocracking reactions that typically occur with petroleum feedstock. In addition, this work accounts for the coke deposited on the catalyst and product recontacting sections. This work differentiates itself from the reported studies in the literature through the following contributions: (1) detailed kinetic model that accounts for coke generation and catalyst deactivation; (2) complete implementation of a recontactor and primary product fractionation; (3) feed lumping from limited feed information; (4) detailed procedure for kinetic model calibration; (5) industrially relevant case studies that highlight the effects of changes in key process variables; and (6) application of the model to refinery-wide production planning.<br>Ph. D.
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Vu, Xuan Hoan, Sura Nguyen, Thanh Tung Dang, Udo Armbruster, and Andreas Martin. "Production of renewable biofuels and chemicals by processing bio-feedstock in conventional petroleum refineries." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-190806.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of catalyst characteristics, i.e., acidity and porosity on the product distribution in the cracking of triglyceride-rich biomass under fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) conditions is reported. It has found that the degradation degree of triglyceride molecules is strongly dependent on the catalysts’ acidity. The higher density of acid sites enhances the conversion of triglycerides to lighter products such as gaseous products and gasoline-range hydrocarbons. The formation of gasolinerange aromatics and light olefins (propene and ethene) is favored in the medium pore channel of H-ZSM-5. On the other hand, heavier olefins such as gasoline-range and C4 olefins are formed preferentially in the large pore structure of zeolite Y based FCC catalyst (Midas-BSR). With both catalysts, triglyceride molecules are mainly converted to a mixture of hydrocarbons, which can be used as liquid fuels and platform chemicals. Hence, the utilization of the existing FCC units in conventional petroleum refineries for processing of triglyceride based feedstock, in particular waste cooking oil may open the way for production of renewable liquid fuels and chemicals in the near future<br>Bài báo trình bày kết quả nghiên cứu khả năng tích hợp sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học và hóa phẩm từ nguồn nguyên liệu tái tạo sinh khối giầu triglyceride bằng công nghệ cracking xúc tác tấng sôi (FCC) trong nhà máy lọc dầu. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy xúc tác có ảnh hưởng mạnh đến hiệu quả chuyển hóa triglyceride thành hydrocarbon. Tính acid của xúc tác càng mạnh thì độ chuyển hóa càng cao và thu được nhiều sản phẩm nhẹ hơn như xăng và các olefin nhẹ. Xúc tác vi mao quản trung bình như H-ZSM-5 có độ chọn lọc cao với hợp chất vòng thơm thuộc phân đoạn xăng và olefin nhẹ như propylen và ethylen. Với kích thước vi mao quản lớn, xúc tác công nghiệp FCC dựa trên zeolite Y ưu tiên hình thành C4 olefins và các olefin trong phân đoạn xăng. Ở điều kiện phản ứng của quá trình FCC, triglyceride chuyển hóa hiệu quả thành hydrocarbon mà có thể sử dụng làm xăng sinh học cho động cơ và olefin nhẹ làm nguyên liệu cho tổng hợp hóa dầu
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Vu, Xuan Hoan, Sura Nguyen, Thanh Tung Dang, Udo Armbruster, and Andreas Martin. "Production of renewable biofuels and chemicals by processing bio-feedstock in conventional petroleum refineries." Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of catalyst characteristics, i.e., acidity and porosity on the product distribution in the cracking of triglyceride-rich biomass under fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) conditions is reported. It has found that the degradation degree of triglyceride molecules is strongly dependent on the catalysts’ acidity. The higher density of acid sites enhances the conversion of triglycerides to lighter products such as gaseous products and gasoline-range hydrocarbons. The formation of gasolinerange aromatics and light olefins (propene and ethene) is favored in the medium pore channel of H-ZSM-5. On the other hand, heavier olefins such as gasoline-range and C4 olefins are formed preferentially in the large pore structure of zeolite Y based FCC catalyst (Midas-BSR). With both catalysts, triglyceride molecules are mainly converted to a mixture of hydrocarbons, which can be used as liquid fuels and platform chemicals. Hence, the utilization of the existing FCC units in conventional petroleum refineries for processing of triglyceride based feedstock, in particular waste cooking oil may open the way for production of renewable liquid fuels and chemicals in the near future.<br>Bài báo trình bày kết quả nghiên cứu khả năng tích hợp sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học và hóa phẩm từ nguồn nguyên liệu tái tạo sinh khối giầu triglyceride bằng công nghệ cracking xúc tác tấng sôi (FCC) trong nhà máy lọc dầu. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy xúc tác có ảnh hưởng mạnh đến hiệu quả chuyển hóa triglyceride thành hydrocarbon. Tính acid của xúc tác càng mạnh thì độ chuyển hóa càng cao và thu được nhiều sản phẩm nhẹ hơn như xăng và các olefin nhẹ. Xúc tác vi mao quản trung bình như H-ZSM-5 có độ chọn lọc cao với hợp chất vòng thơm thuộc phân đoạn xăng và olefin nhẹ như propylen và ethylen. Với kích thước vi mao quản lớn, xúc tác công nghiệp FCC dựa trên zeolite Y ưu tiên hình thành C4 olefins và các olefin trong phân đoạn xăng. Ở điều kiện phản ứng của quá trình FCC, triglyceride chuyển hóa hiệu quả thành hydrocarbon mà có thể sử dụng làm xăng sinh học cho động cơ và olefin nhẹ làm nguyên liệu cho tổng hợp hóa dầu.
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Chapelliere, Yann. "Investigation of the structure-property relationships of hierarchical Y zeolites for the co-processing of bio-oil with vacuum gas oil." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le monde fait face à des enjeux climatiques et énergétiques qui impliquent l’utilisation de biomasse, au même titre que d’autres énergies renouvelables, comme des moyens de production d’énergie. Parmi les voies envisagées, l’addition d’huile de pyrolyse au sein de procédés de raffinage déjà existants présenterait l’avantage d’une mise en place rapide et d’une modification structurelle limitée. L’unité de craquage catalytique en lit fluidisé (FCC), valorisant les fractions pétrolières les plus lourdes, est l’unité la plus à même de valoriser des charges biosourcées. Cependant, les premiers tests ont pu révéler la présence de certains freins, tels que l’immiscibilité des charges fossiles et biosourcées, impliquant la mise en place de deux systèmes d’injection indépendants, ou encore une plus forte désactivation des catalyseurs de craquage. Sur ce dernier point, la présence de larges fragments lignocellulosiques, volumineux et riches en oxygène, perturbe le fonctionnement des catalyseurs de FCC. Leur encombrement étant suspecté de limiter leur accès aux sites acides, responsables du craquage catalytique, l’addition de mésopores aux cristaux de zéolites microporeux est une voie de recherche intéressante. Parallèlement à cela, la préparation de matériaux à porosité hiérarchisée, c’est-à-dire alliant l’agencement de plusieurs niveaux de porosité, se développe depuis quelques années. Ces matériaux rentrent parfaitement dans le cadre de l’amélioration de l’accessibilité aux sites acides. Ces travaux de thèse visent ainsi à définir l’impact que peut avoir un processus de hiérarchisation de la porosité sur le craquage catalytique d’un mélange de charges pétrolières fossiles avec une huile de pyrolyse de biomasse. Dans cette optique, une zéolite Y - couramment utilisée pour le craquage catalytique - a été hiérarchisée conformément aux protocoles déjà disponibles dans la littérature. Les caractéristiques structurelles de quatre matériaux ont ensuite été définies, aidant ainsi à la compréhension d’études du transfert diffusionnel, du craquage de molécules modèles et du craquage de charges réelles réalisées par la suite et présentées dans ce manuscrit de thèse<br>Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) gasoline represents one third of the global gasoline pool. In order to meet objectives regarding increased renewable share in transportation fuels, the production of a hybrid bio/fossil fuel by co-refining biomass pyrolysis liquids with crude oil fractions in an oil refinery is an achievable approach. Oxygenated molecules, typical of the bio-feedstock, are present in liquids produced from biomass pyrolysis. Because large lignocellulosic fragments could strongly adsorb on the FCC zeolite surface, they may not access catalytic sites or could diffuse very slowly in the microporous network. Hence, for high oxygenated molecule content, co-refining may lead to severe changes in product quality, such as a higher aromaticity, coke and residual oxygenates in the hybrid fuels that are produced. To adjust the reactivity of FCC catalysts towards bio-oil, four Y zeolites with well controlled hierarchical mesoporous – microporous network have been investigated. They mainly vary by the characteristics of the secondary mesoporous network (pore size, mesoporous volume) while their globally similar acidity displays some changes in nature (Lewis/Brønsted). The impact of hierarchical porous structures combined with changes in acidity is studied on catalytic activity and selectivity (e.g., coke formation). The issue of diffusion limitation in line with acidity changes are discussed based on Zero Length Column (ZLC) measurements, pyridine adsorption measurements, catalytic cracking of n-hexane and co-processing of vacuum gas oil and bio-oil in micro-activity test unit
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Barbosa, Agremis Guinho. "Desenvolvimento de um software para reconciliação de dados de processos quimicos e petroquimicos." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266241.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientador: Rubens Maciel Filho<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:51:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2003<br>Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de rotinas computacionais para o condicionamento de dados provenientes de um processo químico, de modo que estes sejam consistentes para a representação do comportamento do processo. A descrição adequada do comportamento de um processo é a base fundamental de qualquer sistema de controle e/ou otimização, uma vez que será em resposta às medições deste processo (sua descrição) que os referidos sistemas atuarão. Desta forma o tratamento e correção dos erros de medição, especificamente, e a estimativa de parâmetros, de um modo mais geral, constituem uma etapa que não deve ser negligenciada no controle e otimização de processos. O condicionamento de dados estudado neste trabalho é a reconciliação de dados, que tem como característica principal o uso de um modelo de restrições para condicionar a informação. Geralmente os modelos de restrição são balanços de massa e energia e os somatórios das frações mássicas e molares, mas outros modelos também podem ser usados. Matematicamente, a reconciliação de dados é um problema de otimização sujeito a restrições. Neste trabalho, a formulação do problema de reconciliação é a dos mínimos quadrados ponderados sujeito a restrições e a abordagem para a sua solução é a fatoração QR. Objetiva-se também reunir as rotinas desenvolvidas em uma única ferramenta computacional para a descrição, resolução e análise dos resultados do problema de reconciliação de dados, constituindo-se em um software de fácil utilização e que tenha ainda um mecanismo de comunicação com banco de dados, conferindo-lhe interatividade em tempo real com sistemas de aquisição de dados de processo<br>Abstract: The purpose of this work is the development of computational routines for conditioning chemical process data in order to represent the process behavior as reliable as possible. Reliable process description is fundamental for any control or optimization system development, since they respond to the process measurements (its description). Thus, data conditioning and correction of process measurement errors, and parameter estimation are a step that should not be neglected in process control and optimization.
The data conditioning considered in this work is data reconciliation which has as the main characteristic the use of a constraint model. In general constraint models are mass and energy balances and mass and molar fraction summation, but other models may be used.
Under a mathematical point of view, data reconciliation is an optimization subject to constraints. In this work, it is used the formulation of weighed least squares subject to constraints and QR factorization approach to solve the problem. The additional objective of this work is to accommodate the developed routines in such a way to build up an integrated computational tool characterized by its easy to use structure, capability to solve and perform data reconciliation. Its structure takes into account the interaction with data bank, giving it real time interactiveness with process data acquisition systems<br>Mestrado<br>Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos<br>Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Pimentel, Wagner Roberto de Oliveira. "Aplicação de redes neurais artificiais e de quimiometria na modelagem do processo de craqueamento catalitico fluido." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267304.
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Orientador: Antonio Carlos Luz Lisboa<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T10:42:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2005<br>Resumo: O craqueamento catalítico fluido (FCC) é um dos mais importantes processos de refino da atualidade que produz, dentre outros produtos, gasolina e GLP. Trata-se de um processo que apresenta grande dificuldade de ser modelado fenomenologicamente. Dentro desse contexto surgem as redes neurais artificiais (RNA) como ferramenta de modelagem, visto que as RNA são capazes de ¿aprender¿ o que ocorre no processo por meio de um conjunto limitado de dados e apresentam um menor tempo de processamento se comparado aos modelos fenomenológicos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é desenvolver modelos empíricos, baseados em RNA e na quimiometria, capazes de relacionar as variáveis de entrada com as variáveis de saída do processo de craqueamento catalítico fluido (planta piloto e unidade industrial). Os dados experimentais foram obtidos na unidade piloto de FCC da Petrobrás localizada na usina de xisto em São Mateus do Sul ¿ PR e os dados industriais foram obtidos da unidade de RLAM localizada em São Francisco do Conde ¿ BA. Para uma boa performance das redes foi utilizada a técnica de análise dos componentes principais (PCA) para um pré-processamento dos dados e em seguida foram usadas redes MLP com os seguintes algoritmos de treinamento supervisionado: Método de Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS), Método do Gradiente Conjugado Escalonado (SCG) e Levenberg-Marquardt (LM)... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital<br>Abstract: The fluidized bed catalytic cracking process is one of the most important refining processes. It produces, among other distillates, gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). It is very difficult to model it by fundamental balances. On the other hand, artificial neural networks (ANN) offer convenient tools to describe complex processes. They are able to learn what is going on with in the process through a limited amount of information, requiring less computing time than phenomenological modeling. The main objective of this work was to develop empirical models ¿ based on ANNs and chemometrics ¿ able to relate input and output variables of the FCC process, using data from a pilot and from an industrial plant. Experimental data were obtained from the Petrobras FCC pilot plant located in São Mateus do Sul, Parané, nd from the Petrobras Landulpho Alves Refinery PCC industrial plant located in São Francisco do Conde, Bahia. The principal component analysis (PCA) technique was initially used to preprocess the data. Artificial neural networks were then employed with the following supervising training algorithms: Broyden-Fletcher-Godfarb-Shanno (BFGS), Scale Conjugated Gradient (SCG) and Levenberg-Marquardt (LM). Methods devised to increase the artificial network prediction power were also used... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations<br>Doutorado<br>Engenharia de Processos<br>Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Heideklang, René. "Data Fusion for Multi-Sensor Nondestructive Detection of Surface Cracks in Ferromagnetic Materials." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19586.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ermüdungsrissbildung ist ein gefährliches und kostenintensives Phänomen, welches frühzeitig erkannt werden muss. Weil kleine Fehlstellen jedoch hohe Testempfindlichkeit erfordern, wird die Prüfzuverlässigkeit durch Falschanzeigen vermindert. Diese Arbeit macht sich deshalb die Diversität unterschiedlicher zerstörungsfreier Oberflächenprüfmethoden zu Nutze, um mittels Datenfusion die Zuverlässigkeit der Fehlererkennung zu erhöhen.
Der erste Beitrag dieser Arbeit in neuartigen Ansätzen zur Fusion von Prüfbildern. Diese werden durch Oberflächenabtastung mittels Wirbelstromprüfung, thermischer Prüfung und magnetischer Streuflussprüfung gewonnen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass schon einfache algebraische Fusionsregeln gute Ergebnisse liefern, sofern die Daten adäquat vorverarbeitet wurden. So übertrifft Datenfusion den besten Einzelsensor in der pixelbasierten Falscherkennungsrate um den Faktor sechs bei einer Nutentiefe von 10 μm.
Weiterhin wird die Fusion im Bildtransformationsbereich untersucht. Jedoch werden die theoretischen Vorteile solcher richtungsempfindlichen Transformationen in der Praxis mit den vorliegenden Daten nicht erreicht. Nichtsdestotrotz wird der Vorteil der Fusion gegenüber Einzelsensorprüfung auch hier bestätigt.
Darüber hinaus liefert diese Arbeit neuartige Techniken zur Fusion auch auf höheren Ebenen der Signalabstraktion. Ein Ansatz, der auf Kerndichtefunktionen beruht, wird eingeführt, um örtlich verteilte Detektionshypothesen zu integrieren. Er ermöglicht, die praktisch unvermeidbaren Registrierungsfehler explizit zu modellieren. Oberflächenunstetigkeiten von 30 μm Tiefe können zuverlässig durch Fusion gefunden werden, wogegen das beste Einzelverfahren erst Tiefen ab 40–50 μm erfolgreich auffindet. Das Experiment wird auf einem zweiten Prüfkörper bestätigt.
Am Ende der Arbeit werden Richtlinien für den Einsatz von Datenfusion gegeben, und die Notwendigkeit einer Initiative zum Teilen von Messdaten wird betont, um zukünftige Forschung zu fördern.<br>Fatigue cracking is a dangerous and cost-intensive phenomenon that requires early detection. But at high test sensitivity, the abundance of false indications limits the reliability of conventional materials testing. This thesis exploits the diversity of physical principles that different nondestructive surface inspection methods offer, by applying data fusion techniques to increase the reliability of defect detection.
The first main contribution are novel approaches for the fusion of NDT images. These surface scans are obtained from state-of-the-art inspection procedures in Eddy Current Testing, Thermal Testing and Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing. The implemented image fusion strategy demonstrates that simple algebraic fusion rules are sufficient for high performance, given adequate signal normalization. Data fusion reduces the rate of false positives is reduced by a factor of six over the best individual sensor at a 10 μm deep groove.
Moreover, the utility of state-of-the-art image representations, like the Shearlet domain, are explored. However, the theoretical advantages of such directional transforms are not attained in practice with the given data. Nevertheless, the benefit of fusion over single-sensor inspection is confirmed a second time.
Furthermore, this work proposes novel techniques for fusion at a high level of signal abstraction. A kernel-based approach is introduced to integrate spatially scattered detection hypotheses. This method explicitly deals with registration errors that are unavoidable in practice. Surface discontinuities as shallow as 30 μm are reliably found by fusion, whereas the best individual sensor requires depths of 40–50 μm for successful detection. The experiment is replicated on a similar second test specimen.
Practical guidelines are given at the end of the thesis, and the need for a data sharing initiative is stressed to promote future research on this topic.
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Santos, Bjorn Sanchez. "Liquid-phase Processing of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil using Pt/HZSM-5 Catalyst." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149605.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent developments in converting biomass to bio-chemicals and liquid fuels provide a promising sight to an emerging biofuels industry. Biomass can be converted to energy via thermochemical and biochemical pathways. Thermal degradation processes include liquefaction, gasification, and pyrolysis. Among these biomass technologies, pyrolysis (i.e. a thermochemical conversion process of any organic material in the absence of oxygen) has gained more attention because of its simplicity in design, construction and operation. This research study focuses on comparative assessment of two types of pyrolysis processes and catalytic upgrading of bio-oil for production of transportation fuel intermediates. Slow and fast pyrolysis processes were compared for their respective product yields and properties. Slow pyrolysis bio-oil displayed fossil fuel-like properties, although low yields limit the process making it uneconomically feasible. Fast pyrolysis, on the other hand, show high yields but produces relatively less quality bio-oil.
Catalytic transformation of the high-boiling fraction (HBF) of the crude bio-oil from fast pyrolysis was therefore evaluated by performing liquid-phase reactions at moderate temperatures using Pt/HZSM-5 catalyst. High yields of upgraded bio-oils along with improved heating values and reduced oxygen contents were obtained at a reaction temperature of 200°C and ethanol/HBF ratio of 3:1. Better quality, however, was observed at 240 °C even though reaction temperature has no significant effect on coke deposition. The addition of ethanol in the feed has greatly attenuated coke deposition in the catalyst. Major reactions observed are esterification, catalytic cracking, and reforming. Overall mass and energy balances in the conversion of energy sorghum biomass to produce a liquid fuel intermediate obtained sixteen percent (16 wt.%) of the biomass ending up as liquid fuel intermediate, while containing 26% of its initial energy.
Книги з теми "Catalytic cracking Data processing"
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L, Brown David. Cyber-investing: Cracking Wall Street with your personal computer. 2nd ed. Wiley, 1997.
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Potsdam, Germany) International Beilstein Symposium on Glyco-Bioinformatics (2nd 2011. Proceedings of the 2nd Beilstein Symposium on Glyco-Bioinformatics: Cracking the sugar code by navigating the glycospace : June 27th-July 1st, 2011, Potsdam, Germany. Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 2012.
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L, Brown David. Cyber-investing: Cracking Wall Street with your personal computer. 2nd ed. Wiley, 1997.
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Landreth, Bill. Out of the inner circle: The true story of a computer intruder capable of cracking the nation's most secure computersystems. Tempus Books, 1989.
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Pierce, Douglas. Cracking the TOEFL iBT. 2nd ed. Random House/Princeton Review, 2008.
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Pierce, Douglas. Cracking the TOEFL iBT 2013. 2nd ed. Random House, 2012.
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Pierce, Douglas. Cracking the TOEFL iBT 2012. 2nd ed. Random House, 2011.
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Sean, Kinsell, Coggshall Vanessa, and Princeton Review (Firm), eds. Cracking the TOEFL iBT. 2nd ed. Random House, 2007.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Catalytic cracking Data processing"
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Speight, James G. "Catalytic Cracking Processes." In Thermal and Catalytic Processing in Petroleum Refining Operations. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003184904-5.
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Nag, Ashis. "Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU)." In Hydrocarbon Processing and Refining. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003268246-2.
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Speight, James G. "Thermal Cracking Processes." In Thermal and Catalytic Processing in Petroleum Refining Operations. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003184904-4.
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Letzsch, Warren. "Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) in Petroleum Refining." In Handbook of Petroleum Processing. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14529-7_2.
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Letzsch, Warren. "Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) in Petroleum Refining." In Handbook of Petroleum Processing. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05545-9_2-1.
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Lin, X., J. Y. Ma, F. X. Lin, D. Q. Wang, and X. S. Xiao. "Key Feature Selecting in the Clean Oil Refinery Process Based on a Two-Stage Data Mining Framework." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210339.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Maintaining the ratio of octane number and reducing the proportion of harmful substances in the heavy oil fluid catalytic cracking process meets both environmental and economic benefits. Through collecting tremendous processing data by digital hardware, gasoline refiners are still hard to do well data analytical work in production process control due to the large scale of ambiguous intermediate operating variables. This paper proposes a two-stage data mining framework integrates the strengths of Ridge regression and Person correlation analysis to extract a scale limited group of key features. Different with traditional recursive feature elimination methods, we pay more attention to the correlation analysis between every couple of features in the result. Two stop criterions guarantee to fulfil refining standards and limit the computational work in finite steps. A real word case study contains 325 samples, 13 quality indicators and 354 operating variables which testifies the validity and practicality of our algorithm. The result shows only 13 features (operating variables) are significant to the rationality of process design and the improvement of process control.
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"Residue and deep hydrotreated feedstock processing." In Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812663-9.00016-3.
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Sadeghbeigi, Reza. "Residue and Deep Hydrotreated Feedstock Processing." In Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-386965-4.00034-3.
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"Determination of TBP Cut Points from ASTM D-86 Source: Daubert, T. E., “Petroleum Fraction Distillation Interconversions,” Hydrocarbon Processing, September 1994, pp. 75–7875767778." In Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-088415289-7/50021-4.
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"Conversion of ASTM 50% Point to TBP 50% Point Temperature Source: Daubert, T. E., “Petroleum Fraction Distillation Interconversions,” Hydrocarbon Processing, September 1994, pp. 75–7875767778." In Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-088415289-7/50020-2.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Catalytic cracking Data processing"
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Zhao, Qiming, Yaning Zhang, and Tong Qiu. "Industrial Time Series Forecasting for Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.162840.
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This study tackles the challenge of accurate yield prediction in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units by comparing conventional supervised regression with time series forecasting methods using industrial data collected from the distributed control system (DCS) of an FCC plant. We introduce a shifted forecast paradigm that preserves temporal relationships between predictors and targets. Our preprocessing pipeline, which employs trimmed mean smoothing, addresses common industrial data challenges. Results demonstrate that the forecasting approach significantly outperforms supervised regression, achieving a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 1.56% for 3-hour shifted predictions compared to 6.20% for supervised regression. The model maintains robust performance even with extended shifts during predictions, showing an MAPE of 3.55% for 14-day forecasts. This research provides valuable insights for implementing predictive analytics in industrial FCC operations, demonstrating the superiority of forecasting methods over traditional supervised regression approaches for process yield prediction.
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Xu, Wenle, Baohua Chen, and Tong Qiu. "Integration of Yield Gradient Information in Numerical Modeling of the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.173697.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fluid catalytic cracking is a crucial process in the refining industry, capable of converting lower-quality feedstocks into higher-value products. Due to the variability in feedstock properties and fluctuations in product market prices, timely adjustment and optimization of the FCC unit are essential. In this context, data-driven models have garnered increasing attention for their capacity to handle the complex, nonlinear reactions involved in the FCC process. However, on account of the limited operating range of the plants and the black-box nature of data-driven models, relying solely on these models for optimization may lead to contradictory decisions in optimization processes. To address these challenges, we integrate gradient information of product yields with respect to key variables derived from the mechanistic model Petro-SIM, into the training process of data-driven models. To mitigate the high computational demands of the Petro-SIM model, we propose the use of active learning methods for efficient sampling and thereby constructing a surrogate model. The results demonstrate that the active learning approach reduces the required sampling size by 25%. More importantly, the data-driven model trained with gradient information improves the accuracy of trend direction prediction by 34.6%, significantly enhancing its effectiveness in supporting the optimization process. The code will be available at https://github.com/xwl514/fcc-hybrid-loss.
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Doicin, Bogdan, Madalina Carbureanu, and Cristina Roxana Popa. "ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK VS. LINEAR REGRESSION FOR MODELING REACTOR OF THE CATALYTIC CRACKING PROCESS." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/2.1/s07.04.
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The paper presents the research and results obtained by authors concerning the reactor modeling of the catalytic cracking process using two methods: artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR). This study is structured in four parts. The first part presents the process description, and the existing models in the literature. The second part presents the multiple linear regression method, the reactor model obtained with this method, and the comparison between the output experimental data of the reactor and output variables predicted with the MLR method. The experimental data were taken from a Romanian refinery. The next section describes the steps involved to build the neural network developed by authors for modeling the reactor, and the result of the comparison between the output experimental data of the reactor and output variables predicted with the ANN. The result shows that the neural model developed for the reactor is superior to the statistical model obtained with multiple linear regression.
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Nair, Jayant R., Asad Al Ghafri, Naif Al Abri, and Fahmi Al Mawali. "Accelerated Corrosion of UNS S30409 (304H SS) in RFCC Regenerators Involving High Temperature Eutectic Molten Salts." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-08915.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Residue Fluid Catalytic cracking (RFCC) is a valuable subset of the more conventional Fluid Catalytic cracking (FCC) process that generates most of the world’s gasoline pool. The critical distinction of RFCC involves the processing of “dirty” atmospheric residue (AR) directly from crude distillation and not just the more conventional use of relatively pure gasoil feedstocks. By direct catalytic cracking of “dirty” residue the refiner benefits economically by avoiding a whole intermediate process, namely vacuum distillation. Unfortunately direct FCC processing of atmospheric residue (AR) exposes the vessel internals to geological salts naturally present in crude oil but concentrated in the residue fraction during the distillation process. Internals of regenerator vessels (cyclones, refractory anchors, hexmesh, and cross bracing) are typically manufactured in UNS(1) S30409, which is sensitive to corrosive low melting point eutectics. In the normal crude distillation process, metals are concentrated by approximately two-fold in AR. Thereafter coke formed on the catalyst particles is burnt off in a regeneration process leaving much higher quantities of metal salts in a high temperature environment between 720-800 °C. Chemical analysis of salt scabs covering deep pits show higher concentrations of Vanadium and Sodium which are consistent with low melting point eutectic corrosion. This article presents findings on type II high temperature (650-800°C) corrosion in RFCC regenerator service (alloy SS304H) and examines the possible strategies for alloy upgrade in RFCC service.
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Edmondson, J. G., and J. R. Rue. "Wet H2S Corrosion and Inhibition." In CORROSION 1992. NACE International, 1992. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1992-92441.
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Abstract The interaction between atomic hydrogen and steels used in process piping and vessels is manifested in several ways: hydrogen blistering, sulfide stress cracking (SSC), hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), and stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC). These forms of damage are common in alkaline sour refinery environments, such as fluidized catalytic cracking units (FCCU), vapor recovery systems (VRS), and alkanolamine units. Research into these phenomena by refinery corrosion engineers has emphasized material selection, control measures such as post weld heat treatment, and repair techniques. Corrosion inhibitors are frequently used in alkaline sour environments; however, little published research is available on chemical inhibition of hydrogen damage under such conditions. In this paper, we present laboratory data illustrating the development of tests to screen inhibitors, the results of those tests, and a field case history illustrating application techniques.
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Kim, Young-Jin, Leonard W. Niedrach, and Peter L. Andresen. "Recombination Kinetics on Catalytic Surface of Noble Metal Alloy in High Temperature Water." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96104.
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Abstract In recent years much attention has been focused on the use of hydrogen water chemistry (HWC) to control the electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) of stainless steel in boiling water reactors (BWRs) to mitigate intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of sensitized 304 stainless steel (SS). It has been demonstrated that improving the surface catalytic activity of structural materials results in low ECPs below -230 mVshe for IGSCC protection under stoichiometric excess H2, even at high O2 levels. It was shown that a low ECP was achieved by lowering the oxidant concenteration at the catalytic surface to zero. In this paper, the recombination efficiency for all oxidants present in 288°C water was evaluated using 304 SS containing 1% Pd under various water chemistry conditions containing stoichiometric excess hydrogen. It was shown that, with the proper geometry and flow rate, the 1% Pd alloy was sufficiently catalytic to recombine nearly all oxygen and hydrogen peroxide with hydrogen. The experimental data also showed that surface pretreatment in high temperature water or low temperature chemical solutions increased the catalytic efficiency.
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Fan, Deyuan, William C. Fort, and Richard J. Horvath. "Experience with Titanium Heat Exchangers in Refinery Services." In CORROSION 2000. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00691.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Several experiences (successful and unsuccessful) with the use of titanium heat exchangers in refining processes are summarized. These experiences primarily involve distillation column overhead condensers in atmospheric crude distilling units, fluid catalytic cracking units, delayed coking units, and sour water strippers. The causes of problems are discussed in relation to known limits of titanium corrosion resistance. Needs for additional data are highlighted.
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Andresen, Peter L. "Mitigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking by Underwater Thermal Spray Coating of Noble Metals." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95412.
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Abstract Numerous approaches have been developed for mitigating stress corrosion cracking in existing BWRs. Among these, reduction of the corrosion potential provides the most efficient, consistent, and dramatic decrease in the crack growth rate of unirradiated and irradiated materials of all types. Historically, reduction in corrosion potential has been accomplished by adding H2 to the feed water to decrease the dissolved O2 and H2O2 concentrations. However, H2 concentrations greatly in excess of the stoichiometric amount are required, and factors such as the cost of H2, increased N16 in the steam ("turbine shine"), and enhanced Co60 deposition must be addressed. By comparison, noble metal technology provides a unique opportunity for achieving the thermodynamically lowest possible corrosion potential and therefore the lowest possible crack initiation and growth rates with minimal negative impact on BWR operation. Noble metals are electrocatalysts that efficiently recombine O2 and H2O2 with H2 on the metal surface by providing surface sites on which these species can dissociatively adsorb and readily undergo electron exchange reactions; the undissociated molecules are relatively stable when homogeneously dispersed at BWR temperatures. Once a near-stoichiometric concentration of H2 is present for the formation of water (2H2 + O2 → 2H2O), the corrosion potential decreases to its thermodynamic minimum value of ≈ -0.5 Vshe. This nominally occurs at a 2:1 H:O molar ratio, which corresponds to a 1:8 H:O weight ratio, so that "excess H2" exists if its concentration is ≥ 1/8th of the O2 value (e.g., in ppb). However, slightly sub-stoichiometric H2 (e.g., 1:10 to 1:12 H:O) is sufficient because the diffusivity of H2 in the liquid boundary layer is higher than O2 or H2O2. This catalytic effect has been shown for a broad range of O2 concentrations as well as H2O2 concentrations, for which the appropriate molar ratio is calculated from an equivalent O2 concentration based on its decomposition (2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2); thus, the equivalent O2 is 0.47 times H2O2 in ppb. A variety of techniques have been developed for creating catalytically active surfaces on structural materials using noble metals, including electro- and electro-less plating, sputtering, etc. of pure Pd or Pt. Because of the comparatively low oxidant concentrations in BWR water (e.g., &lt;0.01 bar O2) and comparatively low transport rates (from low diffusivity in liquids and the presence of the liquid boundary layer), it has also been shown that dilute alloys (e.g., stainless steel containing &lt;0.03% to 10% Pd or Pt) also behave catalytically. Based on this knowledge, other coating techniques have also been developed, and this paper summarizes the use of the plasma spray (PS) and hyper-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray techniques to coat with noble metal doped powders. Powders of various compositions of stainless steel and nickel-base alloys containing various Pd or Pt levels were prepared, applied, and evaluated. Thermal spray coating characteristics include excellent adhesion and wear resistance, low heat input (especially important for irradiated or cracked components), proven capability for field application, absence of aggressive chemicals required for plating, etc. Coatings can also be directly applied underwater, and all coatings (depths up to 25 meters have been evaluated) show excellent properties and catalytic performance. The catalytic performance of the thermal spray coating was evaluated for stress corrosion cracking response using slow strain rate and compact type specimens in 288°C water. These data are compared with other data obtained on Pd-plated and Pd-alloyed specimens.
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Al-Sulaiman, S., A. Al-Mithin, A. Al-Shamari, M. Islam, and S. S. Prakash. "Assessing the Possibility of Hydrogen Damage in Crude Oil Processing Equipment." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10176.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in certain proportions in a process fluid (gas, gas condensate, crude oil, or a multi-phase system) in combination with the total system pressure, the pH of the environment, the CO2 content, and the chloride ion concentration can cause extensive damage to service equipment by inducing sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSC), hydrogen stress cracking (HSC), hydrogen blistering, hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), and stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC). The propensity to hydrogen damage can be estimated on the basis of NACE MR0-175/ISO-15156 and also by measuring the hydrogen flux through the material of the vessel. The present paper provides field H2S data from some crude oil/gas processing units at KOCa and its potential impact on the susceptibility of the process equipment to hydrogen damage (in particular SSC) as per NACE MR0175-ISO-15156.guidelines Limited hydrogen flux measurements and consequent hydrogen damage risk ratings from a few of these process units are also presented and compared to NACE MR-0175 predictions.
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Pedraza, Henry, Haoxiang Wang, Xue Han, Yimin Zeng, and Jing Liu. "Investigating the Thermal Stability and Corrosivity of Biocrude Oil at FCC Feeding Temperatures for Co-processing Applications." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-18895.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Co-processing biocrude oils in existing fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units can significantly expand the use of renewable bioenergy resources with acceptable capital expenditures. Considering the instability and high corrosivity of bio-oils, extensive studies have been done on the aging of bio-oil and corrosion of low-alloy and stainless steels under transportation and storage conditions at temperatures &lt; 80 °C, which is much lower than the FCC feeding temperatures of 100–300 °C. In this work, the thermal stability and corrosivity of pinewood-derived bio-oil were evaluated by aging at 150 °C and immersion experiments at temperatures of 80, 150, and 220 °C. Phase separation was observed in aged samples. Viscosity measurements and thermogravimetric analysis were conducted on the aged bio-oil samples. In parallel, the corrosion modes and extents of two structural materials (UNS K02600 carbon steel and UNS S30403 stainless steel) were evaluated using microscopy and mass change measurements after immersion tests. UNS S30403 exhibited an acceptable corrosion rate of 0.29 mm/y at 80 °C, but its corrosion rate increased by one order of magnitude when increasing the temperature to 150 and 220 °C. UNS K02600 behaved more poorly at each testing temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis of aged bio-oil and bio-oil from immersion tests revealed a combined effect caused by lixiviated metal ions on facilitating bio-oil aging and phase separation on increasing bio-oil corrosivity. Post-characterizations were performed to identify the corroded surface morphology.
Звіти організацій з теми "Catalytic cracking Data processing"
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Chambers. PR-348-09602-R01 Determine New Design and Construction Techniques for Transportation of Ethanol. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010546.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This report summarizes results of the research study titled, �Determine New Design and Construction Techniques for Transportation of Ethanol and Ethanol/Gasoline Blends in New Pipelines� (WP #394 / DTPH56-09-T-000003). It was prepared for the United States Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety. The technical tasks in this study included activities to characterize the impact of selected metallurgical processing and fabrication variables on ethanol stress corrosion cracking (ethanol SCC) of new pipeline steels, develop a better understanding of conditions that cause susceptibility to ethanol SCC in fuel grade ethanol (FGE) to support better monitoring and control, and develop data / insights to provide industry-recognized standards and guidelines to reduce the occurrence of ethanol SCC. This research was approached through a collaboration of Honeywell Process Solutions (Honeywell), the Edison Welding Institute (EWI), and Electricore Inc. (prime contractor) with oversight and co-funding by the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) and Colonial Pipeline. The program's tasks were as follows: Evaluation of Steel Microstructure Effect on Ethanol SCC Resistance Effects of Welding and Residual Stress Evaluation of Surface Treatment Effects Evaluate Effects of Pipe Manufacturing Process Specification of Polymeric Materials for New Construction Control and Monitoring of Oxygen Uptake Internal Corrosion Monitoring Standardization of SCC Test Methods Roadmap for Industry Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Pipeline Handling of FGE
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Leis. L51845 Database of Mechanical and Toughness Properties of Pipe. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010150.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
�The lower-strength grades of steel used for transmission pipelines into the 60s were much like those used in other steel construction in that era. These steels gained strength by traditional hardening mechanisms through chemistry changes, largely involving carbon and manganese additions. Improvement of these grades, primarily through control of ingot chemistry and steel processing, became necessary when running brittle fracture was identified as a failure mechanism in gas-transmission pipelines in the late 50s. Eventually, this avenue to increasing strength was exhausted for pipeline applications because this approach causes increased susceptibility to hydrogen-related cracking mechanisms as strength increases. For this reason, modern steels differ significantly from their predecessors in several ways, with the transition from traditional C-Mn ferrite-pearlite steels beginning in the mid 60s with the introduction of high-strength-low-alloy (HSLA) steels. This report presents the results of projects, PR-3-9606 and PR-3-9737, both of which were planned as multi-year projects. The first of these projects initially was conceived to provide broad evaluation of the fitness-for-service of wrinkle bends while the second was conceived to generate mechanical and fracture properties data for use in the integrity analysis of both the pipe body and weld seams in modern gas-transmission pipeline systems. As possible duplication between a joint industry project and the PRCI project became apparent, this project was scaled back to focus on properties of steels used in construction involving wrinkle bends. Consideration also was given to a more modern steel such as might be found in ripple bends, which are formed in bending machines that now have become widely used. The second project likewise was reduced in scope, with a focus on only the pipe body. Because both projects ended being centered on mechanical and fracture properties, both are presented in this combination report.