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1
Kalmakov, K. K., G. Z. Turebekova, F. M. Yusupov, K. Zh Azhibekov, R. A. Kozykeeva, and K. S. Nadirov. "Effects of the depth of hydro desulfurization of raw materials on the yields of catalytic cracking products." Neft i Gaz, no. 4 (August 30, 2024): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37878/2708-0080/2024-4.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the problem of complex processing of oil feedstock and increasing the output of light petroleum products, in particular, catalytic cracking gasoline. Currently, the oil refining industry of Kazakhstan is faced with the task of complex processing of hydrocarbon raw materials, increasing the depth of processing and output of light petroleum products. In this connection it is urgent to solve the problem of lack of raw materials for oil refineries of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The complexity of solving the problem of processing residues of oils, fuel oil and intermediates of secondary processes lies in the fact that they contain a large amount of various sulfur compounds. This problem concerns not only domestic refineries, for example, oil from Uzbekistan fields contains a relatively large amount of SO2 compounds, which in turn contains about 1.28% sulphur. The high content of sulfur compounds in oil not only negatively affects the quality and environmental friendliness of manufactured products, but also reduces the service life of equipment and oil refineries. In this regard, the preparation and hydrodesulfurization of raw materials is one of the main issues of intensifying the process of catalytic cracking of petroleum raw materials of "PKOP" LLP. The issues of possibility of modernisation of catalytic cracking process units by including the process of hydrodesulphurisation of feedstock in order to improve the quality and yield of light products when using fuel oil and secondary intermediates having a large volume of various sulphur compounds in their composition have been considered by the authors. To evaluate the influence of the depth of hydrodesulfurisation of feedstock on the yields and composition of catalytic cracking products, the cracking of crude and hydrotreated hydrogenated vacuum gas oil mixed with fuel oil was carried out on a laboratory unit. The experiments were carried out on a fluidised catalyst bed at mass feed rates of 2h-1 and 4h-1, catalyst to feed ratio of 3:1 and temperature equal to 5100 C. The analysis of the experimental data obtained showed that preliminary hydrotreating of a mixture of vacuum gas oil and sulfur fuel oil followed by catalytic cracking increases the depth of oil refining and helps to increase the yield of catalytic distillate, improves its quality, which ultimately leads to a decrease in environmental pollution with sulfur compounds.
2
Evdokimova, Natalya G., Tatyana M. Levina, Ramil N. Mutallapov, Elena V. Startseva, and Olga Yu Shishkina. "IMPROVEMENT OF CATALYTIC CRACKING FOR DEEPEN OF OIL REFINING." Oil and Gas Business, no. 6 (December 17, 2024): 135–56. https://doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2024-6-135-156.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At the moment, there is a situation in the world in which the volume of proven reserves of light oils is decreasing, and the volume of reserves of heavy oils are increasing. The processing of heavy hydrocarbons is becoming more complicated and does not provide the necessary depth of extraction of light distillates. Large capital expenditures are required to ensure the specified oil refining depth parameter.The deepening of oil refining is developing through the development and implementation of flexible technological schemes and advanced high-intensity environmentally friendly thermocatalytic and hydrogenation processes for deep processing of vacuum gas oils and oil residues, which include catalytic cracking.Catalytic cracking allows not only to increase the depth of oil refining, but also to ensure the production of a high-octane component of commercial gasoline. In addition, the products are gases rich in propane-propylene and butane-butylene fractions which are used as raw materials for petrochemical synthesis and production of motor fuel components.Currently, the problem of improving the catalytic cracking process is quite acute, because at existing installations, catalytic systems are being replaced with domestic analogues, the raw materials of the process are becoming heavier due to the use of deep vacuum distillation of oil and the need for high-quality commercial products and petrochemical raw materials is increasing.Therefore, the paper proposes to use a modeling method to predict the process indicators. The mathematical model will allow us to develop technical solutions to optimize the operation of the catalytic cracking unit in order to increase the depth of processing of hydrocarbon raw materialsBased on monitoring the operation of an industrial catalytic cracking plant, experimental dependences of the effect of process parameters on the yield of target products were obtained, systems of differential equations of material balance were developed, experimental and calculated data on the model were compared.Regression analysis was used to determine the existence of dependence, and the correlation method was used to describe the nature of the relationships. The main parameters of the catalytic cracking process are described, such as temperature, pressure drop, catalyst level and steam consumption. The dependences of the output parameters on each other (gasoline, butane-butylene and propane-propylene fractions) were revealed. The model is obtained in the form of a generalized formula based on a combination of complex methods in the analysis. The adequacy of the obtained equation has been confirmed using existing software. A new software solution has been proposed for the selection of optimal process parameters based on the previously compiled model.
3
de Souza, Francisco José, Jonathan Utzig, Guilherme do Nascimento, Alicia Carvalho Ribeiro, Higor de Bitencourt Rodrigues, and Henry França Meier. "Reduced-Order Model for Catalytic Cracking of Bio-Oil." Fluids 10, no. 7 (2025): 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10070179.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work presents a one-dimensional (1D) model for simulating the behavior of an FCC riser reactor processing bio-oil. The FCC riser is modeled as a plug-flow reactor, where the bio-oil feed undergoes vaporization followed by catalytic cracking reactions. The bio-oil droplets are represented using a Lagrangian framework, which accounts for their movement and evaporation within the gas-solid flow field, enabling the assessment of droplet size impact on reactor performance. The cracking reactions are modeled using a four-lumped kinetic scheme, representing the conversion of bio-oil into gasoline, kerosene, gas, and coke. The resulting set of ordinary differential equations is solved using a stiff, second- to third-order solver. The simulation results are validated against experimental data from a full-scale FCC unit, demonstrating good agreement in terms of product yields. The findings indicate that heat exchange by radiation is negligible and that the Buchanan correlation best represents the heat transfer between the droplets and the catalyst particles/gas phase. Another significant observation is that droplet size, across a wide range, does not significantly affect conversion rates due to the bio-oil’s high vaporization heat. The proposed reduced-order model provides valuable insights into optimizing FCC riser reactors for bio-oil processing while avoiding the high computational costs of 3D CFD simulations. The model can be applied across multiple applications, provided the chemical reaction mechanism is known. Compared to full models such as CFD, this approach can reduce computational costs by thousands of computing hours.
4
Kelly, John T., Christopher J. Koch, Robert Lascola, and Tyler Guin. "Online Monitoring of Catalytic Processes by Fiber-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy." Sensors 24, no. 23 (2024): 7501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24237501.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An innovative solution for real-time monitoring of reactions within confined spaces, optimized for Raman spectroscopy applications, is presented. This approach involves the utilization of a hollow-core waveguide configured as a compact flow cell, serving both as a conduit for Raman excitation and scattering and seamlessly integrating into the effluent stream of a cracking catalytic reactor. The analytical technique, encompassing device and optical design, ensures robustness, compactness, and cost-effectiveness for implementation into process facilities. Notably, the modularity of the approach empowers customization for diverse gas monitoring needs, as it readily adapts to the specific requirements of various sensing scenarios. As a proof of concept, the efficacy of a spectroscopic approach is shown by monitoring two catalytic processes: CO2 methanation (CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O) and ammonia cracking (2NH3 → N2 + 3H2). Leveraging chemometric data processing techniques, spectral signatures of the individual components involved in these reactions are effectively disentangled and the results are compared to mass spectrometry data. This robust methodology underscores the versatility and reliability of this monitoring system in complex chemical environments.
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Shi, Meirong, Xin Zhao, Qi Wang, and Le Wu. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Co-Processing of Bio-Oil and Vacuum Gas Oil in an Existing Refinery." Processes 9, no. 2 (2021): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The co-cracking of vacuum gas oil (VGO) and bio-oil has been proposed to add renewable carbon into the co-processing products. However, the environmental performance of the co-processing scheme is still unclear. In this paper, the environmental impacts of the co-processing scheme are calculated by the end-point method Eco-indicator 99 based on the data from actual industrial operations and reports. Three scenarios, namely fast pyrolysis scenario, catalytic pyrolysis scenario and pure VGO scenario, for two cases with different FCC capacities and bio-oil co-processing ratios are proposed to present a comprehensive comparison on the environmental impacts of the co-processing scheme. In Case 1, the total environmental impact for the fast pyrolysis scenario is 1.14% less than that for the catalytic pyrolysis scenario while it is only 26.1% of the total impacts of the pure VGO scenario. In Case 2, the environmental impact of the fast pyrolysis scenario is 0.07% more than that of the catalytic pyrolysis and only 64.4% of the pure VGO scenario impacts. Therefore, the environmental impacts can be dramatically reduced by adding bio-oil as the FCC co-feed oil, and the optimal bio-oil production technology is strongly affected by FCC capacity and bio-oil co-processing ratio.
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Shakiyeva, Tatyana V., Larissa R. Sassykova, Anastassiya A. Khamlenko, et al. "Catalytic cracking of M-100 fuel oil: relationships between origin process parameters and conversion products." Chimica Techno Acta 9, no. 3 (2022): 20229301. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.2022.9.3.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of technologies for processing oil residues is relevant and promising for Kazakhstan, since the main oil reserves of hydrocarbons in the country are in heavy oils. This paper describes the study of the influence of technological modes on the yield and hydrocarbon composition of products formed because of cracking of commercial fuel oil and fuel oil M-100 in the presence of air in the reactor. For catalysts preparation, natural Taizhuzgen zeolite and Narynkol clay were used. It was found that the introduction of air into the reaction zone, in which oxygen is the initiator of the cracking process, significantly increases the yield of the middle distillate fractions. In the presence of air, the yield of diene and cyclodiene hydrocarbons significantly increases compared to cracking in an inert atmosphere. According to the data of IR spectral analysis of M-100 grade oil fractions, in addition to normal alkanes, the final sample contains a significant amount of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. On the optimal catalyst, owing to oxidative cracking of fuel oil, the following product compositions (in %) were established: Fuel oil M-100: gas – 0.8, gasoline – 1.1, light gas oil – 85.7, heavy residue – 11.9, loss – 0.5 and total – 100.0%; commodity Fuel oil (M-100): gas – 3.3, gasoline – 8.4, light gas oil – 84.3, heavy residue – 4.0, loss – 0 and total – 100.0%.
7
Kerssens, M. M., A. Wilbers, J. Kramer, et al. "Photo-spectroscopy of mixtures of catalyst particles reveals their age and type." Faraday Discussions 188 (2016): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00210a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Within a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, a mixture of catalyst particles that consist of either zeolite Y (FCC-Y) or ZSM-5 (FCC-ZSM-5) is used in order to boost the propylene yield when processing crude oil fractions. Mixtures of differently aged FCC-Y and FCC-ZSM-5 particles circulating in the FCC unit, the so-called equilibrium catalyst (Ecat), are routinely studied to monitor the overall efficiency of the FCC process. In this study, the age of individual catalyst particles is evaluated based upon photographs after selective staining with substituted styrene molecules. The observed color changes are linked to physical properties, such as the micropore volume and catalytic cracking activity data. Furthermore, it has been possible to determine the relative amount of FCC-Y and FCC-ZSM-5 in an artificial series of physical mixtures as well as in an Ecat sample with unknown composition. As a result, a new practical tool is introduced in the field of zeolite catalysis to evaluate FCC catalyst performances on the basis of photo-spectroscopic measurements with an off-the-shelf digital single lens reflex (DSLR) photo-camera with a macro lens. The results also demonstrate that there is an interesting time and cost trade-off between single catalyst particle studies, as performed with e.g. UV-vis, synchrotron-based IR and fluorescence micro-spectroscopy, and many catalyst particle photo-spectroscopy studies, making use of a relatively simple DSLR photo-camera. The latter approach offers clear prospects for the quality control of e.g. FCC catalyst manufacturing plants.
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Orazbayev, Batyr, Dinara Kozhakhmetova, Ryszard Wójtowicz, and Janusz Krawczyk. "Modeling of a Catalytic Cracking in the Gasoline Production Installation with a Fuzzy Environment." Energies 13, no. 18 (2020): 4736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184736.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article offers a systematic approach to the method of developing mathematical models of a chemical-technological system (CTS) in conditions of deficit and fuzziness of initial information using available data of various types. Based on the results of research and processing of the collected quantitative and qualitative information, mathematical models of the reactor are constructed. Formalized and obtained mathematical statements of the control problem for choosing effective modes of operation of technological systems are based on mathematical modeling. Based on the obtained expert information, linguistic variables were described and a database of rules describing the operation of the input parameters of the reactor unit of the catalytic cracking unit was obtained.
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Dolomatova, M. M., A. I. Bystrov, R. I. Khairudinov, et al. "The Possibility of Estimating the Characteristics for the Fractional Composition of Heavy Oils by Optical Absorption Spectra." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 631, no. 3 (2022): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2022-631-3-10-13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The possibility of estimating the fractional composition by the parameters of optical absorption spectra is shown for heavy oils and gas oils of catalytic cracking. The characteristics of the normal distribution of the composition by boiling points were obtained by processing experimental data on the ITK curves using the Newton - Raphson optimization method. The dependences linkingthe average boiling point μ and the dispersion of the normal distribution law for the composition are established.The obtained dependences can be used for primary estimates of the fractional composition for raw materials and the efficiency of the fractionating columns on the refinery.
10
Da, Hongju, Degang Xu, Jufeng Li, et al. "Influencing Factors of Carbon Emission from Typical Refining Units: Identification, Analysis, and Mitigation Potential." Energies 16, no. 18 (2023): 6527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16186527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As the global third-largest stationary source of carbon emissions, petroleum refineries have attracted much attention. Many investigations and methodologies have been used for the quantification of carbon emissions of refineries at the industry or enterprise scale. The granularity of current carbon emissions data impairs the reliability of precise mitigation, so analysis and identification of influencing factors for carbon emissions at a more micro-level, such as unit level, is essential. In this paper, four typical units, including fluid catalytic cracking, Continuous Catalytic Reforming, delayed coking, and hydrogen production, were chosen as objects. A typical 5-million-ton scale Chinese petroleum refinery was selected as an investigating object. The Redundancy analysis and multiple regression analysis were utilized to explore the relationship between the process parameters and carbon emissions. Three types of influencing factors include reaction conditions, processing scale, and materials property. The most important mitigation of carbon emission, in this case, can be summarized as measures of improving energy efficiency via optimizing equipment parameters or prompting mass efficiency by upgrading the scale for material and energy flow.
11
Yu, Ziqi, and Tuo Wei. "Research Progress and Prospects of Catalytic Aquathermolysis of Heavy Oil." International Journal of Energy 6, no. 1 (2025): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.54097/wvsvpc40.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Heavy oil, as an important energy resource, faces many challenges in its extraction and utilization. With the gradual reduction of global crude oil reserves, the extraction and utilization of heavy oil have become particularly important. The catalytic aquathermolysis technology for heavy oil has received widespread attention as an effective method for heavy oil processing. The research shows that this technology can reduce the viscosity of heavy oil and improve oil recovery by hydrolyzing the colloidal asphaltene in heavy oil at high temperature and cracking it into small molecular structure. In the specific reaction process, organic sulfide plays a key role, and the reaction temperature range is 200~350℃. The experimental data showed that the viscosity of heavy oil decreased significantly and the proportion of saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons increased after adding catalyst. In addition, the paper also introduces a number of research results and the research and development ideas of new catalysts, which provides a reference for the further development of heavy oil catalytic aquathermolysis technology. Research in this field not only helps to solve the problem of heavy oil extraction, but also opens up new avenues for the sustainable utilization of energy resources.
12
Stratiev, Dicho. "Evaluation of Feedstock Characteristics Determined by Different Methods and Their Relationships to the Crackability of Petroleum, Vegetable, Biomass, and Waste-Derived Oils Used as Feedstocks for Fluid Catalytic Cracking: A Systematic Review." Processes 13, no. 7 (2025): 2169. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It has been proven that the performance of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), as the most important oil refining process for converting low-value heavy oils into high-value transportation fuels, light olefins, and feedstocks for petrochemicals, depends strongly on the quality of the feedstock. For this reason, characterization of feedstocks and their relationships to FCC performance are issues deserving special attention. This study systematically reviews various publications dealing with the influence of feedstock characteristics on FCC performance, with the aim of identifying the best characteristic descriptors allowing prediction of FCC feedstock cracking capability. These characteristics were obtained by mass spectrometry, SARA analysis, elemental analysis, and various empirical methods. This study also reviews published research dedicated to the catalytic cracking of biomass and waste oils, as well as blends of petroleum-derived feedstocks with sustainable oils, with the aim of searching for quantitative relationships allowing prediction of FCC performance during co-processing. Correlation analysis of the various FCC feed characteristics was carried out, and regression techniques were used to develop correlations predicting the conversion at maximum gasoline yield and that obtained under constant operating conditions. Artificial neural network (ANN) analysis and nonlinear regression techniques were applied to predict FCC conversion from feed characteristics at maximum gasoline yield, with the aim of distinguishing which technique provided the more accurate model. It was found that the correlation developed in this work based on the empirically determined aromatic carbon content according to the n-d-M method and the hydrogen content calculated via the Dhulesia correlation demonstrated highly accurate calculation of conversion at maximum gasoline yield (standard error of 1.3%) compared with that based on the gasoline precursor content determined by mass spectrometry (standard error of 1.5%). Using other data from 88 FCC feedstocks characterized by hydrogen content, saturates, aromatics, and polars contents to develop the ANN model and the nonlinear regression model, it was found that the ANN model demonstrated more accurate prediction of conversion at maximum gasoline yield, with a standard error of 1.4% versus 2.3% for the nonlinear regression model. During the co-processing of petroleum-derived feedstocks with sustainable oils, it was observed that FCC conversion and yields may obey the linear mixing rule or synergism, leading to higher yields of desirable products than those calculated according to the linear mixing rule. The exact reason for this observation has not yet been thoroughly investigated.
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Shishkova, Ivelina, Dicho Stratiev, Petko Kirov, et al. "Root Cause Analysis for Observed Increased Sedimentation in a Commercial Residue Hydrocracker." Processes 13, no. 3 (2025): 674. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030674.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ebullated bed vacuum residue hydrocracking is a well-established technology providing a high conversion level of low-value residue fractions in high-value light fuels. The main challenge in this technology when processing vacuum residues derived from different crude oils is the sediment formation rate that leads to equipment fouling and cycle length shortening. With the severity enhancement, the asphaltenes become more aromatic and less soluble which leads to sediment formation when the difference between solubility parameters of asphaltenes and maltenes goes beyond a threshold value. Although theoretical models have been developed to predict asphaltene precipitation, the great diversity of oils makes it impossible to embrace the full complexity of oil chemistry by any theoretical model making it impractical for using it in all applications. The evaluation of process data of a commercial ebullated bed vacuum residue hydrocracker, properties of different feeds, and product streams by intercriteria and regression analyses enabled us to decipher the reason for hydrocracked oil sediment content rising from 0.06 to 1.15 wt.%. The ICrA identified the presence of statistically meaningful relations between the single variables, while the regression analysis revealed the combination of variables having a statistically meaningful effect on sediment formation rate. In this study, vacuum residues derived from 16 crude oils have been hydrocracked as blends, which also contain fluid catalytic cracking heavy cycle oil and slurry oil (SLO), in a commercial H-Oil plant. It was found that the hydrocracked oil sediment content decreased exponentially with fluid catalytic cracking slurry oil augmentation. It was also established that it increased with the magnification of resin and asphaltene and the reduction in sulfur contents in the H-Oil feed.
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Peshnev, Boris V., Elena V. Burlyaeva, Denis V. Nikishin, Alexander I. Nikolaev, and Andrey S. Kuznetsov. "ASESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CAVITATION PROCESSING OF DARK OIL PRODUCTS." ChemChemTech 67, no. 7 (2024): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20246707.7006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper presents experimental results of the influence of the conditions of cavitation treatment of dark petroleum products in the hydrodynamic regime on the yield of fractions boiling up to 400 °C. Straight-run products (fuel oils, vacuum gas oils), as well as catalytic cracking gas oils, were considered as raw materials. The influence of raw material characteristics (density, fractional and group hydrocarbon composition) and its processing conditions (pressure, at five cycles of exposure) on the yield of the target fraction is considered. The linear dependence of the yield of the target fractions on the processing pressure is revealed. The constructed regression models are adequate, informative, and all their coefficients are significant. Taking into account the density of the feedstock did not improved models. The best model constructed was tested using the cross-validation method. The average forecast error was 11%, the maximum was 22%. For a small number of samples, such an error is acceptable. The possibility of assessing the effectiveness of cavitation treatment of crude oil based on data on its fractional and group hydrocarbon composition is shown. It was possible to build several regression models linking the increase in yield with pressure during processing and the content of resins and oils in the raw materials. All of them are adequate and informative, and their coefficients are significant. The increase in the yield of fractions boiling up to 400 °C is associated with the transformations of hydrocarbons during cavitation. The possibility of evaluating the effectiveness of cavitation treatment of petroleum raw materials based on data on its group hydrocarbon composition has been established. Several regression models have been constructed linking the increase in yield with the pressure during processing and the content of resins and oils in the raw materials. All of them are adequate and informative, and their coefficients are significant. Based on the constructed models, it is assumed that the change in the fractional composition of petroleum products during cavitation treatment is more associated with the destruction of the transition and solvate layers of complex structural units of the oil dispersed system than with the course of cracking reactions. For citation: Peshnev B.V., Burlyaeva E.V., Nikishin D.V., Nikolaev A.I., Kuznetsov A.S. Asessment of the effectiveness of cavitation processing of dark oil products. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 7. P. 103-110. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246707.7006.
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Towner, Tyler W., and Donald G. Plumlee. "Design and Fabrication of LTCC Catalyst Chambers." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, CICMT (2011): 000037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2011-ta15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The reduction in satellite size and mass presents the need to develop a proportionally smaller propulsion system for orbital station keeping. A liquid, monopropellant micropropulsion device made from Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramics (LTCC) has been developed at Boise State University. This robust, simple design uses an embedded silver catalyst chamber to decompose a rocket-grade hydrogen peroxide monopropellant into a hot gas, which is then expelled out through a nozzle to generate thrust. Using LTCC eliminates the planar geometry fabrication constraint commonly found in silicon MEMS processing. This report presents the design and fabrication, and optimization of the hydrogen peroxide catalyst chamber used in these monopropellant microthrusters. Using the standard fabrication process for LTCC an initial prototype was developed. The design of this initial device was developed to measure the efficiency of the catalyst chamber by evaluating the ability of the device to decompose hydrogen peroxide. Catastrophic cracking within the device substrate was observed during initial testing. In order to obtain sufficient data, it was assumed that the cracking was due to thermal expansion and so a new functional design was implemented that decreased the overall cross sectional area of the device and decreased failure rates. To ensure that this assumption is correct, an investigation of device failure will be presented using an embedded resistor to simulate the catalytic reaction occurring inside the substrate. The results from this investigation will be documented. Additionally, optical microscope images will be used to document the failure investigation process. Several conclusions will be presented to improve the ability to use LTCC for high temperature applications.
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He, Wei, Jufeng Li, Zhihe Tang, et al. "A Novel Hybrid CNN-LSTM Scheme for Nitrogen Oxide Emission Prediction in FCC Unit." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 17, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8071810.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), a key unit for secondary processing of heavy oil, is one of the main pollutant emissions of NOx in refineries which can be harmful for the human health. Owing to its complex behaviour in reaction, product separation, and regeneration, it is difficult to accurately predict NOx emission during FCC process. In this paper, a novel deep learning architecture formed by integrating Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM) for nitrogen oxide emission prediction is proposed and validated. CNN is used to extract features among multidimensional data. LSTM is employed to identify the relationships between different time steps. The data from the Distributed Control System (DCS) in one refinery was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture. The results indicate the effectiveness of CNN-LSTM in handling multidimensional time series datasets with the RMSE of 23.7098, and the R2 of 0.8237. Compared with previous methods (CNN and LSTM), CNN-LSTM overcomes the limitation of high-quality feature dependence and handles large amounts of high-dimensional data with better efficiency and accuracy. The proposed CNN-LSTM scheme would be a beneficial contribution to the accurate and stable prediction of irregular trends for NOx emission from refining industry, providing more reliable information for NOx risk assessment and management.
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Stratiev, Dicho, Vesislava Toteva, Ivelina Shishkova, et al. "Industrial Investigation of the Combined Action of Vacuum Residue Hydrocracking and Vacuum Gas Oil Catalytic Cracking While Processing Different Feeds and Operating under Distinct Conditions." Processes 11, no. 11 (2023): 3174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11113174.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ebullated bed vacuum residue hydrocracking and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) are among the most profitable processes in modern refining. Their optimal performance is vital for petroleum refining profitability. That is why a better understanding of their combined action and the interrelations between these two heavy oil conversion processes in a real-world refinery could provide valuable information for further performance optimization. Nine distinct petroleum crudes belonging to the extra light, light, and medium petroleum crude types were processed in the LUKOIL Neftohim Burgas refinery to study the combined performance of two processes: FCC of vacuum gas oil and ebullated bed vacuum residue H-Oil hydrocracking. The operating conditions along with the characterization data of the feeds and products of both processes were evaluated through the employment of intercriteria analysis to define the variables with statistically significant relationships. Maple 2023 Academic Edition mathematics software was used to develop models to predict the vacuum residue conversion level under different operating conditions. The plug flow reactor model with an activation energy of 215 kJ/mol and a reaction order of 1.59 was found to provide the highest accuracy of vacuum residue conversion, with an average absolute deviation of 2.2%. H-Oil yields were found to correlate with the vacuum residue conversion level and the content of FCC slurry oil (SLO), the recycling of partially blended fuel oil, a material boiling point below 360 °C, and the vacuum gas oil (VGO) in the H-Oil feed. FCC conversion was found to depend on the H-Oil VGO content in the FCC feed and the content of FCC SLO in the H-Oil feed.
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Zaritovskii, Aleksandr N., Elena N. Kotenko, and Svetlana V. Grishchuk. "CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES OBTAINING FROM POLYMER MATERIALS." ChemChemTech 67, no. 5 (2024): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20246705.6957.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As part of the expansion of raw material base used in the development of technological and productive methods for the synthesis of carbon nanostructures (CNS) and solving the problem of environmentally friendly and economical polymer recycling, the results of investigation of microwave (MW) catalytic pyrolysis of macromolecular compounds from the range of polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl alcohol are presented. The information about existing approaches to solving these problems is briefly considered, and the prospects for MW processing of polymers are shown. The process was carried out by microwave treatment of a mixture of polymer raw materials acting as a carbon donor and substances-precursors of metal catalysts – cobalt and nickel compounds, their mixtures, as well as metal iron and nickel. Graphite and carbon fiber were used as temperature regulator. Experiments have demonstrated that effective conversion of the studied compounds occurs only in the presence of MW energy absorbers-converters, regardless of the nature of metal catalyst precursor. According to electron microscopy data, the resulting materials are a mixture of carbon nanostructures of disordered morphology with the predominant content of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the reaction products for experiments with polystyrene, polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate. The use of polypropylene and polyvinyl alcohol leads to the production of carbon nanostructures containing only a small amount of CNTs. X-ray phase analysis data confirm the formation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes as the main structural component of the obtained carbon nanomaterials. It has been suggested that transformation pathways of the investigated hydrocarbons are similar, despite the difference in pyrolysis temperatures, which may be related to the simultaneous processes of polymer cracking, carbonization of decomposition products and CNS synthesis due to the rapid growth of reaction mass temperature during microwave treatment. The efficiency of different precursors of catalytic systems based on transition metals in the processes examined is substantiated. It has been shown that the high carbon content in feedstock promotes the formation of carbon nanostructures, but is not decisive for carbon nanotubes obtaining. For citation: Zaritovskii A.N., Kotenko E.N., Grishchuk S.V. Carbon nanostructures obtaining from polymer materials. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 5. P. 99-106. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246705.6957.
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Nasution, A. S., E. Jasjfi, and Evita H. Legowo. "ZEOLIT CRACKING CATALYST." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 26, no. 1 (2022): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.26.1.993.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, refiners are facing a continuing need to add bottom processing by catalytic process (catalytic cracking and hydro cracking processes) capacity a result of gradually deteriorating crude oil quality and flat-to-declining for residualfuel oil.
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Krymets, G. V., M. I. Litynska, and O. V. Melnychuk. "Catalytic processing of the acid tars." Catalysis and Petrochemistry, no. 33 (2022): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/kataliz2022.33.084.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Acid tars are wastes from the processing of coal, petroleum, and petrochemicals (oil refining, benzene refining and petroleum fractions refining and alkylation of isobutane with butenes). Acid tar compositions include resinous substances, organic matter, and polymerization products of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The presence of free sulfuric acid in acid tars often reaches 70 % by weight. Almost all metals from oil are concentrated in tars, and the content of vanadium and nickel can reach 0.046 and 0.014 %, respectively. A lot of countries keep acid tar in the open air in spent quarries, storage ponds, barns, lagoons or near landfills. It poses a risk or even potential threat to people and to the environment nearby due to soil, water, and air pollution. Thus, disposal of the acid tars is a very important ecological and industrial task. In this study, we have researched catalytic cracking and distillation as the utilization methods for acid tar. Anhydrous AlCl3 was used as a catalyst during the cracking of petroleum residues to obtain volatile gasoline fractions due to its catalytic activity in many organic reactions. The catalyst ratios (0.15 g/g of tar or 0.1 g/g of tar) had a very significant influence on the number of volatile fractions and boiling temperature in the acid tar cracking process. According to the results of 1H NMR research, the main components of volatile fractions in the case of catalytic cracking were alkanes CH3-(CH2)n-CH3. The compositions of these fractions were similar to the compositions of gasoline and diesel fuel. A series of distillation experiments (distillation of previously deacidified and centrifuged tar, acid tar without deacidification and centrifugation, and previously deacidified tar without centrifu-gation) gave different results for each type of material. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were the main components of volatile fractions (~ 80, ~ 60 and ~ 90 %, respectively) and the contents of aliphatic S-organic compounds were also significant (~ 10, ~ 30 and ~ 8 %). Thus, both for catalytic cracking and for tar distillation, aliphatic hydrocarbons were the main component of volatile fractions. Deacidification of tar increased the yield of aliphatic hydrocarbons during tar distillation and decreased production of S-organic compounds due to its reactions with calcium carbonate. It is perspective in the context of fuel production.
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Nazarova, Galina Y., Elena N. Ivashkina, Barida J. Nafo, Vladislav V. Maltsev, and Tatyana A. Shafran. "Prediction of catalytic cracking performance during co-processing of vacuum gas oil and low-margin oil refining streams." Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 335, no. 4 (2024): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2024/4/4489.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Relevance. Expansion of catalytic cracking feedstock resources both due to the need to intensify the process to increase the yield of target products (high-octane gasoline, light olefins) and to deepen oil refining through the utilization of low-margin streams at refineries. Along with this, there is an urgent need to develop domestic mathematical tools for optimizing the catalytic cracking, predicting the process performance when the modes and feedstock qualities changes, as well as planning of production. This requires in-depth analysis and detailed study of the composition of oil fractions involved in processing and thermodynamics and kinetics of a heterogeneous process. The development and application of a mathematical model of the catalytic cracking, taking into account the composition and properties of the components involved in processing, makes it possible to quantitatively assess the yield and quality of target and by-products depending on the composition, physicochemical properties of the mixed feedstock, and the parameters of the technological regime, with an assessment of the possibility of their processing at an existing industrial facility. Aim. Experimental study of the composition and properties of mixed feedstock of catalytic cracking based on vacuum gas oil containing 5 to 20 wt % of extract of selective cleaning of oils, distillate, residual slack wax, and deasphalted oil, and prediction of the catalytic cracking indicators during their co-processing using a mathematical model. Methods. Liquid chromatography method to study the composition of feedstock materials of the catalytic cracking in combination with a number of standard methods for determining physico-chemical properties. Results. Using a set of experimental studies, the authors have established the patterns of changes in the composition and physico-chemical properties of the components and mixed feedstock of catalytic cracking containing 5–20 wt % of distillate and residual slack wax, deasphalted oil, and extract. The results obtained were used in development of a mathematical model of the heterogeneous catalytic cracking of feedstock, which takes into account the composition of oil fractions involved in processing and the patterns of catalyst deactivation by coke. Using a mathematical model, the authors established the patterns of changes in the composition and yield of process products when 5–20 wt % were involved in processing distillate slack wax and extracts of selective cleaning of oils mixed with vacuum distillate. Practical recommendations were developed on the possibility of expanding the hydrocarbon feedstock of the catalytic cracking, taking into account the fuel or petrochemical regime.
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Shakiyeva, Tatyana, Larissa Sassykova, Anastassiya Khamlenko, et al. "Composite catalysts for the catalytic processing of fuel oil." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper describes the catalytic cracking of heavy petroleum feedstock on catalysts based natural Taizhuzgen zeolite and Narynkol clay (Kazakhstan). Catalytic cracking was studied on fuel oil of the M-100 brand taken from the LLP Pavlodar Oil Chemistry Refinery (Kazakhstan). Air was added into the reaction medium. It was found that under optimal conditions, the conversion of the heavy residue of M-100 fuel oil reaches 46.2%, when cracking the initial fuel oil, the yield of the middle distillate fraction is 85.7 wt. % due to the content of 41.1 wt. % residual light gas oil in the resulting products. The optimal composite catalyst allows carry out the cracking of heavy oil residues without preliminary purification and with a high degree ofconversion to diesel fraction.
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Koledin, O. S., M. Yu Dolomatov, E. A. Kovaleva, R. V. Garipov, and M. R. Valeev. "THE QSPR MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF OCTANE NUMBERS OF HYDROCARBONS OF A SERIES OF ALKENES BY TOPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOLECULES." Electrical and data processing facilities and systems 17, no. 3-4 (2021): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/1999-5458-2021-17-3-4-92-102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Relevance Modeling, optimization and design of processes in the technology of oil refining and organic synthesis, as well as the use of new chemical and technological processes involv ing hydrocarbon systems with the calculation of physical and chemical properties (РCS) of liquids and gases. The accuracy of calculations plays an observed role in the calculations of oil refining and organic synthesis processes, as well as approximate reactor processes, fractionation and heat exchange equipment. Despite the availability of РCS databases, the search for adequate initial data takes a long time at the stage of the entire development or design process, since the РCS of many hydrocarbons remains unknown. Aim of research To develop a quantitative Structure-Property Ratio (QSPR) model for octane hydrocarbons of a series of alkenes. Research methods To predict the octane numbers of normal and substituted alkenes — components of catalytic cracking, a nonlinear multivariate regression model Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) is proposed. The objects of the study were 30 hydrocarbons of a number of alkenes, selection in the basic and test samples, made randomly using computer data of physical and chemical properties. The model associates a set of descriptors with the octane numbers — the topological characteristics of their molecular graphs: the Wiener index, the Randich index and the magnitude of the quadratic dependence of bone structure, which affect the octane numbers and reflect the main structural and chemical factors, such as the length and branching of the carbon skeleton, and sensitive parameters. molecules. Results The adequacy of the models was confirmed by statistical data processing, so the coefficient of determining the models is 0.856. For the quality characteristics of the QSPR model, the multiple correlation coefficient r = 0.925 was calculated, which suggested a force relationship between the proposed topological characteristics of hydrocarbon molecules and their octane numbers. To assess the statistical stability of the model, a correlation correction was used. The maximum absolute and relative errors for octane number sampling tests are 4.0 units and 4.1 %, respectively. The statistical calculation, which makes it possible to judge the adequacy of the predicted indicators, their compliance with the reference data, is the standard regression error of 6.5 units. The small value of the standard error of the regression in comparison with the values of the dependence of the applicable adequacy of the proposed model. The model adequately uses the octane numbers of linear and branched alkenes and can be used to predict the octane numbers of gasoline components.
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Ulfiati, Ratu. "CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF ZSM-5 ZEOLITE IN HEAVY HYDROCARBON CATALYTIC CRACKING: A REVIEW." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 42, no. 1 (2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.42.1.384.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Low quality heavy oils and residues, which are subsequently obtained by processing heavy crudes, are considered as alternate suitable source for transportation fuels, energy and petrochemicals. ZSM-5 zeolite with high Si/Al ratio and modified with phosphorous and La has showed not only high selectivity to light olefins but also high hydrothermal stability for the steam catalytic cracking of naphtha. Kaolin is promising natural resource as raw material to synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite. The utilization of acid catalysts with large pore size or hierarchically structured and high hydrothermal stability to resist the severity of the steam catalytic cracking (or thermal and catalytic cracking) operation conditions to maximize the olefin production.
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Abbasov, V. M., T. A. Mammadova, R. T. Samadov, and N. E. Samadova. "Comparison of thermal and catalytic cracking of fuel oil with addition of polyethylene waste and tire waste." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 03 (March 15, 2025): 49–53. https://doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2025-03-49-53.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thermal and catalytic cracking play a key role in modern oil refining, enabling the efficient processing of raw materials to produce fuel products with high performance characteristics. These processes are aimed at breaking down high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons to form lighter compounds suitable for use as motor fuels. One of the directions for improving these technologies is the incorporation of secondary raw materials, such as polymer waste and used tires, which contributes both to solving environmental problems and increasing the economic efficiency of processing. The use of polyethylene and tire waste as modifying additives to fuel oil in the cracking process represents a promising research direction. The processing of polyethylene waste and tires by thermal cracking not only reduces the accumulation of these wastes but also yields valuable products such as gasoline and diesel fractions with high octane and cetane numbers. This also helps to reduce the burden on natural resources, decrease carbon-containing emissions, and promote the development of a circular economy. In this study, the processes of thermal and catalytic cracking of fuel oil containing 10 wt. % low-density polyethylene waste (LDPE) and 5.0 wt. % used tire crumb were investigated at a temperature of 450 oC and a feed rate of 1 h-¹. The catalytic cracking process was conducted using the celite-containing catalyst Zeocar-600. The catalytic cracking of the raw material mixture increased the yield of light fractions by 5.5 wt. % while simultaneously reducing the yield of the heavy gas oil fraction by 12.7 wt. %. After the hydrotreatment process, the gasoline and diesel fractions can be used as components of commercial automotive fuels. Thus, the application of polymer waste and used tires in the thermal and catalytic cracking of fuel oil is an effective method for resource conservation and reducing the environmental impact of the oil refining industry. The development of such technologies contributes to the creation of sustainable production chains and the formation of economically beneficial solutions within the framework of the circular economy concept. Moreover, such methods allow enterprises to comply with modern environmental standards, minimizing potential legal risks associated with waste disposal. Future research prospects include catalyst optimization, the search for new additives, and the study of the influence of various process parameters on product yield and quality.
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Fal’kevich, G. S., M. V. Baril’chuk, E. A. Tarabrina, A. M. Klychmuradov, N. N. Rostanin, and B. K. Nefedov. "New technology in processing olefin-containing gases from catalytic cracking." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 35, no. 2 (1999): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02694143.
Повний текст джерела
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Ma, Zi Qin, Jin Chao Gao, Zuo Qian Zhang, and Da Li Kang. "Application of Wavelet Envelope Spectrum Analysis in Air Blower Rotating Stall Failure Diagnosis." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on qualitative analysis in mechanism of air blowers rotating stall, wavelet envelope spectrum are applied in failure signal analysis of catalytic cracking unit main air blower in a petrochemical company. By utilizing time & frequency localization characteristics of wavelet analysis and extracting detail characteristic of air blower failure, and by Hilbert envelope spectrum analysis, faults are determined and located. The method is applied to failure signal analysis and processing of catalytic cracking unit main air blower in a petrochemical company, which has made a good progress.
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Rahmawati, Rahmawati, Hutwan Syarifuddin, and Nazarudin Nazarudin. "Processing Mixture Of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Waste and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches by The Cracking Method." Jurnal Pembangunan Berkelanjutan 5, no. 2 (2022): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jpb.v5i2.19852.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The composition of waste in Jambi City is dominated by plantation waste and plastic waste, if not managed properly, it can have a negative impact on the environment. There is a need for alternatives to processing plastic waste and plantation waste, one of which is the catalytic cracking process to produce alternative fuels. The catalyst used is petroleum refining industry waste that can be reused. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) catalysts and the effect of the ratio of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic waste and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) on the percentage of products produced. The experimental design used in this study was a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) with variations in the ratio of PET plastic : oil palm empty fruit bunches, namely 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 at a temperature of 450°C and a time of 40 minutes. The results of the analysis showed that spent FCC catalysts were predicted to contain zeolite Y (rich in silica) which had a pore structure of different sizes, while the ratio of PET plastic waste and oil palm empty fruit bunches had a significant effect on the percentage of cracking liquid, charcoal, and gas. The 1:3 ratio treatment resulted in the highest percentage of cracking oil and charcoal at 27.85% and 34.41%. While the percentage of gas was the highest in the 1:0 treatment, which was 82.12%.
 Keywords: catalytic cracking, polyethylene terephthalate, plastic waste, biomass, empty bunches of palm oil, catalyst spent FCC
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Vechi, Thiago, Camila da Silva Maschio, Julia Kleis, et al. "Potential of poultry residual fat biofuels from thermo-catalytic cracking." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 15 (2022): e323111536458. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i15.36458.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biofuels have been occupying space in the fuel market as a renewable substitute for petrol fuels. The thermal and/or thermo-catalytic cracking using triglyceride biomass stands out among the biofuel production processes. Cracking processes result in the production of coke, bio-oil and non-condensable gases. The quantification of each product in a cracking process is directly linked to operational conditions. This project focuses on the use of residual fat from the poultry processing industry, converting it into biofuel so that it can be used in the industry itself as a source of energy. The quality of the products generated are linked to the raw material used, as well as the conditions used in the cracking process. One way to improve the characteristics of the bio-oil produced can be achieved with the use of a catalyst together with thermal cracking. The literature has shown that in thermo-catalytic cracking, there is lower yield in bio-oil, but with some properties, such as acidity and viscosity closer to the value required by legislation for use in engines. This project aims to add value to an industrial waste, by converting this waste into biofuel using thermo-catalytic cracking, with the possibility of being used in the industry itself, as well as investigating the optimization of the process to improve the quality of bio-oil. The yield of the liquid fraction was around 67 % with an acid value of 58.74 mg KOH/g sample.
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Soetedjo, Jenny Novianti Muliarahayu, Michael Osborn, Lucas Adriel Setiawan, et al. "LDPE Film Waste Treatment into Liquid Fuel Using Catalytic Cracking." Engineering Chemistry 2 (May 16, 2023): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-1t2bpt.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plastic industry development has increased the amount of plastic waste, including LDPE plastic film, therefore LDPE waste processing becomes essential, such as thermal or catalytic cracking. Cracking is the breakdown of complex hydrocarbons into simple and commercial hydrocarbons (C3-C40). The catalytic cracking is preferred due to lower temperatures, which is 200-300°C instead of 500-700°C. In this study, catalyst selection, acid impregnation of catalyst, catalyst loading (wt%), N2-gas-purging, feed-to-solvent weight-ratio, temperature, and reaction time were studied to determine the most suitable process condition to obtain the highest liquid fraction. In this study, the catalytic cracking was conducted at 20 bar with kerosene as solvent, with and without N2-gas-purging at several temperatures (265 and 295°C), solvent-to-feed weight-ratios (5:1 and 4:1), catalyst types (bentonite, SiO2 and ZSM-5), catalyst loading (wt%) (1.0wt%; 5.0wt%; 7.0wt%; 9.0wt%; 10.0wt%), and reaction time (1-3 hours). The best results were with N2-gas-purging using 10.0wt%-bentonite in (5:1) solvent-to-feed weight-ratio for 1 hour at 295οC produced 54.9wt% of liquid fraction and without N2-gas-purging at 265°C produced 54.5wt% of liquid fraction, indicating the possibility of N2-gas-purging exclusion in future studies. Additionally, this study has promoted bentonite as a potentially viable catalyst for LDPE plastic waste catalytic cracking.
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Wang, Gang, Jing Sun, Dong Fang, Jun Xiao, Jie Nan, and Jinsen Gao. "Molecular-refining oriented strategy of catalytic cracking for processing heavy oil." SCIENTIA SINICA Chimica 48, no. 4 (2018): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n032017-00169.
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Urazov, Kh Kh, N. N. Sviridenko, N. S. Sergeev, A. S. Akimov, and V. D. Ogorodnikov. "Co and Ni-containing catalysts for heavy oil refining: the effect of ethanol on the composition and structure of catalytic cracking products." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 24, no. 2 (2024): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2024-2-59-65.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study deals with the products of thermal processing of heavy oil in the presence of Ni- and Co-containing catalysts that are formed in situ from the mixture of corresponding salts with ethanol. In comparison with thermal cracking, in the catalytic process the yield of bright fractions increases from 51 to 63 % and the yield of coke decreases from 3 to 2 wt.%. In the case of mixed Ni and Сo catalyst, the least yields of gas (5 wt.%) and coke (0.1 wt.%) are observed. A decrease in the sulfur content occurs in the products of both thermal (by 17 %) and catalytic cracking (from 12 to 32 rel.%) predominantly due to its removal as gaseous products. The structuralgroup characteristics of the averaged asphaltene molecules were studied before and after heavy oil cracking. XRD of solid cracking products was used to identify Ni0.96S, Ni9S8 and Co9S8 phases.
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Olaremu, Abimbola G., Williams R. Adedoyin, Odunayo T. Ore, and Adedapo O. Adeola. "Sustainable development and enhancement of cracking processes using metallic composites." Applied Petrochemical Research 11, no. 1 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13203-021-00263-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractMetallic composites represent a vital class of materials that has gained increased attention in crude oil processing as well as the production of biofuel from other sources in recent times. Several catalytic materials have been reported in the literature for catalytic cracking, particularly, of crude oil. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of existing and emerging methods/technologies such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), metal–matrix composites (MMCs), and catalytic support materials, to bridge information gaps toward sustainable advancement in catalysis for petrochemical processes. There is an increase in industrial and environmental concern emanating from the sulphur levels of oils, hence the need to develop more efficient catalysts in the hydrotreatment (HDS and HDN) processes, and combating the challenge of catalyst poisoning and deactivation; in a bid to improving the overall quality of oils and sustainable use of catalyst. Structural improvement, high thermal stability, enhanced cracking potential, and environmental sustainability represent the various benefits accrued to the use of metallic composites as opposed to conventional catalysts employed in catalytic cracking processes.
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Ekananda, Rizki, Rokhmaturrokhman Rokhmaturrokhman, Wilda Yuni Parinduri, and Zaky Al Fatony. "Green-Fuel Production Through Co-Processing Biomass Derived Oil with Standard Gasoil Feedstock." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 21, no. 1 (2025): 130. https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.21.1.91418.130-137.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>To enhance refinery revenue through the use of new and renewable materials, lab-scale research on green-fuel production has been conducted. This involved co-processing biomass-derived oil with standard gasoil feedstock and existing E-cat to assess its feasibility for commercial fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) units. The catalytic cracking process varied the type of biomass-derived oil (Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO)) against standard gasoil, using typical operating parameters: cracking temperature of 510 °C, C/O ratio of ~6, and regenerator temperature of 715 °C. The Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) reactor modeled one cycle of reaction and regeneration. Product yields were calculated using mass balance of liquid and gas products, modeled with GC Simdist, GC RGA, and CO<sub>2</sub> Analyzer, while gasoline octane number was based on PONA composition using GC DHA. Results showed conversion rates of 85-86%, Research Octane Number (RON) of 91.2 – 93.55, and product yields for coke, dry gas, propylene, LPG, gasoline, LCO, and bottom fraction in the ranges of 6.9 – 7.1%, 1.26 – 3%, 6.79 – 8.5%, 19.52 – 23.1%, 44.8 – 51.63%, 10.21 – 11.4%, and 3 – 3.68%, respectively. Both CPO and RBDPO can be used as co-processing feedstock in FCC units, but adjustments in operating conditions, catalyst formulation, or optimization of the wet gas compressor may be needed due to higher light fraction (Propylene and LPG) and lower gasoline production.</p>
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Sibagatullina, Elena R., Ruslan R. Yapaev, Ekaterina S. Volkova, Ekaterina E. Firsova, Alina R. Valieva, and Klara E. Stankevich. "EXPERIENCE IN OBTAINING PRODUCTS OF THE DELAYED COKING PROCESS USING VISBREAKING RESIDUE AND CATALYTIC CRACKING HEAVY GAS OIL AS FEEDSTOCK." Oil and Gas Business, no. 2 (May 19, 2023): 204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2023-2-204-217.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The authors have analyzed the literature data on delayed coking process. There have been considered the following: feedstock bases for petroleum coke production; implementation and development of delayed coking process; the types of products obtained. It has been revealed, that the main feedstocks for the process are heavy fractions of oil: fuel oil, semihudron, tar, various heavy oil residues, etc.In order to expand the feedstock base, the authors conducted laboratory studies concerning the use of visbreaking residue and catalytic cracking heavy gas oil in the coking process. During the research: raw materials (visbreaking residue and catalytic cracking heavy gas oil) were analyzed; the coking process was carried out; the results of obtaining petroleum coke from visbreaking residue and catalytic cracking heavy gas oil were compared.It has been proved that visbreaking residue and catalytic cracking heavy gas oil can be involved in the process of delayed coking. It has been revealed that the best option for obtaining coking products is precisely catalytic cracking heavy gas oil.
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Alias, Amirah Farhana, Zulfan Adi Putra, M. Roil Bilad, M. Dzul Hakim Wirzal, and Nik Abdul Hadi M Nordin. "SIMULATION OF CO-PROCESSING BIO-OIL AND VGO IN FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING UNITS." Platform : A Journal of Engineering 4, no. 1 (2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.61762/pajevol4iss1art6741.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biofuel is a promising substitute for fossil fuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to provide highly sustainable fuels. Several technical challenges are indeed present during upgrading bio-oil to transportation fuel on a large scale. Co-processing bio-oil with some petroleum fractions in existing refineries serves as an alternative method to minimise processing costs. This paper aims to evaluate the co-processing by exploring the effects of temperature, bio-oil ratios and types of bio-oil to the product yields and quality in a Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit within a refinery complex. The considered bio-oil are produced from pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) and Empty Fruit bunch (EFB). The results show that bio-oil from PKS is better suited to produce gasoline due to its aromatic nature and its carbon range similarities compared to that from EFB. A mixture of 20% of hydrodeoxygenated (HDO) PKS in vacuum gas oil (VGO) shows a 5% improvement of naphtha yield while 20% raw bio-oil from PKS produces 4% increase in light cycle oil (LCO) yield.
 Keywords: co-processing, fluid catalytic cracking, bio-oil, palm kernel shell, empty fruit bunch, simulation
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Stratiev, Dicho Stoyanov, Ivelina Kostova Shishkova, Rosen Kocev Dinkov, et al. "Crude Slate, FCC Slurry Oil, Recycle, and Operating Conditions Effects on H-Oil® Product Quality." Processes 9, no. 6 (2021): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060952.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper evaluates the influence of crude oil (vacuum residue) properties, the processing of fluid catalytic cracking slurry oil, and recycle of hydrocracked vacuum residue diluted with fluid catalytic cracking heavy cycle oil, and the operating conditions of the H-Oil vacuum residue hydrocracking on the quality of the H-Oil liquid products. 36 cases of operation of a commercial H-Oil® ebullated bed hydrocracker were studied at different feed composition, and different operating conditions. Intercriteria analysis was employed to define the statistically meaningful relations between 135 parameters including operating conditions, feed and products characteristics. Correlations and regression equations which related the H-Oil® mixed feed quality and the operating conditions (reaction temperature, and reaction time (throughput)) to the liquid H-Oil® products quality were developed. The developed equations can be used to find the optimal performance of the whole refinery considering that the H-Oil liquid products are part of the feed for the units: fluid catalytic cracking, hydrotreating, road pavement bitumen, and blending.
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Yongbing, Xue, and Li Bingzheng. "Study of oils from co-processing of coal and petroleum catalytic cracking slurry." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 90, Dec 2013 (2013): 2275–78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5794705.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
School of Chemical & Biological Technology, Taiyuan University of Science & Technology, Taiyuan 030021, P. R. China <em>E-mail</em> : xueyongbing@yahoo.com.cn Fax : 86-351-6938207 School of Environment & Safety, Taiyuan University of Science & Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China <em>Manuscript received online 20 November 2012, revised 27 January 2013, accepted 06 February 2013</em> A study was carried out on oils produced from co-processing of a coal and a petroleum catalytic cracking slurry (PCCS) in a 50-litre autoclave. Under the co-processing conditions used, the oil yield increases with an increase in co-processing temperature and time. It was also found that the co-processing under N<sub>2</sub> atmosphere yields significantly more oil than under H<sub>2</sub> atmosphere. The catalyst addition and catalyst type showed no significant effects on the oil yield. These results may be related to the properties of PCCS. The oil properties such as boiling point, sulfur distribution and chemical composition were investigated by FTIR and HPLC.
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Hamidi, Nurkholis, Rony Sessar Anugrah, Winarto Winarto, and Lilis Yuliati. "Improving Palm Oil Methylester Using Catalytic Cracking Methods." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 64, no. 2 (2025): 72–80. https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.64.2.7280.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biodiesel is a prospective substitute for diesel fuel that has garnered attention in recent years due to its environmentally conscious properties. However, biodiesel still exhibits several drawbacks in its features, namely in terms of its high viscosity, density, and flashpoint values. These factors can significantly impact the operation of the fuel motor engine, preventing it from operating at its ideal level. Consequently, biodiesel requires further processing to acquire properties that are appropriate for use in combustion engines, such as catalytic cracking with heterogeneous catalysts. The use of heterogeneous (solid) catalysts can effectively overcome this shortcoming. This study involved conducting experimental research on the effect of catalytic cracking on the characteristics of methyl-ester oil using a natural zeolite. The methyl ester was mixed with 5%mass of zeolite and heated for durations of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes. Heterogeneous catalysts offer several benefits, such as facilitating the separation of biodiesel products, as well as the ability to regenerate and reuse the catalyst. To enhance the cost-effectiveness of biodiesel manufacturing. This study observed alterations in both the chemical composition and physical properties, as demonstrated by FTIR analysis and fuel physical properties tests. The content is primarily composed of double-chain (C=O) and single-chain (OH, C-CH3, CH2, CH3, C-O, C-CL, and C-Br) functional groups detected at absorption wavelengths ranging from 586.17 to 3006.45 cm-1. The viscosity, density, flashpoint, and calorific value of the methyl-ester with 5% zeolite combination dropped as the heating time increased. This is due to the elongation and subsequent dissociation of the hydrocarbon chains comprising the methyl-ester, which previously exhibited attractive forces. As a result, the intermolecular forces diminish, leading to a drop in the value of physical qualities.
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Kairbekov, Zh K., A. S. Maloletnev, V. S. Yemelyanova, Zh K. Myltykbaeva, and B. B. Baizhomartov. "The New Methods of Deep Processing of Oil Residues in Conjunction with Shales." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The results of studies on the development of a new process of thermal cracking of tar oil as a slurry with crushed oil shale to obtain components of motor fuels. The results suggest doubtless advantages of the process before the industrial of thermo cracking, since the single-stage processing of raw materials in relatively in the mild conditions (5 MPa, 425 °C, volumetric feed rate 1.0 h-1) is achieved deep destruction of tar oil (the yield petrol fraction with a bp amounts to up to 180 °C – ~12 mass % of middle distillates with a bp 180-360 °C – 43-44 mass %, of raw material for catalytic cracking of a bp 360-520 °C – ~15-16 %, based on the initial tar oil). Formed like coke products and raw materials contained in V and Ni is postponed on the mineral part of slate and removed from the reaction zone with the liquid products of the process.
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Potapenko, O. V., A. S. Lutchenko, V. P. Doronin, et al. "Control of Contribution of Cracking and Intermolecular Hydrogen Transfer in Cracking of Gasoline Fractions in Fixed and Circulating Catalyst Bed Reactors." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 18, no. 6 (2018): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2018-6-48-54.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The studies were focused on the influence of key parameters (temperature, pressure, dilution of the reaction medium with an inert gas) of catalytic processes (cracking of vacuum gasoil, hydrogen-free upgrading and cracking of gasoline fractions) on the ratio of selectivities to cracking and intermolecular hydrogen transfer. Controlling the ratio of these reactions allows the required products to be obtained on the feedstock processing. Lengthening of the feedstock-catalyst contact time, a decrease in the proportion of the diluting inert gas, and the pressure rise provides an increase in the selectivity to hydrogen transfer. Fixed and circulating catalyst bed setups were used for the experiments. Transformations of the feedstock containing deuterated compounds were studied.
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Benjamin, Moreno-Montiel, Moreno-Montiel Carlos-Hiram, Moreno-Montiel Miriam-Noemi, and MacKinney-Romero René. "Data Mining on Data of Catalytic Cracking Microactivity Reactors Using PCEM." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 10, no. 11 (2019): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2019.10.11.1203.
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Halafova, Irada Arif, Natalya Konstantinovna Andryushchenko, and Fidan Ragif Mammadova. "Research of the process of producing motor fuels by an alternative method using vegetable oils." Oil and gas technologies and environmental safety 2024, no. 2 (2024): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2024-2-51-59.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of processes for processing renewable raw materials into motor fuel components, petrochemical products, etc. is an important technological and environmental task. This article is devoted to the possibility of involving vegetable oils in the processes of obtaining motor fuels with improved environmental characteristics. The proposed mechanism of the catalytic conversion of vegetable oils (cotton, sunflower, and mixtures of waste vegetable oils, after use in the food industry; in this article – cottonseed oil) into fatty acids and gasoline hydrocarbons was studied using model oleic acid. A comparative analysis of the yield of the gasoline fraction was carried out when using pure vacuum gas oil and its mixture with vegetable (cotton) oil as a raw material for catalytic cracking. The process was studied using industrial catalysts such as Omnicat-210P and Tseokar-600, as well as their mixtures with halloysites as catalyst systems. The process of catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil involving vegetable oils in an amount of 5% by weight has been studied.
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Yevdokymenko, V. O., N. Y. Khimach, T. V. Tkachenko, et al. "Improving the quality of low octane hydrocarbon fractions under conditions of catalytic processing on aluminum-silicon catalysts." Catalysis and petrochemistry, no. 30 (2020): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/kataliz2020.30.066.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main challenge today is to find new alternative energy sources. Reduction of oil, gas and coal production can be achieved through the rational use of biomass as a raw material for fuels and lubri-cants. Thermochemical treatment of biomass allows to obtain raw materials for a number of process-es, in particular the separation of hydrocarbon components and their catalytic treatment allows to ob-tain alternative components for motor fuels. The main advantage of using hydrocarbon fractions from biomass is that they are completely free of sulfur- or nitrogen-containing compounds that play the role of catalytic poisons. Catalytic studies were performed in a flow reactor at a charged catalyst volume of 30 cm3, a reac-tion zone temperature of 350 ± 5 °C and a pressure of 0.1 MPa. The feedstock was fed to the reaction zone using a pump at a constant rate of 1 h-1. The direction of supply of raw materials from top to bot-tom. In this work it is shown that industrial aluminosilicates are structural compounds (Cat.25, Cat.38, Cat.50, Cat.80) and show catalytic properties in the cracking process, which is reflected in the increase of octane number from 8 to 20 units. The higher their cracking activity, the more gaseous products are formed and the fractional composition changes in the direction of isomeric hydrocarbons, which is confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis. According to the amount of gas phase and the composi-tion of liquid products, it should be noted that the most active catalyst was the sample Cat.25. This effi-ciency is related to the chemical composition and methods of synthesis of the presented catalysts. The latter by their nature contain cations of aluminum (Al3+) and silicon (Si4+), which certainly affects the formation of Bronsted acid centers, which are responsible for the cracking process. In turn, catalysts of the type Cat.1 and Cat.2 with a significant content of aluminum and no catalytic effect can be charac-terized as a mechanical mixture of these basic oxides, and not an aluminosilicate matrix with a certain structure. Based on the obtained results, renewable biomass is a potential source for obtaining hydrocarbon fractions, which after catalytic treatment processes can serve as high-quality high-octane components of alternative fuels.
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Ancheyta, J., and S. Rodríguez. "Results of Processing VGO-LCO Blends in a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Commercial Unit." Energy & Fuels 16, no. 3 (2002): 718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef0102263.
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Klimov, O. V., K. A. Nadeina, A. V. Saiko, et al. "Studying Properties of Hydroconversion Products of Thermolysis Oil Produced from Waste of Mixed Plastics." Ecology and Industry of Russia 27, no. 2 (2023): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2023-2-15-21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The results of the study of liquid products of hydrogenation processing of thermolysis oil obtained from a mixture of plastic waste are presented. It is established that as a result of hydrogenation processing of thermolysis oil in the conditions of the process of preparation of fuel for catalytic cracking and in the presence of catalysts of this process, hydrogenates with a high content of paraffins and low content of sulfur, nitrogen, condensed aromatic compounds and unsaturated hydrocarbons were obtained. Methods of processing these hydrogenates into motor fuels and feedstock for petrochemicals are proposed.
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DOKUCHAEV, I. S., M. MAXIMOV N., and A. TYSHCHENKO V. "INVESTIGATION OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF MODEL PETROLEUM RAW MATERIALS UNDER CRACKING CONDITIONS OVER A REGENERATED SPENT HYDROTREATMENT CATALYST." Chemistry for Sustainable Development 32, no. 1 (2024): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15372/csd2024526.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The physicochemical properties and catalytic activity of regenerated spent aluminium-cobalt-molybdenum hydrotreatment catalyst have been investigated under cracking conditions in the model systems n-dodecane - toluene and decalin - toluene - n-hexane. A series of experiments to study the catalytic activity of the sample was carried out using a flow-type laboratory installation within the temperature range 430-470 °C, nitrogen pressure 1.6 MPa, liquid hourly space velocity 0.5-3.0 h-1. The directions of transformation were determined for paraffin and naphthenic hydrocarbons by means of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Paraffin hydrocarbons enter into cracking, isomerisation and compaction reactions. Naphthenic hydrocarbons are transformed into the products of isomerisation, dehydrogenation and compaction. Predominant dehydrogenation of decalin with the formation of naphthalene and hydrogen is observed in the system under investigation. A positive role of hydrogen in thermodestructive processing of heavy oil residues is observed due to the hydrogenation of nonlinear olefin hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbon intermediates, which decreases the rate of coke formation. The corresponding reaction rate constants were calculated, and the results were analysed. Conclusions are drawn about the prospects of introducing a regenerated spent hydrotreatment catalyst into the procedure of thermodestructive processing of heavy oil residues.
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Guo, Ji, Yujia Lou, Wanyi Wang, and Xianhua Wu. "Optimization Modeling and Empirical Research on Gasoline Octane Loss Based on Data Analysis." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (May 11, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5553069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gasoline is one of the most consumed light petroleum products in transportation and other industries. This paper proposes a method for optimizing gasoline octane loss using data analysis technology aimed at optimizing the production process and minimizing the loss of gasoline octane. Firstly, the data are screened and the high-dimensional data are reduced to construct the neural network prediction model optimized by genetic algorithm. After utilizing the model for prediction, the optimal operating condition is achieved. Secondly, ensuring that the gasoline emission meets the standard, the octane loss is reduced by adjusting the operating variables. Thirdly, actual data are collected and calculated to obtain the main operating variables and their optimal operating conditions of a petrochemical company affecting the catalytic cracking gasoline S-Zorb unit, thus providing companies using S-Zorb units with reference data for optimizing gasoline catalytic cracking processes. Fourthly, the superiority of the proposed method was verified by comparing it with the other methods. This paper intends to contribute to better modeling the progress of gasoline catalytic cracking by adequately considering the impact of multiple factors, improving the quality of refined oil products of chemical enterprises, saving the economic cost of chemical enterprises, and protecting the atmospheric environment.
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Vorobyeva, E. E., V. A. Vdovichenko, A. V. Polukhin, et al. "Catalytic hydroprocessing of plastic waste into valuable hydrocarbons." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 25, no. 3 (2025): 62–75. https://doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2025-3-62-75.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The possibility of hydroprocessing of plastic waste pyrolysis product to obtain valuable hydrocarbons has been investigated. The catalytic experiment was carried out in the flow regime at T = 310 °C, PH2 = 80 bar, LHSV = 0.5 h-1 on a fixed bed of CoMoNi/Al2O3 catalyst, a fraction of pyrolysis oil (a mixture of polyethylene and polypropylene) with Tboiling < 360 °C was used as feedstock. As a result of processing, a product with the properties of kerosene, except for boiling point and turbidity, was obtained. The necessity of including acid additives (zeolite or zeolite-like materials) in the catalyst for isomerization and cracking processes was determined.
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Thambiyapillai, Selvaganapathy, and Muthuvelayudham Ramanujam. "An Experimental Investigation and Aspen HYSYS Simulation of Waste Polystyrene Catalytic Cracking Process for the Gasoline Fuel Production." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 4 (2021): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33817.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plastic wastes are necessary to recycle due to their disposal issues around the world. They can be recycled through various techniques i.e., mechanical reprocessing, mechanical recycling, chemical recycling and incineration. Most recycling techniques are expensive and end up in producing low-grade products excluding chemical recycling; it is an eco-friendly way to deal with plastic waste. Catalytic cracking is one of the chemical recycling methods, for converting waste plastics into liquid fuel same as commercial fuels. An experimental investigation of polystyrene catalytic cracking process was conducted with impregnated fly ash catalyst and 88.4% of liquid product yield was found as a maximum at optimum operating conditions 425 ̊C and 60 min. The liquid fuel quality was analyzed using FTIR spectra analysis, GC/MS analysis and Physico-chemical property analysis. The GC/MS analysis shows that the fly ash cracking of polystyrene leads to the production of gasoline fuels within the hydrocarbon range of C3-C24, and the aliphatic and aromatic functional compounds were detected using FTIR analysis. Moreover, the Aspen Hysys simulation of polystyrene catalytic cracking was conducted in a pyrolytic reactor at 425 ̊C and at the end of the simulation, 93.6% of liquid fuel yield was predicted. It was inferred that the simulation model for the catalytic cracking is substantial to fit the experimental data in terms of liquid fuel conversion