Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Cellule souche neural"

Les hormones thyroïdiennes (HT) sont essentielles pour le bon fonctionnement du cerveau tout au long de la vie des vertébrés, dès les stades précoces du neuro-développement. Des études épidémiologiques ont montré l’importance des HT de la mère pendant les premiers mois du développement fœtal : une déficience précoce en HT maternelles entraîne à long terme des altérations du développement cognitif et du comportement social de l’enfant. L’apport des modèles animaux, non seulement les modèles mammifères mais également les modèles alternatifs (poisson zèbre, xénope, poulet), a permis de décrypter les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires gouvernés par les HT lors du développement cérébral. En particulier le modèle rongeur a contribué à montrer que les HT ont également un rôle crucial chez l’adulte, principalement au sein de deux niches neurogéniques majeures, la zone sous-ventriculaire et la zone sous-granulaire de l’hippocampe où elles régulent finement le destin des cellules souches neurales (CSN). Une question essentielle en biologie des cellules souches est de comprendre, comment les HT gouvernent le devenir des CSN vers un destin neural ou glial et ce, afin de contribuer au développement du cerveau et de maintenir ses fonctions tout au long de la vie adulte dans des conditions physiologiques et lors d’un dommage cérébral (maladies neurodégénératives, maladies démyélinisantes ou accident vasculaire cérébral). Notre revue fait le point sur les connaissances actuelles sur le rôle d’un signal endocrinien clé, les HT, lors du développement du cerveau et de la neurogenèse adulte, et principalement chez les mammifères, notamment l’Homme.

Rationale: Cardiac function is under exquisite intrinsic cardiac neural control. Neuroablative techniques to modulate control of cardiac function are currently being studied in patients, albeit with variable and sometimes deleterious results. Objective: Recognizing the major gaps in our understanding of cardiac neural control, we sought to evaluate neural regulation of impulse initiation in the sinoatrial node (SAN) as an initial discovery step. Methods and Results: We report an in-depth, multiscale structural and functional characterization of the innervation of the SAN by the right atrial ganglionated plexus (RAGP) in porcine and human hearts. Combining intersectional strategies, including tissue clearing, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural techniques, we have delineated a comprehensive neuroanatomic atlas of the RAGP-SAN complex. The RAGP shows significant phenotypic diversity of neurons while maintaining predominant cholinergic innervation. Cellular and tissue-level electrophysiological mapping and ablation studies demonstrate interconnected ganglia with synaptic convergence within the RAGP to modulate SAN automaticity, atrioventricular conduction, and left ventricular contractility. Using this approach, we comprehensively demonstrate that intrinsic cardiac neurons influence the pacemaking site in the heart. Conclusions: This report provides an experimental demonstration of a discrete neuronal population controlling a specific geographic region of the heart (SAN) that can serve as a framework for further exploration of other parts of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system (ICNS) in mammalian hearts and for developing targeted therapies.

Abstract Socioeconomic status (SES) is a multidimensional construct that includes not only measures of material wealth, but also education, social prestige, and neighborhood quality. Socioeconomic correlates between wealth and cognitive functions have been well established in behavioral studies. However, functional and structural brain correlates of SES remain unclear. Here, we sought to uncover the most likely neural regions to be affected by low SES, specifically associated with age. Using effect size–seed-based d Mapping, we compiled studies that examined individuals with low SES and performed functional magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry meta-analyses. The results revealed that as from early to late age, individuals exposed to low SES are less likely to have sustained executive network activity yet a greater likelihood to enhanced activity within reward-related regions. A similar activity was shown for gray matter volume across early to older age. These findings provide the first quantitative integration of neuroimaging results pertaining to the neural basis of SES. Hypoactivation of the executive network and hyperactivation of the reward network in low SES individuals may support the scarcity hypothesis and animal models of the effects of early adversity.

Abstract Numerous recent studies have sought to determine the developmental trajectories of motor-related oscillatory responses from youth to adulthood. However, most of this work has relied on simple movements, and rarely have these studies linked developmental neural changes with maturational improvements in motor performance. In this study, we recorded magnetoencephalography during a complex finger-tapping task in a large sample of 107 healthy youth aged 9–15 years old. The relationships between region-specific neural activity, age, and performance metrics were examined using structural equation modeling. We found strong developmental effects on behavior and beta oscillatory activity during movement planning, as well as associations between planning-related beta activity and activity within the same region during the movement execution period. However, when all factors were tested, we found that only right parietal cortex beta dynamics mediated the relationship between age and performance on the task. These data suggest that strong, sustained beta activity within the right parietal cortex enhances motor performance, and that these sustained oscillations develop through childhood into early adolescence. In sum, these are the first data to link developmental trajectories in beta oscillatory dynamics with distinct motor performance metrics and implicate the right parietal cortex as a crucial hub in movement execution.

Renewed calls for a systems biology reflect the hope hat enduring biological questions at single-cell and cell-population scales will be resolved as modern molecular biology, with its reductionist program, approaches a nearly-complete characterization of the molecular mechanisms of specific cellular processes. Due to the confounding complexity of biological organization across these scales, computational science is sought to complement the intuition of experimentalists. However, with respect to the molecular basis of cellular processes during development and disease, a gulf between feasible simulations and realistic biology persists. Formidable are the mathematical and computational challenges to conducting and validating cell population-scale simulations, drawn from single-cell level and molecular level details. Nonetheless, in some biological contexts, a focus on core processes crafted by evolution can yield coarse-grained mathematical models that retain explanatory potential despite drastic simplification of known biochemical kinetics. In this article, we bring this modeling philosophy to bear on the nature of neural progenitor cell decision making during mammalian cerebral cortical development. Specifically, we present the computational component to a research program addressing developmental links between (i) the cellular response to endogenous DNA damage, (ii) primary mechanisms of neuronal genetic heterogeneity, or mosaicism, and (iii) the cell fate decision making that defines the population kinetics of neurogenesis.

Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are self-renewing and multipotent cells that persist in the postnatal and adult brain in the subventricular zone and the hippocampus. NPCs can be expanded in vitro to be used in cell therapy. However, expansion is limited, since the survival and proliferation of adult NPCs decrease with serial passages. Many signaling pathways control NPC survival and renewal. Among these, purinergic receptor activation exerts differential effects on the biology of adult NPCs depending on the cellular context. In this study, we sought to analyze the effect of a general blockade of purinergic receptors with suramin on the proliferation and survival of NPCs isolated from the subventricular zone of postnatal rats, which are cultured as neurospheres. Treatment of neurospheres with suramin induced a significant increase in neurosphere diameter and in NPC number attributed to a decrease in apoptosis. Proliferation and multipotency were not affected. Suramin also induced an increase in the gap junction protein connexin43 and in vascular endothelial growth factor, which might be involved in the anti-apoptotic effect. Our results offer a valuable tool for increasing NPC survival before implantation in the lesioned brain and open the possibility of using this drug as adjunctive therapy to NPC transplantation.

Human color vision is achieved by mixing neural signals from cone photoreceptors sensitive to different wavelengths of light. The spatial arrangement and proportion of these spectral types in the retina set fundamental limits on color perception, and abnormal or missing types are responsible for color vision loss. Imaging provides the most direct and quantitative means to study these photoreceptor properties at the cellular scale in the living human retina, but remains challenging. Current methods rely on retinal densitometry to distinguish cone types, a prohibitively slow process. Here, we show that photostimulation-induced optical phase changes occur in cone cells and carry substantial information about spectral type, enabling cones to be differentiated with unprecedented accuracy and efficiency. Moreover, these phase dynamics arise from physiological activity occurring on dramatically different timescales (from milliseconds to seconds) inside the cone outer segment, thus exposing the phototransduction cascade and subsequent downstream effects. We captured these dynamics in cones of subjects with normal color vision and a deuteranope, and at different macular locations by: (i) marrying adaptive optics to phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography to avoid optical blurring of the eye, (ii) acquiring images at high speed that samples phase dynamics at up to 3 KHz, and (iii) localizing phase changes to the cone outer segment, where photoactivation occurs. Our method should have broad appeal for color vision applications in which the underlying neural processing of photoreceptors is sought and for investigations of retinal diseases that affect cone function.

Receptor-linked tyrosine phosphatases regulate cell growth by dephosphorylating proteins involved in tyrosine kinase signal transduction. The leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) tyrosine phosphatase receptor has sequence similarity to the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM and is located in a chromosomal region (1p32-33) frequently altered in neuroectodermal tumors. To understand the function of receptor-linked tyrosine phosphatases in neural development, we sought to identify LAR isoforms preferentially expressed in the nervous system and cellular processes regulating LAR alternative splicing. We report here the isolation of a series of rat LAR cDNA clones arising from complex combinatorial alternative splicing, not previously demonstrated for the tyrosine phosphatase-receptor gene family in general. Isoforms included: (a) deletions of the fourth, sixth and seventh fibronectin type III-like domains; (b) an alternatively spliced novel cassette exon in the fifth fibronectin type III-like domain; (c) two alternatively spliced novel cassette exons in the juxtamembrane region; (d) a retained intron in the extracellular region with in-frame stop codons predicting a secreted LAR isoform; and (e) an LAR transcript including an alternative 3' untranslated region containing multiple stretches of tandem CAG repeats up to 21 repeats in length. This number of repeats was in the range found in normal alleles of genes in which expansions of repeats are associated with neurodegenerative disease and the genetic phenomenon of anticipation. RT-PCR and Northern analysis demonstrated that LAR alternative splicing occurred preferentially in neuromuscular tissue in vivo and in neurons compared to astrocytes in vitro and was developmentally regulated. Alternative splicing was also regulated in PC12 cells by NGF, in 3T3 fibroblasts by cell confluence and in sciatic nerve and muscle subsequent to nerve transection. Western blot analysis demonstrated that alternatively spliced cassette exons result in the presence of corresponding amino acid segments of LAR protein in vivo. These studies suggest specialized functions of LAR isoforms in the nervous system and support our hypothesis that LAR-like tyrosine phosphatase receptors play a role in neural development and regeneration.

La gencive correspond à un modèle de régénération naturelle grâce notamment à sa capacité de cicatrisation « ad integrum ». Ce phénomène est permis par sa composition en fibroblastes gingivaux. Ces cellules, composante cellulaire principale du tissu conjonctif gingival, sont au cœur de la régulation des réponses inflammatoires et de la cicatrisation. Ce tissu contient, comme d’autres tissus mésenchymateux, des cellules souches ; qui expliquent en partie ces capacités de régénération. De plus, comme le tissu gingival est abondant et facilement accessible, l’utilisation de ces cellules souches pourraient être d’un intérêt prometteur en thérapie cellulaire ou pour de la modélisation in vitro. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons pu montrer que les Cellules Souches dérivées de la Gencive Humaine (CSGH) possèdent des propriétés communes avec les cellules souches adultes dérivées des crêtes neurales. Ces cellules peuvent être qualifiées de « souche » par leur capacité d’auto-renouvèlement, d’adhésion au plastique et de multipotence. Premièrement, nous avons montré que la méthode ainsi que les produits de culture utilisés pour l’isolation des fibroblastes gingivaux in vitro à partir de biopsies de gencive avait une influence sur les cellules obtenues. Dans un second temps, une analyse clonale in vitro de populations de fibroblastes gingivaux a permis de montrer que les fibroblastes gingivaux sont composés de sous-populations qui expriment des marqueurs spécifiques des cellules souches et des crêtes neurales. Outre leur origine embryologique, l’étude de leur multipotence a aussi été caractérisée après expansion et en fonction des additifs utilisés. Pour finir, deux exemples d’utilisation de ces cellules comme modèle d’étude de la biocompatibilité de biomatériaux in vitro ont été développés; imitant la muqueuse buccale ainsi que les réactions dentaires (réparatrices et réactionnaire)
Gingiva is a natural regeneration model thanks to its "ad integrum" healing capability. Gingival fibroblasts are the main actors of this property. These cells, the main cellular component of the gingival connective tissue, regulate the inflammatory responses and healing process. This tissue contains, like many others, mesenchymal stem cells; which also partly explain these regenerative abilities. Moreover, as the gingiva is abundant and easily accessible, the use of these stem cells may interest cell therapy or in vitro model tissues responses. In this work, we demonstrated that Stem Cells Derived from Human Gingiva (SCHG) have common properties with neural crest adult stem cells. These cells can be called "stem cells" for their ability to self-renew, adhere to plastic and to differentiate. First, we have shown that the method and the culture products used for isolation of gingival fibroblasts from gingival biopsy had an influence on the obtained cells. Secondly, an analysis of in vitro clonal populations of gingival fibroblasts has shown that gingival fibroblasts are composed of subpopulations that express specific markers of stem cells and neural crests. In addition to their embryological origin, the study of their multipotency was also characterized after expansion and depending on the used additives. Finally, two examples of using these cells and dental pulp stem cells as a model to study the in vitro biocompatibility of biomaterials have been developed, mimicking oral mucosa or dentin reactions (reparative or reactional)

Depuis la découverte fondatrice de la présence de cellules souches neurales (NSCs) multipotentes dans le cerveau des mammifères adultes, plusieurs études ont révélé l'importance de ces cellules pour le maintien de l'homéostasie du cerveau. Notamment, des perturbations dans l'équilibre des NSCs ont été associées au vieillissement et à diverses pathologies neurologiques, ce qui suscite un intérêt croissant pour ces cellules. Les NSCs résident dans des zones germinatives restreintes; dans le rongeur adulte les NSCs sont localisées principalement dans deux niches neurogéniques bien établies dans le télencéphale, ce qui contraste avec la situation chez le poisson zèbre adulte où des niches de NSCs actives ont été identifiées dans tout le cerveau, y compris dans le télencéphale dorsal (pallium). Aussi bien chez les rongeurs que le poisson zèbre, les NSCs adultes présentent les deux propriétés fondamentales des cellules souches: elles sont multipotentes, c’est-à-dire capables de générer de nouveaux neurones et cellules gliales, et ont la capacité d'auto-renouvellement à long terme, permettant leur maintien au long de la vie adulte. A la différence des progéniteurs neuronaux embryonnaires (NPCs), une caractéristique de ces NSCs adultes est qu’elles résident la plupart du temps dans un état d’arrêt réversible du cycle cellulaire appelé quiescence. Cet état, activement maintenu, est censé protéger la réserve de NSCs d’un épuisement prématuré, d’où l'importance de déchiffrer les mécanismes moléculaires de régulation de l’équilibre entre la quiescence et l’activation de ces cellules vers la neurogenèse.Les microARNs constituent une classe de petits ARN régulateurs, qui jouent un rôle crucial dans le contrôle d’états cellulaires et des transitions entre ces états. Ils sont capables de réagir rapidement à des signaux à la fois intra- et extracellulaires, qui peuvent moduler aussi bien leur niveau d’expression que leur impact fonctionnel, leur donnant ainsi la capacité de coordonner diverses signaux pour induire des transitions d'état cellulaire. Un microARN en particulier, miR-9, a été montré comme jouant un rôle clé et conservé au cours de la neurogenèse embryonnaire. L'objectif principal de cette étude était d'étudier, pour la première fois, un rôle potentiel de miR-9 dans le contrôle des NSCs, dans un contexte physiologique dans lequel la majorité des NSCs sont quiescentes - le pallium adulte du poisson zèbre. Nous avons constaté que miR-9 est exclusivement exprimé dans une sous-partie des NSCs, met vraisemblablement en évidence un « sous-état » de quiescence. De plus, nous avons pu montrer que miR-9 ancre les NSCs dans un état de quiescence, en partie via le maintien d’un niveau élevé d’activation de la voie de signalisation Notch. De façon surprenante, nous avons également identifié une modification de la localisation subcellulaire de miR-9 au cours du temps: alors que miR-9 est localisé dans le cytoplasme de tous les NPCs chez l’embryon ou le juvenile, chez le poisson adulte miR-9 est localisé dans le noyau des NSCs en quiescence. En outre, la localisation nucléaire de miR-9 dans ces NSCs quiescentes est fortement corrélée avec la localisation nucléaire des protéines effectrices des microARNs, les protéines Argonaute (Agos), ce qui suggère un rôle fonctionnel de miR-9 dans le noyau. De fait, l'élucidation du mécanisme de transport nucléo-cytoplasmique de miR-9/Agos nous a permis de manipuler leur localisation, et d’observer un impact de cette localisation sur l’état de quiescence vs activation des NSCs. L’ensemble des résultats de cette étude identifient ainsi miR-9 comme un régulateur essentiel de la quiescence des NSCs, fournissent pour la première fois un marqueur moléculaire d’un sous-état de quiescence spécifique du cerveau adulte et suggèrent l'implication d'un mécanisme inédit de régulation par les microARNs dans le maintien de l'homéostasie des réserves de NSCs
Since the seminal discovery of multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain, multiple studies have unravelled the importance of these cells for maintaining brain homeostasis. Notably, disturbances in NSC equilibrium have been linked to physiological aging and various neurological pathologies thus sparkling interest in harnessing them for use in regenerative medicine. NSCs reside in distinct germinal zones; in the adult rodent brain NSCs are found mainly in two well-established neurogenic niches in the telencephalon which contrasts with the situation in the adult zebrafish where NSC niches are widespread throughout the brain, including in the dorsal telencephalon or pallium. In both the rodent and zebrafish brains, adult NSCs display fundamental stem cell properties: they are multipotent, e.g. capable of generating new neurons and glia throughout adult life, and have the capacity for long-term self-renewal. Similar to stem cells in other adult tissues, and in contrast to embryonic neural progenitors, a hallmark of these adult NSCs is their relative proliferative quiescence. Quiescence is an actively maintained, reversible state of cell-cycle arrest and generally thought to protect against exhaustion of the stem cell pool. In line with this, disrupting the balance between quiescent and activated NSCs leads to a premature depletion or permanent cell-cycle exit of these cells highlighting the importance of fully deciphering the mechanisms regulating this equilibrium. microRNAs, a major class of small pleiotropic regulatory RNAs, play crucial roles in reinforcing developmental and transitional states. They are capable of reacting to environmental cues, both cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic, with varying outputs such as changing their regulatory functions and expression levels, thus enabling them to coordinating diverse cues to induce cell-state transitions. One microRNA in particular, miR-9, is a highly conserved master regulator of embryonic neurogenesis and in the embryonic zebrafish brain, it establishes a primed neural progenitor state enabling them to quickly respond to cues to differentiate or proliferate. The primary goal of this study was to investigate, for the first time, a potential role for miR-9 in influencing NSC state in a physiological context in which the majority of NSCs are quiescent – the adult zebrafish pallium. We found that miR-9 is exclusively expressed in quiescent NSCs and highlights a “sub-state” within quiescence. In part by maintaining high levels of Notch signalling, a known quiescence promoting pathway, miR-9 anchors NSCs in the quiescent state. Strikingly, we identified a conserved age-associated change in the subcellular localization of the mature miR-9 from the cytoplasm of all embryonic/juvenile neural progenitors to the nucleus of a subset of quiescent NSCs in the adult brain. Moreover, the nuclear expression of miR-9 in these quiescent NSCs is highly correlated with nuclear localization of the microRNAs effector proteins Argonaute (Agos), suggestive of a functional role for nuclear miR-9. Indeed, the elucidation of the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport mechanism of miR-9/Agos enabled us to manipulate their nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios which directly impacted NSC state. Altogether, these results identify miR-9 as a crucial regulator of NSC quiescence, provide for the first time a molecular marker for an age-associated sub-state of quiescence and suggest the involvement of a novel and unconventional microRNA-mediated mechanism to maintain homeostasis of NSC pools

Ce projet vise à fournir une nouvelle compréhension moléculaire du programme de transcription impliqué dans la différenciation des cellules souches neurales en oligodendrocytes myélinisant. La logique de ce travail repose sur des études antérieures ayant montré le rôle des facteurs de transcription bHLH Olig2 et Ascl1, opérant en synergie dans la spécification des OPCs, les cellules progénitrices d‘oligodendrocytes . L‘objectif central de ce travail était de comprendre au niveau génomique et transcriptomique les mécanismes par lesquels Ascl1 et Olig2 agissent pour spécifier les OPCs. Nous avons suivi une stratégie utilisant l'analyse du transcriptome et des profils de fixation des facteurs de transcription par immuno- précipitation de la chromatine. Nous avons pu identifier les cibles directes de Ascl1 et Olig2 dans les OPC et lors de la différenciation des oligodendrocytes. Nous avons également identifié de nouveaux marqueurs spécifiques des différents stades des lignées oligodendrocyte et nous sommes concentrés sur Chd7 et Tns3, deux gènes régulé par Ascl1 etOlig2 et enrichis dans la lignée oligodendrogliale à deux stades intéressants, la phase de spécification précoce et la transition entre la migration et la différenciation des oligodendrocytes, respectivement. De plus, nous avons porté notre attention sur le rôle spécifique des oligodendrocyte dans la synthèse de la créatine et son rôle possible de support métabolique dans la synthèse de myéline et de support axonal. Nous avons également initié une approche de repositionnement toxicogénomique pour identifier de nouvelles molécules à tester dans le cadre de maladie demyélinisantesLa plupart des traitements disponibles pour traiter les maladies démyélinisantes sont basées sur une approche immune modulatrice et anti-inflammatoire. A ce jour, aucun n'est en mesure de promouvoir directement la réparation de la myéline de manière efficace. Nous espérons que les gènes dont l'expression est régulée dans les lésions de démyélinisation identifiés lors de cette étude permettront de mieux comprendre le mécanisme de remyelinisation et le développement de nouvelles stratégies dans les maladies démyélinisantes telles que la sclérose en plaques ou dans les leucodystrophies
Our project aims to provide a new molecular understanding of the transcription program involved in neural stem cells differentiation into oligodendrocytes. The rational of this work relies on previous studies demonstrating that the bHLH transcription factors Olig2 and Ascl1 work in synergy to specify OPCs, the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. One central goal of this work was to understand at a genomic and transcriptomic level, how Ascl1 and Olig2 work together to specify OPCs. We followed a strategy using genome-wide transcriptome analysis and chromatin immuno-precipitation to characterize Ascl1 and Olig2 directly regulated genes in OPCs and during oligodendrocyte differentiation.We identified new specific markers of different stage of the neural lineages and new important genes correlated to OPCs differentiation. We focused on Chd7 and Tns3, two genes which expressions are driven by Ascl1 and Olig2 and enriched in the oligodendroglial lineage at two interesting stage, the early specification stage and the transition between migrating and differentiating oligodendrocytes, respectively. Moreover, we identified the myelinating oligodendrocyte as the cell in charge of the creatine synthesis in the brain and potentially driving axonal metabolic support. We also used an approach a toxicogenomic and drug repositioning approach to identify new molecules known to modify OPCs and myelin genes but untested in the context of demyelinating diseases. As currently, most of the available treatments for demyelinating diseases are based on immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory drugs but none are able to directly promote myelin repair, we expect that these identified genes involved in oligodendrogenesis and whose expression are regulated in demyelinated lesions will allow the development of new therapeutic strategies promoting an efficient remyelination in demyelinating diseases such as Multiple sclerosis or leukodystrophies

L'étude de la plasticité cellulaire est un puissant outil pour comprendre le choix du destin cellulaire pendant la différenciation et dans les processus cancéreux lors de la transformation d'une cellule normale en une cellule maligne. Chez la drosophile, le facteur de transcription Gcm contrôle la détermination du destin glial. Dans des mutants gcm, les cellules qui se développent normalement en glie entrent dans la voie de différenciation neuronale alors que l'expression ectopique de gcm dans des progéniteurs neuronaux induit de la glie. Ces données font de Gcm un outil important pour comprendre les bases de la plasticité cellulaire. Mon projet de thèse vise à comprendre les mécanismes contrôlant la plasticité des cellules souches neurales. Nous avons ainsi montré que la capacité des CSNs à se convertir en glie après expression forcée de Glide/Gcm décline avec l'âge et que lors de l'entrée en phase quiescente ou apoptotique, ils ne peuvent plus être convertis. Nous avons aussi découvert que le processus de conversion du destin ne se manifeste pas uniquement par l'expression de marqueurs gliaux mais aussi par des changements spécifiques au niveau de la chromatine. D'une manière intéressante, nous avons aussi montré que la stabilité de la protéine Glide/Gcm est contrôlée par deux voies opposées, où Repo et l'histone acetyltransférase CBP jouent un rôle majeur.

Des cellules souches neurales (CSN) persistent dans le cerveau adulte et produisent des neurones et des cellules gliales tout au long de la vie de l’individu. Les CSN suscitent un intérêt considérable pour la médecine régénératrice mais leur utilisation thérapeutique potentielle nécessite au préalable d’approfondir les connaissances sur leurs mécanismes de régulation. Les glioblastomes, quant à eux, sont les tumeurs cérébrales les plus fréquentes chez l’adulte et les plus mortelles. Au sein de ces tumeurs, les cellules souches de glioblastomes (CSG) seraient issues de la transformation maligne des CSN et seraient responsable de l’initiation, de la propagation et de la résistance aux traitements des tumeurs. Des analyses transcriptomiques ont suggéré un rôle majeur de la signalisation calcique au sein des CSN et des CSG. Représentant une des voies principales d’entrée du calcium dans la cellule, les canaux calciques SOC (Store-Operated Channels) régulent de nombreux processus cellulaires, y compris la progression tumorale. L’objectif des travaux de cette thèse est d’évaluer le rôle des SOC dans les CSN et les CSG.Nous avons établi par des approches in vitro et in vivo, que les CSN de souris adulte expriment des SOC fonctionnels et que leur inhibition pharmacologique diminue la prolifération et l’autorenouvellement des CSN, propriété indispensable au maintien de la population souche. La deuxième partie de nos travaux montre que les CSG issues de cultures primaires de patients expriment des SOC dont l’inhibition altère la prolifération et l’autorenouvellement de ces cellules.Ainsi, les résultats obtenus lors de cette thèse mettent en évidence un rôle essentiel des SOC dans la régulation de l’autorenouvellement des CSN et des CSG. Les CSG étant responsables de la résistance aux traitements dans le glioblastome, ces travaux ouvrent des perspectives thérapeutiques ciblant les canaux calciques pour contrer cette pathologie au pronostic sombre
Neural stem cells (NSC) persist in the brain of adult mammals and fuel the brain with new neurons and glial cells all lifelong. Recruited by brain injuries, NSC are considered with great interest by regenerative medicine. However, the development of new therapeutic approaches based on the use of NSC requires an in-depth knowledge of the mechanism regulating these cells. Glioblastomas are the most frequent and deadliest form of adult brain tumors. Within the tumor, glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) form a subpopulation of cells that is considered as responsible of tumor initiation, propagation and relapse, as these cells are particularly resistant to anti-tumoral treatments. GSC and NSC share key characteristics and numerous studies suggest that GSC arise from transformed NSC. Transcriptomic analysis of NSC and of GSC revealed an enrichment of calcium signaling transcripts in these two cell populations. Representing a major way of calcium influx into cells, Store-Operated Channels (SOC) are mobilized in response to a wide range of extracellular factors. SOC regulate many cellular processes and are often hijacked in cancer to promote tumor progression.The aim of this thesis is to evaluate potential SOC involvement in NSC and GSC regulation.The first part of this work, relying on in vitro and in vivo studies, demonstrates that NSC from adult mice express functional SOC whose inhibition by pharmacological agents reduces NSC proliferation and self-renewal. In the second part of this thesis, we demonstrate that GSC from primary cultures derived from patients express SOC, as do NSC, and that SOC inhibition reduces GSC ability to proliferate and self-renew.Accordingly, the results of this thesis demonstrate that SOC regulate NSC and GSC self-renewal, a property that is essential to maintain stem cells pool. As GSC are responsible for glioblastomas treatment resistance, our studies point to a potential new therapeutic way, via calcium channels, against this deadly pathology

Dans certaines régions du cerveau adulte des vertébrés, les cellules souches neurales (NSC) génèrent des neurones fonctionnels. Les NSC sont principalement en quiescence, mais peuvent passer de l’état quiescent à l’état activé (division). A l’échelle de la population, la proportion des NSCs activées reste constante pendant plusieurs années. Les changements du taux d'activation corrèlent avec le développement de pathologies. Aussi, la distribution spatio-temporelle des événements d'activation peut impacter le maintien homogène des NSCs ainsi que le positionnement des nouveaux neurones. Les mécanismes contrôlant le taux et la distribution spatio-temporelle des événements d'activation ne sont pas bien connus. Nous utilisons le télencéphale du poisson zèbre adulte pour répondre à ces questions. Le télencéphale héberge une grande quantité de NSCs et permet l'enregistrement de leurs comportements, sur plusieurs semaines, grâce à une procédure d'imagerie intra-vitale. Dans cette thèse, nous avons évalué l'existence de mécanismes non-cellulaires autonomes contrôlant l'équilibre activation/quiescence dans l'espace et au cours du temps. Nous avons aussi étudié la pertinence des hétérogénéités moléculaires et géométriques sur le comportement des NSCs. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence l'importance de la géométrie des NSCs lors de l'activation et le rôle des cellules progénitrices, produites par les NSCs, pour exercer une inhibition, via la signalisation Notch, empêchant l'activation des NSCs voisines. Grâce à un modèle analytique, nous montrons que cette inhibition maintient la distribution spatio-temporelle des NSCs et homogénéise spatialement la distribution des nouveaux neurones
In some regions of the adult vertebrate brain, Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) generate fully functional neurons. NSCs are found mostly in quiescence, but can shuttle from quiescence to activation (division). At the population level, the proportion of NSCs dividing at a given time remains constant throughout adulthood and perturbations of NSC activation rate correlate with pathological situations. Also, the spatiotemporal distribution of NSC activation events is expected to impact the homogeneous maintenance of the NSC pools and the locations of neuronal production. What controls the rate and spatiotemporal distribution of NSC activation events remain poorly understood. The adult zebrafish telencephalon is a good model to address these questions. The telencephalon hosts many NSCs and it allow the recording of their behaviors over weeks thanks to an intravital imaging procedure. In this thesis, we have used this model to study the regulation of adult NSCs behaviors from two perspectives. First, we assessed the existence of non-cell-autonomous mechanisms controlling the quiescence-activation balance of the NSC population in space and time. Second, we investigated the relevance of intrinsic heterogeneities on individual NSC behaviors. This work highlighted (i) the importance of NSC geometry for their fate decisions during activation and (ii) the role of their differentiated progeny to locally exert a delayed inhibition, via Notch signaling, to prevent neighboring NSC activation. Using modeling we also show how the lineage-related inhibition maintains NSCs with specific spatiotemporal correlations and can spatially homogenize the distribution of adult-born neurons

Le gène Prss56 code pour une sérine protéase impliquée dans le développement de l'oeil humain et certaines de ses pathologies. Le patron d'expression et la fonction de Prss56 dans le reste du système nerveux central sont cependant inconnus. Dans cette étude, j'utilise l'allèle murin Prss56Cre, comportant l'insertion de la recombinase Cre au sein du locus, pour établir le patron d'expression de ce gène et tracer le devenir des cellules exprimant Prss56. Je montre que Prss56 est spécifiquement exprimé dans trois niches neurogéniques : le gyrus dentelé (GD), la zone sous-ventriculaire (SVZ) et la zone ventriculaire de l'hypothalamus (ZVH). Dans le GD embryonnaire, Prss56 est exprimé par une sous-population de glie radiaire. La migration et la différenciation des cellules tracées récapitulent les étapes successives de la neurogenèse du GD et l'établissement d'une sous-population de cellules souches neurales adultes (CSNa). Dans la SVZ, Prss56 est exprimé après la naissance dans une sous-population de CSNa principalement localisée dans la partie médio-ventrale du mur latéral. Cette sous-population génère préférentiellement des cellules granulaires profondes et des cellules périglomérulaires Calbindin-positives du bulbe olfactif. Enfin, Prss56 est exprimé par une sous-population de tanycytes alpha-2, les potentielles cellules souches de la ZVH adulte. Je montre que certains tanycytes tracés déplacent leur soma vers le parenchyme et pourraient être à l'origine d'un nouveau type cellulaire de ce territoire. A travers ces diverses observations, ce travail établit que la lignée Prss56Cre constitue un outil idéal pour l'étude de nombreux aspects de la neurogenèse adulte
The Prss56 gene encodes a serine protease involved in eye pathologies and development in humans. Prss56 expression pattern and function in the rest of the central nervous system were however unknown. Here, I used a knock-in allele in the mouse, Prss56Cre, carrying a Cre recombinase insertion in the locus, to establish the pattern of expression of the gene and to trace the derivatives of Prss56-expressing cells. I found that, in the adult mouse, Prss56 is specifically expressed in three neurogenic niches: the dentate gyrus (DG), the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hypothalamus ventricular zone (HVZ). In the prospective DG, Prss56 is expressed during embryogenesis in a subpopulation of radial glia. Consistently, the pattern of migration and differentiation of traced cells during development recapitulates the successive steps of DG neurogenesis, including the formation of a subpopulation of adult neural stem cells (aNSC). In the SVZ, Prss56 is expressed after birth in a subpopulation of aNSC mainly localized in the medial-ventral region of the lateral wall. This subpopulation preferentially gives rise to deep granule and calbindin-positive periglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb. Finally, Prss56 is also expressed in a subpopulation of alpha2-tanycytes, potential aNSC of the adult HVZ. My observations reveal that some traced tanycytes translocate their soma into the parenchyma and might give rise to a novel cell type in this territory. In conclusion, this study establishes the Prss56Cre line as a novel and efficient tool to study various aspects of adult neurogenesis in the mouse

Les cellules souches neurales quiescentes (CSN) sont le réservoir de la neurogenèse adulte, permettant de produire des nouveaux neurones tout au long de la vie. Cependant, la neurogenèse décroit au cours du vieillissement, provoquant des déclins cognitifs incurables. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui contrôlent la prolifération des CSN, nous avons mis en place une méthode de tri par cytométrie en flux qui permet pour la première fois d'isoler les CSN quiescentes et leurs cellules filles dans la ZSV adulte murine. Cette technique nous a permis de prouver que le blocage de la voie GABAAR in vivo provoque l'entrée en cycle des CSN quiescentes. Ainsi, les signaux GABA produits par les neuroblastes dans la ZSV permettent de maintenir les CSN dans leur état de quiescence. Au cours du vieillissement, nous montrons que la production progressive de TGFβ1 par les cellules endothéliales de la niche allonge la phase G1 des CSN activées, diminuant sensiblement la production de nouveaux neurones, sans toutefois diminuer le stock de CSN. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence deux voies majeures contrôlant la prolifération des CSN in vivo, la voie du GABAAR et la voie TGF-β/Smad-3. En vue d'une application thérapeutique, nous prouvons que leur blocage pharmacologique permet de stimuler efficacement la neurogenèse in vivo.

L'hypoxie périnatale entraîne une dégénérescence et un délai de maturation des oligodendrocytes et des neurones corticaux du cortex cerebral. Mon projet de thèse a d'abord consisté à étudier la contribution des cellules souche neurales de la zone sous-ventriculaire dorsale (dSVZ) à la tentative de régénération spontanée observée après la lésion. Dans un second temps, j'ai étudié la capacité de ces cellules souches à être manipulée en utilisant une approche pharmacologique.Mes résultats mettent en évidence une réponse spontanée et dynamique de la dSVZ qui produit des neurones et des oligodendrocytes corticaux en réponse à l'hypoxie. L'administration par voie intranasale d'un inhibiteur de Gsk3b, qui active la voie Wnt/b-caténine, petite molécule identifiée à l'aide d'une étude bio-informatique comme « dorsalisante », juste après la période d'hypoxie, potentialise cette réponse spontanée. En effet, mes résultats montrent que certains neurones corticaux issus de la dSVZ survivent avec le traitement alors qu'aucun ne semblent persister après 1 mois suivant l'hypoxie. De plus, le traitement accélère la maturation des oligodendrocytes corticaux et augmentent leur production et intégration à long terme. Enfin, le traitement a un effet à long terme sur les cellules souches de la dSVZ en augmentant la proportion de ces cellules qui sont actives. Pour conclure, la dSVZ participe à la récupération corticale spontanée qui suit l'hypoxie périnatale et cette réponse peut être potentialisée par l'administration d'une petite molécule identifiée par notre analyse bio-informatique, un inhibiteur de GSK3b
Perinatal hypoxia leads to degeneration and delayed maturation of oligodendrocytes and cortical glutamatergic neurons. My PhD project consists in assessing the contribution of neural stem cells (NSCs) of the dorsal subventricular zone (dSVZ, i.e. the largest germinal zone of the postnatal brain) to the spontaneous regenerative attempt observed following such injury as well as its amenability to pharmacological manipulation.The results I have obtained highlight a dynamic and lineage-specific response of NSCs of the dSVZ to hypoxia that results in de novo oligodendrogenesis and cortical neurogenesis. Newborn cortical neurons express appropriate cortical layer markers, supporting their appropriate specification. A pharmacogenomics analysis allowed us to identify small molecules boosting specificly dSVZ NSCs. Pharmacological activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signalling by intranasal GSK3ß inhibitor administration during the recovery period following hypoxia indeed potentiates dorsal SVZ participation to post-hypoxia repair. Gsk3b inhibitor CHIR99021 seems to promote survival of cortical neurons from the dSVZ produced in response to hypoxia. More interestingly, CHIR99021 promotes oligodendrocyte maturation and long term integration in the cortex as well as a long term increased activity of dSVZ NSCs.Altogether, my results highlighted a dynamic and lineage-specific response of dorsal NSCs cells to hypoxia and identify the early postnatal dorsal SVZ as a malleable source of stem cells for cortical repair following trauma that occur early in life. CHIR99021 (a Gsk3b inhibitor) intranasal administration promotes this cortical cellular repair with a long term activation of dSVZ NSCs which increased their production of oligodendrocytes migrating to the cortex and a short term improvement of their maturation, and might allow the integration of cortical neurons they produce

Actuellement, le procédé d’électrofilage également appelé electrospinning est une des voies les plus prometteuses permettant le design et le développement de nanofibres polymères poreuses. En effet, cette technique est simple d’utilisation, unique, modulable, à faible coût et est déjà couramment utilisée dans le milieu industriel. De part ces avantages, l’electrospinning fait l’objet d’un engouement grandissant de la recherche académique et industrielle dans plusieurs domaines d’applications tels que ceux de la filtration, la cosmétique, du textile, de l’ingénierie tissulaire et du domaine médical, notamment pour le relargage de molécules actives. De plus, cette technique est applicable sur de nombreux polymères synthétiques ou naturels et il est possible de contrôler de nombreux paramètres tels que la porosité, le diamètre des fibres ou encore la surface accessible. Un des premiers objectifs de cette thèse a été de développer des scaffolds pour le domaine de l’ingénierie des tissus neuronaux afin d’imiter les propriétés biologiques, physiques et mécaniques de la matrice extracellulaire native. Dans un premier temps, l’effet de l’alignement des fibres d’une matrice fluorée (PVDF) biocompatible a été étudié sur le comportement de cellules souches neurales de singe, en particulier les morphologies, l’adhésion cellulaire ainsi que leurs différentiations en cellules gliales ou neuronales. Dans un second temps, des scaffolds bioabsorbables composés de PLA et de PEG ont été synthétisés afin d’étudier l’influence de l’équilibre hydrophile-hydrophobe sur la culture de cellules souches neurales. Et dans une dernière partie, une véritable étude exploratoire a été réalisée afin de développer des textiles intelligents à base de PBAT contenant des curli, protéine bien connue pour sa capacité à chélater des métaux
Currently, the electrospinning process is also one of the most promising routes for the design and development of polymer fibers. This technique is easy to use, unique, versatile, and low cost, which can be used to create fibers from a variety of starting materials. The structure, chemical and mechanical stability, functionality, and other properties of the fibers can be modified to match end applications. The first goal of this thesis was to develop scaffolds for the field of neural tissue engineering in order to mimic the biological, physical and mechanical properties of the native extracellular matrix. In the first time, the effect of fiber alignment of a biocompatible and fluorinated matrix denoted polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was studied on the behavior of monkey neural stem cells particularly the morphology, cell adhesion and their differentiation in glial or neuronal cells. Secondly, bioabsorbable scaffolds composed of polylactide (PLA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers were synthesized to investigate the influence of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance on the culture of neural stem cells. Finally, an exploratory work was conducted to develop smart textiles based on poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) containing curli as protein, well-known for its ability to chelate metals

This paper presents a new methodology based on neural dynamics for optimal robot path planning by drawing an analogy between cellular neural network (CNN) and path planning of mobile robots. The target activity is treated as an energy source injected into the neural system and is propagated through the local connectivity of cells in the state space by neural dynamics. By formulating the local connectivity of cells as the local interaction of harmonic functions, an improved CNN model is established to propagate the target activity within the state space in the manner of physical heat conduction, which guarantees that the target and obstacles remain at the peak and the bottom of the activity landscape of the neural network. The proposed methodology cannot only generate real-time, smooth, optimal, and collision-free paths without any prior knowledge of the dynamic environment, but it can also easily respond to the real-time changes in dynamic environments. Further, the proposed methodology is parameter-independent and has an appropriate physical meaning.

This chapter covers carbohydrates, the most abundant class of biopolymers on Earth and significant components of water column particulate organic matter and dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments. Carbohydrates are important structural and storage molecules and are critical in the metabolism of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Carbohydrates can be further divided into monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two covalently linked monosaccharides), oligosaccharides (a few covalently linked monosaccharides), and polysaccharides (polymers made up of several mono- and disaccharide units). In phytoplankton, carbohydrates serve as important reservoirs of energy, structural support, and cellular signaling components. Carbohydrates make up approximately 20 to 40% of the cellular biomass in phytoplankton and 75% of the weight of vascular plants. Minor sugars, such as acidic sugars, amino sugars, and O-methyl sugars, tend to be more source-specific than major sugars and can potentially provide further information on the biogeochemical cycling of carbohydrates.

The discovery that human primary cells such as nucleated blood cells or cultured skin fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) has ushered in a new era for research on the genetic etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Such hiPSC can be differentiated into several types of neurons, which may provide a primitive model for studying cellular variation in neuronal function due to underlying genetic variants causing the disorder. It is critical that source cells for possible reprogramming and their derived hiPSC be banked in an accredited facility capable of proper quality assurance that includes a genetic profile for future authentication of secondary biomaterials (e.g., differentiated cellular derivatives). Nucleated blood cells are more easily obtained compared to skin fibroblasts and can be cryopreserved for many years before they are reprogrammed to hiPSC. However, to enable all possible future uses of biosamples, some of which may not yet even be contemplated, researchers and biobanks must obtain clear informed consent from subjects for broad use of their biosamples in research.

Gut health is fundamental for human well-being and prevents chronic degenerative diseases and is influenced by the interaction between gut microbiota and food components. In recent years, interest in phenolic compounds has increased due to their health benefits such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, cardio- and neuro-protective properties. Legumes are an essential source of phytochemicals, particularly flavonoids and phenolic acids, distributed mainly in the seed coat, and have been reported to exhibit multiple biological effects. Flavonoids present in legumes have been shown to regulate metabolic stability and membrane transport in the intestine, thus improving bioavailability. Seed processing such as cooking allows the release of phenolic compounds, improving polyphenols digestion and absorption at the intestinal level, maintaining their protective capacity in the oxidative process at the cellular level, and modulating the gut microbiota. All these actions improve gut health, avoiding diseases like irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, colitis, and colorectal cancer. The effect of the consumption of legumes such as chickpea, pea, and bean, as well as the contribution of phenolic compounds to gut health, will be reviewed in this study.

Pluripotent embryonic stem cells represent a promising renewable cell source to generate a variety of differentiated cell types. Although many investigators have described techniques to effectively differentiate stem cells into different mature cell lineages, their practicality is limited by the absence of large scale processing consideration and low yields of differentiated cells. Previously we have established a murine embryonic stem cell alginate-poly-l-lysine microencapsulation differentiation system. The three-dimensional alginate microenvironment maintains cell viability, is conducive to ES cell differentiation to hepatocyte lineage cells, and maintains differentiated cellular function. In the present work, we demonstrate that hepatocyte differentiation is mediated by cell-cell aggregation in the encapsulation microenvironment. Both cell aggregation and hepatocyte functions, such as urea and albumin secretion, as well as increased expression of cytokaratin 18 and cyp4507a, occur concomitantly with surface E-cadherin expression. Furthermore, by incorporating soluble inducers, such as retinoic acid, into the permeable microcapsule system, we demonstrate decreased cell aggregation and enhanced neuronal lineage differentiation with the expression of various neuronal specific markers, including neurofilament, A2B5, O1 and GFAP. Therefore, as a result of capsule parameter and microenvironment manipulation, we are capable of targeting cellular differentiation to both endodermal and ectodermal cell lineages.

Digital Linguistics (DL) is an interdisciplinary study that identifies human language as a digital evolution of mammal analog vocal sign communications, founded on the vertebrate spinal sign reflex mechanism [Tokumaru 2017 a/b, 2018 a/b/c/d]. Analog signs are unique with their physical sound waveforms but limited in number, whilst human digital word signs are infinite by permutation of their logical property, phonemes. The first digital evolution took place 66,000 years ago with South African Neolithic industries, Howiesons Poort, when linguistic humans acquired a hypertrophied mandibular bone to house a descended larynx for vowel accented syllables containing logical properties of phonemes and morae. Morae made each syllable distinctive in the time axis and enabled grammatical modulation by alternately transmitting conceptual and grammatical syllables. The sign reflex mechanism is an unconscious self-protection and life-support mechanism, operated by immune cell networks inside the ventricle system. DL identified cellular and molecular structures for the sign (=concept) device as a B lymphocyte (or, in other words, Mobile Ad-Hoc Networking Neuron), connects to sensory, conceptual and networking memories, which consist of its meanings [Table 1]. Its antibodies can network with antigens of CSF-Contacting Neurons at the brainstem reticular formation and of Microglia cells at the neocortex [Figure 1]. It is plausible that the 3D structure of the antigen molecule takes the shape of word sound waveform multiplexing intensity and pitch, and that specifically pairing the antibody molecule consists of three CDRs (Complementality Defining Regions) in the Antibody Variable Region network with the logic of dichotomy and dualism. As sign reflex deals with survival issues such as food, safety and reproduction, it is stubborn, passive and inflexible: It does not spontaneously look for something new, and it is not designed to revise itself. These characteristics are not desirable for the development of human intelligence, and thus are to be overcome. All the word, sensory and network memories in the brain must be acquired postnatally through individual learning and thought. The reason and intelligence of humans depend on how correctly and efficiently humans learn new words and acquire appropriate meanings for them.