Дисертації з теми "Cellules de grille"
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Valenza, Marcel. "Conditions d'activation de cellules MOS à grille flottante par faisceau d'électrons basse énergie." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376190342.
Wei, Zhaopeng. "Auto-polarisation de la grille arrière pour auto-calibration de cellules analogiques et mixtes en technologie UTBB-FDSOI." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4033.
In the competition of the miniaturization of integrated electronic circuits, UTBB-FDSOI technologies are better adapted to nanometric sizes, because they can limit the problems due to the random doping variations used in conventional “bulk” transistors and bring a significant improvement in terms of performance and low power design. This thesis is a contribution to the development of novel building blocks for PLL using complementary logic in 28nm UTBB-FDSOI technology. Using this technology, we proposed a complementary inverter based on a pair of back-gate cross-coupled inverters offering a fully symmetrical operation of complementary signals. This design concept can be extended to any digital cells to generate more stable, symmetrical and resilient output signals. First, we designed a fast and efficient ring oscillator composed by four complementary inverters delivering quadrature clocks which oscillation frequency is 7.3GHz. Then using complementary logic and back-gate control structure, we proposed an efficient solution to produce novel structures of VRCO, PFD, Charge pump, divisor etc., which are the key building blocks of high-speed low noise PLLs. All these designs have been simulated and verified using Cadence. Moreover, a test chip of RO, current mirror and VCRO have already been realized in silicon and tested
Gallinato, Contino Olivier. "Modélisation de processus cancéreux et méthodes superconvergentes de résolution de problèmes d'interface sur grille cartésienne." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0257/document.
In this thesis, we present a study about phenomena of tumor invasion, at the tissues and cell scales.The first part is devoted to two continuous mathematical models. The first one is a macroscopic model for breast cancer growth, which focuses on the transition between the stage in situ and the invasive phase of growth. This model is based on advection equations for cellular species. The geometry and possible tissue damage are taken into account. Invasion occurs when the tumor cells produce proteolytic enzymes. The second model deals with the phenomenon of invadopodia, at the cell scale.This is a free boundary problem, which describes the change in morphology of pre-metastatic cells,enabling them to degrade the tissues and migrate into the rest of the body. Each of these models reflects the strong coupling of biological phenomena.The second part is devoted to numerical methods specifically developed to solve these problems and overcome coupling and nonlinearities. They are built on uniform Cartesian grids, thanks to the finite difference method, and a stabilized version of the Ghost fluid method. Their peculiarity is to take full advantage of superconvergence properties of the Poisson problem solution. These properties are specifically studied, leading to the first or second order numerical computation of the problems ofbreast cancer and invadopodia, depending on the desired accuracy. These methods can also be used to solve other free boundary problems
Leguebe, Michael. "Modélisation de l'électroperméabilisation à l'échelle cellulaire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0169/document.
Cell permeabilization by intense electric pulses, called electropermeabilization, is a biological phenomenon involved in recent anticancer therapies. It allows, for example, to increase the efficacy of chemotherapies still reducing their side effects, to improve gene transfer, or to proceed tumor ablation. However, mechanisms of electropermeabilization are not clearly explained yet, and the mostly adopted hypothesis of the formation of pores at the membrane surface is in contradiction with several experimental results.This thesis modeling work is based on a different approach than existing electroporation models. Instead of deriving equations on membranes properties from hypothesis at the molecular scale, we prefer to write ad hoc laws to describe them, based on available experimental data only. Moreover, to be as close as possible to these data, and to ease the forthcoming work of parameter calibration, we added to our model equations of transport and diffusion of molecules in the cell. Another important feature of our model is that we differentiate the conductive state of membranes from their permeable state.Numerical methods, as well as a 3D parallel C++ code were written and validated in order to solve the partial differential equations of our models. The modeling work was validated by showing qualitative match between our simulations and the behaviours that are observed in vitro
Li, Tianyi. "Vision, mutlisensory integration and aging in an integrated computational model of spatial memory." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS612.
An ever growing body of neuroscientific data is becoming available from various animal species, including humans, due to technological advances in capturing brain signals and behavior linked with them. These increasing amounts of data, together with an unprecedented power and memory capacity of present day computers calls for large scale computational models with the objective of unifying, storing and analysing these data. Moreover, such models allow crosslinking computational studies from various domains and in various levels of neural hierarchy to provide a deeper understanding of neuronal mechanisms underlying various cognitive phenomena and their link with behavior. The objective of this thesis is to develop an integrated model of human behavior in the context of spatial orientation and its deterioration with age. The problem of spatial cognition is considered as a problem of combining external sensory cues coming from the environment and internal sensory cues coming from self-motion information, with the objective to build a mental representation of surrounding space. A large body of experimental research suggests that this representation is constructed within an intricate network of brain areas residing in the medial temporal lobe, with external sensory input arriving via a ``dorsal'' visual path originating in early visual areas and passing via the parietal cortex. Aging has been shown to strongly affect medial temporal lobe networks and associated memory-based behaviors, and in particular the creation of mental representations of space. In this thesis we develop an integrated neural network model of spatial memory by based on anatomical and functional experimental evidence of sensory information processing in the dorsal visual path and medial temporal lobe networks. We use this model to simulate a number of experiments linking human visual functions with spatial orientation behaviors, and propose how visual cues are combined with self-motion input during the construction of mental maps of space. We then test the hypothesis that aging exerts its deteriorating effects on spatial memory via acting on neuromodulatory action in the brain and is linked with reduced novelty processing in the medial temporal lobe. Overall, the work performed during this doctoral thesis provides a first step towards building an integrated computer platform for human behavior simulation and contributes to a better understanding of how spatial representations are built from sensory signals and are affected by aging
Jeannin, Pierre-Olivier. "Le transistor MOSFET en commutation : Application aux associations série et parallèle de composants à grille isolée." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00549773.
Lion, Adrien. "Etude de la réponse immunitaire innée induite par les virus de la grippe aviaire dans les cellules épithéliales pulmonaires et les cellules endothéliales de poulets." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4014/document.
Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses essentially target the epithelia of the respiratory and intestinal tract in the infected chicken host (Gallus gallus). However, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses induce a peracute fatal systemic disease and exhibit a striking endothelial cell tropism. The objective of the present thesis was to explore the interdependencies of AI virus replication and the antiviral host response in two novel avian cell culture models: chicken lung epithelial cells (CLEC213) and chicken aortic endothelial cells (chAEC). The salient findings from this study are that (i) productive AI virus replication in chAEC is dependent on hemagglutinin cleavability and appears to be related to innate immune escape; (ii) CLEC213 are highly permissive to AI virus infection, due to a cell type-specific diminished TLR3- and/or MDA5-mediated antiviral signaling response; (iii) the interferon and cytokine regulatory functions of SOCS1 and SOCS3 are conserved in the chicken. Based on our data, we propose a model that predicts that certain AI viruses may exploit the proviral functions of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in a cell type-specific manner
Cussat-Blanc, Sylvain. "Créatures Artificielles : Développement d'Organismes à partir d'une Cellule Unique." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences Sociales - Toulouse I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00449673.
Barthélémy, Adeline. "Rôle des cellules T natural killer invariants (iNKT) dans la surinfection bactérienne post-grippale." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S002/document.
XDurant l’infection par le virus Influenza A (IAV), les changements physiques et immunologiques du poumon prédisposent l’hôte aux surinfections bactériennes. Les cellules T Natural Killer invariantes (iNKT) sont des lymphocytes T innés pouvant avoir des rôles bénéfiques ou délétères durant l’infection. Nos objectifs ont visé à (i) étudier le rôle naturel des cellules iNKT et (ii) à rechercher l’effet d’une activation exogène des cellules iNKT dans la surinfection bactérienne post-influenza.Lors de mon arrivée, le laboratoire venait de décrire, pour la première fois en contexte infectieux, que les cellules iNKT étaient capables de produire de l’IL-22 au cours de l’infection grippale. Cette cytokine joue un rôle majeur dans les processus de maintien et de réparation des épithéliums. L’une desDuring the infection by the virus Influenza A ( IAV), the physical and immunological changes of the lung predispose the host to the bacterial secondary infections. The invariant cells(units) T Natural Killer iNKT ) are lymphocytes T innate being able to have beneficial or noxious roles during the infection. Our objectives aimed at i) to study the natural role of cells(units) iNKT and ii) to look for the effect of an exogenous activation of cells(units) iNKT in the bacterial secondary infection post-influenza. During my arrival, the laboratory had just described, for the first time in infectious context, that cells(units) iNKT were capable of producing of IL-22 during the flu-like infection. This cytokine plays a major role in the processes of preservation and repair of epitheliums [...]
OGIER, MONNIER KARINE. "Remplacement du tasi 2 par wsi 2 pour la realisation des grilles des transistors des cellules des memoires eeprom : optimisation du procede." Rennes 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN10049.
Silvin, Aymeric. "Résistance sélective des sous-types de cellules dendritiques à l’infection par le VIH et le virus de la grippe." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB104/document.
Dendritic cells (DCs) sense viral particles and present viral antigens to induce immune responses. Viruses also replicate in DCs, engaging cytosolic immune responses. How DCs tolerate viruses to ensure functional integrity is unknown. DCs are developmentally organized in distinct subsets. We find that HIV and influenza preferentially infect CD1c+ DCs over CD141+ DCs and pDCs. Replication in CD1c+ DCs was essential for efficient CD8+ T cell activation and cytosolic sensing, while CD141+ DCs and pDCs responded to exogenous virus. Viral fusion was constitutively reduced in CD141+ and pDCs compared to CD1c+ DCs. The small GTPase RAB15 expressed selectively in CD141+ and pDCs contributed to the resistance. Selective resistance of DC subset to viral infections may thus represent a tolerance mechanism to maximize antiviral responses
Jain, Akanksha [Verfasser], Pavel [Akademischer Betreuer] Tomancak, and Stephan [Gutachter] Grill. "Molecular, Cellular and Mechanical basis of Epithelial Morphogenesis during Tribolium Embryogenesis / Akanksha Jain ; Gutachter: Stephan Grill ; Betreuer: Pavel Tomancak." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1226811299/34.
Dash, Shantoshini. "Role of M1 protein and actin-associated cellular cofactors in Influenza A Virus assembly and release." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT034.
The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, commonly known as swine flu, caused the very first pandemic of 21st century. Influenza virus, an enveloped RNA virus, uses the host cellular machinery for its assembly and release from the host cell plasma membrane. In this study, we were interested in the role of the viral M1 matrix protein in this process. M1 is the most abundant and vitally important protein present in influenza virus. The N-terminal 164 residues of M1 protein comprise of two basic domains which are the arginine triplet (R76/77/78) on helix 5 and the nuclear localization signal on helix 6, which are very well conserved among the influenza A virus subtypes. Firstly, to study M1-membrane interaction, we developed and standardized a minimal system consisting of M1+M2+NS1/NEP(±M) in which we could also observe production of VLPs incorporating M1. Using this system, we performed mutations in the M1 arginine triplet and looked at changes in M1 membrane attachment and M1 incorporation in VLP. As a result of these mutations, the M1 protein remained cytosolic and there was a drastic reduction in M1 containing VLP release. Mutating the entire arginine triplet to an alanine triplet inhibited VLP production completely. Also, a mutant virus with this alanine triplet failed completely to produce infectious virions. Thus we established the importance of the arginine triplet in M1 membrane attachment and virion production. Consequently, to study manipulation of actin and its cofactors by the virus, we used siRNA mediated gene silencing in the VLP producing minimal system. We observed a reduction in M1 containing VLP production upon inhibition of Rac1 and enhancement of M1 containing VLPs released upon inhibition of RhoA and Cdc42. By using an IAV (H3N2)-nanoluciferase virus on pulmonary A549 cells, we studied effect of depletion of RhoGTPases and their effectors on virus production. We observed that along with Rac1, inhibition of Wave2 and Arp3 also reduces the infectivity of H3N2 virus at the late phase of infection without any effect on the early phase of infection. The proteins interacting with M1 were identified by LC-MS/MS and included cofilin and annexin A2. Cofilin, already known to take part in the actin reorganization during the late phase of influenza A virus infection, is also one of the downstream effector linked to Rac1, Wave2, Pak1 and LIMK, for lamellipodia formation. Annexin A2 is also known to sequester PS at the inner leaflet of the cell plasma membrane. The viral protein M1 is able to recognize these clusters of PS, which ultimately initiates the viral assembly process. Thus, our results, while defining the mechanism of M1 membrane attachment, also indicate the possible involvement of Rac1, Wave2 and Arp3 as pro-viral factors in IAV assembly and release
Desdouits, Marion. "Myopathies virales : étude des interactions entre les cellules musculaires et les virus HTLV-1 et Influenza A." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077181.
This thesis aimed at deciphering the pathogenesis of myopathies associated with human viral infections and study the interactions between muscle cells and these viruses, namely HTLV-1 and Influenza A. HTLV-1 associated inflammatory myopathies (HAIM) present similarities with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) and with tropical spastic paraparesis or HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). Using a series of blood and muscle samples from 13 patients with HAIM, we showed that the pro viral load of these patients is low, similar to that of asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers, whereas an elevated proviral load is a known risk factor for TSP/HAM. Other experiments allowed us to highlight the possible role of IFNγ in the disease, as well as the presence of autoantibodies in HTLV-1 infected individuals, with or without HAIM. Thèse results shed a new light on the pathogenesis of HAIM, suggesting that it may differ from that of TSP/HAM and be more similar to that of IIM. Besides, we modelized in vitro the effect of HTLV-1 on muscle reneration using a coculture of infected lymphocytes and primary human muscle cells. The expression of Tax by infected lymphocytes inhibited the differentiation of muscle cells, a mechanism that could worsen the muscle symptoms during HAIM. Eventually, using field isolates of Influenza A (H1N1) and human muscle cells in primary culture, we showed that differenciated muscle cells can be productively infected by Influenza A, which leads to their lysis. This could explain the development of acute myopathies with rhabdomyolysis after Influenza infection
Deville, Romain. "Spatio-temporal grid mining applied to image classification and cellular automata analysis." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI046/document.
During this thesis, we consider the exhaustive graph mining problem for a special kind of graphs : the grids. Theses grids can be used to model objects that present a regular structure. These structures are naturally present in multiple board games (checkers, chess or go for instance) or in ecosystems models using cellular automata. It is also possible to find this structure in a lower level in images, which are 2D grids of pixels, or even in videos, which are 2D+t spatio-temporal grids of pixels. In this thesis, we proposed a new algorithm to find frequent patterns dedicated to spatio-temporal grids, GriMA. Use of regular grids allow our algorithm to reduce the complexity of the isomorphisms test. These tests are often use by generic graph mining algorithm but because of their complexity, they are rarely used on real data. Two applications were proposed to evaluate our algorithm: image classification for 2D grids mining and prediction of cellular automata for 2D+t grids mining
Dieu, Alexandra. "Modulation de la voie de signalisation RIG-I/MAVS/IRFs dans les cellules épithéliales pulmonaires par les nanoparticules d'argent au cours de l'infection par le virus de la grippe." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC123/document.
The Influenza A virus (IAV) is a hyper-variable pathogen causing acute respiratory infection known as Flu. Its hyper-variability allows it to be resistant to antiviral treatment. It is therefore essential to establish new curative "broad spectrum" treatments. Silver nanoparticles (NPs-Ag) are the most metallic nanomaterials present in the health sector and are potent microbicidal agents with major concerns about their use on humans because of their toxicity. Some studies have shown the antiviral effect of NPs-Ag against IAV, but not in a physiological context of Flu. Moreover, the antiviral and immunomodulation mechanisms of NPs-Ag during infection by IAV is still unclear. Here, we show that intra-tracheal administration of AgNPs to influenza infected mice or treatment of human lung epithelial cells with AgNPs resulted in exacerbated inflammation, reduced viral clearance and enhanced mortality associated to different regulation of KC (pro-inflammatory cytokine functionally homologue to human IL-8) and CCL-5 (interferon-related cytokine) in the lung. In this PhD thesis, we identified in lung epithelial cells, a new mechanism explaining dampening of mitochondrial antiviral immunity by AgNPs through alteration of the mitochondrial network leading to redistribution of IFNs regulatory factors 7, which prevents nuclear translocation of these factors. Finally, AgNPs increased LC3 positive vesicles and p62 expression, indicating that AgNPs modify the autophagy flux in lung epithelial cells. Thus, the NPs-Ag Ag inhibited the early anti-IAV response by specifically targeting the RIG-I/MAVS/IRFs signaling pathway resulting in down- regulation of CCL-5 and IFN-ß expression induced by IAV
Cortes, Mélanie. "Rôle des protéines IbeA et IbeT dans les propriétés d'adhésion de la souche d'Escherichia coli pathogène aviaire BEN2908." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4018.
Escherichia coli is bacterial species with multiple facets. Indeed, some strains are present at a commensal state in the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals, or are used as probiotics. Conversely, other strains are responsible for intestinal or extra-intestinal infections in Humans and warm-blooded animals. Extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains are responsible for multiple infectious diseases (neonatal meningitis, urinary tract infections, septicaemias or respiratory infections). Several virulence factors have been identified in ExPEC strains (adhesins, invasins,…) and notably the IbeA protein, originally identified in a strain isolated from a case of human neonatal meningitis. The ibeA gene is found in different ExPEC strains, of including strains avian origin. It is located on one of the four operon of the GimA genomic island, between ibeR coding a putative regulator and ibeT coding a putative antiporter. The IbeA protein is known for its role in bacterial invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). In order to better understand the role of IbeA in the infectious process and cellular invasion, we have studied the involvement of IbeA in adhesion of the avian pathogenic E. coli strain BEN2908 and attempted to determine the localisation of this protein and its link with the IbeT protein. The comparative henotypic study of strain BEN2908 and its ?ibeA mutant showed that IbeA was involved in the adhesion to HBMEC. Adhesion tests in the absence of type 1 fimbriae ( the major adhesin of our strain) showed that IbeA did not have a direct role in adhesion in this context. This result suggested there could be a decrease in type 1 fimbriae expression at the bacterial surface in the ?ibeA mutant. This was demonstrated by dot blots. To understand how IbeA led to a modification of type 1 fimbriae, we investigated the role of IbeA in the control of the expression of genes that belong to the fim operon. Thus we showed that the promoter of these genes, located on an invertible element, was preferentially in an orientation preventing transcription of the fim genes in the ?ibeA mutant. Then, we highlighted in the ?ibeA mutant, a decrease of expression of the fimB and fimE genes encoding two recombinases involved in the orientational control of invertible element. These decreases of fimB and fimE expression could explain the reduction of type 1 fimbriae expression in the ?ibeA mutant. Lastly, phenotypes similar to that of the ?ibeA mutant were observed in a ?ibeT mutant. The localisation of IbeA is necessary to understand how this protein can act on fimB and fimE expression. We localised IbeA in the bacterial cytoplasm, but the doubt on the functionality of IbeA in the genetic constructions used demands that these results be confirmed. Finally, we have looked for a metabolic role for IbeA and IbeT, given the IbeT homology with carbon compound transporters. We have observed that, in minimal broth with fumarate, succinate, malate or aspartate as sole carbon sources, the ?ibeT mutant presented a lower growth rate than the wild type strain and ?ibeA mutant. Altogether, these results suggest a link between metabolism of dicarboxylates, type 1 fimbriae expression and IbeA and IbeT proteins. They open numerous perspectives for the comprehension of IbeA and IbeT mechanisms
Ashraf, Usama. "Interplay between influenza viruses and the cellular splicing machinery." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=4033&f=26689.
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) replicate in the nucleus of infected cells, which provides access to the cellular splicing machinery. Physical and functional interactions between viral proteins and cellular splicing factors have been shown to tightly regulate the splicing some of IAV mRNAs, and to be essential for viral replication. Further analysis of the interplay between IAVs and cellular splicing will provide new insights into the complex network of IAV-host cell interactions. It may also lead to the development of new anti-influenza strategies that may overcome the major limitation of existing drugs, i.e. the rapid and frequent emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Based on previous data showing that the RED-SMU1 splicing complex is essential for IAV replication, we sought to identify compounds that disrupt the RED-SMU1 complex and therefore inhibit IAV replication. To this end, we collaborated with experts in structural biology and molecular modeling/medicinal chemistry. We validated the 3D crystal structure of a minimal RED-SMU1 complex by mutagenesis experiments. Upon two rounds of in silico screening of a library of 4,121 compounds, followed by experimental evaluation, we identified two synthetic molecules that target an alpha-helix/groove interface essential for RED-SMU1 assembly. One of these molecules was co-crystallized with the N-terminal domain of SMU1. We showed that these compounds inhibit RED-SMU1 interaction, decrease endogenous RED-SMU1 levels, and inhibit viral mRNA splicing and viral multiplication, whilst preserving cell viability. Altogether, our data demonstrate the potential of RED-SMU1 destabilizing molecules as a novel host-targeted therapy, which could be active against a wide range of IAVs and be less prone to drug resistance. In parallel, we sought to investigate IAV-induced perturbations of cellular alternative splicing events (ASEs) at a transcriptome-wide level, an aspect of IAV biology which has not yet been explored in-depth. To this end, we collaborated with a team of bioinformaticians with a special expertise in the analysis of cellular ASEs. HiSeq Illumina sequencing of polyA+ RNAs isolated from mock- or IAV-infected A549 cells was performed. We analyzed ASEs using a software which does not rely on existing splice site annotations and therefore can identify so far uncovered splicing events, and we performed an integrated analysis of splicing events, fold-change expression, and termination readthrough. We identified 3,969 ASEs (exon skipping, intron retention, alternative donor or acceptor sites, and multiple exon skipping), corresponding to 2,079 genes, that show a marked and significant difference in splicing upon IAV infection. Our analysis points to a global increase of exon inclusion and decrease in intron retention in IAV-infected cells. Viral-induced alterations of the cellular splicing appeared to be largely independent from the viral-induced changes in gene expression and termination readthrough. Gene ontology analysis revealed that RNA metabolism, signaling pathways, and biosynthetic processes are represented among the top 10 biological processes associated with differentially spliced genes. The high rate of validation of a selected subset of 32 differentially regulated ASEs using the orthogonal RT-PCR method demonstrated the robustness of our experimental settings and bioinformatics analysis. Further analyses on a subset of 9 ASEs showed that the observed splicing alterations are highly conserved across two human respiratory cell lines, and largely shared between two distinct IAVs. These observations open the way to functional studies, which in the long term may reveal new mechanisms through which IAVs rewire cellular gene expression to promote viral replication or to limit the antiviral response
Matthes, Michaela [Verfasser], Ruiz Ramón Angel [Akademischer Betreuer] Torres, Brigitte [Akademischer Betreuer] Poppenberger-Sieberer, and Erwin [Akademischer Betreuer] Grill. "The cellular polarity of ENHANCER OF PINOID: underlying factors and its role in the organogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana / Michaela Matthes. Gutachter: Ramón Angel Torres Ruiz ; Brigitte Poppenberger-Sieberer ; Erwin Grill. Betreuer: Ramón Angel Torres Ruiz." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1064523234/34.
Creusat, Florent. "Etude et origine des neutrophiles régulateurs dans l'infection pulmonaire." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR3304.
Neutrophils are key innate effector cells during infections, mostly described as single footsoldiers of innate immunity that eliminate pathogens through multiple mechanisms. However, emerging evidences tend to reposition neutrophils as cells endowed with relevant immunomodulatory functions in various immune responses including auto-immunity, cancer and viral infections. Thus, it is now admitted that neutrophils can play multiple (sometimes opposite) functions in relation to the environment or the existence of preset functional subsets. In this context, neutrophil(s) can play either protective or deleterious role according to the disease and the inflammatory stage of the disease. This paradigm can be further exemplified during experimental Influenza A virus (IAV) infection, a model of lung immunopathology, in which neutrophils have been shown to play either pro- or anti-inflammatory functions. It is usually conceded that neutrophils play a critical role in IAV-dependent immunopathology and its complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. Thus, its presence in airways is correlated to disease severity in experimental model and clinical studies. However, some studies indicate a protective role for neutrophils during IAV infection. While the differences in the model used may somehow explain these contradictory results, we hypothesized that this discrepancy may arise from the existence of functional subsets that play opposite roles during IAV infection.During IAV infection, we observed the emergence of a subset of mature neutrophils expressing the hematopoietic stem cell marker Sca-1 (Ly6A). This subset could be observed under steady-state and preferentially populated non lymphoid tissues. During flu infection, Sca-1+ neutrophils displayed a phenotypic and functional profile of cells endowed with immunoregulatory functions. Specifically, they expressed the regulatory surface makers PD-L1 and MHC-II and secreted anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10 and arginase-1. These functions appeared to be acquired in the bone marrow during neutrophil development in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Interestingly, depletion of Sca-1+ neutrophils culminated in increased susceptibility to IAV infection and IAV-dependent inflammation. In sum, our work suggest a new immunological concept in which a distant viral infection can remote the functional development of neutrophils in the bone marrow
Jacob, Pierre-Yves. "Rôle du cortex entorhinal médian dans le traitement des informations spatiales : études comportementales et électrophysiologiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4702/document.
The work conducted during my PhD thesis was aimed at understanding the nature of the spatial representation formed by the the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). First, we show that the MEC codes specifically distance information which is necessary for a type of navigation based on idiothetic cues, called path integration. Then, we observe that the vestibular system, an important source of idiothetic information in the brain, influences the MEC theta rhythm and its modulation by the animal velocity. In addition, we show that MEC activity is necessary for the stability of place cells activity. Finally, we observe that entorhinal grid cells activity is modified by the information available in the environment (allothetic information).Together, our results show that the MEC processes and integrates idiothetic information as well as allothetic information. These data suggest that the entorhinal map is not a universal metric based on idiothetic information, but is flexible and dependant on the information present in the environment. In addition, the entorhinal map is not required for the generation of place cells activity, contrary to the dominant hypothesis
Bhattacharjee, Saptarshi. "Study and modeling of fluctuating fluid forces exerted on fuel rods in pressurized water reactors." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4315.
Flow-induced vibrations in the pressurized water reactor core can cause fretting wear in the fuel rods. Due to friction, wear occurs at the contact locations between the spacer grid and the fuel rod. This may compromise the first safety barrier of the nuclear reactor by damaging the fuel rod cladding. In order to ensure the integrity of the cladding, it is necessary to know the random fluctuating forces acting on the rods. However, the spectra for these fluid forces are not well known. The goal of this thesis is to use simple geometrical elements to check the reproducibility of realistic PWR spacer grids. As a first step, LES were performed on annular pipe for different mesh refinements using the CFD code TrioCFD. A mesh sensitivity study was performed to propose a good mesh for reproducing standard literature results. This information on mesh resolution was used when carrying out simulations using various geometric obstacles inside the pipe-mixing vanes, circular spacer grid and a combination of square spacer grid with mixing vanes. Structured mesh was generated for the annular pipe case and circular grid case. An innovative hybrid mesh was used for the two remaining cases of the mixing vanes and the square grid; keeping unstructured mesh around the obstacles and structured mesh in the rest of the domain. Both hydraulic and wall pressure characteristics were analyzed for each case. The results for the square grid case were found to be an approximate combination of the mixing vane case and circular grid case. Simulation results were compared with experiments performed at CEA Cadarache. Some preliminary comparisons were also made with classical empirical models
MELO, Guilhermar Ramos de. "Produção de celulas e xilanases pelo fungo termofílio Humicola grisea var. thermoidea em diferentes substratos lignocelulósicos." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1255.
The vegetal biomass consists mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose is the most abundant polymer and xylan is the main component of hemicellulose. The conversion of cellulose and xylan to glucose and xylose can be realized by an enzymatic complex found in secretions of microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. Enzymatic hydrolysis is an important step to the bioconversion of cellulosic and hemicellulosic fraction from lignocellulosic wastes. The thermophilic fungus Humicola grisea var thermoidea produces an efficient complex of cellulolytic enzymes (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases and β-glucosidase) and xylanolytic (endoxylanase and β-xylosidase) with high thermostability when grown on different lignocellulosic substrates. The aim of this study was to analyze the kinetics of production of cellulases and xylanase by the fungus H. grisea cultivated on medium containing rice straw (RS), corncob (CC), crushed cane sugar bagasse (CSB) and wheat bran (WB) as carbon source and subsequently analyze the profile of proteins with cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity secreted by the fungus when grown in minimal medium, by liquid fermentation, containing the substrates at concentrations of 1, 2 and 3% and maintained at 42 ° C, 120 rpm for different times. The best results were obtained when the fungus was grown in 3% BCA and FT, the peaks of FPase (0.17 U / mL) and CMCase (3.54 U / mL) were observed after 192 h of growth with 3% BCA , peak avicelase (0,195 U / mL) after 48 h with 3% FT and peak xylanase (23.75 U / mL) after 216 h with 3% FT. The results showed that the best inducer of enzyme production with FPase and CMCase activity was the CSB and the best inducer of enzymes production with xylanase and avicelase activity was the WB. In profile analysis of proteins secreted by H. grisea by SDS-PAGE (216 h) and zymogram (144 h), no band was seen when the fungus was grown in the presence of glucose, suggesting catabolite repression. However, two very strong protein bands corresponding to HXYN2 (23 kDa) and CBH1.2 (47 kDa) were visualized in the gels containing CSB (2 to 3%) and WB (2 and 3%). These enzymes are the main xylanolytic and cellulolytic systems of the fungus, respectively. Were monitored by recombinant enzymes from H. grisea (in gels), an endoxylanase HXYN2r (23 kDa), an cellobiohydrolase CBH1.2r (47 kDa). The masses full profile of H. grisea can be seen in Figures 13, 14, 15, 16, 18 and 19.
A biomassa vegetal é constituída principalmente de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. A celulose é o polímero mais abundante e a xilana o principal componente hemicelulósico. A conversão da celulose e da xilana à glicose e xilose pode ser realizada por um complexo enzimático encontrado nas secreções de microrganismos tais como fungos e bactérias. A hidrólise enzimática é um importante passo para a bioconversão da fração celulósica e hemicelulósica de resíduos lignocelulósicos. O fungo termofílico Humicola grisea var thermoidea produz um eficiente complexo de enzimas celulolíticas (endoglicanases, celobiohidrolases e β-glicosidases) e xilanolíticas (endoxilanases e β-xilosidase) com alta termoestabilidade quando cultivado em diferentes substratos lignocelulósicos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a cinética de produção de celulases e xilanases pelo fungo H. grisea cultivado em meio contendo palha de arroz (PA), sabugo de milho (SM), bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BCA) e farelo de trigo (FT) como fonte de carbono e posteriormente analisar o perfil de proteínas com atividade celulolítica e xilanolítica secretadas pelo fungo quando cultivado em meio mínimo, por fermentação líquida, contendo os substratos nas concentrações de 1, 2 e 3%, e mantidos a 42 °C, 120 rpm por diferentes tempos. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando o fungo foi cultivado em 3% de BCA e FT, sendo que os picos de FPase (0.17 U/mL) e CMCase (3.54 U/mL) foram observados após 192 e 240 h respectivamente de crescimento com 3% de BCA, o pico de Avicelase (0.195 U/mL) após 48 h com 3% de FT e o pico de xilanase (23.75 U/mL) após 216 h com 3% de FT. Os resultados demonstraram que o melhor indutor da produção de enzimas com atividade de FPAse e CMCase foi o BCA e o melhor indutor da produção de enzimas com atividade de Avicelase e xilanase foi o FT. Na análise do perfil de proteínas secretadas pelo H. grisea por SDS-PAGE (216 h) e zimograma (144 h), nenhuma banda foi visualizada quando o fungo foi cultivado na presença de glicose, sugerindo repressão catabólica. Entretanto, duas bandas protéicas muito fortes, correspondentes à HXYN2 (23 kDa) e CBH1.2 (47 kDa) foram visualizadas nos géis contendo BCA (2 e 3%) e FT (2 e 3%); e representam as principais enzimas dos sistemas xilanolítico e celulolítico do fungo, respectivamente. Estas foram monitoradas pelas enzimas recombinantes do H. grisea (nos geis): uma endoxilanase HXYN2r (23 kDa) e uma celobiohidrolase CBH1.2r (47 kDa). As massas do perfil completo do H. grisea podem ser vistas nas Figuras 13-19.
Declercq, Marion. "Host RNA degradation pathways and influenza A virus interplay : identification of a major role of the cellular exonuclease ERI1 in the influenza A virus life cycle." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/DECLERCQ_Marion_va1.pdf.
RNA decay is a central cellular process as it regulates RNA stability and quality and thereby gene expression, which is essential to ensure proper cellular physiology and establishment of adapted responses to viral infection. Global takeover of gene expression machineries and rewiring of the cellular environment is key to the success of viral infection. Cellular proteome and viral replication are tightly connected and cellular RNA processing, stability, quality and decay accordingly influence the fate of the viral cycle. Growing evidence points towards the existence of a large interplay between eukaryotic RNA turnover machineries and viral proteins. Viruses not only evolved mechanisms to evade those RNA degradation pathways, but they also manipulate them to promote viral replication.Influenza A viruses (IAV) are major pathogens responsible for yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics. To complete their viral cycle, IAVs rely on many cellular proteins and establish a complex and highly coordinated interplay with the host proteome. Growing evidence supports the existence of a complex interplay between IAV viral proteins and RNA decay machineries. Unraveling such interplay is therefore essential to gain a better understanding of the IAV life cycle, required for the development of antiviral strategies. This led us to systematically screen interactions between viral proteins involved in IAV replication and a selected set of 75 cellular proteins carrying exoribonucleases activities or associated with RNA decay machineries. A total of 18 proteins were identified as interactors of at least one viral protein tested. Analysis of the interaction network highlighted a specific and preferential targeting of RNA degradation pathways by IAV proteins. Among validated interactors, a targeted RNAi screen identified nine factors as required for viral multiplication. We chose to focus on the 3’-5’ exoribonuclease 1 (ERI1), found in our screen as an interactor of several components of the vRNPs (viral RiboNucleoProtein) (PB2, PB1 and NP). The ERI1 protein is a major player in the control of cellular gene expression as it is essential for the maturation and decay of histone mRNA, maturation of 5.8S rRNA and miRNA homeostasis in mammalian cells. Exploring the interplay between ERI1 and viral proteins during the course of IAV infection we found that i) ERI1 promotes viral transcription, and both of its activities – RNA binding and exonuclease – are required, ii) ERI1 interacts with viral proteins in an RNA dependent manner, iii) ERI1 interacts with the transcribing vRNPs, iv) viral proteins interact with a form of ERI1 that is associated to histone mRNA. Ultimately, our data point to a model where ERI1 associated to histone mRNA is co-opted by the transcribing viral polymerase, thereby promoting IAV multiplication, through a mechanism that remains to be precisely determined. Targeting of ERI1 by IAV is another example further supporting the intricate interplay between IAV and RNA decay machineries, used to rewire cellular gene expression in order to create a favorable environment for viral replication
Delgado-Ortega, Mario. "Etude comparative de la réponse immune innée à une souche porcine d'influenza de sous-type H3N2 et implication potentielle des protéïnes SOCS." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4004/document.
The aim of this work was to investigate the innate immune response to swine influenza virus (SIV) and its regulation in swine by the suppressors of cytokine signaling SOCS and the cytokine-inducible SH2 domain containing protein (CISH). The assessment of SOCS constitutive mRNA expression showed significant mRNA expression of SOCS1 in thymus suggesting a key role of this protein in T cell differentiation. The innate immune response against an SIV H3N2 subtype was then assessed in vitro and ex vivo by measuring antiviral and SOCS transcripts expression. The induction of several antiviral genes along with SOCS1 gene was observed. Experimental infection of NPTr cells with H3N2 virus induced MAPK and JAK/STAT signaling pathways activation. The inhibition of JAK/STAT pathway clearly reduced antiviral transcript expression, SOCS1 and both interferon types I and III mRNA expression as well. In order to develop an alternative in vitro tool to study the innate immune response, NPTr epithelial cell line were cultured at the air-liquid interface. This system promotes the differentiation of mucus producing cells, tight junctions development and enables high trans-epithelial electronic resistance values. Nonetheless, the NPTr cells do not develop cilia. The culture of NPTr cells in ALI conditions allows a partial in vitro representation to investigate some aspects of host/respiratory pathogen interaction in pigs