Готові списки джерел за темами / Central-local government relations

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Central-local government relations"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 30 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Central-local government relations"

Loughlin, Martin. "Understanding Central-Local Government Relations." Public Policy and Administration 11, no. 2 (June 1996): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095207679601100205.

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McConnell, Allan. "Central-local government relations in Scotland." International Review of Administrative Sciences 72, no. 1 (March 2006): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852306061622.

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BAJRAMI, Iliriana. "Relations Between Central Government and Local Government in Kosovo." PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 3, no. 2 (August 24, 2019): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v3i2.107.

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Анотація:

This paper represents a model attempt to shed light on institutional relations between two levels of power in the Republic of Kosovo. The wide range of legal acts concerned with the regulation of the reports between Central and Legal Government in Kosovo, comprise a legal system containing complex set of rules which define the share of power, competences and the authority of these two levels. As such, this paper is an attempt to investigate and analyze the complex set of legal and institutional mechanisms referring to relations between these two levels of power. The paper follows a set of approaches and methods such as comparative and analytical method, descriptive, empirical and historical method in order to cover as much aspects and elements of the relations between two levels of power in Kosovo. Key words: Authorizations, Central Govenrment, Consitution, Competences, Decentralization, Local Government, Local governance, Power.

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Connolly, Michael. "Central ‐ local government relations in Northern Ireland." Local Government Studies 12, no. 5 (September 1986): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003938608433294.

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Bagaviki, Elda, and Endirë Bushati. "Balancing Act: Albanian Experiences of Local Government Relations with Central Government." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 33, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2024.33.1.11-28.

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The European Union’s promotion of the multilevel governance approach redefines the relationships between supranational, national and local governments. As countries like Albania undergo adaptations in the accession process, finding a balance between local and national government relations becomes crucial. The review aims to explore the complex interplay of governance levels in Albania, drawing insightful comparisons with successful cases in Europe, and offering valuable lessons for the policymaking process. To foster greater cooperation between national and subnational levels, it is imperative to define roles and responsibilities clearly, ensure proper financing while national government takes a more strategic role. In Albania, facilitating meaningful interaction can be achieved through the Consultative Council for local and central government, alongside associations of local authorities, though it necessitates legal changes and commitment from local governments. The Albanian Law on Local Self-Government, established in 2015, coincided with a new administrative-territorial reform in the same year, presenting various challenges, particularly for local governments. Through this article, we aim to present scientific research and concrete results concerning the Albanian experience of local government relations with the central government, while providing a comparative analysis with other European countries. Additionally, specific recommendations are proposed to strengthen government interrelations, given the high priority of the EU accession process in the country’s development agenda.

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Marumahoko, Sylvester. "Central-Local Relations in Zimbabwe." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 23, no. 3 (November 24, 2023): 411–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.23.3.4.

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The study examines current central-local interactions in Zimbabwe and is based on document analysis. It looks at what might be a trend in Zimbabwe’s intergovernmental structure, one that is marked by an increase in the national level meddling in local government affairs. After a brief introduction, the paper outlines its structure and approach. The conceptual and theoretical framework is then presented. There is a brief discussion of three theories: subsidiarity, jurisdictional design principles, and decentralisation theorem. This is followed by a brief discussion on the territorial organisation of Zimbabwe, with the intention of providing readers with context and perspective. The paper then examines central-local interactions, after which the discussion turns to whether the takeovers fit within the theoretical framework. The examination is conducted against the backdrop of the requirement to safeguard the local level’s integrity, reputation, and autonomy. The paper’s conclusion is that local government matters and is an important component of Zimbabwe’s governmental structure.

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Loughlin, Martin. "The restructuring of central‐local government legal relations." Local Government Studies 11, no. 6 (November 1985): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003938508433235.

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Wilson, David. "Unravelling Control Freakery: Redefining Central-Local Government Relations." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 5, no. 3 (August 2003): 317–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-856x.00109.

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De Ceuninck, Koenraad, and Herwig Reynaert. "Central-Local Relations in Flanders." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 16, no. 1 (March 9, 2016): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.16.1.1.

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The scale of Flemish municipalities keeps dominating the political agenda in Flanders. In recent years the Flemish government has stimulated the municipalities to merge on a voluntary basis. If they do so, they can receive more competences and strengthen their position. However, this policy has not generated any success so far. In this paper the authors place these efforts in a historical perspective, before addressing the current policy in Flanders concerning scale and decentralisation. In the final part of the paper the authors introduce some foreign experiences with scale and decentralisation. It is remarkable that the current debate in Flanders does not stand on its own. The authors try to determine what lessons Flanders can learn from these foreign experiences.

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Pastory, Parestico. "Inter-governmental relations and procurement non-compliance in African local government systems." Journal of Public Procurement 19, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-01-2019-0001.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the implications of inter-governmental relations on procurement compliance in local government. Design/methodology/approach A total of 68 in-depth interviews with local government officials and councillors in four different local government authorities, members of parliament in the local authorities accounts committee and a committee clerk were carried out in addition to documentary review. Findings Evidences from in-depth interviews and documentary analysis point to central government as one of key reasons for procurement non-compliance. The nature of inter-governmental relations enables the central government to issue encroaching directives on local government procurement plans or take handicapping actions on the financial ability of the local governments to execute procurement plans. Practical implications The study adds inter-governmental relations on strategies for improving procurement compliance in African local government systems. Originality/value Despite increasing research on procurement compliance, the complexity of regulatory non-compliance in local government procurement has not been adequately analysed. The current study uses an inter-governmental relations perspective to contribute knowledge on procurement compliance in local government systems of the Third World, sub-Saharan Africa in particular.

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Дисертації з теми "Central-local government relations"

Khan, Taj Moharram. "Central-local government relations in Pakistan since 1979." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1996. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/272/.

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This thesis explores the pattern of relationship of local government institutions in Pakistan with the higher level of governments, particularly with the provincial governments, under whose jurisdictional purview they fall. Pakistan is a federation where the provinces are empowered to legislate on various aspects of the working of local councils. Despite being a provincial subject, the influence of the central government under both the military and civilian regimes has also been immense. To analyse this, field work was undertaken in two provinces of Pakistan (the Punjab and the N-W. F. P). In each a district was selected (Gujrat and Mardan respectively) and the working of their municipalities and district councils were studied in the context of the impact of party-politics, the administrative control exercised, and the implications of financial decisions taken by the higher levels of government. Part one of the thesis describes the origin and development of local government in the South Asian sub-continent, particularly an analysis of the initiatives taken for their growth by military and civilian regimes during the years preceding independence. Part two consists of the case studies of four local councils and an analysis of the provincial-local government relations under the present Local Government Ordinance of 1979 introduced by General Mohammad Zia-ul Haque. Part three reflects the concerns and recommendations of experts and those involved in the working of local government in Pakistan. The conclusions drawn from the thesis material show that, though local government institutions have been operating in an environment of political expediency and without assistance from the general political cultural background, they have been able to make positive contributions to the development of democracy and to the provision of local services for the general welfare of the people. Local government in Pakistan has suffered from gaps between theory and practice, public statements and practical realities, and a pervasive political context which has neglected the development of services. There has been a tendency to proclaim the virtues of local government in theory and to make promises to support local institutions but in practice to do much less and to continue with practices which do not enable local government and its services to flourish. The clearest exemplification of this is that periods of martial law, where democracy at a national level has been imperilled, have seen the positive encouragement of local government and local democracy as a means of gaining popular support for the regime. In contrast, in periods of democratic central government, local institutions have proved to be obstacles to central authority, and they have been neglected or abused in favour of a more bureaucratic mode of governing. Both military and civilian rulers have manipulated local institutions for their own benefit. The outcome has been that the relationship between centre and provinces and the provinces and the local institutions has never been balanced or fully articulated. At the local level, as illustrated in the case studies, the consequences has been a lower level of civic amenity than is either desirable or what local persons know is practicable with a more stable institutional base. The past record of the cases studied shows that, despite the impact of local and national politics, real progress had been made in services and in developing local democracy

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Choi, Ho-Taek. "Central-local government fiscal relations in South Korea the impact of central government grants on local authorities' finance /." Thesis, Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.311609.

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KoÌˆsecik, Muhammet. "Central-local government relations in the Thatcher years (1979-1990)." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390968.

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Carmichael, Paul. "Central-local government relations in the 1980s : Glasgow and Liverpool compared." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262030.

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Hoffman, Barak Daniel. "Political accountability at the local level in Tanzania." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3229904.

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Анотація:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 11, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 223-232).

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Chow, Sin-yin. "The central-local relationship in Guangdong and Fujian : a comparative approach /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25018000.

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Bradbury, Jonathan Paul. "The 1929 Local Government Act : the formulation and implementation of the Poor Law (health care) and Exchequer Grant reforms for England and Wales (outside London)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/0912f869-b9d3-4394-bfd9-59d184518f74.

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Vasilevskaya, Marina. "The phenomenon of federalism division of authorities, intrastate stability, and international behavior /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.

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Herman, John E. "National integration and regional hegemony : the political and cultural dynamics of Qing State Expansion, 1650-1750 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10519.

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Haworth, Peter Daniel. "Community and federalism in the American political tradition." Connect to Electronic Thesis (ProQuest) Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/454044697/viewonline.

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Книги з теми "Central-local government relations"

Houlihan, Barrie. The politics of local government: Central-local relations. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England: Longman, 1986.

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David, Walker. Trends in local-central government relations: A local perspective. London: Certified Accountants Educational Trust, 2000.

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Connolly, Michael. Central-local government relations in Northern Ireland. Birmingham: Institute ofLocal Government Studies, University of Birmingham, 1986.

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Foundation, Joseph Rowntree, ed. Local and central government relations research progamme. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1989.

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Services, NALGO Education, ed. Central-local government relations: The administrative impact. London: Nalgo, 1985.

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Houlihan, Barrie. Housing policy and central-local government relations. Aldershot, Hants, England: Avebury, 1988.

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Michael, Goldsmith, ed. New research in central-local relations. Aldershot, Hants., England: Gower, 1986.

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Hattingh, Jan J. Governmental relations: An introduction. Pretoria: University of South Africa, 1986.

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Bray, Caroline. The European Community and central-local government relations: A review. London: Economic and Social Research Council, 1985.

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India. Commission on Centre-State Relations. Commission on Centre-State Relations: Report. New Delhi: Commission on Centre-State Relations, 2010.

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Частини книг з теми "Central-local government relations"

Wilson, David, Chris Game, Steve Leach, and Gerry Stoker. "Central-Local Government Relations." In Local Government in the United Kingdom, 95–116. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23377-9_7.

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Wilson, David, and Chris Game. "Central-Local Government Relations." In Local Government in the United Kingdom, 99–126. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26082-9_7.

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Leach, Steve, John Stewart, and George Jones. "Central–local relations." In Centralisation, Devolution and the Future of Local Government in England, 58–71. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315407944-5.

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Wilson, David. "Elected Local Government and Central-Local Relations." In Governing the UK in the 1990s, 230–53. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23899-6_11.

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Leach, Steve, John Stewart, and George Jones. "Central–local relations and LOCAL-GOVERNMENT reorganisation." In Centralisation, Devolution and the Future of Local Government in England, 128–41. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315407944-9.

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Stoker, Gerry. "Central-Local Relations and Policy Networks." In The Politics of Local Government, 140–60. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21516-4_6.

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Stoker, Gerry. "Central-Local Relations and Policy Networks." In The Politics of Local Government, 129–49. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19303-5_6.

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Wilson, David, and Chris Game. "Central-Local Government Relations: The Practice." In Local Government in the United Kingdom, 184–205. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-35667-2_11.

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Wilson, David, and Chris Game. "Central-Local Government Relations: The Formal Framework." In Local Government in the United Kingdom, 166–83. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-35667-2_10.

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Stanton, John. "Relations between central, devolved, and local government." In Law, Localism, and the Constitution, 235–62. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429426216-10.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Central-local government relations"

Fratini, Fabio, Manuela Mattone, and Silvia Rescic. "The building materials of “Colle del Melogno” Central Fort (Liguria, Italy)." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11544.

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The Melogno pass (Colle del Melogno) is located at 1026 m above sea level, between the high Val Bormida and the hinterland of the Finalese (province of Savona) and is one of the highest mountain passes in the Ligurian Alps. In ancient times, this zone was considered strategically important from the military point of view since it is located at the crossroads of many communication routes. In these areas, in November 1795, during the “Battle of Loano”, the French army, commanded by Andrea Massena and the allied army of Austria, prevailed over the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by Oliver Remigius von Wallis. However, the territory remained possession of the Kingdom of Sardinia and, between 1883 and 1895, the worsening of relations with France induced the government to erect, near the pass, three imposing fortifications (Tortagna, Settepani and Centrale) to prevent an entry into Piedmont by armies coming from the coast. For the same purpose other fortifications were erected near the passes of Tenda, Nava, Turchino and near the villages of Zuccarello, Altare and Vado. The most impressive among the three fortifications of Melogno pass is the Central Fort. It occupies all the saddle of the pass and it is crossed by the provincial road 490 connecting the coast of Finale Ligure to Piedmont. The fort, still of military property, is a listed historical artefact. It has a polygonal shape, with a main barrack developed on two floors. Four defensive and attacking emplacements were located outside the main complex, along a detached hill, with heavy artillery pointed towards the coast. The study will examine the natural and artificial stone materials used for the building through mineralogical and petrographic analysis and will verify both the variations occurred during the construction phases and the relations with the local supply sources.

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Zheng, Li. "Research on the Game Analysis of Central and Local Governments under the Perspective of Intergovernmental Relations." In 2016 International Conference on Economics, Social Science, Arts, Education and Management Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/essaeme-16.2016.167.

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Sitompul, Guntur, Erika Revida, Hatta Ridho, and Tengku Irmayani. "Relation Model Between the Central Government and Local Goverments in Lake Toba Tourism Development Related to the Implementing Agency of the Lake Toba." In International Conference on Social and Political Development 4. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0011567700003460.

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Kruth, Jeffrey T. "Investigating Terms of Transition in the Ohio River Valley." In 112th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.112.89.

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As an existing condition, many of the landscapes of the Ohio River Valley and Appalachian region have been abandoned by both a market-driven economy and meaningful state intervention. Under-resourced, these communities now face another generation of disinvestment.Recently, local politicians and leaders within the Ohio River Valley from Youngstown, Dayton, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and elsewhere have called for a Marshall Plan for Middle America to reinvest in these deteriorated communities. Similarly, the recent Bipartisan Infrastructure Law promises investment in the area. The encouraging side of these plans largely call for an investment into sustainable businesses, without a design or planning framework for the broader community, in contrast to earlier large scale government programs and administrations such as the New Deal. Even with admirable calls for investment, there is the danger of repeating problematictop-down planning agendas, and eschewing community needs in favor of private interests.Given this framework, this paper discusses the work of a recent upper level undergraduate architecture studio. Pedagogically central to our investigation is the design of institutions, and the role of the architect in relation to private and state actors. While many architecture studios begin with the assumption that adequate funding will support a student’s hypothetical design, we began our work researching the limitations of existing institutions, their funding streams, and their spatial extents. Working alongside community partners Reimagine Appalachia, we questioned the existing functions of institutions including local governments, industries receiving public dollars as part of harmful extraction economies, and the infrastructures that support these activities that are seen asnormative. As a result, student designs included the redesign of institutional practices alongside their architecturalinterventions.

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Turanjanin, Veljko. "MIGRANTS AND SAFETY IN SERBIA DURING AND AFTER CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22437.

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The removal of internal borders and the establishment of freedom of movement are important aspects of the EU’s history, but they are not accompanied by a uniform legal system. The migrant dilemma isn’t going away, and the pattern and character of these movements have evolved dramatically over the previous six decades. The author of this article addresses the issue of migrants’ position in Serbia’s rural areas during the coronavirus pandemic. During the period of emergency, Serbia enacted policies that imprisoned migrants in detention centres, effectively depriving them of their liberty. According to the government’s reasoning, it was done to protect migrants’ health. Given the rising violence between migrants and the local people, the question is whether the state intended to safeguard migrants’ health or citizens from migrants in this manner. The author conducted a survey in these areas, explains the findings in depth, and draws a conclusion based on his findings. The paper is comprised of several units. In the first place, the author briefly explains the state of emergency in Serbia and gives an overview of migration centers in Serbia. The central part of this paper deals with the research between citizens in relation to migrants, both in their general attitude and in terms of the relationship between migrants and crime. Residents of migrants’ areas were surveyed, as the author believed thought that due to the location of migration centres, they would be most affected by waves of migrants and possibly, crimes committed by migrants. The author set two initial hypotheses and both were confirmed, and according to the research, the population has a negative attitude towards migrants. At the same time, most respondents show distrust of the state’s claim that migrants are imprisoned for their health. The author believes that this move by the state at that time was a hasty reaction in order to prevent the uncontrolled movement of migrants and the potential spread of the infectious coronavirus disease. In the same time, the author tries to answer to the question about the migrants’ position today and in the near future.

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Beuk Kovačević, Nevena. "Consequences of economic transition on demographic processes in the Baranja region in the Republic of Croatia." In Population in Post-Yugoslav Countries: (Dis)Similarities and Perspectives. Institute of Social Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59954/ppycdsp2024.48.

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The transition of the European former socialist countries had different consequences on their development. Most of the countries did not achieve the expected successes. The border regions in this context become connectors and initiators of the cross-border cooperation, due to the relation intensification between the transition countries and the developed countries of the European Union. The research studies the impact of the transition on the integration of the Baranja within the framework of the national and wider regional market - especially in the conditions of globalization, changes in the geographical position and the meaning of borders within the framework of the European Union and the Schengen area. The area of Baranja is organized as part of the Osijek-Baranja County, organized through nine local self-government units and 52 settlements, one of which is a town. Differences in the forms and intensity of spatial processes in the transition are conditioned by the location, traffic accessibility and the change in the meaning of the main centres of work and have influenced the strengthening of negative demographic processes near the state border. A demogeographical analysis was made according to the data available from authorized databases and supplemented by the research interview method. Demographic dynamics, total population change and changes in population structures from 1991 to the recent period, 2021, were analysed. A comparison of the age index over time indicates an advanced process of senility and the absence of bioreproductive potential. Traditionally low birth rates, war events and emigration of the population have had a negative impact on the recent regional demographic and economic development. In addition to intensive emigration, which was most pronounced in the nineties and after the accession to the European Union, this cumulatively adds to the impossibility of valorising the economic potential. Despite the expected development shifts through the process of transition, in the case of the border region of Baranja, the result is the opposite. In order to confirm this, the method of calculating a synthetic indicator, the index of demographic resources, was used. The components of the index are the demographic index and the education index and clearly indicate the collapse of the demographic potential in the observed area. Microsoft Excel and Arc Map 9.3 techniques were used for tabular analysis of statistical data and visualization of selected parameters. The region lags behind the national and European average because, at the beginning of the system reforms, it was not brought to an equally position to participate in development. New opportunities for the researched area appear due to the change in geographical position by joining the European Union and the Schengen area. A possible solution to stagnation would be economic development based on a multi-sectoral model of economic development. For the stabilization of rural areas and the inclusion of Baranja in regional flows and the European market, a more coherent spatial organization is necessary, with the functional strengthening of central settlements. The construction of the Vc corridor opens numerous opportunities for networking, cross-border cooperation and territorial cohesion.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Central-local government relations"

Research, IFF. FSA and Official Controls: Research with Food Business Operators. Food Standards Agency, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.drn484.

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The Food Standards Agency (FSA) is an independent Government body, established in 2000 to protect public health and consumer interests in relation to food. The FSA is the Central Competent Authority (CCA) responsible for the delivery of official food and feed controls in England, Northern Ireland and Wales.. In Northern Ireland, officials from the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) carry out meat hygiene official controls in approved establishments on behalf of the FSA. Food Business Operators (FBOs) in the dairy, meat and wine sectors have a direct relationship with the Food Standards Agency (FSA) via its Official Controls, including inspections, enforcement, advice and guidance. The FSA and local authorities work together deliver shellfish controls. The FSA is responsible for conducting sanitary surveys and awarding the classification status of production and relaying areas. Some FBOs in the shellfish sector have a direct relationship with the FSA in relation to its functions however local authorities are the primary point of contact for the majority. This research study – collecting the views of FBOs themselves – was intended to support the rollout of the OTP programme, and the implementation of Official Controls. The study entailed a quantitative survey of 400 FBOs based in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, followed by in-depth interviews with 60 FBOs. Fieldwork took place between June and August 2022. Questionnaire coverage included FBOs’ experience of working with the FSA, their understanding of what the FSA does, the impacts of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the UK’s exit from the European Union (EU), and their familiarity with the OTP. The methodology adopted a similar approach to the first wave of the research, conducted in 2020, to enable time series analysis. However, this 2022 wave of the research has expanded to include the views of FBOs in Northern Ireland and those in the shellfish sector.

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van den Boogaard, Vanessa, and Fabrizio Santoro. Explaining Informal Taxation and Revenue Generation: Evidence from south-central Somalia. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.003.

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Most people in low-income countries contribute substantially to the financing of local public goods through informal revenue generation (IRG). However, very little is known about how IRG works in practice. We produce novel evidence on the magnitude and regressivity of IRG and its relationship with the state in a fragile context, Somalia. We rely on original data from surveys with over 2,300 households and 117 community leaders in Gedo region, as well as on extensive qualitative research. We first show that IRG is prevalent. Over 70 per cent of households report paying at least one informal tax or fee in the previous year, representing on average 9.5 per cent of annual income. We also find that, among households that contribute, poorer ones contribute larger amounts than richer ones, with higher incidence in relation to their income. Further, in line with theory and expectations, informal payments have inequitable community-level effects, with individuals in wealthier communities making more informal payments than in poorer ones and, correspondingly, having access to a greater number of public goods. We then consider four explanations for the prevalence of IRG. First, IRG clearly fills gaps left by weak state capacity. Relatedly, we show that IRG can bolster perceptions and legitimacy of the state, indicating that sub-national governments may actually benefit from informal taxation. Second, informal taxing authorities are more effective tax collectors than the state, with informal taxing authorities having greater legitimacy and taxpayers perceiving informal payments to be fairer than those levied by the state. Third, dispelling the possibility that informal payments should be classified as user fees, taxpayers overwhelmingly expect nothing in return for their contributions. Fourth, in contrast to hypotheses that informal payments may be voluntary, taxpayers associate informal payments with punishment and informal institutions of enforcement. Our research reinforces the importance of IRG to public goods provision in weak formal institutional contexts, to everyday citizens, and to policymakers attempting to extend the influence of the federal state in south-central Somalia. Foremost, informal tax institutions need to be incorporated within analyses of taxation, service delivery, social protection, and equity. At the same time, our findings of the complementary nature of IRG and district-level governance and of the relative efficiency of revenue generation by local leaders have important implications for understanding statebuilding processes from below. Indeed, our findings suggest that governments may have little incentive to extend their taxing authority in some fragile contexts.

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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.

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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.

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