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Статті в журналах з теми "Certified environmental labels":
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Sucheran, Reshma, and Lucinda Arulappan. "Eco-Labels in the Tourism Sector in South Africa: Benefits and Barriers." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no. 9(6) (December 15, 2020): 979–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-63.
Анотація:
The considerable increase in tourism activities over the years equates to notable economic and social benefits. Patent as one of the most emergent sectors of the global economy, the degree and prospect of tourism growth, however, raises concerns on its negative environmental and social impacts. Conserving these environments is of utmost importance as damage to environmental quality can eventually destroy the tourism industry. The launch of eco-labels to environmentally vulnerable tourism organizations and destinations is presently being implemented in many countries in an effort to protect the natural and socio-cultural resources of a destination. A number of eco-labels exist within the tourism industry in South Africa. These eco-labels are anticipated to have a profound effect on the contribution towards sustainable tourism within the country as these are considered to be highly compatible with sustainable tourism initiatives. This study provides an overview of eco-labels in South Africa and examines the benefits and barriers associated with eco-label certification. A quantitative research approach was used, and the data was collected utilizing an online questionnaire. A census sampling approach was used to target 104 tourism businesses in South Africa that have eco-label certification. The key eco-labels targeted in the study were the Blue Flag, Fair Trade in Tourism, Heritage Environmental Management Company, and GreenLine - certified by Heritage. The study revealed that tourism businesses in South Africa do experience several benefits through eco-label certification. However, businesses also encounter many barriers with eco-label certification in terms of high costs associated with being certified, the lack of general public awareness regarding eco-labels and the absence of government support. Consequently, cost reduction, promotion of public awareness as well as government support are the main areas of improvement suggested by tourism establishments with regards to eco-labels.
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Starobin, Shana, and Erika Weinthal. "The Search for Credible Information in Social and Environmental Global Governance: The Kosher Label." Business and Politics 12, no. 3 (October 2010): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1322.
Анотація:
Hundreds of “eco-labels” and “social labels” exist for consumer products. These labels claim to provide information about characteristics of these products, which consumers cannot directly observe but which many of them consider desirable, such as low environmental impact, good treatment of workers during production, and relatively high prices paid to the local producers of ingredients from developing countries. Third-party certifiers are supposed to solve the well-known problem that a producer's unilateral declarations lack credibility, given the producer's conflict of interest and the information asymmetries between producer and consumer. Much of the literature on global private regulation—through standards for environmental sustainability, corporate social responsibility, among others—assumes that third-party certification works (i.e., overcomes the problems of producer self-declaration). But closer inspection shows that many third-party certifiers lack credibility. This article examines why some third party certifiers are more credible than others. In doing so, we elucidate the ways in which social capital and trust bolster third party certifiers' credibility. The empirical analysis focuses primarily on Kosher food labels within the global food supply chain. We then explore the consequences of the credibility paradox for other third party certified labels that promote social and environmental values.
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Robinson, Spenser, and A. J. Singh. "The Impact of Green Labels on U.S. Hotel Net Operating Income: Operating Statements Analyses." Journal of Sustainable Real Estate 11, no. 1 (January 2019): 156–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22300/1949-8276.11.1.156.
Анотація:
This paper shows Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified hospitality properties exhibit increased expenses and earn lower net operating income (NOI) than non-certified buildings. ENERGY STAR certified properties demonstrate lower overall expenses than non-certified buildings with statistically neutral NOI effects. Using a custom sample of all green buildings and their competitive data set as of 2013 provided by Smith Travel Research (STR), the paper documents potential reasons for this result including increased operational expenses, potential confusion with certified and registered LEED projects in the data, and qualitative input. The qualitative input comes from a small sample survey of five industry professionals. The paper provides one of the only analyses on operating efficiencies with LEED and ENERGY STAR hospitality properties.
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Huang, Chin-Huang, and Chun-Hung Lee. "Consumer willingness to pay for organic fresh milk in Taiwan." China Agricultural Economic Review 6, no. 2 (April 29, 2014): 198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-04-2012-0033.
Анотація:
Purpose – The Fresh Milk Logo certifies that dairy product sold in Taiwan really is fresh milk. However, the logo represents only a moral pledge by the manufacturer. No method exists for inspecting whether products are fresh milk or reconstituted milk, and the label does not represent a commitment to the same level of quality and consumer health protection as found in organic foods. The purpose of this paper is to analyze consumer perceptions of organic certified agricultural standards (CAS) and estimates consumer willingness to pay (WTP) a premium should the Fresh Milk Logo be transformed into an organic CAS certified label. Design/methodology/approach – Exploratory factor analysis is adopted to extract the main determinants of respondent perceptions and preferences. Additionally, the double-bounded dichotomous choice of the contingent valuation method (CVM) and survival function is used to measure consumer WTP a premium for organic fresh milk. Findings – Consumer consumption preferences for buying fresh milk extracted four main factorial dimensions: Fresh Milk Logo, price/promotion, organic, and product/brand. Respondents are willing to pay US$21.95 extra per year to buy organic CAS milk and the factors affecting WTP are “Fresh Milk Logo” and “organic”. Research limitations/implications – The problems of the CVM include hypothetical and starting point for price bidding. The double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation model and pre-testing can reduce the biases. The survival function is more flexible, yields more information and permits assumptions regarding parametric distributions without additional costs. The collaboration of survival function with the double-bounded method produces a reliable result that incorporates fewer statistical errors. Practical implications – Consumers are willing to pay a premium for fresh milk with an organic CAS label that certifies its good quality and safety. Social implications – Marketing managers can use the study findings to develop effective marketing strategies and refine advertising campaigns to promote organic fresh milk to attract more consumers. Originality/value – Organic food labels certify food safety, and are associated with the trend toward increasing awareness of environmental and health issues. Perception of organic food labels are introduced into double-bounded dichotomous choice CVM to estimate consumers’ WTP, an approach which has successfully dominated traditional methods, using Likert scale-type measurement.
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Yin, Shijiu, Mo Chen, Yingjun Xu, and Yusheng Chen. "Chinese consumers’ willingness-to-pay for safety label on tomato: evidence from choice experiments." China Agricultural Economic Review 9, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-11-2015-0147.
Анотація:
Purpose Unlike some developed countries, Chinese food safety certification system is multi-level including organic/green/hazard-free certifications. The purpose of this paper is to assess consumers’ preferences for tomatoes carrying these different labels. Design/methodology/approach Data used in this study came from choice experiments (CEs) conducted in Shandong province, China. Based on experiment data, a random parameter logit model was established to analyze consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP). Findings Consumers’ WTP for organic tomatoes was higher than that for hazard-free and green-certified tomatoes. Furthermore, consumers’ WTP for the European Union (EU) organic label was higher than that for the Chinese organic label, whereas a non-significant difference existed between the levels of consumers’ WTP for hazard-free and green-certified tomatoes. Consumers with different food safety risk perception (FSRP) had large differences in WTP, whereas those with varying environmental awareness (ENAW) had similar levels of WTP. Originality/value This contribution is the first research which focuses on consumers’ WTP for EU organic label, Chinese organic label, green label, or hazard-free label on tomato through CEs in China. Furthermore, the influence of consumers’ FSRP and ENAW on their preference was analyzed through a random parameter logit model.
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Lima, Nilsa Duarte da Silva, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, João Gilberto Mendes dos Reis, and Raquel Baracat Tosi Rodrigues da Silva. "Classifying the Level of Energy-Environmental Efficiency Rating of Brazilian Ethanol." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 21, 2020): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082067.
Анотація:
The present study aimed to assess and classify energy-environmental efficiency levels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the production, commercialization, and use of biofuels certified by the Brazilian National Biofuel Policy (RenovaBio). The parameters of the level of energy-environmental efficiency were standardized and categorized according to the Energy-Environmental Efficiency Rating (E-EER). The rating scale varied between lower efficiency (D) and high efficiency + (highest efficiency A+). The classification method with the J48 decision tree and naive Bayes algorithms was used to predict the models. The classification of the E-EER scores using a decision tree using the J48 algorithm and Bayesian classifiers using the naive Bayes algorithm produced decision tree models efficient at estimating the efficiency level of Brazilian ethanol producers and importers certified by the RenovaBio. The rules generated by the models can assess the level classes (efficiency scores) according to the scale discretized into high efficiency (Classification A), average efficiency (Classification B), and standard efficiency (Classification C). These results might generate an ethanol energy-environmental efficiency label for the end consumers and resellers of the product, to assist in making a purchase decision concerning its performance. The best classification model was naive Bayes, compared to the J48 decision tree. The classification of the Energy Efficiency Note levels using the naive Bayes algorithm produced a model capable of estimating the efficiency level of Brazilian ethanol to create labels.
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Aye, Myo Sabai, Yoshifumi Takahashi, and Mitsuyasu Yabe. "Effects of Consumer Preferences on Environmentally Friendly Tomatoes in Myanmar." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 13 (August 15, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n13p29.
Анотація:
Environmentally and economically sustainable agricultural production systems are crucial to conserve natural resources and the environment as well as to protect human health. In recent years, Myanmar, one of the agricultural-resource-rich developing countries, is confronting land degradation, environmental pollution, and food safety issues due to intensive agricultural methods that use high dosages of agro-chemical inputs. Myanmar environmental farming systems and the market for environmentally certified products are still under developed. Determining consumers’ preferences and willingness to pay for environmentally certified products are vitally important to develop safe food markets. In this study, the choice experiment method was applied to examine consumer preference and the potential demand for environmentally friendly tomatoes. Using a sructured questionnaire in face to face interviews, the study collected information from 332 consumers in 8 supermarkets, and 4 open markets in Yangon city. Our results informed that most of the respondents in both markets have a positive WTP for an increase in each attribute. The supermarket respondents paid attentions to food safety labels, and it had the highest MWTP 2067.170 MMK (1.53 USD) relative to the other attributes. Our results suggest that policymakers and producers must enhance consumers’ knowledge of what is an eco-product and how to differentiate it in the market place and emphasize the improvement of food safety certification programs.
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Kaczorowska, Joanna, Krystyna Rejman, Ewa Halicka, and Aleksandra Prandota. "Influence of B2C Sustainability Labels in the Purchasing Behaviour of Polish Consumers in the Olive Oil Market." Olsztyn Economic Journal 14, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.4374.
Анотація:
This study investigates the influence of B2C sustainability labels on customer purchasing behavior in the olive oil market. Primary data was collected using an online survey (CAWI method) conducted among a sample of 234 residents of large cities (over 50.000 people) of the Mazowieckie voivodship who declared regular purchase of olive oil. A validated questionnaire containing an experimental part regarding willingness to pay (WTP) was used as a tool of study. Collected data showed that sustainability labels were not an important factor in olive oil choice. A large part of the studied group did not know the certificates and did not understand their meaning, or showed no motivation to look for such information on the product label. Most of this group also did not express any willingness to pay a higher price for certified olive oil. For other respondents, certificates regarding the idea of sustainable consumption were an added value; however, this added value differed among individual certificates, which was evident in the form of a varied level of WTP. The results of the study show that the sustainable consumption issue determines purchasing behavior only to a small extent. However, it can be expected that the dissemination of knowledge and pro-environmental awareness will lead to an increase of the importance of sustainable labels in making purchasing decisions in the food market.
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Minkov, Nikolay, Vanessa Bach, and Matthias Finkbeiner. "Characterization of the Cradle to Cradle Certified™ Products Program in the Context of Eco-labels and Environmental Declarations." Sustainability 10, no. 3 (March 7, 2018): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10030738.
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Mulazzani, Luca, Laura Piredda, Marija Cerjak, and Luca Camanzi. "Consumer appreciation of a shark-free eco-label for small pelagics." British Food Journal 123, no. 13 (March 16, 2021): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-10-2020-0899.
Анотація:
PurposeThe objective of this study is to assess if Italian fish consumers are sensible to shark protection and if they would contribute paying more for small pelagic fishes coming from fisheries that are certified as “shark-free”.Design/methodology/approachContingent valuation is used to estimate willingness to pay with a double approach, including a dichotomous choice and an open-ended question. Inconsistency between the two answers is allowed. This allows the correction of two sources of bias (i.e. preference uncertainty and anchoring effect) and has permitted that the two estimation methods converged to the same result.FindingsConsumers show interest for the “shark-free” label. Premium price is estimated at +26%. Variables affecting willingness to pay (WTP) in the sample are age, income, environmental attitude, knowledge of organic labels and frequency of small pelagics' consumption. Results need to be confirmed by a replication on a larger (probabilistic) sample and with a different distribution of bids.Originality/valueEcosystems provide different benefits to humankind, including non-use services, such as the satisfaction to know that a species is well conserved. Generally, appreciation is higher for what are considered charismatic species. In this paper, the authors investigate if sharks can be considered charismatic species despite their “bad reputation”. The interest in shark survival is measured indirectly using a “shark-free” label on a commercial species like anchovy, allowing to increase the value added of this low-price species.
Дисертації з теми "Certified environmental labels":
1
Ehrnberg, Sofia, Sandra Campos, and Jennifer Sjökvist. "Miljömärkningar inom klädindustrin : En undersökning om kvinnliga modekonsumentens uppfattning av miljömärkningar inom klädindustrin." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-26371.
Анотація:
Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka kvinnliga modeintresserade konsumenters medvetenhet kring greenwashing i relation till miljömärkningar inom klädindustrin. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka hur kvinnliga modeintresserade konsumenter uppfattar ett plaggs hållbarhet utifrån miljömärkningar inom klädindustrin. För att besvara studiens syfte har en kvalitativ metod använts där insamling av empiriskt material genomfördes med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Baserat på ett antal kriterier valdes tio modeintresserade kvinnor ut till att delta i intervjuerna som genomfördes via Zoom. Studiens resultat påvisar bristande kunskap om begreppet greenwashing vilket tyder på att respondenterna därmed inte är medvetna om greenwashing i relation till miljömärkningar inom klädindustrin. Vidare resulterade studien även i att kvinnliga modeintresserade konsumenter till stor del uppfattar plagg märkta med miljömärkningar som hållbara. Däremot varierar konsumenternas uppfattning om pålitligheten av de olika märkningarna. Vår studie visar att ungefär lika stor andel respondenter uppfattar plagg märkta med certifierade miljömärkningar, såväl som icke-certifierade miljömärkningar, som mer pålitliga. Oavsett märkningens upplevda pålitlighet uppfattade alla respondenter, trots detta, att märkningen bidrog med en känsla av hållbarhet.The purpose of this study is to examine the awareness of greenwashing in relation toenvironmental labels in the clothing industry, among female fashion-interested consumers.Furthermore, the study aims to investigate how female fashion-interested consumers perceivethe environmental sustainability of a garment based on environmental labels in the clothingindustry. To answer the purpose of this study, a qualitative method was used where thecollection of empirical data was carried out by semi-structured interviews. Based on anumber of criteria, ten fashion-interested women were chosen to participate in interviewsconducted via Zoom.The result of the study demonstrates a lack of knowledge regarding the term greenwashing,which indicates that the respondents also lack awareness of greenwashing in relation toenvironmental labels within the clothing industry. Furthermore, the study demonstrates thatfashion-interested consumers perceive environmental labelled clothing as sustainable.However, the perception of reliability of the various labels varies among the respondents. Ourresult indicates that about half of our respondents perceive environmental labels certified bythird parties as the most trustworthy. Whereas the other half of the respondents perceivenon-certified environmental labels as more reliable. Irrespective of the perceived reliability ofthe environmental label, all respondents agreed that the environmental label in some waycontributed to a feeling of sustainability. This thesis is written in Swedish.
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Gomon, Stephanie J. "The Influence of Promotional Brochures and Pricing Strategies on Consumer Purchase Decisions for Forest Stewardship Council Certified Hardwood Boards in Home Centers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/10025.
Анотація:
This study is one of the first of its kind to examine actual consumer purchasing decisions for forest products certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Consumer purchasing was examined based on the presence or absence of a promotional brochure and a price premium for red oak and yellow poplar surfaced-four-sides (S4S) boards. This research also compared typical demographic factors for purchasers and non-purchasers of FSC certified S4S boards. Finally, the study examined subscales from a previously designed ecoscale to determine whether two of the subscales were effective predictors of the sale of FSC certified boards.
Due to significant interactions between the price premium and the promotional brochure, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistics could not be interpreted. However, these strong interactions indicate that these two factors are interdependent. Examining respondents' understanding of the trade term, "certification," showed that most did not understand the term as it is used by the forest products industry. Respondents did not link certification directly with the environment, but rather stated that it was a measure of quality excellence. This illustrates that the forest products industry must use more specific descriptions that consumers will understand when referring to certification.
Based on survey results from this study, a large proportion of respondents who paid more for FSC certified boards were unable to recall whether they had cost any more than the alternative product. Respondents of this study were not found to have a high level of confidence in the environmental claims of any group. These included forest products companies, industry associations, and independent organizations. The subscales of a previously designed ecoscale were not found to be strong indicators of a respondents' likelihood to purchase FSC certified S4S boards.
This project should be seen as a starting point for additional researchers interested in studying actual purchase decisions of consumers of environmentally conscious products, such as certified hardwood boards.Master of Science
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Hsin-Liang, Chen, and 陳信良. "The Study of Green Consumption Attitude on Consumers toward the Products with Environmental Certified Label." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07217050598998394862.
Анотація:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
國際企業系
99
ABSTRACT As the result of industrialization, leading to the greenhouse effect and causing global climate change. People own experience of the damage caused by environmental counterattack began re-examining the relationship between humans and the environment. Green consumption trends are led surge and some of products which were advertised have emerged. At this point, there are unscrupulous manufacturers to make profits, under the guise of "eco" in the name of the product placement does not really exaggerate the environmental demands of consumers mistakenly think that the product is environmentally features. Therefore, by the product with environmental certified label promote to everywhere, consumers can prevent the confusion or misunderstanding from the environmental demands which are unconfirmed. Green consumption required by consumers to buy and the product value, environmental significance can be effectively implemented. Therefore, we must understand the main reason on consumers for engaging in green consumption. Therefore, this study discusses from the analysis of environmental consciousness, voluntary simple lifestyle, and add the environmental certified label for the impact of the green consumption attitudes.
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Ou, Ssu-Hsuan, and 歐思萱. "The Effects of Environmental Consciousness,Voluntary Simple Lifestyle and Certified Label on Attitude toward Green Consumption." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91725016403758882030.
Анотація:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
國際企業系
98
The rise of environmental issues, people have own experience of damage caused by environment, so they begin to start to re-examine the relationship between human and environment. It boosts the green consumption. With the rising green consumption, environmental claims of goods appear massively. This time, there are unscrupulous manufacturers in order to make profits to post false environmental claims, which confuse consumers. So, certified label implements to markets, consumers can avoid confusing by false environmental claims. Consumers buy green products, the product value and the environmental significance can achieve effectively. This paper focuses on environmental consciousness, voluntary simple lifestyle and certified label on the attitude toward green consumption. Finally, the discussion of product category affects certified label on the attitude toward green consumption. The results suggest that formation of consumers’ attitudes toward green consumption is influenced by environmental consciousness and voluntary simple lifestyle. In addition, according to expirement design, certified label can upgrade consumers’ attitudes toward green consumption, espically shopping goods.
Частини книг з теми "Certified environmental labels":
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Brockmann, Karl Ludwig, Jens Hemmelskamp, and Olav Hohmeyer. "Environmental Labels and Consumer Behaviour." In Certified Tropical Timber and Consumer Behaviour, 23–38. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51735-8_5.
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Sinha, Ritu. "Exploring the Relationship between the Eco-labels and Green Buying Behaviour with Reference to Mumbai City." In Strategic Marketing in Fragile Economic Conditions, 118–31. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6232-2.ch006.
Анотація:
Today's businesses and consumers confront the challenge of protecting and preserving the earth's resources and the environment. They have become more concerned about the natural environment and are realizing that their production and consumption purchasing behavior have a direct impact on the environment. Even the consumer looks for green lifestyle and wants to make its contribution towards reducing its impact on the environment. Manufacturers and retailers are observing this trend and are trying to gain an edge in the competitive market by exploiting the potential in the green market industry. They are offering eco-friendly products that are supposed to be good for humans, nature, and companies. An eco-label is a label that certifies that a product meets overall environmental preference of a product or service based on life-cycle consideration and the important criteria to be fulfilled for achieving this label. These labels can help the companies to influence the regulatory environment, create industry standards for environmental control, and expand market share. The aim of this chapter is to identify and analyze how eco-labels can influence consumer buying behavior and awareness towards the various eco-labels in the Mumbai market.
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Khan, Sania, Abdul Razak Honnutagi, and Mohammed Shahid Ahamed Khan. "Development of a Research Framework for Green IT Enablers Using Interpretive Structural Modelling." In Green Business, 365–78. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7915-1.ch019.
Анотація:
The purpose of this paper is to identify the key variables and develop the relationships among the green IT enabling factors which drive consumers towards green purchasing. In this paper Delphi technique and Interpretive structural modelling approach have been employed to model the identified factors. These variables are segregated as ‘enablers' that facilitate corporate consumers' to purchase eco-friendly IT products. The major finding of this research is power consumption, e-wastage disposal, product performance and global warming are underlined as significantly important enablers which also drives other factors. The variables are interpreted for sustainable procurement in terms of their driving and dependence powers. For true sustainability the corporate organisations should focus on considering environmental consciousness, Kyoto protocol, corporate social responsibility and eco-label certified products as main interest for green purchasing. Developing the present strategic model and validating it scientifically are further suggested as directions for future research.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Certified environmental labels":
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Ferrero, Vincenzo J., Arvind Shankar Raman, Bryony DuPont, and Karl R. Haapala. "Understanding the Sustainability of Eco-Labeled Products When Compared to Conventional Alternatives." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68339.
Анотація:
Sustainability considerations are becoming an intrinsic part of product design and manufacturing. Today’s consumers rely on package labeling to relay useful information about the environmental impact of a given product. As such, eco-labeling has become an important influence on how consumers interpret the sustainability of products. Three categories of eco-labels are theorized: Type I focuses on the use of labels that are certified by a reputable third party. Type II are eco-labels that are self-declared, potentially lacking scientific merit. Type III eco-labeling indicates the public availability of product LCA data. However, regardless of the type of eco-label used, it is uncertain if eco-labeling directly reflects improved product sustainability. This research focuses on exploring if eco-labeling reflects improved product sustainability by comparing eco-labeled products to conventional alternatives. To do this, we perform a comparative study of eco-labelled and comparable conventional products using a triple bottom line sustainability analysis, including environmental, economic, and social impacts. Here we show that for a selected set of products, eco-labeling does, in fact, have a positive correlation with improved sustainability. However, Type II eco-labeling shows a slight negative correlation with product sustainability. We found only one eco-labeled product (with Type II labeling) that had reduced environmental impact over the conventional alternative. Additionally, the majority of the eco-labeled products in the study are cheaper for the consumer in both initial cost and costs incurred throughout the product’s lifetime. In general, the results confirm that most eco-labels are indicative of improved sustainability. Future research can work towards improving Type II eco-labels, and promote policies that protect against false sustainability claims.