Готові списки джерел за темами / Child restraint systems in automobiles

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Child restraint systems in automobiles"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 25 лютого 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Child restraint systems in automobiles"

Williams, A. F. "Observed child restraint use in automobiles." Injury Prevention 4, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.4.2.155.

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Leonard, S. David, and Edward W. Karnes. "Perception of Risk in Automobiles: Is it Accurate?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 15 (October 1998): 1083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201506.

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Consumer concern with safety may be nullified because understanding of hazards associated with uses and misuses of products is often inadequate owing to lack of understanding relevant physical principles. These studies examined the public's understanding of hazards associated with automobiles. Recent safety advances have included passive restraint systems to increase the likelihood of buckling up. Such systems are usually passive/active systems, because lap belts must be manually buckled. Not buckling the lap belt may cause the system to become an injury-producing system rather than an injury-preventing system. Without lap restraint severe neck injuries and possible ejection from the vehicle can occur. Similar problems are posed by other seat belt behaviors. Surveys of general knowledge of these problems and of problems associated with the temperatures occurring in vehicles exposed to solar radiation indicated significant knowledge gaps. Suggestions are made for added warnings and informational programs to ameliorate the situation.

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Wang, Yu Fei, Ban Wang, Jin Yuan Wang, and Dong Qi Meng. "Optimization of Biomechanical Systems For the Fighter Plane Ejection Seats." Advanced Materials Research 815 (October 2013): 880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.880.

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Restraint systems and protection devices, referred to as safety devices in this paper, are widely used in automobiles and aircraft for crashworthiness and safety. While such safety devices are designed to isolate, attenuate, and control the impact to the occupants, their performance for crashworthiness and safety may be ineffective or even counterproductive under certain circumstances.

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James, Joan L., and Karl E. Kim. "Restraint Use by Children Involved in Crashes in Hawaii, 1986–1991." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1560, no. 1 (January 1996): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196156000102.

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The use of child safety seats for crash-involved children in Hawaii from 1986 through 1991 is described. Child safety seat use increased over this period, whereas unrestrained children and belt use for children decreased. Male drivers are more likely to have unrestrained infants; female drivers are more likely to have unrestrained toddlers. Toddlers are more likely to be unrestrained in automobiles and trucks, and infants are more likely to be unrestrained in vans, on the freeway, during nighttime hours, and in urban areas. Child-restraint use for infants is twice the rate for toddlers, and infants are less likely to suffer nonincapacitating, incapacitating, and fatal injuries. A logistic regression model shows that children riding in automobiles are less likely to be restrained; belted drivers are far more likely to restrain children; and one- and two-year-olds are less likely to be restrained. Separate logistic regressions for crash types reveals that restrained children are less likely to suffer a non-incapacitating, incapacitating, or fatal injury in head-on and rear-end crashes and more likely to sustain injuries in broadside crashes.

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Valent, F., and F. Barbone. "Automotive child restraint systems in Northeastern Italy." Acta Paediatrica 92, no. 8 (January 2, 2007): 958–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00631.x.

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Woodward, George A., and Robert G. Bolte. "Children Riding in the Back of Pickup Trucks: A Neglected Safety Issue." Pediatrics 86, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): 683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.86.5.683.

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Motor vehicle-related trauma is the leading cause of death in children in the United States. All states have pediatric restraint requirements for passenger vehicles to help prevent these deaths and injuries. Only a few states, however, possess safety laws or restrictions for passengers who ride in the back of pickup trucks. A retrospective review of medical records for a 40-month period revealed 40 patients whose injuries were a direct result of being a passenger in the cargo area (bed) of a pickup truck. Their injuries and other pertinent data are discussed. Representatives from the Highway Safety Commission of each state were surveyed about their specific highway safety laws. The responses revealed that all states and the District of Columbia have child restraint requirements for passenger automobiles, 34 states have adult restraint laws, but only 17 states have any type of restriction for passengers riding in the back of pickup trucks. Seventy-one percent of the states with pickup truck regulations include only the preschool-age child. Data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration concerning pickup trucks and passenger fatality are presented and discussed.

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Bull, Marilyn J., Kathleen Weber, and Karen Bruner Stroup. "Automotive restraint systems for premature infants." Journal of Pediatrics 112, no. 3 (March 1988): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80317-2.

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Kramer, Chelsea, Shelley Kelsey, Christina Rudin-Brown, Robin Langerak, Andrea Scipione, Anthony Jaz, and Peter Burns. "User-Centered Label Design Guidelines for Child Restraint Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601833.

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Child Restraint Systems (CRS; car seats) are designed to prevent injuries in motor vehicle collisions. CRS misuse and installation errors are common and may seriously reduce or nullify safety benefits. Poorly designed labels and instructions contribute to CRS misuse, and CRS manufacturers are not held to an evidence-based label design standard. This paper describes a user-centered design (UCD) and evaluation process for infant/child convertible (rear-facing/forward-facing) CRS installation labels. The labels focused on two primary tasks: installing a CRS into a vehicle and securing a child into the CRS. The label design concepts were based on literature identifying primary areas for CRS misuse, Human Factors and UCD principles, product warning and label design standards, and current Canadian and US motor vehicle safety standards. A follow-up study will evaluate the reduction of CRS installation errors based on the hypothesized enhanced label usability and effectiveness.

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Nett, Reiner. "Integrated approach for seat development of child restraint systems." ATZ worldwide 110, no. 4 (April 2008): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03224998.

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Ridenour, Marcella V. "How Child-Resistant are Stroller Belt Buckles?" Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 2 (April 1997): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.2.611.

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70 children, between the ages of 24 and 36 months, participated in the assessment of three different styles of stroller seat buckles representing difficulties for children to disconnect the buckle mechanism in the restraint system. None could prevent all the children from opening the restraint system. One was much easier for children to open than the other two styles. Stroller-restraint buckles provide false security to parents who use strollers, as there are no published standards regarding the use of children's stroller seat-belt buckles as a safety device.

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Дисертації з теми "Child restraint systems in automobiles"

Giacomin, Joseph A. "An experimental investigation of the vibrational comfort of child safety seats." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15039/.

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The research of this thesis was performed to understand the vibrational dynamics of stage 0&1 child safety seats and of the children who occupy them. Since no previous vibration data for small children or child seats was found, the investigation took the form of experiments designed to shed light on the behaviour of the system consisting of child, child seat, vehicle safety belt and vehicle seat. To provide a background for interpreting the results a literature review was performed of child seat characteristics, of human whole-body response and of primate whole-body response. An industrial test procedure for measuring the vibration isolation properties of vehicular seats is also presented as an illustration of the concepts involved. A whole-body vibration bench for testing children in the vertical direction was built and apparent mass and absorbed power functions were measured for 8 children of age less than 24 months and mass less than 13 kg. An algorithm was developed for identifying the parameter values of a single degree of freedom mass-spring-damper model of the seated body using Differential Evolution optimisation. The parameter values were determined for each child and compared to those of adults and primates. This thesis also presents the results of modal testing of 2 child seat units and of operational deflection shape testing of 1 unit in an automobile under 3 loading conditions (empty, sandbag or child). In-vehicle transmissibility measurements were also performed in the vertical direction for 10 children and child seats using 9 automobiles. The floor-to-human transmissibilities were determined for each child and driver when passing over a reference road surface at both 20 and 40 km/h. Except for the damping ratio, all child mechanical response parameters were found to differ with respect to those of adults or primates, with the differences being greater with respect to adults. The first resonance frequency of children was found to be located at 8.5 Hz as opposed to 4.0 Hz for adults, raising questions regarding the applicability of standards such as ISO 2631 towards the evaluation of child vibrational comfort. The child seats were found to have higher transmissibilities on average than the vehicular seats occupied by adults. A characteristic low frequency rigid body rocking motion was noted at 1.8 Hz as were multiple flexible body resonances starting from frequencies as low as 15 Hz. Areas of possible improvement and topics for further research have been identified.

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Jorge, Alexandre Fonseca. "Projeto, construção e teste de um boneco de ensaio de dispositivos de retenção infantil." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263315.

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Orientadores: Antonio Celso Fonseca de Arruda, Paulo Roberto Gardel Kurka Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T02:53:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge_AlexandreFonseca_M.pdf: 2455128 bytes, checksum: 714a30d7c2214aa6edc9a048f74aa56d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 Resumo: Um dispositivo de retenção infantil, a ser certificado pela norma NBR14400, tem como um dos principais requisitos atingir determinados níveis de performance em ensaios de impacto. Durante seu desenvolvimento, o dispositivo deve ser submetido a esse teste várias vezes, até ser aprovado, o que envolve altos custos. Este estudo propõe um teste de impacto simplificado, não para substituir o teste de certificação, mas na condição de teste de desenvolvimento preliminar e eliminatório. O principal equipamento envolvido, neste estudo, é o boneco de testes, que possui simplificações tanto na parte biomecânica quanto na parte de instrumentação. Como vantagem, quando comparado ao boneco instrumentado completo, seu custo é significativamente menor. Neste trabalho são apresentadas as condições de contorno envolvidas no projeto, na construção e no uso desse boneco. Adicionalmente, são reportados os resultados comparativos dos ensaios de impacto entre o boneco construído e o instrumentado completo Hybrid III. Tais resultados validam a proposta do projeto Abstract: A child restraint system, to be certified to NBR 14400 standard, has as one of its main requirements, to reach specific performance levels under impact tests. During its development, the device has to undergo several times such tests, which are expensive, until approval. This study proposes a simplified impact test, not to replace the certification test, but as a preliminary and eliminatory test. The main equipment involved in this study is the test dummy, which has simplifications both on biomechanical and instrumentation aspects. As an advantage, when compared to a complete instrumented dummy, it has a considerably lower cost. In this work, the guiding conditions involved in the project, construction and use of that dummy are presented. Also, the results of comparative impact testes between the projected dummy and the complete instrumented dummy Hybrid III are reported. Such results validate the proposal of the project Mestrado Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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Souza, Victor Cesar de 1989. "Projeto e construção de simulador de ensaios dinâmicos para dispositivos de retenção infantis." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265856.

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Orientador: Antonio Celso Fonseca de Arruda Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T12:30:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_VictorCesarde_M.pdf: 2933493 bytes, checksum: ad3ab87009ea90dcb39a5fd7757c4c9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 Resumo: Projeto, construção e avaliação de desempenho de simulador de testes de impacto de dispositivos de retenção infantis. A solução construtiva objetivou simular uma colisão automobilística e utiliza manequins representativos de crianças para fins de efeito demonstrativo e de convencimento sobre a necessidade de se reter crianças em veículos automotores. Trata-se de um trenó, guiado, que se desloca sobre trilhos sendo tracionado por cabo de aço e, capaz de, sem dano permanente, colidir contra uma barreira de impacto deformável. O equipamento foi concebido para fácil instalação em locais públicos e utiliza motor de indução para tracionar o cabo de aço e sistemas de automatização de aferição da velocidade, de aceleração e parada do motor. A instrumentação eletrônica utilizada na montagem do simulador permite avaliação do desempenho do equipamento para velocidades de até 20 Km/h Abstract: Design, construction and evaluation of impact tests simulator performance of child restraint systems. The constructive solution aimed to simulate an automobile collision and uses dummies representing children for the purposes of demonstration effect and conviction about the need to retain children in motor vehicles. This is a sled, guided, moving on rails being pulled by steel cable and capable of, without permanent damage, crash into a deformable barrier impact. The equipment is designed for easy installation in public places and induction motor uses to pull the cable and speed measurement automation systems, acceleration and engine stop. The electronic instrumentation used in the simulator assembly allows assessment of equipment performance for speeds up to 20 km / h Mestrado Materiais e Processos de Fabricação Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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Petkar, Prasad. "Design and analysis of seat and restraint systems for crash simulation." Ohio : Ohio University, 2001. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1174318691.

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Balwan, Nishant Kuber. "Implementation and evaluation of automotive child restraint systems in mass transit buses." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2083.

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Mass transportation systems and specifically bus systems are a key element of the national transportation network. Buses are one of the safest forms of transportation. Nonetheless, bus crashes resulting in occupant injuries and fatalities do occur. Each year, more than 5,800 children die, nearly 120,000 are permanently disabled, and more than 14 million are hurt seriously enough to require emergency medical care due to unintentional injury. Therefore, effort is needed to improve the performance of bus interior and structure. Child Safety is a continuing effort to improve the safety of children in mass transit buses. This project provides an overview of the implementation of two types of attachment systems Child Restraint Systems (CRS) in a mass transit buses. A series of sled tests were conducted in order to evaluate the performance of the Child Restraint Systems for typical frontal, side and rear crash scenarios. The results of the test indicate that the implementation of ISOFIX or LATCH attachments in transit bus seats mitigates the risk of severe injuries to the 12 month-old, and 3 year-old occupants; while not increasing the risk of severe injuries due to CRS interactions to other unrestraint adult passengers. In the next phase of this research, results from these sled tests were validated using the multibody analysis tool MADYMO to evaluate the performance of child safety in mass transit buses using the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS 208) injury criteria. The Kinematics of sled tests are closely matching with that of simulations. Injury values for sled tests and simulations are well below injury criteria. The results from this study show the 20 % variation in injury signals. This study concludes that interior for mass transit bus with child seats and restraint can be utilized in mass transit buses to improve the safety performance of children. Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Includes bibliographic references (leaves 83-86)

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Balwan, Nishant Kuber Lankarani Hamid M. "Implementation and evaluation of automotive child restraint systems in mass transit buses." A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2083.

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Nyström, Emma, and Andreas Ringedal. "How to Increase Usage of Child Restraint Systems in China : A design research." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Maskinkonstruktion, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108734.

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Every year 9000 children are estimated to die in traffic accidents in China. Fast motorization of the country in combination with low usage of child restraint system’s (CRS’s), are the two contributing factors to this alarming number. The vision of this thesis is to increase the usage of CRS’s in China, by understanding why the users are using the CRS and why the non-users are not using. The behavioural methodology Switch was used to investigate what positive behaviours could be copied and implemented in a larger scale to increase the usage. Interviews were performed with 30 users and 30 non-users in tier 1, tier 2, and tier 3 cities on the east coast of China. The main findings from the interviews showed that the reasons for not using was that the parents found the CRS complicated to install and to use, that it took too much space, that they did not know the benefits with a CRS and found it unnecessary and that they could not convince their children to sit in the CRS. Surprisingly most non-users already owned a CRS, but stopped using it. The users were using because they had experienced the CRS from abroad or got knowledge from other sources such as media or friends. Some parents were using because of a practicality issues such as the trouble to hold a heavy 3-year old child during a long trip. The behaviours chosen to represent the users for further work were learning from others, selection support, how to install, how to persist, and how to pay the knowledge of the CRS forward. The behaviour of the users was copied and implemented in a strategy consisting of the five parts above. The strategy is an interactive webpage with a close linkage to social networks to encourage sharing, and with a supporting poster- and bumper sticker campaign for spreading. The final product of the thesis work is a campaign including a fully working prototype of the webpage, which will be handed over to Volvo Cars for verification internally to make sure that the concept supports the different parts in a suitable and correct way before a public implementation. Material for poster and bumper stickers is also a part of the final delivery.

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Patlu, Srikanth. "Occupant restraint modeling seat belt design." Ohio : Ohio University, 2001. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1174316672.

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Mansfield, Julie Ann. "Investigation of Child Restraint System (CRS) Misuse: Passive and Active Educational Interventions." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu154505928327915.

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Jóhannsdóttir, Steinunn Kristín. "Evaluation of Head and Neck Injuries during Misuses of Child Restraint Systems : Simulations of Car Accidents Performed with the PIPER Child Model." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-261395.

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Car collisions are, unfortunately, not uncommon and cause 1.35 million deaths each year worldwide. Children are often occupants in cars and to ensure their safety, child restraint systems (CRSs) have been developed. However, CRSs need to be used correctly to be efficient. Several studies, such as field investigations and Q-dummy tests, have shown that a misuse of a CRS can increase the risk of injuries. Typical misuses for a forward-facing CRS and a booster seat, with two real accident parameters, were constructed and simulated using the PIPER child human body model. The kinematics of each case were compared with injury parameters of the head, neck and abdomen. Comparing the parameters to existing injury criteria showed that most of the cases end in AIS3+ head injury, even cases with no misuse. When comparing the results of misuses to the cases where the CRS was correctly used, the dominant result was that misuse resulted in being less effective to protect the child. Moreover, results of chosen misuses compared to Q-dummy tests correlated with their results. Results from this thesis illustrate how important it is for parents to restrain children and route the belt correctly.

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Книги з теми "Child restraint systems in automobiles"

Moch, Joseph W. Litigating child restraint cases. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Pub., 1993.

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Naab, Kenneth N. Evaluation of the performance of child restraint systems. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1988.

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United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, ed. 8 child passengersafety tips. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1995.

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Law Library of Congress (U.S.). Global Legal Research Directorate. Child restraint and seatbelt regulations in selected countries. Washington, D.C.]: The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center, 2014.

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Ziegler, Peter N. Guidelines for observing child safety seat use. Washington, D.C: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1985.

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Police, Illinois State. Child safety seats: Seat belts. Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois State Police, 2003.

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California. Dept. of the California Highway Patrol. Research and Planning Section. On right? Right on!: Child seat safety project. [Sacramento, Calif: Dept. of California Highway Patrol, 2003.

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Ziegler, Peter N. Guidelines for observing child safety seat use: Technical report. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1985.

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Police, Illinois State. Child safety seats and seat belts. Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois State Police, 1996.

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Turner, N. W. The use and misuse of child restraint systems: A literature review. [Toronto]: Ministry of Transportation, Safety Research Office, 1996.

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Частини книг з теми "Child restraint systems in automobiles"

Chen, Xinqi, and William Altenhof. "Child Restraint Seat Installation Errors and a Simple Mechanical Device to Mitigate Misuse." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 599–610. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41682-3_50.

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Martínez- Miranda, Miguel Angel, Christopher Rene Torres San Miguel, J. Alejandro Flores-Campos, and Marco Ceccarelli. "Numerical Simulation of a 2D Harmonic Oscillator as Coupling System for Child Restraint Systems (CRS)." In Mechanisms and Machine Science, 492–502. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55807-9_56.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Child restraint systems in automobiles"

Stainaker, Richard L. "Inconsistencies in State Laws and Federal Regulations Regarding Child Restraint Use in Automobiles." In Child Occupant Protection Symposium. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/933087.

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Seyer, Keith. "Development of User Friendly Child Restraint Attachment Systems." In Child Occupant Protection Symposium. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/933086.

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Glaeser, Klaus-Peter. "New Test Conditions for Child Restraint Systems." In Stapp Car Crash Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/922516.

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Reaume, Brad, P. Michael Miller, and Helen A. Rychlewski. "An Overview of Testing Equipment and Procedures Used for FMVSS 225-“Child Restraint Systems; Child Restraint Anchorage Systems”." In SAE 2000 World Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0607.

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Sullivan, Lisa K., George Mouchahoir, Lee Stucki, J. Gavin Howe, and Fletcher K. Chambers. "Assessment of Dynamic Testing Environment of Child Restraint Systems." In Child Occupant Protection Symposium. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/933134.

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Pedder, Jocelyn, John Gane, Douglas Pasco, Marg Deibert, and Michael Lumley. "Usability Trials of Alternative Child Restraint Attachment Systems." In 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/973301.

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Melvin, John W., and Kathleen Weber. "Abdominal Intrusion Sensor for Evaluating Child Restraint Systems." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/860370.

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Van Arsdell, William W. "The Evolution of FMVSS 213: Child Restraint Systems." In SAE 2005 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-1840.

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Shrimpton, Adam, Graham Clark, and Cees Bil. "Safety Aspects of Automotive Child Restraint Systems in Aircraft." In 10th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-9108.

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Mansfield, Julie, Yun-Seok Kang, and John Bolte. "Rear-Facing Child Restraint Systems in Rear Impact Sled Tests." In WCX World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1325.

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