Готові списки джерел за темами / Community composts

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Community composts"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 21 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Community composts":

1

Renčo, Marek, Nicola Sasanelli, Trifone D'Addabbo, and Ingrid Papajová. "Soil nematode community changes associated with compost amendments." Nematology 12, no. 5 (2010): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138855409x12584413195491.

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Abstract Five composts (C1: fresh olive pomace, straw, chicken manure, urea; C2: fresh olive pomace, lettuce residues, cow manure, straw, sawdust; C3: sewage sludge, municipal green residues; C4: grass, leaves, tree branches, soil; C5: by-product from penicillin production (mycelium), straw and sawdust) were tested in a pot experiment to investigate their short-term effect on the nematode community of a grassland soil. Composts were mixed with soil at the rates of 10, 25, 50 and 100 g (kg soil)–1 and barley was sown in each potting mixture after a 2-month decomposition period. Nematodes were extracted from each pot 5 months after barley sowing, identified at genus level and grouped into bacterial, fungal and root fungal feeders, predators, omnivores and plant parasites. Bacterial feeders, predators and omnivores were favoured by amendments with composted penicillin substrate and partly by compost from olive pomace, whereas composts from green wastes and sewage sludge suppressed these trophic groups except for predators. All compost treatments suppressed fungal feeders as well as significantly reducing the density of plant-parasitic nematodes compared with non-amended soil. The highest suppressiveness on plant-parasitic nematodes was found for the composts from urban green residues, penicillin substrate and olive pomace plus cow manure. Suppressive effect was hypothesised to be related to ammoniacal nitrogen content of the composts. Composts from fungal mycelium or olive pomace seem to be the most suitable for application in nematode management strategies due to their low impact on beneficial trophic groups.
2

Kurzemann, Felix R., Ulrich Plieger, Maraike Probst, Heide Spiegel, Taru Sandén, Margarita Ros, and Heribert Insam. "Long-Term Fertilization Affects Soil Microbiota, Improves Yield and Benefits Soil." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111664.

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Fertilization of soil is needed to fulfill the growing demand for livestock feed and human food requirements. However, fertilization has short and long-term impacts on the soil microbiota. These, in turn, may influence plant viability and growth. We investigated the soil microbiota of a 27-year field trial, focusing on the influences of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilization, different composts and combinations of compost plus mineral N as soil amendments. Two N rates (0 and 80 kg per ha) and four different composts (urban organic waste compost (OWC) green waste compost (GC), farmyard manure (MC) compost and sewage sludge compost (SSC)) were used. Soil samples for this study were taken in 2018 after the growing season of maize. In addition to maize yield, the effects on soil physicochemical properties and the soil microbiota were analyzed. There was a trend for increased maize yields for all fertilizers; however, only the application of GC and SSC in combination with mineral N fertilizer showed significant effects. The different organic amendments influenced physicochemical soil properties. Phosphorus concentrations were three times higher in plots receiving SSC (≈312 mg kg−1) and SSC + N (≈297 mg kg−1) than control (≈89 mg kg−1) or mineral N fertilizer (≈97 mg kg−1) alone. Magnesium concentrations in plots treated with SSC (≈74 mg kg−1) were lower compared to soils treated with GC and MC, respectively (≈135 mg kg−1 and 126 mg kg−1). Bacteria exceeded the fungal community in terms of both richness and diversity. While the bacterial community composition differed significantly among the treatments, the fungal community composition was rather unaffected. Our conclusion is that composts produced from various substrates serve as valuable nutrient sources for plants and can partially substitute mineral N. In addition, composts increased soil microbial biomass and modulated the composition of the soil’s microbial community.
3

Chaney, Rufus L. "Plant Nutrition and Heavy Metal Aspects of Compost Use." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 698a—698. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.698a.

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Depending on the materials used to produce a compost, it will contain lower or higher levels of nutrients and metals. If composts have been appropriately matured, nutrients are in plant-available forms for crop production, and the compost pH will be near neutral. After 25 years of research and development of regulations and advice for biosolids and compost utilization, pretreatment of industrial wastes allows biosolids composts, and composts prepared from biosolids mixed with municipal solid wastes or yard debris to contain levels of microelements needed for plant nutrition but not high levels that could cause phytotoxicity. Composts can supply N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, B, Mo, and Se required by plants or animals. When used in potting media, supplemental N fertilization is usually required, depending on crop requirements. Use of compost can replace other forms of microelements used as fertilizers in media or fields. Detailed evaluation of potential food chain transfer of Cd, Pb, and other elements in composts clearly shows that consumption of 60% of garden foods produced on pH 5.5 soils with 1000 t compost/ha would not comprise risk over a lifetime of consumption, nor would ingesting the composts at 200 mg/day for 5 years. Potentially toxic organic compounds are either destroyed during composting, or bound very strongly by the compost so that plant uptake is trivial. Compost use can be a safe and wise choice for both home and commercial use to replace peat or uncomposted manures, etc. Many states have developed regulatory controls to assure that pathogenic organisms are killed during composting, and that product quality standards are attained that allow marketing for general use in the community.
4

Sosa, Laura L. de, Beatriz Moreno, Rafael Alcalá Herrera, Marco Panettieri, Engracia Madejón, and Emilio Benítez. "Organic Amendments and Sampling Date Influences on Soil Bacterial Community Composition and Their Predictive Functional Profiles in an Olive Grove Ecosystem." Agriculture 11, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111178.

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A collapse of soil microbial diversity, mainly due to chemical inputs, has been reported to lead to the degradation of conventional agroecosystems. The use of compost from urban and agricultural waste management, in order to achieve a net gain in the storage of C, is an adequate management of agricultural soils, especially in rainfed conditions. However, the great variability of composts of different maturity and origins and of the soils to which they are added limits the ability to predict the impact of these amendments on the dynamics of soil microbial communities. This study was designed to gain insights on the effect of exogenous organic matter management on the soil bacterial community and its contribution to key functions relevant to agricultural soils. To achieve this, two different types of compost (alperujo or biosolids composts) at two doses were used as soil amendments twice for 3 years in a rainfed olive grove ecosystem. A metagenomic analysis was carried out to assess the abundance and composition of the soil bacterial communities and predicted functions. We only detected a minor and transitory effect on the bacterial abundance of the soil, the structure of the community and the potential functions, less related to the dose or the type of compost than to seasonal variations. Although the result suggests that the soil bacteria were highly resilient, promoting community stability and functional resilience after the addition of the two composts, more efforts are necessary to assess not only the resulting soil microbial community after organic fertilization but the intrinsic microbial community within the organic amendment that acts as an inoculum, and to what extent the changes in its dose could lead to the functionality of the soil.
5

Pane, Catello, Roberto Sorrentino, Riccardo Scotti, Marcella Molisso, Antonio Di Matteo, Giuseppe Celano, and Massimo Zaccardelli. "Alpha and Beta-diversity of Microbial Communities Associated to Plant Disease Suppressive Functions of On-farm Green Composts." Agriculture 10, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040113.

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Green waste composts are obtained from agricultural production chains; their suppressive properties are increasingly being developed as a promising biological control option in the management of soil-borne phytopathogens. The wide variety of microbes harbored in the compost ecological niches may regulate suppressive functions through not yet fully known underlying mechanisms. This study investigates alpha- and beta-diversity of the compost microbial communities, as indicators of the biological features. Our green composts displayed a differential pattern of suppressiveness over the two assayed pathosystems. Fungal and bacterial densities, as well as catabolic and enzyme functionalities did not correlate with the compost control efficacy on cress disease. Differences in the suppressive potential of composts can be better predicted by the variations in the community levels of physiological profiles indicating that functional alpha-diversity is more predictive than that which is calculated on terminal restriction fragments length polymorphisms (T-RFLPs) targeting the 16S rRNA gene. However, beta-diversity described by nMDS analysis of the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity allowed for separating compost samples into distinct functionally meaningful clusters and indicated that suppressiveness could be regulated by selected groups of microorganisms as major deterministic mechanisms. This study contributes to individuating new suitable characterization procedures applicable to the suppressive green compost chain.
6

Ros, Margarita, Josefa Blaya, Petr Baldrian, Felipe Bastida, Hans H. Richnow, Nico Jehmlich, and Jose Antonio Pascual. "In vitro elucidation of suppression effects of composts to soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae on pepper plants using 16S amplicon sequencing and metaproteomics." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, no. 2 (September 25, 2018): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170518000467.

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AbstractCompost production is a critical component of organic waste management. One of the most important properties of compost is its ability to suppress soil-borne pathogens such as Phytophthora nicotianae in pepper plants. Both the physico-chemical and biological properties of composts can be responsible for the suppression of pathogens, although biological properties are the main driver. In this study, we analyzed composts with various levels of suppressiveness against P. nicotianae. We analyzed both physico-chemical properties like pH and electrical conductivity and biological properties like microbial activity, amplicon sequencing and metaproteomics. We believed that the link between community structures and proteins could provide deep insights into the mechanism of compost suppressiveness. Our results indicate that there are differences between suppressive and non-suppressive composts at the phylogenetic level (sequencing) and at the functional level (based on analysis of the cluster of orthologous groups, COGs). The proteins identified were assigned to the carbohydrate process, cell wall structure and inorganic ion transport and metabolism. Proteobacteria could also be new indicators of P. nicotianae suppression.
7

Scotti, Riccardo, Alex L. Mitchell, Catello Pane, Rob D. Finn, and Massimo Zaccardelli. "Microbiota Characterization of Agricultural Green Waste-Based Suppressive Composts Using Omics and Classic Approaches." Agriculture 10, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030061.

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While the control of soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi becomes increasingly difficult without using chemicals, concern over the intensive use of pesticides in agriculture is driving more environmentally sound crop protection managements. Among these approaches, the use of compost to suppress fungal diseases could have great potential. In this study, a multidisciplinary approach has been applied to characterize microbiota composition of two on-farm composts and assess their suppress and biostimulant activities. The on-farm composting system used in this study was able to produce two composts characterized by an antagonistic microbiota community able to suppress plant pathogens and biostimulate plant growth. Our results suggest a potential role for Nocardiopsis and Pseudomonas genera in suppression, while Flavobacterium and Streptomyces genera seem to be potentially involved in plant biostimulation. In conclusion, this study combines different techniques to characterize composts, giving a unique overview on the microbial communities and their role in suppressiveness, helping to unravel their complexity.
8

Novinscak, Amy, Claudia Goyer, Carolyn Wilson, Bernie J. Zebarth, David L. Burton, Martin H. Chantigny, and Martin Filion. "Seasonal changes in the abundance and activity of bacterial and fungal denitrifying communities associated with different compost amendments." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 68, no. 2 (February 2022): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2021-0256.

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Composts can be efficient organic amendments in potato culture as they can supply carbon and nutrients to the soil. However, more information is required on the effects of composts on denitrification and nitrous oxide emissions (N2O) and emission-producing denitrifying communities. The effects of three compost amendments (municipal source separated organic waste compost (SSOC), forestry waste mixed with poultry manure compost (FPMC), and forestry residues compost (FRC)) on fungal and bacterial denitrifying communities and activity was examined in an agricultural field cropped to potatoes during the fall, spring, and summer seasons. The denitrification enzyme activity (DEA), N2O emissions, and respiration were measured in parallel. N2O emission rates were greater in FRC-amended soils in the fall and summer, whereas soil respiration was highest in the SSOC-amended soil in the fall. A large number of nirK denitrifying fungal transcripts were detected in the fall, coinciding with compost application, while the greatest nirK bacterial transcripts were measured in the summer when plants were actively growing. Denitrifying community and transcript levels were poor predictors of DEA, N2O emissions, or respiration rates in compost-amended soil. Overall, the sampling date was driving the population and activity levels of the three denitrifying communities under study.
9

Borrero, Celia, M. Isabel Trillas, José Ordovás, Julio C. Tello, and Manuel Avilés. "Predictive Factors for the Suppression of Fusarium Wilt of Tomato in Plant Growth Media." Phytopathology® 94, no. 10 (October 2004): 1094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.10.1094.

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Fusarium wilts are economically important diseases for which there are no effective chemical control measures. However, biological control and fertility management are becoming efficient alternatives for controlling this disease. Growth media formulated with composts that are able to suppress Fusarium wilt of tomato provide a control system that integrates both strategies. The aim of this study was to predict Fusarium wilt suppression of growth media using abiotic and biotic variables. Grape marc compost was the most effective medium used to suppress Fusarium wilt. Cork compost was intermediate, and light peat and expanded vermiculite were the most conducive growth media. The growth media evaluated were in a pH range of 6.26 to 7.97. Both composts had high β-glucosidase activity. When pH and β-glucosidase activity were taken into account as predictive variables, more than 91% of the variation in severity of Fusarium wilt was explained. This relationship illustrates the effect of nutrient availability and the degree of microbiostasis, two key factors in this pathosystem. Microbial populations involved in suppressiveness were cellulolytic and oligotrophic actinomycetes, fungi, and the ratios cellulolytic actinomycetes/cellulolytic bacteria, oligotrophic bacteria/copiotrophic bacteria, and oligotrophic actinomycetes/oligotrophic bacteria. Based on community level physiological profiles, different community structures were evident among growth media evaluated.
10

Iswati, Asdar, and Lilik Tri Indriyati. "Pembinaan Produksi Kompos Limbah Pertanian dan Pemanfaatannya di Kecamatan Tamansari, Kabupaten Bogor." Agrokreatif Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 1 (October 2, 2015): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/agrokreatif.1.1.52-61.

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<p>Most of agricultural lands in Pasir Eurih Village are paddy field simple irrigation system, while most of them in Sukajadi Village are upland. Farmers in both villages are used to composting organic residues, but the composts was not used maximally. The aim of the IbM activities was: (1) To guide our partners to produce better quality of composts sustainable; and(2) To motivate the community of peasant using composts for their farm. The best compost resulted by IbM-3 guidance was made from rice straw, leaf litter, and chicken manure mixed with rice husk as their bedding by ratio of 3:2:1:1. This compost contained macronutrients (N, 0.56%, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5 </sub> 1.09%, K<sub>2</sub>O 1.44%, Ca 5.72%, Mg 0.43%, and Na 0.08% respectively), micronutrients Fe 5.309 ppm, Mn 342 ppm, Cu 42 ppm, Zn 69 ppm, and B 33 ppm respectively), and heavy metals of Pb was 4.8 ppm and Cd 0.04 ppm. The addition of 3-4 ton/ha of this compost into paddy soil could reduce chemical fertilizers up to 50%. The addition of 3 ton/ha of this compost to upland soil planted by sweet corn produce same with application of chicken manure bedding or goat manure. Socialization of the benefit of using compost in increasing the soil fertility and crop yield have raised the peasant’s knowledge. It was showed by the mean value of this post test raised 19.67 points for fertilizer and soil fertility matter and 16.63 points for organic materials or natural fertilizers matter.</p><p> </p>
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Статті в журналах Дисертації Книги

Дисертації з теми "Community composts":

1

Kohli, Alice. "Effets de composts autoproduits et d'un biochar sur le transfert d'éléments trace dans des légumes de jardins familiaux modérément contaminés." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARD098.

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Les jardins familiaux ont souvent été installés sur des sols urbains sans évaluation préalable du risque sanitaire. Le diagnostic de contamination du sol par des éléments trace comme le plomb (Pb) peut compromettre la poursuite du jardinage. Pour éviter un changement d’usage, l’apport au sol de compost industriel peut être efficace mais le potentiel des composts autoproduits par les jardiniers eux-mêmes doit être évalué. Ce travail de thèse a eu pour premier objectif d’analyser les pratiques de compostage dans les jardins familiaux et sélectionner des composts autoproduits différents en termes de propriétés biochimiques et de contenu en éléments trace. Les pratiques de compostage et la qualité des composts sont très variables. Les composts autoproduits au jardin (domestiques)sont généralement pauvres en matière organique et parfois contaminéscontrairement aux composts autoproduits en pied d’immeuble ou en restauration (collectifs) également utilisés au jardin. Le second objectif a été d’évaluer le risque sanitaire potentiel lié à la consommation de légumes de jardins familiaux modérément contaminés en Pb (100-200 mg.kg-1) amendés avec des composts autoproduits. Pour tenter d’améliorer la remédiation, du biochar a aussi été introduit. Une alimentation composée essentiellement des légumes autoproduits au jardin ne présenterait pas de risque sanitaire mais l’apport de composts autoproduits à une dose élevée (10-20 kg.m-2) a pu augmenter la biodisponibilité de As dans des sols de jardins familiaux. L’apport combiné d’un compost autoproduit et d’un biochar a toutefois limité les transferts de As et de Pb tout en augmentant la biomasse des légumes autoproduits
For some time, allotment gardens have often been established on urban soils without prior health risk assessment. Soil analysis revealing contamination by trace elements such as lead (Pb) may now compromise the practice of gardening. To prevent a restriction or change of soil use, the introduction of industrial compost to the soil can be efficient, but the potential of composts self-produced by the gardeners themselves must be evaluated. The first objective of this thesis was to analyze composting practices in allotment gardens and select self-produced composts with different biochemical properties and trace element content. The composting practices and the quality of these composts are very variable. Composts self-produced in the garden (home composts) are generally poor in organic matter and sometimes contaminated,contrary to composts self-produced at the foot of buildings or in restoration (community composts) also used in gardens. The second objective was to assess the potential health risk of consuming vegetables from allotment gardens moderately contaminated with Pb (100 - 200 mg.kg-1) amended with self-produced composts. In an attempt to improve remediation, biochar was also introduced into the soil. A diet composed essentially of self-produced vegetables in the garden would not present a health risk, but the addition of self-produced composts at a high dose (10-20 kg.m-2) could increase the bioavailability of As in allotment garden soils. In contrast, the combined addition of self-produced compost and biochar limited the transfer of both As and Pb while simultaneously increasing the biomass of self-produced vegetables
2

Horta, Madalena Nunes França Aires. "Does community scale composting produce a viable outcome? Some physical and chemical properties of green waste composts produced in the Faculty of Sciences campus." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29387.

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A compostagem pode ser definida como o processo de biodegradação de resíduos orgânicos realizado por comunidades microbianas em condições aeróbias, sendo uma forma sustentável de gerir estes resíduos no contexto de uma economia mais circular. Neste trabalho foi analisado um sistema de compostagem a uma escala comunitária. Para cada pilha, as matérias-primas e os compostos foram pesados e as temperaturas monitorizadas semanalmente. Os parâmetros físico-químicos foram analisados, bem como o teor de inertes, e foram realizados testes fitotóxicos. Os resultados mostraram que as amostras de composto cumpriam a maioria dos requisitos definidos pelas normas legais portuguesas em relação à qualidade dos mesmos, exceto no teor de humidade e de pedras. No entanto, os testes de maturação indicaram que todos os produtos finais estavam consistentemente maturados. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que é possível gerir os resíduos orgânicos dos espaços verdes através da compostagem local, com benefícios ao nível ecológico e social; Composting is the biodegradation process of organic substrates carried out by microbial communities, under aerobic conditions. It is a sustainable way to manage biodegradable waste within a context of a more circular economy. In this work, a community-scale green waste composting system was under study. For each pile, feedstocks and composts were weighted and temperatures were monitored weekly. Physicochemical parameters were analysed, phytotoxic tests were performed and the inert material content was assessed. Results showed that the compost samples fulfilled the majority of the requirements set by the Portuguese statutory standards for compost quality, except for moisture and stone content. However, maturity tests indicated all final products as consistently mature. Additionally, the particle size dimensions of the final composts were suitable for both of the main uses. The results showed that is possible to manage organic waste from the green areas through local composting with ecological and social benefits associated.
3

Marcel, Linda Aneha. "A lecture performance at Bergen Community College to promote community awareness of local composers /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1994. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/11625971.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1994.
Includes tables. Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Robert Pace. Dissertation Committee: Lenore Pogonowski. Includes bibliographical references (127-132).
4

Youngquist, Caitlin Price. "Local biosolids compost| agricultural use, fate of antibiotics, and community engagement." Thesis, Washington State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3628900.

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We investigated the agricultural use of locally produced biosolids compost, the fate of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin during the composting process, community perceptions about biosolids, and sociological factors of community involvement in waste management research and decision-making.

Two biological assays were used to determine if the antibiotic ciprofloxacin selects for and amplifies ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria during composting. A third biological assay measured the capacity of compost to adsorb ciprofloxacin from solution. Our results show that the ciprofloxacin had no selective effect on resistant populations of bacteria during composting and that the compost was capable of adsorbing and effectively neutralizing this antibiotic.

A two-year field trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of biosolids compost as a high-carbon soil amendment in local agriculture. Potatoes and small grains were grown with biosolids compost and/or synthetic fertilizer and effects on crop yield, soil fertility, and soil quality were measured. Biosolids compost increased potato tuber and grain yield in the second year, demonstrating cumulative effects of repeated compost applications. In this study, the value of biosolids compost was primarily as a source of nitrogen, plant available phosphorus, and soil organic matter.

A mail survey of 1,374 Skagit County households was conducted to gain insight into community perceptions about the use of biosolids in local agriculture, interest in using biosolids compost as a soil amendment, and desire to participate in local waste management decision-making processes. Mail survey results and participant observation were used to develop a case study of community involvement in waste management research and decision-making in the town of La Conner.

This project addressed challenges inherent in conducting research on a controversial topic while developing a new collaborative research model for the region. Scientists, public planners and biosolids managers may be able to build and improve upon what was learned here in their efforts to develop effective regional waste management solutions.

5

Yu, Julie. "Alberto Grau the composer, selected works, and influence upon the Venezuelan and international choral community /." Thesis, connect to online resource, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3898.

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Thesis (D.M.A.)--University of North Texas, 2007.
System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Accompanied by 3 recitals, recorded Nov. 17, 2005, Apr. 2, 2006, and May 14, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-53).
6

Thompson, Ashley A. "The Effects of Rootstock Selection and Carbon-based Fertility Amendments on Apple Orchard Productivity and Soil Community Ecology." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83441.

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In apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards, rootstock genotype, and soil fertility management practices impact soil fertility, plant associated soil microbial communities, and orchard productivity. Apple growers select rootstocks to confer beneficial traits, including size control, precocity, and pest and disease resistance. Rootstock genotype may also influence microbial communities, resulting in changes that affect tree health and productivity. Many apple growers apply synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to improve fruit yield and quality. In excess of tree requirements, nitrogen fertilizers may reduce crop yield and quality, as well as contribute to water pollution. The addition of carbon-based amendments, such as yardwaste, chicken litter composts, and biochar, may potentially reduce nitrogen and water loss, while improving soil structure and mineral nutrient availability. Orchard and pot-in-pot experiments were designed to study the following objectives: 1) determine the effects of integrated carbon-based fertilizer amendments on tree growth, productivity, and orchard soil fertility, 2) assess the effects of biochar on tree growth, leaf mineral nutrition, soil physiochemistry, and microbial community structure and activity, and 3) understand how rootstocks and fertilizers alter soil microbial communities. Applications of composts, integrated compost-calcium nitrate fertilizers, and biochar increased soil carbon, organic matter, cation exchange capacity and microbial respiration. In the orchard study, nitrogen fertilizer application did not increase tree growth, fruit quality, or leaf nitrogen concentration. Biochar applied at high rates with nitrogen fertigation increased tree growth and leaf nitrogen concentration similar to nitrogen fertigation. In the pot-in-pot compost study, chicken litter compost increased tree growth, and integrated compost-calcium nitrate fertilizer applications increased leaf N concentration. Analysis of the microbial community structure of bulk soil samples from the biochar and compost pot-in-pot experiments determined that the community structure was similar for all treatments during the three-year study. Metagenomic sequencing of the rhizosphere bacterial community indicated that compost applications altered community diversity and evenness, and that compost treatments were more similar to each other than to the calcium nitrate treatment. Data from my dissertation research suggests that compost can be used to increase orchard soil fertility, tree growth, and leaf nutrition, and that compost applications increase soil microbial community diversity and activity.
Ph. D.
7

Rizzoli, Nicolò. "Appropriate Technology in a Zambian Community: an Approach for a Sustainable Waste Management System." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15635/.

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Il presente elaborato ha come aspetto centrale quello delle tecnologie appropriate nell’ambito della gestione de rifiuti, senza dimenticare i temi della sostenibilità e dello sviluppo sostenibile, strettamente legati per natura al paradigma delle tecnologie appropriate. Ai fondamenti teorici è affiancato un lavoro sul campo della durata di 3 mesi e svolto in una comunità situata nella periferia a Ovest della città di Lusaka, in Zambia. In particolare, l’elaborato è strutturato come segue. Il primo capitolo è prettamente teorico e ha l’intento di sviluppare i temi alla base dell’elaborato, i quali, a causa della loro importanza ai fini di una buona riuscita del lavoro sul campo successivamente svolto, trovano spazio anche nel titolo della tesi. Essi sono: tecnologie appropriate, sostenibilità e gestione dei rifiuti. Affinchè vengano spiegati in maniera efficace, essi sono analizzati sia in linea generica, sia applicati al campo dei paesi in via di sviluppo. All’interno del secondo capitolo si entrerà più nel dettaglio del tema della gestione dei rifiuti e nel quale si andrà più strettamente a contatto con la realtà zambiana, ossia quella indagata. Con il terzo capitolo, si apre la parte operativa dell’elaborato: dapprima viene data una panoramica sia storica che geografica della comunità di Koinonia. In seguito si passa all’analisi e alle possibilità di ottimizzazione del sistema di gestione dei rifiuti. Vengono approfondite le opportunità ritenute più interessanti per ogni categoria di rifiuti che ci si è preposti di differenziare, e cioè rifiuti generici, plastica e rifiuti organici. Nel quarto ed ultimo capitolo ci si concentra, facendo riferimento alla situazione di povertà in cui allo stato attuale versa più di un miliardo di persone sulla faccia del pianeta, sulla mancanza di accesso, per molti di questi, alle forme più moderne di energia.
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Brandão, Kiany Sirley Ribeiro. "OTIMIZAÇÃO DO PROCESSO DE PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL METÍLICO E ETÍLICO DO ÓLEO DE MAMONA (Ricinus Communis L.) APLICANDO UM DELINEAMENTO COMPOSTO CENTRAL ROTACIONAL (DCCR)." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2007. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/895.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kiany Sirley Ribeiro Brandao.pdf: 3595459 bytes, checksum: 4bf2be7f9783249e665a73b2e2a52d6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-29
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The biodiesel is a biofuel obtained from renewable sources, as vegetable oils and animal fats. The castor seeds (Ricinus communis L.) have a medium content of oil of 47%. This oil when transformed in biodiesel produces a fuel with a series of environmental advantages in relation to petroleum diesel. Therefore in this work it was made the optimization of the production process of the methyl and ethyl biodiesel from castor oil, varying the reaction time, the catalyst amount and the oil:alcohol ratio (methanol or ethanol) using a Central Rotatable Composite Design (CRCD) symmetrical and of second order, constituted of two parts: the factorial 2n, with central points, and the axial part. With base in this factorial planning, surfaces and curves of responses and variance analysis, it was evaluated the effects and the significance of the models for the responses variables, biodiesel yield in mass and the esters content. For the production of methyl biodiesel, the greater biodiesel yield in mass is reached when oil/methanol molar ratio 1:4-1:5; 0,4-1,2% of KOH and time reaction 20-100 min, is used. In function of the esters content, the oil/methanol molar ratio should be between 1:10 and 1:11,36, KOH concentration between 1,4 and 2,34 and reaction time between 120 and 140 min. The regression models of the methyl biodiesel for ANOVA appropriately explained at the level of 95%, the data variation (R2 = 0,90567, for yield biodiesel and R2 = 0,7654, for the esters content). For the production of the ethyl biodiesel, the results of the factorial planning 23 showed that the oil/ethanol ratio and the KOH concentration went statisticaly significant to the biodiesel yield in mass and content of esters. The maximum yield can be reached when oil/ethanol molar ratio between 1:10,4 and 1:12,35; 1,4 to 2% of KOH and 60- 100 min of reaction, is used. In function of the esters content, the oil/ethanol molar ratio should be between 1:10,5 and 1:12,35, concentration of KOH between 1,4 and 2,0 % and time of reaction between 60 and 120 min. The regression models explained the variation of the data appropriately (R2 = 0,71811, for biodiesel yield and for esters content, R2 = 0,95217) and they acted significantly, to 95% of trust limit, the relationship between the independent variables and the response. The samples of the methyl and ethyl biodiesel of castor oil, in the optimized conditions, they are inside of the limits preset by National Agency of the Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels.
O biodiesel é um biocombustível obtido a partir de fontes renováveis como óleos vegetais e gorduras animais. As sementes de mamona (Ricinus communis L.) possuem um teor médio de óleo de 47 %, que ao ser transformado em biodiesel produz um combustível com uma série de vantagens ambientais em relação ao diesel de petróleo. Portanto neste trabalho fez-se a otimização do processo de produção do biodiesel metílico e etílico a partir de óleo de mamona, variando o tempo de reação, a quantidade de catalisador e a relação de óleo:álcool (metanol ou etanol) empregando um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) simétrico e de segunda ordem, constituído de duas partes: o fatorial 2n, com pontos centrais, e a parte axial. Com base neste planejamento fatorial, superfícies e curvas de respostas e análise de variância foram realizadas a avaliação dos efeitos e a significância dos modelos para as variáveis de respostas, rendimento em massa do biodiesel e o teor de ésteres. Para a produção de biodiesel metílico, o maior rendimento em massa de biodiesel é alcançado quando se usa razão molar óleo/metanol 1:4-1:5; 0,4-1,2 % de KOH e 20-100 min de reação. Em função do teor de ésteres, a razão molar óleo:metanol deve estar entre 1:10 e 1:11,36, concentração de KOH entre 1,4 e 2,34 e tempo de reação entre 120 e 140 min. Os modelos de regressão do biodiesel metílico avaliados pela ANOVA explicaram adequadamente ao nível de 95%, a variação dos dados (R2 = 0,90567, para rendimento biodiesel e R2 = 0,7654, para o teor de ésteres). Para a produção do biodiesel etílico, os resultados do planejamento fatorial 23 mostraram que a razão óleo:etanol e a concentração de KOH foram estatisticamente significativos para o rendimento em massa de biodiesel e teor de ésteres. O máximo rendimento pode ser alcançado quando se usa razão molar óleo/etanol entre 1:10,4 e 1:12,35; 1,4 a 2 % de KOH e 60-100 min de reação. Em função do teor de ésteres, a razão molar óleo:etanol deve estar entre 1:10,5 e 1:12,35, concentração de KOH entre 1,4 e 2,0 % e tempo de reação entre 60 e 120 min. Os modelos de regressão explicaram adequadamente a variação dos dados (R2 = 0,71811, para rendimento biodiesel e para o teor de ésteres, R2 = 0,95217) e representaram significativamente, a 95% de limite de confiança, a relação entre as variáveis independentes e a resposta. As amostras do biodiesel metílico e etílico de mamona, nas condições otimizadas, encontram-se dentro dos limites preestabelecidos pela Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis.
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Pereira, Nelson Paulo Santos. "Alternativas químicas para a quebra da dormência em pereira (Pyrus communis L.) cv. Rocha. Avaliação de cinco compostos." Master's thesis, ISA, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15187.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Foram testados cinco compostos químicos com suposta acção de quebra de dormência, com efeito na antecipação e sincronização da floração num pomar de pereira 'Rocha'/EM A em plena produção. Dois deles são compostos à base de azoto: (1) Erger® + ActivErger®, e (2) mistura ureia + nitrato de potássio e óleo de Verão. Os outros três são compostos orgânicos ou misturas de macro e micro nutrientes e compostos orgânicos: (3) a glutationa, um inibidor da catalase e precursores de radicais livres (Glutabion®), (4) misturas de polissacarídos e reguladores de crescimento (W Uniformidade Superplus) e (5) nutrientes e N-acetil cisteína, betaínas e vitaminas (Promvit). Com excepção do tratamento (2) nitrato de potássio, ureia e óleo de verão, um adjuvante a 0,05% (Silwet L-77) foi adicionado às misturas. Dependendo do tratamento, foram efectuadas aplicações simples ou duplas entre 28 de Janeiro e 11 de Fevereiro (8 semanas e 5 semanas antes do abrolhamento que ocorreu a 15 de Março). Os primeiros 2 compostos não foram eficazes na quebra da dormência, mas as misturas com os compostos orgânicos adiantaram a floração em 4 dias. As diferenças na fenologia mantiveram-se durante o ciclo, mas não tiveram um efeito na produtividade
N/A
10

Dharmarha, Vaishali. "Effect of Standard Post-harvest Interventions of Fresh Vegetables on Bacterial Community Dynamics, Pathogen Survival and Antibiotic Resistance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96582.

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Food-borne illness outbreaks are occasionally associated with fresh-vegetable consumption, in part due to lack of a microbial inactivation step before consumption. Raw manure or improperly composted manure applied as soil amendments is an established source of pathogenic bacterial contamination. However, less is known about whether such soil amendments could serve as a source of transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) or antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) via fresh produce. As such knowledge is developing, it is useful to identify strategies for mitigating ARGs and ARB on vegetable surfaces, especially those that are synergistic with known benefits in terms of general pathogen reduction on fresh produce. Sanitizers play an important role in post-harvest processing of vegetables, especially in terms of disinfecting the wash water and preventing cross-contamination. Further, temperature and time of storage of vegetables are critical to prevent the growth of microorganisms. To provide a background inoculum representing potential pre-harvest carryover of ARB and ARGs, carrots or romaine lettuce leaves were dipped in a slurry derived from composted manure from dairy cows previously dosed with antibiotics and further inoculated with multi-drug resistant E. coli O157:H7, a human pathogen, and a spoilage-associated and opportunistic pathogenic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inoculated carrots (n=3, 25 g) were washed with water containing different sanitizers (sodium hypochlorite or peroxyacetic acid) or unwashed (control), packaged and stored at 10ºC for 7d or 2ºC for up to 60 d. Inoculated lettuce leaves (n=3, 100 g) were washed with sodium hypochlorite, packaged in modified atmosphere conditions (98% nitrogen), irradiated (1.0 kGy) and subsequently stored at 4ºC for 14 d. The effect of post-harvest treatment were compared at various times by enumeration on selective media. In addition, cultureindependent techniques were also performed to determine changes to the surficial carrot and lettuce microbiota by sequencing bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The effect of post-harvest treatments on the types and relative abundance of ARGs, also known as the “resistome,” were profiled by shotgun metagenomic sequencing and qPCR. Addition of a sanitizer during wash, storage temperature, and duration of storage affected the bacterial community structures on carrots, represented by the weighted Unifrac distance matrices (ANOSIM, R=0.465). Storage of sanitizer-washed carrots at 10ºC was associated with an increase in relative abundance of Pseudomonadaceae compared to 2ºC storage for 7 d (Wilcoxon, p<0.05). Increase in storage temperature from 2ºC (optimum) to 10ºC (temperature abuse) of sanitizer-washed carrots resulted in enrichment of ARGs conferring resistance to the following antibiotic classes: multidrug, peptide, polymyxin, quinolone, triclosan, aminoglycoside, bacitracin, β-lactam, and fosfomycin. Irradiation resulted in significant reductions (~3.5 log CFU/g) of inoculated antibiotic-resistant E. coli O157:H7 and Pseudomonas sp. on lettuce surfaces (ANOVA, p<0.05). The lettuce resistome, represented by the Bray-Curtis similarity of ARG occurrence, was affected by irradiation (ANOSIM, R=0.406). Irradiation of lettuce followed by 14 d of storage at 4ºC resulted in 2-4-fold reductions in relative abundance of ARGs encoding resistance to the following antibiotic classes: triclosan, quinolones, multidrug, polymyxin and β-lactam (Wilcoxon, p<0.05). No additional increase or reduction of the tet(A) gene present on inoculated P. aeruginosa was evident after 14d storage at 4ºC on irradiated samples. Results of this study suggest that inclusion of a sanitizer in wash water, irradiation, and storage at optimum refrigerated temperatures may offer effective strategies to combat proliferation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes on fresh produce. Further research is needed develop interventions that can mitigate tet(A) and other ARGs on produce that were not significantly reduced by irradiation. This study will guide future research on microbiome and metagenome of processed produce and assessment of critical control points to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance from farm-to-fork.
PHD
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Книги з теми "Community composts":

1

International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites (8th 2005 Madison, Wis.). Eighth International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites (and other natural fibers): May 23-25, 2005, Monona Terrace Community & Convention Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society, 2005.

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2

Massachusetts. Dept. of Environmental Protection. Composting Program. Home composting handbook: How to promote home composting in your community. Toronto, Ont: Recycling council of Ontario, 1990.

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3

Christopher, Thomas. Compost this book!: The art of composting for your yard, your community, and the planet. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1994.

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4

Foss, Peter J. IPCC guide to community composting: Help fight the war on waste, create an excellent source of free compost, and protect wildlife. Dublin: Irish Peatland Conservation Council, 1997.

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5

Mead, Michele. Community education through citizen participation: Volunteering with Skagit County Public Works and the Master Composer/Recycler Program. Bellingham, WA: Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, 1996.

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6

Rambo, A. Terry, Thanh Lâm Nguyễn, and Đức Viên Trần. Farming with fire and water: The human ecology of a composite swiddening community in Vietnam's northern mountains. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, 2009.

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7

Friedrich, Geiger, John Eckhard 1959-, and Dresdner Zentrum für Zeitgenössische Musik., eds. Musik zwischen Emigration und Stalinismus: Russische Komponisten in den 1930er und 1940er Jahren. Stuttgart: Verlag J.B. Metzler, 2004.

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8

Yupanqui, Atahualpa. Hombres y caminos: Yupanqui, afiliado comunista. Rosario, Provincia de Santa Fe, República Argentina: Editorial Fundación Ross, 2012.

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9

Țugui, Pavel. Scriitori și compozitori în luptă cu cenzura comunistă. București: Albatros, 2006.

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10

Dibble, Jeremy. John Stainer: A life in music. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2007.

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Knapp, Brigitte A., Margarita Ros, and Heribert Insam. "Do Composts Affect the Soil Microbial Community?" In Microbes at Work, 271–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04043-6_14.

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2

Hanmer, Jalna. "Intrarole Conflict and a Casework-Community Work Composite Role." In Community Work, 178–86. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003190844-12.

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3

Jansen, Bettina. "The World as Singular Plural Composite: Suhayl Saadi." In Narratives of Community in the Black British Short Story, 279–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94860-7_11.

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4

Holgersen, Sven-Erik, Peter Bruun, and Mette Tjagvad. "Small Composers: Creating Musical Meaning in a Community of Practice." In Musician–Teacher Collaborations, 204–16. New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208756-18.

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5

Rahman, Noor A’in A., Zazilah May, and Muhamad Shazwan Mahmud. "Unsupervised Classification of Acoustic Emission Signal to Discriminate Composite Failure at Low Frequency." In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Smart Community, 797–806. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2183-3_75.

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6

Lambropoulos, Niki, Panayota Tsotra, Ilias Kotinas, and Iosif Mporas. "Composites Ideas in COMPOOL Immersion: A Semantics Engineering Innovation Network Community Platform." In Online Communities and Social Computing, 385–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39371-6_43.

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7

Chen, Wenju, Kun Guo, and Yuzhong Chen. "Adaptive Seed Expansion Based on Composite Similarity for Community Detection in Attributed Networks." In Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 214–27. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4549-6_17.

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8

Sheppard, W. Anthony. "Representing the Authentic from Japanese American Perspectives." In Extreme Exoticism, 276–316. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190072704.003.0008.

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This chapter explores the career of Japanese American composer and arranger Tak Shindo (1922–2002). Shindo grew up nisei in Los Angeles. Japanese American musical life is discussed with a focus on the community’s 1933 production of Sakura composed by Claude Lapham in the Hollywood Bowl. Interned at Manzanar during World War II, Shindo began musical studies through the camp’s programs. Although devoted to Latin jazz, he repeatedly served during the Cold War as a Japanese musical advisor for such Hollywood composers as Franz Waxman and Max Steiner (Sayonara, Cry for happy, and A majority of one). Several of his 1950s and 60s albums—combining elements of Japanese music with the big band style—were successful in the exotica genre. Shindo’s self-Orientalism is compared with the musical exoticism of Martin Denny. A brief discussion of subsequent Japanese American jazz follows. The chapter concludes with a profile of the composer Paul Chihara.
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Siwe, Thomas. "Sonorism." In Artful Noise, 136–45. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043130.003.0010.

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In this chapter, the use by twentieth-century composers of tone color, or timbre is explained with examples by those who made its use central to their compositional output. Poland, freed from the bonds of communism and the Soviet state, relaxed controls over the arts and in 1956 initiated the Warsaw Autumn festival where avant-garde Polish and Western music could be heard. Kazimierz Serocki cofounded the festival, contributing to the percussion canon his timbre-based sextet, Continuum. In the United States, the American composer George Crumb definitely had an ear for timbre coupled with a love for percussion evident in the works discussed. A young Polish/American composer, Marta Ptaszynska, created a number of works for both solo and ensemble percussion in the latter half of the century. Her work Siderals was conceived as an audio-visual, or mixed-media work utilizing ten percussionists, magnetic tape playback, and lighting. The three composers highlighted in this chapter approached the use of timbre in differing ways.
10

Sloboda, John. "The Composer and the Audience." In Beyond Britten: The Composer and the Community, 175–89. Boydell & Brewer, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv136c1vj.22.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Community composts":

1

Lagoudas, Dimitris C., and George Chatzigeorgiou. "Asymptotic Expansion Homogenization Method for Carbon Fiber Composite Structures Reinforced With Carbon Nanotubes." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-13158.

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The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their high mechanical, thermal and electrical properties have attracted the attention of the research community. The wide variety of possible applications of composite structures containing single-walled or multi-walled CNTs has grown the need for correct characterization and understanding of the behavior of such composite structures. The identification of effective properties of CNT composites has been studied extensively the last decade by many researchers.
2

Nelms, Matt, Ken Livi, Bryan Crawford, A. M. Rajendran, and Wayne Hodo. "Effects of Structure and Property Variations Within Hierarchal Biomineralized Composites Using Finite Element Methods." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67612.

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Biological materials (biomaterials) have had a marked increase in interest from the material science and engineering community due to unique characteristics and properties that are typically sought after in traditional engineering materials. During the last few decades, research on biomineralized composites such as abalone shell, fish armor, turtle shell, and human bone revealed that those biological systems possess a carefully arranged multilayered composite structure. Unlike metals, ceramics, and traditional composite materials; biomineralized composites often possess enhanced characteristics such as, penetration resistance high toughness, flaw tolerance energy dissipation, damage mitigation, and delamination resistance all while achieving high strength-to-weight ratios. In this research experimentally driven finite element modeling was used to investigate the elastic response for the biocomposite structure. The Atractosteus spatula (Alligator gar) was used as the model structure for determining the elastic properties.
3

Mokdad, Lynda, and Jalel Ben-Othman. "Stochastic automata networks for performance evaluation of composite Web services." In 2014 14th International Conference on Innovations for Community Services (I4CS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i4cs.2014.6860553.

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Ansori, Aris, Teguh Dwi Widodo, Sudjito Soeparman, and Denny Widhiyanuriyawan. "Enhanced Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator With Strach Biopolymer Composite Interface Layer." In 2021 3rd International Conference on Research and Academic Community Services (ICRACOS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icracos53680.2021.9701994.

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BALLARD, M. KEITH, KEVIN HOOS, HARI ADLURU, ENDEL IARVE, and DAVID MOLLENHAUER. "A FAST, AUTOMATIC MESHING PROCEDURE FOR COMPOSITES WITH INTERPENETRATING GEOMETRY." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35942.

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For decades, finite element analysis (FEA) has served as a ubiquitous tool, allowing engineers and scientists to gain critical insights into the behavior of complex composite materials. Despite the wide adoption of FEA, creating a conforming mesh for the most complex composite material models, such as mesoscale models of 3D textiles or microscale models of composites with reinforcement and irregular voids, remains a significant challenge. Much of the difficulty lies in the fact that many tools that create realistic surface geometries through process simulation often result in complex interpenetrations between objects. This paper proposes a pipeline of algorithms, some adopted from the visualization community and some novel, to automatically create a conforming, high-quality tetrahedral mesh for composite materials with complex geometries that may overlap. The details of a novel algorithm used to identify volume, surface, and edge features, while avoiding the use of a tolerance, are provided. Additionally, the paper describes three different methods to remove overlaps between tows. Finally, the algorithms are applied to a simple case with two orthogonal tows that overlap where they cross, demonstrating the result at each step and revealing the advantages and disadvantages of each of the three overlap removal algorithms.
6

Xizhe Zhang, Ying Yin, Mingwei Zhang, and Bin Zhang. "A composite web services discovery technique based on community mining." In 2009 IEEE Asia-Pacific Services Computing Conference (APSCC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apscc.2009.5394087.

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7

Suyanto, Agus, Agusalim Masulili, Donna Youlla, Setiawan, and F. Tamtomo. "The Study of Utilization of Coconut Shell Compost (ARKOBA) to Increase the Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in West Kalimantan." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Community Development (ICCD 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccd-19.2019.7.

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8

Suryan, Levi J., Atanas A. Atanasov, Mitchell A. Daniels, and John P. Parmigiani. "Effective Finite Element Modeling of Mode III Failure in Composites." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36376.

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The ever increasing use of composite materials in today’s society has created a drastic demand for better modeling of their behavior. The difficulty arises in that many modern composite structures are unique in shape and are exposed to a variety of loading situations. More specifically, loading scenarios which cause out-of-plane shear (Mode III) or mixed mode (Mode I + Mode II + Mode III) failure are of greatest challenge to model. This study investigates the capabilities of Simulation Composite Analysis (SCA), a composites software by Autodesk, in modeling failure in notched carbon-fiber composite panels loaded in Mode III. SCA was used with the finite element modeling software Abaqus/Standard (Dassault Systèmes) to model six different laminate stacking sequences. Three of the layups featured 40 plies through the thickness and the other three had 20 plies, with each containing either 10, 30, or 50 percent zero degree plies. The modeled panels were displaced as to create for a Mode III loading condition and the resulting maximum loads, load-displacement plots, and damage propagation outputs were compared to experimental results. It was found that SCA can determine the maximum failure load of the panels with an average of 11.6 percent deviation from experimental values. For one laminate stacking sequence in particular, the software determined maximum loads that deviated less than 1 percent from the experimental data. The load-displacement plots showed good correlations with experimental data in the linear region; however, the load-displacement behavior after damage was well modeled for only certain layups. The damage propagation paths for all the panel models were similar to the experimental panels in general, though self-similar damage propagation was not captured by the FEA models. Overall, Mode III failure in the notched carbon fiber panels was satisfactorily modeled for maximum load, but continued development is needed for predicting damage propagation paths. Modeling Mode III failure in composites is a difficult task; therefore, determining accurate methods in which to model such failure will be a substantial benefit to the composites engineering community. If low cost computer models can be established which accurately capture material damage and failure, the need for expensive and time-intensive experiments may be greatly reduced.
9

Muhammad, Nur, Rajib Sinha, E. Radha Krishnan, Craig L. Patterson, Roy C. Haught, Harold H. Harms, and Rick Seville. "Development of a Community Water Security Filtration System Using Composite Cartridges." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)214.

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10

Arrieta, Andres F., Peter Hagedorn, Alper Erturk, and Daniel J. Inman. "Electromechanical Modelling and Experiments of a Bistable Plate for Nonlinear Energy Harvesting." In ASME 2010 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2010-3710.

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Vibration based energy harvesting has received extensive attention in the engineering community in the past decade. It has been mainly focused on linear electromechanical devices excited close or at resonance, where these systems operate optimally. Although much progress has been achieved in this research direction, real harvesting devices would seldom operate in environment with such idealized conditions. Recently, the idea to use nonlinearity to enhance the performance for energy harvesters has been introduced. Nonlinear devices have been shown to have the potential to operate over a wider band of frequencies and deliver higher power. Bistable composites are a new type of composites exhibiting two stable states so far considered for morphing applications. In this paper, we propose to exploit the nonlinear behaviour of a bistable composite plate with bonded flexible piezoelectric patches to obtain a nonlinear energy harvesting device. The response of the structure is investigated revealing several large amplitude nonlinear phenomena over a wide range of frequencies. Resistor sweeps are conducted for representative dynamic regimes giving the optimal electrical load for each type of oscillations. The observed characteristics give the proposed device the potentiality for broadband energy harvesting.

Звіти організацій з теми "Community composts":

1

Michel Jr., Frederick C., Harry A. J. Hoitink, Yitzhak Hadar, and Dror Minz. Microbial Communities Active in Soil-Induced Systemic Plant Disease Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586476.bard.

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Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) is a highly variable property that can be induced by compost amendment of potting media and soils. For example, previous studies showed that only 1 of 79 potting mixes prepared with different batches of mature composts produced from several different types of solid wastes were able to suppress the severity of bacterial leaf spot of radish caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae compared with disease on plants produced in a nonamended sphagnum peat mix. In this project, microbial consortia in the rhizosphere of plants grown in ISR-active compost-amended substrates were characterized. The plants used included primarily cucumber but also tomato and radish. Rhizosphere microbial consortia were characterized using multiple molecular tools including DGGE (Israel) and T -RFLP (Ohio) in both ISR-active field plots and potting media. Universal as well as population-specific bacterial and fungal PCR primers were utilized. T -RFLP analyses using universal bacterial primers showed few significant differences in overall bacterial community composition in ISR-active and inactive substrates (Ohio). In addition, the community members which were significantly different varied when different ISR-activecomposts were used (Ohio). To better characterize the shifts in microbial community structure during the development of ISR, population specific molecular tools were developed (Israel, Ohio).-PCR primers were designed to detect and quantify bacterial groups including Pyrenomycetes, Bacillus, Pan toea, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas and Streptomyces as well as Trichoderma and Fusarium; two groups of fungi that harbor isolates which are ISR active (Isreal and Ohio). Bacterial consortia associated with cucumber plants grown in compost-amended potting mixtures were shown to be dominated by the phylogenetic taxon Bacteroidetes, including members of the genus Chryseobacterium, which in some cases have been shown to be involved in biocontrol (Israel). Nested-PCR-DGGE analyses coupled with long l6S rDNA sequencing, demonstrated that the Chryseobacteriumspp. detected on seed and the root in compost-amended treatments were derived from the compost itself. The most effective ISR inducing rhizobacterial strains were identified as Bacillus sp. based on partial sequencing of l6S rDNA. However, these strains were significantly less effective in reducing the severity of disease than Trichoderma hamatum382 (T382). A procedure was developed for inoculation of a compost-amended substrate with T -382 which consistently induced ISR in cucumber against Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsiciand in radish against bacterial spot (Ohio). Inoculation of compost-amended potting mixes with biocontrol agents such as T -382 and other microbes that induce systemic resistance in plants significantly increased the frequency of systemic disease control obtained with natural compost amendments.
2

Minz, Dror, Eric Nelson, and Yitzhak Hadar. Ecology of seed-colonizing microbial communities: influence of soil and plant factors and implications for rhizosphere microbiology. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587728.bard.

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Original objectives: Our initial project objectives were to 1) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities on seeds, 2) Determine the dynamics of development of microbial communities on seeds, and 3) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities with the composition of those in the soil and rhizosphere of the plants. Revisions to objectives: Our initial work on this project was hampered by the presence of native Pythium species in the soils we were using (in the US), preventing us from getting accurate assessments of spermosphere microbial communities. In our initial work, we tried to get around this problem by focusing on water potentials that might reduce damage from native Pythium species. This also prompted some initial investigation of the oomycete communities associated seedlings in this soil. However, for this work to proceed in a way that would allow us to examine seed-colonizing communities on healthy plants, we needed to either physically treat soils or amend soils with composts to suppress damage from Pythium. In the end, we followed the compost amendment line of investigation, which took us away from our initial objectives, but led to interesting work focusing on seed-associated microbial communities and their functional significance to seed-infecting pathogens. Work done in Israel was using suppressive compost amended potting mix throughout the study and did not have such problems. Our work focused on the following objectives: 1) to determine whether different plant species support a microbial induced suppression of Pythium damping-off, 2) to determine whether compost microbes that colonize seeds during early stages of seed germination can adequately explain levels of damping-off suppression observed, 3) to characterize cucumber seed-colonizing microbial communities that give rise to the disease suppressive properties, 4) assess carbon competition between seed-colonizing microbes and Pythium sporangia as a means of explaining Pythium damping-off suppression. Background: Earlier work demonstrated that seed-colonizing microbes might explain Pythium suppression. Yet these seed-colonizing microbial communities have never been characterized and their functional significance to Pythium damping-off suppression is not known. Our work set out to confirm the disease suppressive properties of seed-colonizing microbes, to characterize communities, and begin to determine the mechanisms by which Pythium suppression occurs. Major Conclusions: Compost-induced suppression of Pythium damping-off of cucumber and wheat can be explained by the bacterial consortia colonizing seeds within 8 h of sowing. Suppression on pea was highly variable. Fungi and archaea play no role in disease suppression. Potentially significant bacterial taxa are those with affinities to Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Current sequencing efforts are trying to resolve these taxa. Seed colonizing bacteria suppress Pythium by carbon competition, allowing sporangium germination by preventing the development of germ tubes. Presence of Pythium had a strong effect on microbial community on the seed.
3

Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587240.bard.

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Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
4

Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695883.bard.

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Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
5

Winfield, Emilie. Climate-Smart Agriculture: Compost Amendments. U.S. Department of Agriculture, California Climate Hub, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7304494.ch.

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This fact sheet is the second installment of a four-part climate-smart agriculture series exploring the relationship between carbon farming, soil health, and soil amendments on CA croplands and rangelands. This fact sheet focuses on compost and subsequent fact sheets will address the benefits of biochar and pulverized rock. The series is intended for members of the technical assistance community who advise CA growers on climate-smart agriculture.
6

Winfield, Emilie. Climate-Smart Agriculture: Soil Health & Carbon Farming. U.S. Department of Agriculture, California Climate Hub, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7303347.ch.

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This fact sheet is the first installment of a four-part climate smart agriculture series exploring the relationship between carbon farming, soil health, and soil amendments on CA croplands and rangelands. Subsequent fact sheets will address the benefits of compost, pulverized rock, and biochar as amendments. The series is intended for members of the technical assistance community who advice CA growers on climate smart agriculture.
7

Parikh, Sanjai J., and Emilie Winfield. Climate-Smart Agriculture: Biochar Amendments. U.S. Department of Agriculture, California Climate Hub, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7303346.ch.

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This fact sheet is the final installment of a four-part climate-smart agriculture series exploring the relationship between carbon farming, soil health, and soil amendments on CA croplands and rangelands. This fact sheet focuses on biochar amendments and previous fact sheets address the benefits of compost and pulverized rock. The series is intended for members of the technical assistance community who advise CA growers on climate-smart agriculture.
8

Winfield, Emilie. Climate-Smart Agriculture: Rock Amendments. U.S. Department of Agriculture, California Climate Hub, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7304495.ch.

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This fact sheet is the third installment of a four-part climate-smart agriculture series exploring the relationship between carbon farming, soil health, and soil amendments on CA croplands and rangelands. This fact sheet focuses on pulverized rock amendments and other fact sheets address the benefits of compost and biochar. The series is intended for members of the technical assistance community who advise CA growers on climate-smart agriculture.
9

VanderGheynst, Jean, Michael Raviv, Jim Stapleton, and Dror Minz. Effect of Combined Solarization and in Solum Compost Decomposition on Soil Health. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594388.bard.

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In soil solarization, moist soil is covered with a transparent plastic film, resulting in passive solar heating which inactivates soil-borne pathogen/weed propagules. Although solarization is an effective alternative to soil fumigation and chemical pesticide application, it is not widely used due to its long duration, which coincides with the growing season of some crops, thereby causing a loss of income. The basis of this project was that solarization of amended soil would be utilized more widely if growers could adopt the practice without losing production. In this research we examined three factors expected to contribute to greater utilization of solarization: 1) investigation of techniques that increase soil temperature, thereby reducing the time required for solarization; 2) development and validation of predictive soil heating models to enable informed decisions regarding soil and solarization management that accommodate the crop production cycle, and 3) elucidation of the contributions of microbial activity and microbial community structure to soil heating during solarization. Laboratory studies and a field trial were performed to determine heat generation in soil amended with compost during solarization. Respiration was measured in amended soil samples prior to and following solarization as a function of soil depth. Additionally, phytotoxicity was estimated through measurement of germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings in greenhouse assays, and samples were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize microbial communities. Amendment of soil with 10% (g/g) compost containing 16.9 mg CO2/g dry weight organic carbon resulted in soil temperatures that were 2oC to 4oC higher than soil alone. Approximately 85% of total organic carbon within the amended soil was exhausted during 22 days of solarization. There was no significant difference in residual respiration with soil depth down to 17.4 cm. Although freshly amended soil proved highly inhibitory to lettuce seed germination and seedling growth, phytotoxicity was not detected in solarized amended soil after 22 days of field solarization. The sequencing data obtained from field samples revealed similar microbial species richness and evenness in both solarized amended and non-amended soil. However, amendment led to enrichment of a community different from that of non-amended soil after solarization. Moreover, community structure varied by soil depth in solarized soil. Coupled with temperature data from soil during solarization, community data highlighted how thermal gradients in soil influence community structure and indicated microorganisms that may contribute to increased soil heating during solarization. Reliable predictive tools are necessary to characterize the solarization process and to minimize the opportunity cost incurred by farmers due to growing season abbreviation, however, current models do not accurately predict temperatures for soils with internal heat generation associated with the microbial breakdown of the soil amendment. To address the need for a more robust model, a first-order source term was developed to model the internal heat source during amended soil solarization. This source term was then incorporated into an existing “soil only” model and validated against data collected from amended soil field trials. The expanded model outperformed both the existing stable-soil model and a constant source term model, predicting daily peak temperatures to within 0.1°C during the critical first week of solarization. Overall the results suggest that amendment of soil with compost prior to solarization may be of value in agricultural soil disinfestations operations, however additional work is needed to determine the effects of soil type and organic matter source on efficacy. Furthermore, models can be developed to predict soil temperature during solarization, however, additional work is needed to couple heat transfer models with pathogen and weed inactivation models to better estimate solarization duration necessary for disinfestation.
10

Velez, Gladis, and Ragvi Shah. Reorienting Smart City Metrics to Emphasize Resident Well-Being: A Disparity-Oriented Approach. University of Miami, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33596/report-1.

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This paper applies a disparity-oriented focus to promote human-centered solutions to smart city planning efforts. For five metropolitan areas (San Jose, Miami, New York, Denver, and Seattle) we explored three smart city domains (socioeconomics, public transit access, and digital divide), identified candidate indicators for each domain using publicly available data, and mapped composite measures generated using principal components analysis. The study identifies areas that may be most and least likely to benefit from smart city investments. Reorienting solutions can ultimately increase community equity and engagement in urban life.

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