Статті в журналах: "Computer-aided assessment systems"

1

Dabolins, Janis. "TEACHING OF COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN SYSTEMS." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 5 (May 25, 2018): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3143.

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The objective of this paper is to analyze and describe computer-aided design training and its aspects. A traditional and technology-supported learning process is described with the purpose of analyzing computer-aided design training and provision of knowledge assessment, and identifying problems in the CAD system training. The article analyzes the learning process by defining its objectives, the necessity of student characterization, motivation analysis, the necessity of feedback and other basic components; it analyzes the training methods, provides insight into technology-supported learning process, identifies the provision and types of computer-aided design training and knowledge assessment as well as describes feedback and its role in the training process.Elaboration of an intellectual learning system would solve the problems associated with lack of feedback, lack of adaptivity and the emergence of plagiarism (since only the end result of the design is subjected to the test and not the whole process of creating it, it is easy to pass another’s work for one’s own). A solution to these problems would facilitate the work of the teacher and improve student learning outcomes.

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2

Behloul, F., B. P. F. Lelieveldt, A. Boudraa, M. F. Janier, D. Revel, and J. H. C. Reiber. "Neuro-fuzzy systems for computer-aided myocardial viability assessment." IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 20, no. 12 (2001): 1302–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/42.974925.

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3

Elfring, Robert, Matías de la Fuente, and Klaus Radermacher. "Assessment of optical localizer accuracy for computer aided surgery systems." Computer Aided Surgery 15, no. 1-3 (February 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10929081003647239.

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4

Richard, Heller, and Guilan Shi. "Melanoma Screening with Computer Aided Dermoscopy System Based on the ABCD Criteria." Dermatology and Dermatitis 4, no. 1 (August 9, 2019): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8949/052.

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Melanoma mortality rates are the highest amongst skin cancer patients. The 5-year survival rate is 92% if melanoma is diagnosed at an early stage and is localized. If melanoma has spread to other parts of the body, survival is only 13%. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop approaches that can enhance early and accurate diagnosis of melanoma. Dermatoscopy has been widely used to identify early tumor growth. With the addition of computer technology, digital dermatoscopy systems are capable of accurately assessing skin surface features modeled along the ABCD criteria and have been used for clinical assessment of pigmented skin lesions. This paper introduces a non-invasive computerized dermoscopy system that considers lesions on the skin for `diagnosis.

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Konstantinidis, P. A., G. C. Koltsakis, and A. M. Stamatelos. "Computer aided assessment and optimization of catalyst fast light-off techniques." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 211, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407971526191.

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Strict future legislation standards are forcing the car industry to employ new techniques for reducing exhaust gas emissions. Most of these techniques focus on accelerating the appearance of catalyst light-off and are thus called fast light-off techniques (FLTs). Optimized exhaust systems comprising FLTs will be able to meet the forthcoming legislation standards for the United States [low emissions vehicle (LEV) and ultra-low emissions vehicle (ULEV)] and the European Union (Stage III). The most promising active and passive FLT systems are briefly reviewed. Computer aided optimization of such systems can be realized with the help of specific computational tools, which are briefly presented in this paper, and according to a concept optimization methodology, which is also discussed. The results indicate an increased sensitivity of FLT systems’ performance over the selected values of certain design and operating parameters that were featured in the examples presented. Moreover, by comparing the computational results with knowledge gained from experiments and testing, the paper indicates that, given the suitable computational tools, the optimization procedure can take place in a most cost-effective manner by substituting many experiments with computer test case runs.

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6

Barua, Ishita, Michael Bretthauer, and Yuichi Mori. "Computer-aided quality assessment (CAQ): the next step for artificial intelligence in colonoscopy?" Mini-invasive Surgery 6, no. 5 (2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2022.05.

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Recent developments and breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) for colonoscopy have the potential to improve the quality of colonoscopy. Computer-aided detection for colorectal polyps has been shown to increase the adenoma detection rate by more than 10%. Furthermore, recently developed computer-aided quality assessment (CAQ) systems, such as real-time withdrawal speed monitoring, are expected to provide additional gain in colonoscopy practice. However, the added clinical value of combining AI techniques is uncertain. This paper provides an overview of the latest evidence on CAQ systems and identifies knowledge gaps that need to be filled before widespread implementation.

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7

Parsons, Kenneth C. "Computer Aided Design of the Thermal Environment." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 8 (October 1989): 512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903300801.

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The use in design, of knowledge and understanding of human thermal comfort, heat stress and cold stress, is often complex and time consuming. A computer based system (IBM-PC) was developed to allow human factors practitioners to assess and manipulate knowledge, data and simulations of human response to thermal environments, thus allowing computer aided design. A description of the system, its design and development and examples of its use are provided. The role of such systems in design and assessment should be considered by human factors practitioners.

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Gentile, U., S. Marrone, R. Nardone, and E. Bellini. "Computer-aided security assessment of water networks monitoring platforms." International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection 31 (December 2020): 100390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2020.100390.

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Paprocki, Marcin. "The use of methods and computer aided systems in the ecological design of product development." Mechanik 91, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2018.1.17.

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Presented are two concepts of the process planning design procedure and the cost estimation aided by CAPP systems. Methods aiding ecological design of the product development, such as DFMA, DFE, FMEA, QFD and LCA, are presented too. The Eco-indicator 99 method which is used in the assessment of product life cycle impact on the environment (LCIA) is discussed. The paper recommends complementing the strategic enterprise backbone with the environmental component of the product life cycle assessment (Ecological Backbone).

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10

Gardner, Lauren, Toby Gillgrass, and Mark Devlin. "The role of three-dimensional imaging in patients with cleft lip and palate." Faculty Dental Journal 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/204268513x13703528618960.

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Three-dimensional (3D) imaging is revolutionising patient assessment, diagnosis, management and treatment planning. Restorative dentistry is using optical scanning such as the computer aided design/computer aided manufacture systems to help with tooth preparation design and construction of fixed prosthodontics. Other specialties in dentistry are frequently employing cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to facilitate 3D imaging. This article outlines how CBCT and 3D sterophotogrammetry have been used in the management of cleft lip and palate with reference to the cleft team based at Glasgow Dental Hospital.

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11

Elsharkawy, Emad M., Ahmed MY ElKouedi, and Tamer E. Shokry. "Three-dimensional assessment of internal adaptation measurement of three cad/cam ceramic systems." Brazilian Dental Journal 33, no. 6 (December 2022): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202204981.

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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the internal adaptation of three different computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramic crowns. The internal adaptation of a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network material (Vita Enamic [VE]) was compared to two machinable glass-ceramics; Zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (Vita Suprinity [VS]) and a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e.max. CAD). Thirty human premolars of average size were prepared (n=10 each group) by computer numerical control to fulfill the criteria of all-ceramic crown design. Optical impressions were taken for each tooth preparation using the CAD/CAM scanner. Thirty crowns were fabricated using CAD/CAM system and divided into three groups (IPS e.max, VE, and VS). To assess the internal fit of tested crowns, the gap between the intaglio of each crown and the corresponding tooth surface was evaluated using a 3D digital scanner using the Triple-scan Protocol. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey Post Hoc statistical tests were used to statistically analyze results of the internal fit. There was a statistically significant difference for all groups at the four axial walls (p = 0.000002). For total internal fit between groups, comparisons showed a statistically significant difference between all tested groups (p=0.000002). When each pair of groups was statistically compared with each other, all pair comparisons showed a statistically significant difference. IPS e.max CAD had the best internal fit, followed by Vita Enamic, then Vita Suprinity. For all ceramics tested, values of internal fit of all ceramics tested were within the clinically acceptable range.

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Saxena, Prateek, Panagiotis Stavropoulos, John Kechagias, and Konstantinos Salonitis. "Sustainability Assessment for Manufacturing Operations." Energies 13, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 2730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112730.

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Sustainability is becoming more and more important as a decision attribute in the manufacturing environment. However, quantitative metrics for all the aspects of the triple bottom line are difficult to assess. Within the present paper, the sustainability metrics are considered in tandem with other traditional manufacturing metrics such as time, flexibility, and quality and a novel framework is presented that integrates information and requirements from Computer-Aided Technologies (CAx) systems. A novel tool is outlined for considering a number of key performance indicators related to the triple bottom line when deciding the most appropriate process route. The implemented system allows the assessment of alternative process plans considering the market demands and available resources.

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Chu, Gregory H., Matthew S. Brown, Hyun J. Kim, Andrew Kaplan, Katherine Yang, Martin Allen-Auerbach, Cheryce Poon, et al. "Computer-aided bone scan lesion area quantitation: Inter-reader measurement variability." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e16019-e16019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e16019.

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e16019 Background: Bone scan is essential for response assessment in subjects with metastatic prostate cancer. However, visual assessment is subjective and prone to inter-reader variability. A commercial computer-aided (CAD) system for bone scan lesion area (BSLA) calculation has been developed (MedQIA, LLC). BSLA provides an objective and sensitive measure for response assessment. New VEGF treatments showing promising results in reducing lesion burden on bone scan present an urgent need for validated systems capable of accurately assessing treatment response. Measurement of inter reader variability is fundamental to such a validation. In this work we measure inter-reader variability in quantitation of BSLA change using the CAD system. Methods: In a multi-center clinical trial of cabozantinib (Exelixis, Inc), bone scans were acquired according to a standardized imaging protocol. Scans at baseline and Week 12 were available for 113 subjects for this analysis. Automated CAD lesion detection was performed following image intensity normalization to increase consistency between subject time points. Two nuclear medicine physicians independently edited and approved the CAD result as needed, primarily to remove false positives due to degenerative joint disease. The system then calculated the percent change in BSLA at Week 12 from baseline (BSLAPCT). The BLSAPCT values from the two readers were compared to assess inter-reader variability. Additional analytic validation of the BSLA measure was performed in which the readers provided a categorical assessment of responder vs non-responder, using the CAD-normalized images, and the classification performance of BSLAPCT was assessed using ROC analysis. Results: The median (IQR) difference in BSLAPCT between the two readers was -1.8 (20.0) percentage points. The absolute difference was 9.4 (23.9) percentage points. The BSLAPCT response classification had an ROC area under curve (AUC) of 0.96 for both readers. Conclusions: Computer-aided quantitative assessment of change using bone scan lesion area demonstrated low variability between two readers. This is an important step toward the validation of an objective, quantitative, and sensitive response assessment technique.

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Karimpour, Jaber, Ayaz Isazadeh, and Habib Izadkhah. "Early performance assessment in component‐based software systems." IET Software 7, no. 2 (April 2013): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-sen.2011.0143.

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15

Inozemtseva, Ye S., N. I. Goudomarova, and A. V. Kabachkova. "Cardiointervalographical assessment of the vegetovascular balance in girls engaged in fitness aerobics." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 5, no. 4 (December 30, 2006): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2006-4-71-73.

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Computer-aided systems for analysis of the cardiac rhythm allow the objective assessment of the functional state and peculiarities of the vegetative provision of functional reserves in an organism, revealing of the states of fatigue and overtraining, objective prediction and correction of the functional readiness to competition, development of the most favorable regime of training and recovery after physical activity.

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Pasynkov, D. V., I. A. Egoshin, A. A. Kolchev, I. V. Kliouchkin, and O. V. Busygina. "Diagnostic Value of 1st and 2nd Generation Computer Aided Detection Systems for Mammography: a Comparative Assessment." Medical Visualization, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24835/1607-0763-2017-1-90-102.

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Aim: to compare the diagnostic efficacy of generation I and II computer aided detection (CAD) systems for mammography of our own design using the large set of unselect ed mammography images obtained in a routine clinical practice settings. Material and methods. Both CADs were tested on the set of 1532 mammography images of 356 women with confirmed breast cancer (BC). We assessed their value in the detection of suspicious areas with various characteristics located on the different density background. Size of BC lesions varied from 4 to 35 mm (mean – 13,4 ± 6,3 mm). We excluded BC representing only with microcalcification clusters from this analysis, because this task is solved using the separate universal module compatible with both CADs.Results. For I and II generation CADs we obtained the following results: detection of small nodular BCs (≤10 mm) – 41 of 52 (78.85%) and 48 of 52 (92.31%; p > 0.05), respectively; detection of BCs visible as asymmetric areas – 18 of 18 (100%) and 13 of 18 (72.2%; p > 0.05), respectively; detection of only partially visible masses – 15 of 18 (83.3%) and 17 of 18 (94.4%; p > 0.05); detection of lesions poorly visible or invisible on standard mammography images due to the high density background (C-D types according to the ACR 2013 classification) – 9 of 16 (56.3%) and 7 of 16 (70.0%; p = 0.046). Total detection rate was 88.76% (316 of 356 cases) – for CAD I and 90.73% (323 of 356 cases; р > 0.05) – for CAD II. Mean false positive marks rate was 1.8 and 1.3 per image, respectively, – for ACR А-В images and 2.6 and 1.8 per image, respectively – for ACR C-D images (p < 0.05).Conclusion. Generally the diagnostic value of CAD II is not inferior that of CAD I in all analyzed situations, except the poorly visible or invisible lesions on the dense breast background. Moreover, CAD II is probably superior CAD I in the detection of spiculated small masses. The rate of false positive marks was significantly higher for CAD I.

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Choridah, Lina, Nurhuda Hendra Setyawan, Faisal Najamuddin, and Hanung Adi Nugroho. "Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) Berbasis Intensity Correlation Analysis (ICA)." Jurnal Radiologi Indonesia 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33748/jradidn.v2i1.38.

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Objectives: Mammography has an important role in the diagnosis of breast cancer. computer-aided detection (CADe) or computeraided diagnosis (CADx) systems have been developed to improve the capability of radiologists to interpret medical images and to di?erentiate benign and malignant lesions. We studied the capability of ICA as a technique used in CAD systems.Methods: An observational study involving 20 participants (5 radiologists and 15 last year radiology residents) has been initiated. First, they performed assessment of the 60 digitized flm mammograms consisting of 27 normal and 33 abnormal mammograms. Subsequently, from the 33 mammograms with pathological massed, they were asked to di?erentiate benign and malignant lesions (15 and 18 mammograms, respectively).Results: The sensitivity to detect the abnormal lesions in the mammograms was 70% and the specifcity was 72.78%, increased to 74% and 88%, respectively when using ICA. The sensitivity and specifcity to di?erentiate between benign and malignant lesions turned from 40.8 % and 80.3% to 62.5% and 68% after using ICA. The missed diagnostic rate in mammography increased especially in dense breast.Conclusion: ICA improves the radiologists detection of abnormal lesions in mammograms so that it can properly be used as CADe. However, ICA might not be used as a CADx.

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Strautmane, Maija. "On Necessity of Semantic Analysis when Evaluating Concept Maps." Applied Computer Systems 21, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acss-2017-0007.

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Abstract Modern technologies have changed the landscape of teaching and learning in many ways, including introduction of computational support for knowledge assessment. Concept maps (CMs) can be used to externalise student’s internal knowledge structure in a form suitable for computer-aided assessment. Current CM-based knowledge assessment systems do not analyse semantics of CM elements. The paper represents a study designed to find out how big is the portion of a CM that is left unevaluated in default of semantic analysis.

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Shamnur, Naveen, Sunitha Naveen Shamnur, and Santosh Doddamani. "ALL CERAMIC SYSTEMS - AN OVERVIEW." CODS Journal of Dentistry 5, no. 2 (2013): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/cods-5-2-38.

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ABSTRACT In the search for alternative and esthetic restorative materials, many all-ceramic systems have been introduced for the general practitioner. They are used as veneers, inlays/onlays, crowns, and as enamel/dentin bonded partial or total coverage without macroretention. This article describes a classification of the different commercial all-ceramic systems and gives a review of their clinical durability. The primary changes in the field were the proliferation of zirconia-based frameworks and computer-aided fabrication of prostheses, as well as, a trend toward more clinically relevant in vitro test methods. Newer reinforced ceramics showed better durability then the earlier fired ceramic reconstructions. This report includes an overview of ceramic fabrication methods, suggestions for critical assessment of material property data.

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Masood, Ammara, and Adel Ali Al-Jumaily. "Computer Aided Diagnostic Support System for Skin Cancer: A Review of Techniques and Algorithms." International Journal of Biomedical Imaging 2013 (2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/323268.

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Image-based computer aided diagnosis systems have significant potential for screening and early detection of malignant melanoma. We review the state of the art in these systems and examine current practices, problems, and prospects of image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and selection, and classification of dermoscopic images. This paper reports statistics and results from the most important implementations reported to date. We compared the performance of several classifiers specifically developed for skin lesion diagnosis and discussed the corresponding findings. Whenever available, indication of various conditions that affect the technique’s performance is reported. We suggest a framework for comparative assessment of skin cancer diagnostic models and review the results based on these models. The deficiencies in some of the existing studies are highlighted and suggestions for future research are provided.

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Mukasheva, Gulzira, Natalya Stenina, and Kakim Sagindykov. "Assessment of the Protection and Efficiency of Work of Information Systems Used in the Mining Industry." E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910503003.

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The issues of digitalization of the mining industry, including open-pit mining, are considered. The issues of the use of semantic systems as an element of information flows, allowing to determine and select the right decisions in the process of mining management, in particular, in the mining of minerals by open mining, are covered. The article formulates requirements for semantic networks for the description of material in computer-aided learning tools and analyzes the most well-known models of semantic networks.

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Lo, Pechin, Matthew S. Brown, Jonathan Goldin, Eran Barnoy, Hyun J. Kim, Michael F. McNitt-Gray, and Denise R. Aberle. "Computer-aided lung cancer screening with CT: A clinically usable nodule detection and assessment system." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 7562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.7562.

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7562 Background: The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) recently demonstrated that lung cancer screening with low-dose CT reduces mortality. Current protocols use 4–8 mm nodules as positive screens. While there are some computer-aided nodule detection (CAD) systems currently available, they are rarely used in clinical practice because they generate too many false positives and lack reliable measurement tools. The purpose of this work is to develop a new CAD system to overcome these limitations and evaluate it against an expert panel of radiologists. Methods: The CAD system developed for lung nodule detection and measurement incorporates computer vision techniques including intensity thresholding, Euclidean Distance Transformation, and watershed segmentation. Rules pertaining to volume and shape were applied to automatically discriminate between nodules and bronchovascular anatomy. CAD system performance was assessed using 108 consecutive cases from the publically available Lung Imaging Database Consortium (LIDC), in which four radiologists reviewed each case. CT slice thickness ranged from 0.6–3.0 mm. Nodules were included that were: (a) ≥ 4mm, and (b) marked by a majority of the LIDC readers, and (c) ≥ 4 x CT slice thickness (to ensure adequate spatial resolution). Results: 44 of 108 subjects had one or more nodules meeting criteria. Median CAD sensitivity per subject for these 44 cases is reported for all nodules ≥ 4mm and the subset of nodules ≥ 8mm. The false positive (FP) rate per subject is reported for all 108 cases. The overall concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) between the CAD volume of each nodule and the LIDC reference volume was measured. Conclusions: Based on clinical CT screening protocols, a CAD system has been developed with high nodule sensitivity and a much lower false positive rate than previously reported systems. Automated volume measurements show strong agreement with the reference standard, providing a comprehensive detection and assessment workflow for lung cancer screening. [Table: see text]

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Topolsky, N. G., A. V. Kruchkov, I. M. Teterin, D. S. Grachev, K. A. Mikhaylov, and Khoang Tkhan Do. "ASSESSMENT OF THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE SPECIAL SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTER-AIDED INTEGRATED COMPLEX SAFETY SYSTEMS OF OBJECTS." Technology of technosphere safety 78 (2018): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2018.2.78.55-62.

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White, M. T., O. A. Oyewunmi, M. A. Chatzopoulou, A. M. Pantaleo, A. J. Haslam, and C. N. Markides. "Computer-aided working-fluid design, thermodynamic optimisation and thermoeconomic assessment of ORC systems for waste-heat recovery." Energy 161 (October 2018): 1181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.098.

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Nadkernichny, S. P., and P. V. Golubev. "Assessment of wetting of surface mount components Thermoire and Microcad installations." Electronics and Communications 16, no. 3 (March 28, 2011): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2312-1807.2011.16.3.264077.

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New method of wetting test for surface mount technology of electronic components was offered in this paper. Two optical systems for fixation of component height during the soldering – type TherMoire (Thermical Moire) and type MicroCAD (Computer Aided Design) were used for realization of experiments. The height change of component relatively to printed board and wetting time was estimated for analysis of solder wetting. As a result of performed experiments the types of pastes and the kinds of surfaces of printed circuit boards, for which investigated components have the best wetting, were estimated

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Mai, Hai Yen, Hang-Nga Mai, Hyun-Wook Woo, and Du-Hyeong Lee. "Impact of the Application of Computer-Based 3D Simulation on Acquisition of Knowledge of Guidance of Mandibular Movement." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010060.

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Recently, computer-aided three-dimensional (3D) simulation has expanded to modern education. This study aims to investigate the effects of 3D computer simulation on the learning and self-assessment of the guidance of the mandibular movement. Sixty second-grade dental students were randomly distributed into three groups in an occlusion class. Various teaching protocols were used for each group. Students in the first group (lecture (L)) were taught exclusively through a textbook and two-dimensional illustrations. The conventional lecture method followed by computer-aided 3D simulation was applied to the second group (lecture-to-simulation (LtS)). Lastly, students in the third group (lecture with simulation (LwS)) were simultaneously taught using the conventional lecture and computer-aided 3D simulation methods. After teaching each group, a paper-based examination was conducted; actual and expected scores were obtained on the same day as the occlusal class. Analyses of variance with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis were used to compare the teaching protocols, whereas the independent t test was used for comparing between actual and expected scores (α = 0.05). The LwS group exhibited significantly higher actual and student-expected scores than the L and LtS groups (p < 0.001). The expected score was significantly lower than the actual score in the L group (p = 0.035). However, in the LtS and LwS groups, no statistical difference was observed between expected (p = 0.114) and actual (p = 0.685) scores. The distribution of actual scores in the grading systems indicated higher percentages of excellent (grade A) and good (grade B) scores in the LwS (96.7%) and LtS (79.7%) groups, respectively, than in the L group (53.4%). Using computer-aided 3D simulation to teach the guidance of mandibular movement improved the learning outcomes and self-assessment of students, especially when 3D simulation was combined with conventional lecturing.

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Fischer, Caroline Adela Ingrid, Doina Lucia Ghergic, Diana Maria Vranceanu, Stefan Alexandru Ilas, Raluca Monica Comaneanu, Florin Baciu, and Cosmin Mihai Cotrut. "Assessment of Force Retention between Milled Metallic and Ceramic Telescopic Crowns with Different Taper Angles Used for Oral Rehabilitation." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 4814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214814.

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The present study assessed the retention forces corresponding to different telescopic systems used in removable prosthetic dentures. The telescopic systems were represented by Co–Cr alloy or zirconia-based primary crowns and Co–Cr secondary crowns. All crowns were manufactured using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology (CAD/CAM). Two types of reference abutment teeth (upper canine and first upper molar) were selected in order to obtain the telescopic crowns and two taper angles—of 0° and 2°—were used for the design of the crowns. A number of 120 samples of telescopic crowns were obtained and subjected to mechanical tests, following a specific protocol, on a mechanical testing equipment. The retention of the telescopic systems was evaluated for different sets of cycles (up to 360), represented by movements that simulate the intraoral insertion and disinsertion of the telescopic systems. The present study highlights that the telescopic systems in which the primary crown is made of zirconia ceramics presents more advantages than those made of Co–Cr. All telescopic systems studied, highlighted that by modifying the taper angle from 0° to 2°, the retention forces have decreased, irrespective of the materials used for the fabrication of the primary crown, suggesting that by using a taper angle of 0°, which is known to be ideal, more efficient, and reliable prosthesis can be developed. Thus, even though the ceramic–metallic telescopic system exhibited the highest retention, all telescopic crowns evaluated registered values between 2–7 N, indicating that they are suitable for clinical use.

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Roßmann, Maximilian. "Narrative Self-Reference and the Assessment of Knowledge." Journal of Sociocybernetics 15, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_jos/jos.201822630.

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The concept of narrative self-reference incorporates selected aspects of literary theory into the theory of self-referential systems. Since cybernetics and systems theory focus mainly on computer-aided metaphors and information, the narrative approach provides a better insight into meaning. Narrative self-reference is the simplified narrative self-image that reflects the system-environment relationship and thereby stabilizes the system. Because the narrative is continuously re-written, continued and entangled in different practices, it provides the flexibility against new and disappointed expectations, and the stability for accountability and planning. Theoretical examples of further institutional, technical, authoritarian and pragmatic dependencies for the constitution of psychic and social systems with means of narrative self-reference are discussed. In summary, this article reflects the negotiating power of narratives by creating system boundaries for collaboration and a common ground for the assessment of knowledge. From this perspective, “post-truth” is not a lack of scientific authority, but more a lack of the virtue of an adequate dealing with narratives.

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Pandian, Santha, Mimi H. Hassim, and Markku Hurme. "Computer-aided assessment of occupationally healthier processes during research and development stage." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 26, no. 4 (July 2013): 705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2013.01.008.

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Kato, Seizo, Naoki Maruyama, Yasuki Nikai, Hidekazu Takai, and Anugerah Widiyanto. "Life Cycle Assessment Estimation for Eco-Management of Co-Generation Systems." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 123, no. 1 (October 30, 2000): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1345732.

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A LCA (life cycle assessment) scheme for any industrial activity system is introduced to estimate the quantitative load on the environment with the aid of the NETS (numerical environment total standard) method proposed by the authors as a numerical measure. Two kinds of environmental loads respecting fossil fuel depletion as input resources to the system and global warming due to CO2 emission as output are taken into account in the present eco-criterion, in which the total eco-load (EcL) value is calculated from the summation of respective environmental load factors on the whole process in a life cycle of the system. This NETS method is applied to eco-management co-generation systems, in which a computer-aided output navigator proceeds the LCA estimation with ICON and Q&A communication. An operation scheme most friendly to the environment with a minimum EcL value, i.e., an eco-operation scheme, is derived from the optimization theory.

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Juma, Zevick Otieno, Mildred Atieno Ayere, Michael Obiero Oyengo, and Georg Osang. "Evaluating Engagement and Learning Based on a Student Categorization using STACK, Exam Data, Key Informant Interviews, and Focus Group Discussions." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 17, no. 23 (December 8, 2022): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i23.36619.

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Abstract—Systems for Teaching and Assessment using Computer Algebra Kernel (STACK) is a computer-aided assessment plug-in for the Moodle learning management system that provides sophisticated tools for student assessment in mathematics and related disciplines, with emphasis on formative assessment. In the last four years, IDEMS international has supported the School of Mathematics at Maseno to integrate STACK and use it in the teaching, learning, and assessment of undergraduate students in nine courses. One of the courses was “Introduction to Complex Analysis'', a third-year course shared by students taking mathematics-related programs from different faculties within Maseno. This paper reports on an evaluation of learner behavior in the Complex Analysis course using data from the STACK weekly quizzes done in that course, the final exam, 20 key informant interviews, and 4 focus group discussions.

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Sakarinto, Wikan, Hiroshi Narazaki, and Keiichi Shirase. "A Decision Support System for Capturing CNC Operator Knowledge." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 5 (September 5, 2011): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0655.

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The main job of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) operators is to capture and use knowledge to assess product data. CNC operators assess Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) files before proceeding to CNC machining processes. Decision Support Systems (DSS), for these operators, is provided by Expert Systems (ES) designed to manage and learn intelligently from previous data and information and produce recommended actions and decisions. The purpose of the DSS is (i) to assist inexperienced operators in assessment using stored know-how of experienced operators and to collect additional knowledge in interaction between the DSS and experienced operators during semiautomatic assessment, and (ii) to present collected knowledge to users based on contexts or constraints the user must deal with in product data assessment. After outlining the DSS, the discussion is about its usefulness in dealing information and knowledge discrepancies between CAM and CNC operators - an important problem in practice that has been rather neglected so far - focusing on CNC milling operations.

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Konstantinidis, P. A., G. C. Koltsakis, and A. M. Stamatelos. "The role of computer aided engineering in the design optimization of exhaust after-treatment systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 212, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407981525885.

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The goals of employing computer aided engineering (CAE) tools have always been the improvement of product quality and the simultaneous reduction of the related time-to-market and development costs. The latter may be achieved when the optimization procedure is carried out without the need to construct and test numerous prototypes. CAE tools and methodologies, apart from the design phase, can also be employed for dedicated prediction and analysis purposes, with the intention to fully exploit the capabilities of the catalytic exhaust system. A set of fundamental CAE tools and the accompanying (CAE) methodology, aiming to assist the design optimization of catalytic exhaust systems for spark-ignition-engined vehicles, are presented. The set comprises the following individual cooperating modules: a transient exhaust system heat transfer code, a transient three-way catalytic converter (3W-CC) computer code with an accompanying kinetics tuning procedure, a 3W-CC database and an ageing assessment methodology. The CAE methodology may be exploited in the directions of exhaust system design and optimization, addressing the catalytic exhaust system as an entity that consists of interrelated components. In that context, specific examples of real practice are demonstrated. This methodology is already being extensively used by the authors in research and development of automotive exhaust after-treatment systems, with promising results.

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Mir, Y. A., J. R. R. Mayer, and C. Fortin. "Tool path error prediction of a five-axis machine tool with geometric errors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 216, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954405021520391.

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Predicting the actual tool path of a machine tool prior to machining a part provides useful data in order to ensure or improve the dimensional accuracy of the part. The actual tool path can be estimated by accounting for the effect of the machine tool geometric error parameters. In computer aided design/computer aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) systems, the nominal tool path [or CL (cutter location) data] is directly generated from the curves and surfaces to be machined and the errors of the machine tool are not considered. In order to take these errors into consideration, they must first be identified and then used in the machine tool forward kinematic model. In this paper a method is presented to identify the geometric errors of machine tools and predict their effect on the tool-tip position. Both the link errors (position-independent geometric error parameters) and the motion errors (position-dependent geometric error parameters) are considered. The nominal and predicted tool paths are compared and an assessment is made of the resulting surfaces with respect to the desired part profile tolerance. A methodology is also suggested to integrate this tool within a CAD/CAPP (computer aided process planning)/CAM environment.

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Juma, Zevick Otieno, Isaac Owino Okoth, and Michael Obiero Oyengo. "Delivery of Integral Calculus at Maseno University: Is STACK Really Playing an Integral Part?" International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 17, no. 23 (December 8, 2022): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i23.36621.

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Abstract—Integral Calculus II is a second-year undergraduate course offered by the Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics at Maseno University. It is one of the 20 foundational courses with a high enrolment of about 800 students drawn from the school of Mathematics, Education, Science, and Business. Because of the large number of enrollments in these foundational courses, and the small number of teaching staff, instructors face challenges in providing immediate personalized feedback that can guide learning. Systems for Teaching and Assessment which use Computer Algebra Kernerl, STACK, a computer-aided assessment plug-in that provides a sophisticated assessment in mathematics-related disciplines, was used to deploy Continuous Assessment Tests (CAT) in the course for 370 students. This paper reports on the findings of the course based on a comparison between student test scores in STACK and in the final course exam.

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36

Sullivan, Jim, and Allan J. Brimicombe. "Flood Risk Assessment Using Spatial Decision Support Systems." SIMULATION 59, no. 6 (December 1992): 379–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003754979205900605.

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37

Jiménez-García, Jorge, Roberto Romero-Oraá, María García, María López-Gálvez, and Roberto Hornero. "Combination of Global Features for the Automatic Quality Assessment of Retinal Images." Entropy 21, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21030311.

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Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common causes of visual loss in developed countries. Computer-aided diagnosis systems aimed at detecting DR can reduce the workload of ophthalmologists in screening programs. Nevertheless, a large number of retinal images cannot be analyzed by physicians and automatic methods due to poor quality. Automatic retinal image quality assessment (RIQA) is needed before image analysis. The purpose of this study was to combine novel generic quality features to develop a RIQA method. Several features were calculated from retinal images to achieve this goal. Features derived from the spatial and spectral entropy-based quality (SSEQ) and the natural images quality evaluator (NIQE) methods were extracted. They were combined with novel sharpness and luminosity measures based on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and the hue saturation value (HSV) color model, respectively. A subset of non-redundant features was selected using the fast correlation-based filter (FCBF) method. Subsequently, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network was used to obtain the quality of images from the selected features. Classification results achieved 91.46% accuracy, 92.04% sensitivity, and 87.92% specificity. Results suggest that the proposed RIQA method could be applied in a more general computer-aided diagnosis system aimed at detecting a variety of retinal pathologies such as DR and age-related macular degeneration.

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Konstantinidis, P. A., G. C. Koltsakis, and A. M. Stamatelos. "Transient heat transfer modelling in automotive exhaust systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 211, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406971521610.

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Transient heat transfer computations in automotive exhaust systems are increasingly employed in the design and optimization phases. The complex geometry of the exhaust line and the special flow conditions complicate the problem of accurately estimating several important heat transfer parameters. This paper initially summarizes the current status of knowledge regarding heat transfer phenomena in automotive exhaust systems. A comprehensive transient computer model covering all exhaust piping configurations (single wall, double wall with air gap or insulation) is presented. A novel solution procedure is proposed, resulting in significant savings in processing time. Two-dimensional heat transfer in connecting flanges is also accounted for. The model is validated with the help of full-scale measurements on vehicles. Examples are presented, illustrating the application of the model in the comparative assessment of different exhaust configurations. In conjunction with existing models, which simulate the operation of three-way catalytic converters and of other exhaust gas after-treatment devices, the model can be integrated in a CAE (computer aided engineering) package for the support of exhaust system design optimization.

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Kwon, Jagun, Andy Wellings, and Steve King. "Assessment of the Java programming language for use in high integrity systems." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 38, no. 4 (April 2003): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/844091.844099.

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40

Blackstone, John H., Gary L. Hogg, and Alton D. Patton. "Improving the assessment of power systems reliability through simulation." SIMULATION 45, no. 6 (December 1985): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003754978504500603.

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Andropova, Р. L., P. V. Gavrilov, Zh I. Savintseva, А. V. Vovk та Е. V. Rybin. "Аpplication of artificial intelligence systems in neuroradiology of acute ischemic stroke". Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy 12, № 2 (18 жовтня 2021): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2079-5343-2021-12-2-30-36.

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Introduction. Artificial intelligence is one of the fastest-growing areas of great importance to radiology. Purpose. In this article, we aimed to study the current state of the use of computer-aided imaging analysis in acute ischemic stroke. Results. There are many artificial intelligence softwares that automatic image processing can successfully identify neuroradiology image in stroke: early detection by diagnostic imaging methods, assessment of the time of disease onset, segmentation of the lesion, analysis of the presence and possibility of cerebral edema, and predicting complications and treatment outcomes. Conclusion. The first results of using artificial intelligence to evaluate neuroimaging data showed that machine-learning methods could be useful as decision-making tools when choosing a treatment for acute ischemic stroke.

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Welch, Lonnie R., Guohui Yu, Jack Verhoosel, Judith A. Haney, Antonio L. Samuel, and Peter Ng. "Metrics for assessment of designs and implementations during reengineering of computer-based systems." Annals of Software Engineering 1, no. 1 (December 1995): 179–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02249051.

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Gallego, V., and J. F. Asturiano. "Sperm motility in fish: technical applications and perspectives through CASA-Mot systems." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 30, no. 6 (2018): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd17460.

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Although a relatively high number of sperm quality biomarkers have been reported over the years in several fish species, sperm motility is nowadays considered the best biomarker for fish spermatozoa. The first scientific reports focusing on fish sperm motility date from a century ago, but the objective assessment allowed by computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA-Mot) systems was not applied to fish species until the mid-1980s. Since then, a high number of sperm kinetic parameters from more than 170 fish species have been reported in more than 700 scientific articles, covering a wide range of topics, such as sperm physiology, sperm storage, broodstock management, the phenomenon of sperm competition, ecotoxicology and understanding the life cycle of the species. The sperm kinetic parameters provided by CASA-Mot systems can serve as powerful and useful tools for aquaculture and ecological purposes, and this review provides an overview of the major research areas in which fish sperm motility assessment by a CASA-Mot system has been used successfully.

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KIM, SANGKYUN. "ASSESSMENT ON SECURITY RISKS OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 20, no. 01 (February 2010): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194010004591.

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To adapt to the firm's environmental changes continuously, the customer relationship management system is a key which monitors external changes and adapts internal cultures and processes in response to external challenges. Increasing use of customer relationship management systems in competitive business environments has given rise to various kinds of security problems. This paper reviews previous studies on customer relationship management systems, protection of customer information, and evaluation of information security systems. Finally, considering the characteristics of customer relationship management systems and security evaluation methodology, this paper suggests the assessment criteria for security risks of customer relationship management systems.

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Naqvi, Syed Faraz, Syed Saad Azhar Ali, Norashikin Yahya, Mohd Azhar Yasin, Yasir Hafeez, Ahmad Rauf Subhani, Syed Hasan Adil, Ubaid M. Al Saggaf, and Muhammad Moinuddin. "Real-Time Stress Assessment Using Sliding Window Based Convolutional Neural Network." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 4400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164400.

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Mental stress has been identified as a significant cause of several bodily disorders, such as depression, hypertension, neural and cardiovascular abnormalities. Conventional stress assessment methods are highly subjective and tedious and tend to lack accuracy. Machine-learning (ML)-based computer-aided diagnosis systems can be used to assess the mental state with reasonable accuracy, but they require offline processing and feature extraction, rendering them unsuitable for real-time applications. This paper presents a real-time mental stress assessment approach based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The CNN-based approach afforded real-time mental stress assessment with an accuracy as high as 96%, the sensitivity of 95%, and specificity of 97%. The proposed approach is compared with state-of-the-art ML techniques in terms of accuracy, time utilisation, and quality of features.

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do Nascimento Vale, Liliane, and Marcelo de Almeida Maia. "Key Classes in Object-Oriented Systems: Detection and Assessment." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 29, no. 10 (October 2019): 1439–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194019500451.

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Inadequate documentation of software design has been known to be a barrier for developers. Interestingly, several relevant object-oriented systems have their design documented using key classes, which are meant to represent key concepts of the systems. In order to fill the gap of under-documented design, we present Keecle, an approach for detecting a predefined number of key classes in a semi-automatic way. The main challenge is to reduce the space of potentially thousands of classes to just a few representatives of the main concepts of a system, while maintaining high precision. The approach is evaluated with 13 systems in order to assess its correctness. The ground-truth is obtained either from the original documentation, or from third-party, or from the respective developers. The results were analyzed in terms of precision and recall, and have shown to be superior compared to the state-of-the-art approach. In order to evaluate if key classes are more critical from the design point of view, we evaluated whether they are associated with cohesion and coupling metrics. We found that although key classes, in general, are critical from the point of view of design, there are other classes that are also critical, suggesting that being aware of key classes encompass information not available in structural metrics, and could be useful as a additional facet for design assessment.

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Rizzi, Maria, and Cataldo Guaragnella. "A Decision Support System for Melanoma Diagnosis from Dermoscopic Images." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 7007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147007.

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Innovative technologies in dermatology allow for the early screening of skin cancer, which results in a reduction in the mortality rate and surgical treatments. The diagnosis of melanoma is complex not only because of the number of different lesions but because of the high similarity amongst skin lesions of different nature; hence, human vision and physician experience still play a major role. The adoption of automatic systems would aid clinical assessment and make the diagnosis reproducible by eliminating inter- and intra-observer variabilities. In our paper, we describe a computer-aided system for the early diagnosis of melanoma in dermoscopic images. A soft pre-processing phase is performed so as to avoid the loss of details both in texture, colors, and contours, and color-based image segmentation is later carried out using k-means. Features linked to both geometric properties and color characteristics are used to analyze skin lesions through a support vector machine classifier. The PH2 public database is used for the assessment of the procedure’s sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. A statistical approach is carried out to establish the impact of image quality on performance. The obtained results show remarkable achievements, so our computer-aided approach should be suitable as a Decision Support System for melanoma detection.

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Jurado, CA, A. Tsujimoto, H. Watanabe, NG Fischer, JA Hasslen, H. Tomeh, AG Baruth, WW Barkmeier, and F. Garcia-Godoy. "Evaluation of Polishing Systems for CAD/CAM Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic-Network Restorations." Operative Dentistry 46, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/20-006-l.

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SUMMARY Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of five different polishing systems on a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network restoration with nanoscale assessment using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and visual assessment performed by dental school senior students and faculty members. Method: Forty-eight full coverage crowns were milled out of polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network CAD/CAM blocks (Vita Enamic) for polishing with one company proprietary, two ceramic and two composite polishing systems. The prepared crowns were divided into six groups: (1) no polishing (control); (2) polishing with Vita Enamic Polishing Kit (VEna); (3) polishing with Shofu Porcelain Laminate Polishing Kit (SCer); (4) polishing with Brasseler Dialite Feather lite All-Ceramic Adjusting & Polishing System (BCer); (5) polishing with Shofu Composite Polishing Kit (SCom); and (6) polishing with Brasseler Composite Polishing Kit (BCom). The polished crown surface topography was observed, and surface roughness and area were measured with AFM. In addition, polished crowns were visually assessed by 15 senior dental students and 15 dental school faculty members. Results: All polishing treatments significantly reduced the surface roughness and area of the crown compared with the control. SCom and BCom showed significantly higher surface area than VEna, and the SCer and BCer groups were intermediate, showing no significant difference from either VEna or SCom and BCom. There were no significant differences in surface roughness between any of the systems. Dental students and faculty members classified the groups polished with VEna, SCer, and BCer groups as clinically acceptable, and they selected BCer group as the best polished restorations and the control group as the least polished restorations. Conclusions: Ceramic and composite polishing systems produced similar polishing results as that observed using a company proprietary polishing system. However, effectiveness for polishing using a company proprietary and ceramic polishing system tends to be higher than composite polishing systems.

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Kharchenko, Vyacheslav, Oleg Illiashenko, and Vladimir Sklyar. "Invariant-Based Safety Assessment of FPGA Projects: Conception and Technique." Computers 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers10100125.

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This paper describes a proposed method and technology of safety assessment of projects based on field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). Safety assessment is based on special invariants, e.g., properties which remain unchanged when a specified transformation is applied. A classification and examples of FPGA project invariants are provided. In the paper, two types of invariants are described. The first type of invariants used for such assessment are those which are versatile since they reflect the unchanged properties of FPGA projects, hardware description languages, etc. These invariants can be replenished as experience gained in project implementation accumulates. The second type of invariants is formed based on an analysis of the specifics of a particular FPGA project and reflects the features of the tasks to be solved, the algorithms that are implemented, the hardware FPGA chips used, and the computer-aided design tools, etc. The paper contains a description of the overall conception and particular stages of FPGA projects invariant-based safety assessment. As examples for solving some tasks (using of invariants and defect injections), the paper contains several algorithms written in the VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL). The paper summarizes the results obtained during several years of practical and theoretical research. It can be of practical use for engineers and researchers in the field of quality, reliability, and security of embedded systems, software and information management systems for critical and business applications.

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Conceição, Teresa, Cristiana Braga, Luís Rosado, and Maria João M. Vasconcelos. "A Review of Computational Methods for Cervical Cells Segmentation and Abnormality Classification." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 5114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205114.

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Cervical cancer is the one of the most common cancers in women worldwide, affecting around 570,000 new patients each year. Although there have been great improvements over the years, current screening procedures can still suffer from long and tedious workflows and ambiguities. The increasing interest in the development of computer-aided solutions for cervical cancer screening is to aid with these common practical difficulties, which are especially frequent in the low-income countries where most deaths caused by cervical cancer occur. In this review, an overview of the disease and its current screening procedures is firstly introduced. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the most relevant computational methods available on the literature for cervical cells analysis is presented. Particularly, this work focuses on topics related to automated quality assessment, segmentation and classification, including an extensive literature review and respective critical discussion. Since the major goal of this timely review is to support the development of new automated tools that can facilitate cervical screening procedures, this work also provides some considerations regarding the next generation of computer-aided diagnosis systems and future research directions.

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