Дисертації з теми "Concurrent Strength and Aerobic Endurance Training"

ABSTRACT Shaw, BS, Shaw, I, and Brown, GA. Comparison of resistance and concurrent resistance and endurance training regimes in the development of strength. J Strength Cond Res 23(9): 2507–2514, 2009—Resistance and endurance training are often performed concurrently in most exercise programs and in rehabilitative settings in an attempt to acquire gains in more than 1 physiologic system. However, it has been proposed that by simultaneously performing these 2 modes of exercise training, the strength gains achieved by resistance training alone may be impaired. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of 16 weeks of resistance training and concurrent resistance and endurance training on muscular strength development in 38 sedentary, apparently healthy males (25 yr 6 8 mo). Subjects were age-matched and randomly assigned to either a control (Con) group (n = 12), resistance training (Res) group (n = 13), or concurrent resistance and endurance training (Com) group (n = 13). After 16 weeks, no changes were found in the strength of the subjects in the Con group. Resistance training and concurrent resistance and endurance training significantly (p # 0.05) improved strength in all of the 8 prescribed exercises. The data also indicated that 16 weeks of concurrent resistance training and endurance training was as effective in eliciting improvements in strength as resistance training alone in previously sedentary males. As such, concurrent resistance and endurance training does not impede muscular strength gains and can be prescribed simultaneously for the development of strength in sedentary, apparently healthy males and thus may invoke all the physiologic adaptations of resistance and endurance training at once.

Aerobic exercise (AE) may interfere with muscle adaptations induced by resistance exercise (RE). Three experimental campaigns were conducted to explore the influence of AE on molecular, functional and muscular adaptations to acute and chronic RE. Twenty-nine men performed unilateral knee extensor RE preceded by AE (AE+RE). The contralateral leg did RE only. First, the influence of acute AE on muscle molecular responses to RE performed 6 h later was studied. Subsequently, this exercise regimen was implemented over 5 weeks training. The relationships between acute and chronic outcomes were examined and molecular responses to acute exercise were assessed in untrained and trained muscle. Finally, acute and chronic responses to AE+RE, interspersed by only 15 min recovery, were investigated.Phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6K was greater after AE+RE than after RE. In parallel, myostatin was suppressed for a longer time after AE+RE. These results suggest that AE+RE enhance skeletal muscle anabolic environment more than RE alone (Paper I). After 5 weeks training, improvements in muscle strength and power were similar across legs. However, AE+RE prompted a greater increase in muscle size than RE, suggesting that AE potentiates the hypertrophic stimulus to RE training without altering muscle function progress (Paper II). Consistent with changes in whole-muscle size, AE+RE showed greater anabolic molecular responses than RE. As chronic training blunted this effect, it appears that AE offers a synergistic hypertrophic stimulus to RE only during short-term training (Paper III). Although putative regulators of hypertrophy such as p70S6K, myostatin and PGC-1a4 were examined, no molecular marker correlated with changes in muscle size, strength or power induced by training. Hence, this study challenges the concept that single molecular markers are viable predictors of training-induced muscle adaptations (Paper III–IV). When recovery time between exercise bouts was reduced to 15 min, AE+RE still produced a more substantial increase in muscle size than RE. However, progression of concentric strength was blunted. Thus, while restored muscle function between exercise bouts is a prerequisite for achieving maximal gains in strength and power, incomplete recovery appears not to compromise muscle hypertrophy (Paper V).Collectively, the results suggest that outcomes of AE+RE are impacted by chronic training and time allowed for recovery between exercise modes. Yet, the current study offers no support to the view that AE interferes with muscle hypertrophy induced by RE.

Combining strength and endurance training within the same regimen is aptly referred to as “concurrent training”. Research conducted over the previous 3 decades has indicated concurrent training can result in attenuated development of strength, power and hypertrophy when compared to strength training in isolation. Despite extensive research the mechanisms contributing to this so called “interference effect” are yet to be fully elucidated, as is the influence of manipulating acute training programme variables within a concurrent regimen. As such, the purposes of this thesis were to investigate and draw conclusions regarding underlying physiological mechanisms relating to the interference effect. Additionally, this thesis sought to examine the effects of manipulating programme variables, including frequency and sequencing of exercise within concurrent training regimens on strength related adaptation. The findings of this thesis indicate overall training volume and frequency of endurance training within a concurrent intervention influences the presence and magnitude of the inhibition of strength development. Concurrent training volumes of 3 d·wk-1 elicited muted strength development, whereas lower frequencies did not. Whilst interference was not attributable to neuromuscular factors, it was reported that cortisol was only elevated following higher training frequencies, indicating training stress and catabolism may contribute to interference. Additionally, the sequencing of strength and endurance training can influence endocrine and signalling responses associated with strength adaptation, and it appears strength prior to endurance elicits greater increases in growth associated signalling. The findings of this thesis indicate that overall training stress influences the presence and magnitude of interference experienced, and is reflected in catabolic endocrine responses. Additionally, strength prior to endurance training promotes more favourable anabolic signalling than vice versa, which over time may contribute to greater strength type adaptations.

The purpose of this review is twofold: to elucidate the utility of resistance training for endurance athletes, and provide the practitioner with evidenced-based periodization strategies for concurrent strength and endurance training in athletic populations. Both low-intensity exercise endurance (liee) and high-intensity exercise endurance (hiee) have been shown to improve as a result of maximal, high force, low velocity (hflv) and explosive, low-force, high-velocity strength training. Hflv strength training is recommended initially to develop a neuromuscular base for endurance athletes with limited strength training experience. A sequenced approach to strength training involving phases of strength-endurance, basic strength, strength, and power will provide further enhancements in liee and hiee for high-level endurance athletes.

Research has shown conflicting results involving interference of strength development with combined resistance and endurance training. Purpose: To examine if endurance training and resistance training performed concurrently would produce different performance and physiological results when compared to each type of training alone. Methods: Forty-five untrained males were recruited and randomly assigned to one of three 12 wk training groups. An endurance training (ET, N=12) group trained by running (2-3 days/week, 20-40 min, 65- 80% HRR), a resistance training (RT, N=13) group performed a resistance training program (2-3 days/week, 3 sets/8 exercises, 6-10 reps, 75-85% 1RM), and a concurrent training (CT, N=16) group performed both the endurance and resistance training programs (5 days/week, even # week 3 endurance/2 resistance workouts, odd # week 3 resistance/2 endurance workouts). All groups were tested for all the following variables prior to and following training: percent body fat, VO2max, isokinetic-maximal torque and avg. power at two speeds, 1RM leg press, 1 RM bench press, vertical jump, lower body power (as calculated by the Lewis formula) and 40-yard dash time. Results: Percent body fat was significantly (p≤.05) decreased in both the ET and CT groups. Only the ET group significantly improved VO2max (+8.24%). Minimal changes were found for any of the isokinetic measurements. The ET, RT, and CT groups demonstrated significant improvements in leg press (20.4, 40.8, and 39.4%) and bench press (7.5, 30.5 and 21.2%) 1 RM. RT and CT 1 RM improvements were similar and significantly greater than the ET group. Only the RT group significantly increased power. No group showed a significant change in vertical jump or 40-yard dash time. Conclusions: Findings indicate that endurance training does not interfere with strength development, but resistance training appears to hinder development of maximal aerobic capacity.

The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the changes in preparedness over the course of training for a marathon in two well-trained runners. The athletes completed periodized strength training or a periodized concurrent training. This dissertation consisted of two separate investigations: Study 1 – The purpose of this study was to monitor changes in force production ability and running performance in one sub-elite marathon runner before, during, and after undertaking a short-term block periodized strength training program. The athlete ceased strength training during the off-seasons and resumed testing after 10. The athlete experienced likely true, meaningful changes in force production characteristics during the taper after the training program. Improvements in force production characteristics coincided with improvements in running economy. Both force production characteristics and running economy reversed after the withdraw from strength training. However, both measures remained improved from initial baseline. The improvement in running economy and force production likely coincided with a cardiovascular de-training period, due to a reduction in aerobic training during the off-season. Therefore, strength training may have independent effects on running economy and running performance. These results indicate that endurance runners may better optimize performance by improving force production characteristics via periodized strength training program, and should avoid prolonged periods without strength training. Study 2 – The purpose of this study was to monitor the concurrent and divergent changes in athlete preparedness and performance over a competitive training cycle in two marathon athletes. One athlete added a block periodized strength training program to a non-periodized endurance training program (NBP Athlete). The other athlete (BP Athlete) completed an integrated, concurrent block periodized program using HIT over-reach endurance training. Both athlete displayed improvements in running performance and running economy over the duration of the monitoring program. The BP Athlete displayed earlier and greater magnitudes of performance improvements. These results indicate that strength training can enhance running economy in marathon athletes, performance may be better optimized through periodized integration of strength and endurance training, and the use of HIT over-reach blocks may improve marathon relevant fitness characteristic within the ecologically valid context of an athlete’s training cycle.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of concurrent resistance and cycle training on the physiological and performance characteristics of well trained cyclists. Secondly, this study aimed to investigate the reliability of a new cycling time-trial test that incorporated repeated high-intensity sprint segments, both prior to and after a training intervention, with well trained cyclists.

Concurrent training (CT) is defined as the development of both endurance and strength within the same exercise program. CT has been studied for decades, but the results has been diverse. However, very few have studied the effects of CT on the upper body musculature. Hence, this review set out to investigate the effects of combined strength and endurance training (ET) of the upper body on muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength and endurance variables. PubMed was searched with relevant search terms with varying combinations, such as concurrent training, combined strength and endurance training. After scanning the literature, a total of eight articles were included. The results suggest that muscle strength, exercise economy and time to exhaustion can effectively be improved by CT of the upper body. The effect of CT on upper body musculature were unclear. Some of the articles included suggests a decrease in whole body lean mass, which might simply be due to insufficient loading of the lower body musculature. In order to maintain muscle mass during a CT protocol, endurance athletes should aim to perform ST which targets muscles active during ET. However, the limited empiric literature available on CT of the upper body makes a conclusion hard to draw. This review shows that CT of the upper body is yet an unexplored and researchers should further investigate the effects of CT for the musculature of the upper body alone. If we gain more knowledge of the effects from concurrent training of the upper body, it could have several implications, both clinically and in a sport setting.

Aim Aerobic exercise may interfere with subsequent responses to strength training. The aim of this research was to examine the acute effects of cycling or running on subsequent leg strength performance. It was hypothesized that eccentric contractions induced by running would impair strength performance more than the cycling mode of exercise, which consist mainly of concentric muscle actions. Method In order to investigate if continuous running or cycling affected following strength performance, 6 healthy individuals (5 males, 1 female) were subjected to a randomized cross-over design. Subject characteristics were age (year) 25,5 ± 2,1, height (cm) 180,5 ± 6,4, and body weight (kg) 83 ± 3,4. The experimental sessions included three protocols: strength protocol (S) which included 3 repetitions measuring peak power followed by 3 sets to muscular failure at 80% of 1RM in the squat exercise; and continuous running (RS) and cycling (CS) conditions (40 minutes at 80% of maximal heart rate), followed by the S protocol. Peak power performance and total work volume was measured. Results Average peak power attained between the three protocols were CS = 1639± 444Watts (W), RS = 1633± 422 and S = 1565 ± 349. No significant differences were observed between the three conditions (P = 0,817). No differences across the three protocols was observed for highest peak power attained by each subject (P = 0,619). Total work volume performed (main effect P = 0,027) revealed a significant difference between CS = 2559 kg and S = 3715 kg (P=0,037), and CS and RS = 3345 kg (P=0,037) due to the lower loads lifted in CS.  Conclusions There were no differences observed between the three training protocols regarding peak power performance. When cycling exercise was performed prior to the strength session, the total volume lifted was lower than when performing the strength test alone. Thus, it is concluded that cycling exercise, but not running, interferes with subsequent strength training performance.<br>Syfte och frågeställningar Uthållighetsträning kan leda till försämrad styrkeprestation. Syftet med denna forskning var att undersöka de akuta effekterna från cykling eller löpning på efterföljande benstyrka. Hypotesen var att löpning, som omfattar excentriska muskelaktioner, skulle leda till en större försämring av efterföljande styrkeprestation jämfört med cyking, som främst omfattar koncentriska muskelaktioner. Metod För att undersöka om kontinuerlig cykling och löpning påverkade efterföljande benprestation, undersöktes 6 deltagare (5 män, 1 kvinna) i en randomiserad cross-over design. Försökspersonernas karakteristika var ålder (år) 25,5 ± 2,1, längd (cm) 180,5 ± 6,4, vikt (kg) 83 ± 3,4. Försökspersonerna utförde tre experimentella protokoll: styrka (S), vilket bestod av 3 repetitioner av maximal kraftutveckling efterföljt av 3 set till muskulär utmattning på 80% av 1RM i benböj; och löpning (RS) samt cykling (CS) protokoll (40-minuter på 80% av maximal hjärtfrekvens), efterföljt av S protokollet. Data för maximal kraftutveckling och total arbetsvolym samlades in.  Resultat Den genomsnittliga maximala effekten som uppnåddes mellan de tre protokollen var: CS = 1639 ± 444 Watt (W), RS = 1633 ± 422W och S = 1565 ± 349W. Inga signifikanta skillnader observerades mellan de tre förhållandena (P=0,817). Högst uppnådda effekten för varje deltagare mellan de tre förhållandena visade ingen skillnad (P=0,619). Totala arbetsvolymen (tidseffekt: P=0,027) visade signifikanta skillnader mellan CS = 2559 kg och S = 3715 kg (P=0,037), och CS och RS = 3345 kg (P=0,037) på grund av lägre vikt lyft vid CS. Slutsats Ingen skillnad observerades mellan de tre förhållandena angående maximal styrkeprestation. Den totala vikt volymen som kunde lyftas var dock lägre när cykling utfördes innan styrketestet. Slutsatsen är därför att cykling, men inte löpning, hindrar maximal träningsprestation vid ett efterföljande styrkepass.

O treinamento concorrente (TC) é frequentemente utilizado por praticantes de atividades físicas e atletas com o intuito de desenvolver a força muscular e o condicionamento aeróbio. No entanto, essa estratégia de treinamento pode atenuar os ganhos de força e hipertrofia muscular em longo prazo, efeito este conhecido como fenômeno da interferência. Há indícios na literatura de que a magnitude da interferência pode ser dependente do volume em que o exercício aeróbio é realizado. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito do exercício aeróbio realizado com diferentes volumes no desempenho agudo de força máxima e de resistência de força dos membros inferiores. Homens fisicamente ativos (n=21) foram submetidos a seis condições experimentais realizadas em ordem aleatória, sendo três sessões de exercício aeróbio com volumes distintos (3km, 5km e 7km) seguidas pelo teste de força dinâmica máxima (1RM) e outras três sessões de exercício aeróbio com os volumes distintos seguidas pelo teste de resistência de força (4 séries de repetições máximas a 80% 1RM). Para o exercício aeróbio foi realizada a corrida contínua em esteira rolante a 90% do limiar anaeróbio (Lan) e os testes de força foram realizados no exercício leg press 45o. Para a comparação dos valores de 1RM, volume total (VT) e número de repetições máximas (NRM) da sessão de treinamento de força (TF) foi realizada uma análise de modelo misto tendo os volumes do exercício aeróbio como fator fixo e sujeitos como fator aleatório. Testes post-hoc com ajustamento de Tukey foram utilizados para comparações múltiplas. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Não foram observadas diferenças nos valores de 1RM entre as condições. O VT e NRM das condições de 5km e 7km foram menores quando comparados com a condição controle. Ao passo que, o VT da condição de 7km foi menor em relação ao VT das condições de 3km e 5km; e o NRM da condição de 7km foi menor em relação ao NRM da condição de 3km. Não foram observadas diferenças no VT e NRM entre as condições de 3km e controle e entre as condições de 3km e 5km. Em conclusão, o desempenho da resistência de força foi prejudicado após a realização do exercício aeróbio e a ocorrência e a magnitude desta interferência dependeram do volume em que o exercício aeróbio foi realizado. Adicionalmente, o desempenho da força dinâmica máxima não foi prejudicado pela realização prévia do exercício aeróbio<br>Concurrent training (CT) is frequently utilized by physically active individuals and athletes in order to develop muscle strength and aerobic fitness. However, this training strategy may result in attenuation of the gains on strength and muscle hypertrophy in long term. This effect has been referred to as the interference phenomenon. There are indications that the magnitude of this interference may be dependent on the volume that aerobic exercise is performed. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify the effect of aerobic exercise performed with different volumes on the acute performance of lower limbs maximum strength and strength endurance. Physically active men (n=21) were submitted to six experimental conditions performed in random order, three aerobic exercise sessions with different volumes (3km, 5km and 7km) followed by the maximum dynamic strength (1RM) test and three aerobic exercise sessions with different volumes followed by strength endurance test (4 sets of maximum repetitions at 80% 1RM). The aerobic exercise was a continuous treadmill run at 90% of the anaerobic threshold (AT) and all strength tests were performed in the leg press 45o. A mixed-model analysis with the volumes of aerobic exercise as a fixed factor and subject as a random factor was performed to compare 1RM values, total volume (TV) and maximum number of repetitions (MNR) of the strength training (ST) session. Post-hoc tests with Tukey adjustments were used for multiple comparisons. The significance level adopted was 5%. No differences were observed in 1RM values among conditions. The TV and MNR of the 5km and 7km conditions were lower when compared to the control condition. The TV of the 7km condition was lower than the 3km and 5km conditions; and the MNR of the 7km condition was lower than the 3km condition. No differences were observed in TV and MNR between the 3km and control conditions and between the 3km and 5km conditions. In conclusion, strength endurance performance was impaired when performed after aerobic exercise and the magnitude of this interference depended on the volume of the aerobic exercise. In addition, maximum dynamic strength performance was not affected by prior execution of aerobic exercise

Thesis Title: Enhancing rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Context: Physical training with a neuromuscular focus has been shown to reduce anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, ACL injury remains prevalent and often leads to joint instability, which requires surgical reconstruction. Following reconstructive surgery, a minimum of 6 months supervised rehabilitation is recommended with associated with financial cost implications to the National Health Service (NHS), the patient and society. Traditionally rehabilitation is offered in a concurrent format, whereby strength and cardio-vascular endurance exercises are performed in the same session. However, accumulating evidence from healthy populations, suggests that the development of strength might be attenuated by cardio-vascular endurance conditioning performed in close temporal proximity. This thesis comprises an entirely novel investigation of potential attenuation of strength gains in rehabilitating clinical populations that is associated with temporal incompatibility of physiological conditioning stimuli. No study has previously investigated this phenomenon, whether it might compromise the efficacy of treatment or recovery, or its potential influence on objectively-measured and patients’ perception of functional, musculoskeletal and neuromuscular performance capabilities. Objectives: The purpose of this thesis was to assess the effects of reconstruction surgery and 24 weeks of non-concurrent strength and endurance rehabilitation (with 48 week post-operative follow-up) on (a) subjective (IKDC; KOOS; PP [Chapter 4]) and objective measures of function (HOP [Chapter 5]) (primary outcome measures for this thesis), and (b) objective measures of musculoskeletal (ATFD) and neuromuscular performance (PF, EMD, RFD, SMP [Chapter 5]) (secondary outcome measures), in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. The secondary aim was to evaluate the relationships amongst a subjective outcome of function (IKDC), an objective outcome of function (HOP), and the secondary objective outcomes of musculoskeletal (ATFD) and neuromuscular (PF, RFD, EMD, SMP) performance at pre-surgery and at 24 weeks post-surgery (Chapter 6). Setting: Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. Design: Prospective random-allocation to group trial involving iso-volume rehabilitative intervention versus contemporary practice, using contralateral limb assessment and clinico-social approbation controls. The design compared the effects of experimental post-surgical rehabilitation comprising non-concurrent strength and endurance conditioning with two conditions of control reflecting contemporary clinical practice (matched versus minimal assessment interaction). Participants: Eighty two patients (69♂, 13♀, age: 35.4 ± 8.6 yr; time from injury to surgery 9.4 ± 6.9 months [mean ± SD]) electing to undergo unilateral ACL reconstructive surgery (semitendinosus and gracilis graft [n = 57]; central third, bone-patella tendon-bone graft [n = 25]); were allocated to groups (2:2:1 purposive sampling ratio, respectively). Nineteen patients were lost to follow-up. Intervention: A standardised traditional concurrent (CON) ACL rehabilitation programme acted as the control versus an experimental non-concurrent (NCON) ACL rehabilitation programme that involved separation of strength and cardio-vascular endurance conditioning. An additional control group (Limited testing CON) matched the CON group rehabilitation applied within contemporary clinical practice. Outcome Measures: Chapter 4: The self-perceived primary outcome measures of function IKDC, KOOS and PP were assessed on five separate occasions (pre-surgery, and at 6, 12, 24 and 48 weeks post-surgery). However, assessment occasions were purposefully reduced to pre-operative and 48 weeks post-operative for the Limited testing CON group. Chapter 5: The primary objective outcome of function was HOP; the secondary outcomes were ATFD, PF, RFD, EMD and SMP associated with the knee extensors and flexors of the injured and non-injured legs. These objective outcomes were assessed on five separate occasions (pre-surgery, and at 6, 12, 24 and 48 weeks post-surgery). However, assessment occasions were purposefully reduced to pre-operative and at 48 weeks post-operative only for the Limited testing CON group. Chapter 6 Self-perceived (IKDC) subjective knee evaluation and the objective outcome of function (HOP), and selected objective outcomes of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular performance including ATFD, PF, RFD, EMD and SMP of the knee extensors and flexors of the injured and non-injured legs where applicable; measured at pre-surgery and at 24 weeks post-surgery were analysed for association, using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. A priori alpha levels were set at p<0.05. Results: Chapter 4: Factorial analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated-measures investigating the primary aim showed significant group (NCON; CON) by test occasion (pre-surgery, 6, 12. 24 and 48 weeks post-surgery) interactions for self-perceived outcomes of function IKDC, KOOS and PP confirmed increased clinical effectiveness of NCON conditioning (F(2.0, 82.9)GG = 4.0 p<0.05, F(2.2, 134.7)GG = 5.5 p<0.001, F(1.9, 121.4)GG = 14.6 p<0.001, respectively) and the group mean peak relative difference in improvement for NCON was ~5.9% - 12.7% superior to CON. The greatest interaction effect was found to occur between pre-surgery and the 12 weeks post-operative test occasion for IKDC and KOOS, and between pre-surgery and the 24 week test occasion for PP. Patterns of improvements in self-perceived fitness over time were represented by a relative effect size range of 0.71 to 1.92. Improvement patterns were not significantly different between control groups offering matched or minimised assessor-patient interaction (CON vs. Limited testing CON; pre-surgery vs. 48 weeks post-surgery) indicating that clinical approbation by patients had not contributed to the outcome. Chapter 5: Factorial analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated-measures showed significant group (NCON; CON) by leg (injured/non-injured) by test occasion (pre-surgery, 6, 12, 24 and 48 weeks post-surgery) interactions of the objective measure of function (HOP) together with the secondary outcomes of ATFD, PF, RFD, EMD and SMP. Similar responses were noted for the knee extensors and flexors of the injured and non-injured legs (F(2.1, 248) GG = 4.5 to 6.6; p<0.01) and confirmed increased clinical effectiveness of NCON conditioning (range ~4.7% - 15.3% [10.8%]) better than CON between 12 and 48 weeks. Patterns of improvements in physical fitness capabilities over time were represented by a relative effect size range of 1.92 to 2.89. Improvement patterns were not significantly different between control groups offering matched or minimised assessor-patient interaction (CON vs. Limited testing CON; pre-surgery versus 48 weeks post-surgery) indicating that clinical approbation by patients had not contributed to the outcome. Chapter 6: Two-tailed probabilities were used due to the exploratory nature of this study. A limited number of weak to moderate statistically significant correlations were confirmed (ranging from r = 0.262 – 0.404; p<0.05; n=48 [amalgamated NCON and CON groups] ) between IKDC and most notably, the neuromuscular performance outcome of EMD. Conclusion: Overall, the patterning and extent of changes amongst self-perceived, functional, musculoskeletal and neuromuscular performance scores offer support for the efficacy of using non-concurrent strength and endurance conditioning to enhance post-surgery rehabilitation. The limited robustness of relationships amongst the validated and frequently-used self-perceived outcome of function [IKDC], and objectively-measured outcomes of function and musculoskeletal and neuromuscular performance suggested that each might properly reflect an important but separate aspect of clinical response and should be deployed to detect change.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1991.<br>Vita. Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-194).

Introduction: Numerous studies have shown that the combination of strength and endurance training (i.e. concurrent training) induces sub-optimal strength and/or endurance adaptations. However, the investigation of the acute effects of strength training on endurance performance is limited. Study 1 examined the effects of intensity– and volume– (i.e. whole body versus lower body only) of strength training with slow eccentric contractions on running economy (RE) (i.e. below anaerobic threshold [AT]) and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) (i.e. above AT) 6 hours post. The purpose of Study 2 was twofold. First, to examine RE during a two-stage incremental protocol that was combined into an endurance training session 6 hours following a strength training session. Second, to examine RE and TTE the day after strength and endurance training sessions have been undertaken on the same day. Study 3 examined the acute effects of the sequence of strength and endurance training on RE, TTE the following day. Study 4 examined the accumulation effects of combining consecutive-day endurance training with alternating-day strength training on RE and TTE over a 6-day period. Methods: For Study 1, fifteen trained and moderately endurance trained male runners undertook high intensity whole body (HW), high intensity lower body only (HL) and low intensity whole body (LW) strength training sessions with fast concentric (one second) and slow eccentric (four seconds) contractions in random order. Six hours following each strength training session, a RE test with TTE was conducted to collect cost of running (CR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). For Study 2, twelve trained and moderately trained male runners performed strength and endurance training sessions 6 hours apart with a running performance test conducted the following day. The CR and RPE were collected during the endurance training session whereas CR, RPE and TTE were collected during the running performance test. For Study 3, fourteen trained and moderately trained runners performed strength training prior to running sessions (SR) and a running prior to strength training sessions (RS) in randomized order. The strength training and running sessions were performed 6 hours apart. The day following the SR– and RS sequences, a RE test was conducted to collect CR, RPE and TTE. For Study 4, 16 male and 8 female moderately trained runners were randomly allocated into a concurrent training (CON) group or a strength training (ST) group. The CON group undertook strength training sessions on alternating days in conjunction with endurance training sessions on consecutive days over a 6-day period. The strength and endurance training sessions were separated by 9 hours on the first, third and fifth day. One week later, the experimental group performed endurance training sessions for three consecutive days for control purposes. The CR, RPE and TTE were collected during the endurance training sessions. For Chapter 9, knee extensor torque was measured prior to the strength and endurance training sessions. The strength training exercises in Chapter 7, 8, and 9 were performed at a self-selected pace. Results: In Study 1, HW, HL and LW sessions had no effect on RE and the LW session had no effect on TTE (P ≥ 0.05). However, HW and HL sessions significantly reduced TTE (P < 0.05). For Study 2, CR significantly increased during the second stage of the endurance training session (P < 0.05). However, during the running performance test, CR and RPE were significantly increased whereas TTE was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In Study 3, CR and RPE significantly increased during SR-RE (P < 0.05) although no significant differences were found during RS-RE (P ≥ 0.05). Time to exhaustion was significantly reduced during SR-RE and RS-RE (P < 0.05). In Study 4, the CON group showed a significant reduction in TTE during the experimental days (P < 0.05) although no differences were found during the control days (P ≥ 0.05). Torque was significantly reduced during the experimental days (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in CR and RPE between the endurance training sessions (P ≥ 0.05). No significant differences were found in torque for the ST group and during the control days for the CON group (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: According to Study 1, a 6 hour recovery period following HW, HL and LW sessions with slow eccentric contractions does not attenuate running performance below AT although affected above AT for trained and moderately trained runners. For Study 2, the findings showed that RE is impaired 6 hours following a strength training session performed at a self-selected pace. Furthermore, strength and endurance training performed on the same day appears to impair running performance the following day. For Study 3, SR-sequence impaired both sub-maximal running performance (i.e. RE) and running performance at maximum effort (i.e. TTE) compared to the RS-sequence which only affected running performance at maximum effort the following day. Subsequently, the accumulation of fatigue appears to be greater during the SR- compared to the RS-sequence. For Study 4, running performance at maximum effort is impaired and torque is consistently reduced with a concomitant increase in rating of muscle –soreness and –fatigue when combining alternatingday strength training with consecutive-day high intensity endurance training. Practical applications: The attenuation in running performance suggests that strength training may compromise the quality of endurance training sessions. In order to minimize potential fatigue during concurrent training, the following recommendations can be given for trained and moderately trained runners: 1. when combining a high– or low– intensity strength training session using slow eccentric contractions with a low to moderate intensity running session, at least a 6- hour recovery period between each mode of training session should be provided, however; 2. at least a 9-hour recovery period is needed with high intensity self-paced strength training; 3. perform moderate to high intensity endurance training sessions 6 hours prior to high intensity strength training sessions on the same day when undertaking low to moderate running sessions the following day; 4. prescribe high intensity self-paced strength training sessions with high intensity running sessions on alternating days.

The purpose of this study was to compare the muscular strength and endurance of thirty-two men 51 to 79 years of age who engage in weight training (WT), aerobic training (AT), cross training (CT), or no training (S). The design employed in the study was a 2x2 between subjects factorial design with weight training and aerobic training as the two factors. A KIN/COM isokinetic dynomometer was used to test muscular strength and endurance of the dominant leg extensors and chest/shoulder complex. Strength of the leg extensors and chest/shoulder complex were measured as peak torque and peak force, respectively, at a velocity of 60 degrees/second. Endurance of the same muscle groups was measured as the percent decline over 50 continuous maximal contractions at a velocity of 180 degrees/second. A two-way between subjects ANOVA and independent t-tests were used to analyze the difference between mean muscular strength and mean muscular endurance for each group. A significant weight training effect was found for leg strength, with the WT and CT groups (Weight Trained groups) exhibiting a greater peak torque than the AT and S groups (Non-Weight Trained groups). Participating in one of three training programs was found to have a significant effect for chest and shoulder strength, with the WT, CT, and AT groups exhibiting a greater peak force than the S group. However, no significant difference was found between the WT, CT, and AT groups for chest/shoulder strength. The WT group was found to have significantly greater muscular endurance of the leg compared to the S group. No other training effects were observed between any of the groups for either muscular endurance test.<br>Graduation date: 1992

Este relatório retrata o trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito do estágio curricular em futebol, integrado no Mestrado em Treino Desportivo, da Faculdade de Motricidade Humana e realizado no Sport Lisboa e Benfica – equipa de Iniciados A – durante a época de 2014/2015. O relatório inicia-se com uma caracterização do contexto de estágio e avança para revisão da literatura que suportou a nossa prática profissional, sendo centrada no treino de força, no treino de força em jovens e lesões desportivas. Após a revisão da literatura, segue-se a organização e gestão do processo de treino e competição. Este descreve a atividade profissional que foi desenvolvida ao longo da época, dentro da minha esfera de intervenção. O projeto de investigação teve como objetivo investigar possíveis correlações entre o consumo máximo de oxigénio e a capacidade de recuperar entre esforços curtos de alta intensidade. No âmbito da relação com a comunidade, o grupo de estágio realizou uns posters de cariz informativo com o objetivo de oferecer uma ferramenta útil aos atletas do clube. A conclusão serviu para fazer uma reflexão crítica sobre o trabalho desenvolvido e fazer um balanço dos aspetos positivos e negativos do estágio realizado.<br>This report describes the work developed within the scope of the curricular internship in football, integrated in the Masters in Sports Training, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana and held in Sport Lisboa e Benfica - team A of under15- during the season of 2014/2015. The report begins with a characterization of the context of the stage and advances to review the literature that supported our professional practice, focusing on strength training, strength training in youth and sports injuries. After reviewing the literature, the organization and management of the training and competition process follows. This describes the professional activity that was developed throughout the time, within my sphere of intervention. The research project aimed to investigate possible correlations between maximal oxygen uptake and the ability to recover between short high intensity efforts. As part of the relationship with the community, the internship group carried out informative posters with the objective of offering a useful tool to the club's athletes. The conclusion served to make a critical reflection on the work developed and to take stock of the positive and negative aspects of the achieved stage.

Orientação: Luís Fernandes Monteiro<br>OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effects of detraining (inactivity due to pregnancy) and training of an elite female athlete of Judo in (1) Body composition, bone mass and bone mineral density (BMD); (2) Cardiorespiratory capacity (VO2max); (3) Different ways of strength manifestation in upper and lower limbs; (4) Physiological parameters of heart rate and lactic anaerobic capacity; and (5) Neuromuscular parameters of speed, power, strength and rate force development. METHOD: A female judoka from the light weight category (≤48 kg) and finalist at the Olympic Games Beijing 2008, performed several tests on four different occasions; Two months before the Olympic Games (1st Moment), after pregnancy and in a period of inactivity (2nd Moment - 2010), after 12 months, when she came back to training (3rd Moment - 2011) and after 12 months of retraining (4th Moment - 2012). We also considered in this study, as a reference for comparing with the studied athlete (Score-Z), the performance results of National Team (N=12) (VO2máx measured on treadmill and Body Composition using DEXA) and International Teams (N=7) (Bench Press and Rowing tests using Isocontrol 5.1, SJ, CMJ and RJ using ISONET 500 Force Platform and a Specific Judo Test - Coptest). RESULTS: After an inactivity period (pregnancy), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2máx) decreased by 15%, BMD decreased by 11%, maximum strength decreased by 29%, as well as a significant decrease in the remaining variables studied. After 12 and 24 months of retraining, significant and rapid improvements were seen. For most of the parameters, the athlete approached the pre-Olympic levels. About maximum strength and aerobic and anaerobic capacity, the athlete surpassed the pre-Olympic levels with significant increases. Concerning the parameters of power and rate force development, there were no improvements and on the other hand, the athlete was not able to return to the pre-Olympic level of 2008. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that detraining (pregnancy) in an elite athlete can be pronounced, with rapid improvements after retraining. The impact of detraining on body composition, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, strength, power and rate force development emphasizes the need for training stops to be limited to short periods in an elite athlete. Any interruption should include, if possible, 'maintenance training'. That way any decrements in those physiological and neuromuscular parameters associated with performance in judo bouts will be minimized.<br>OBJETIVOS: Examinar os efeitos do destreino (inatividade devido a uma gravidez) e treino de uma atleta feminina de elite de Judo (1) Na composição corporal, massa óssea e densidade mineral óssea; (2) Na capacidade cardiorrespiratória (VO2máx); (3) Nas diferentes formas de manifestação de força dos membros superiores e inferiores; (4) Nos parâmeros fisiológicos de FC e a capacidade anaeróbia lática; e (5) nos parâmetros neuromusculares de velocidade, potência, força e TPF. MÉTODO: Uma atleta feminina da categoria de ≤48 kg, e finalista nos Jogos Olímpicos de Pequim 2008, levou a cabo um conjunto de avaliações em quatro ocasiões distintas; dois meses antes dos Jogos Olímpicos de Pequim (1º Momento), após a gravidez e num período de inatividade (2º Momento – 2010), após 12 meses de regresso ao treino (3º Momento – 2011) e depois mais 12 meses de treino (4º Momento - 2012). Foram ainda considerados neste estudo os resultados do desempenho de uma amostra da Seleção Nacional (N=12) (VO2máx medido em passadeira e a Composição Corporal através do DEXA) e de uma amostra de uma Seleção Internacional (N=7) (Supino, Remada, através do Isocontrol 5.1; SJ, CMJ e RJ através de uma Plataforma de Forças ISONET 500 e um Teste específico de Judo – Coptest), como referência para comparação com a atleta em estudo (Score-Z). RESULTADOS: Após o período de inatividade (gravidez), a captação de consumo máximo de oxigénio (VO2máx) diminuiu 15%, a DMO decresceu 11%, a força máxima diminuiu 29%, assim como se verificou uma diminuição significativa nas restantes variáveis estudadas. Após 12 e 24 meses de regresso ao treino, melhorias significativas e rápidas foram vistos. Para a maioria dos parâmetros, a atleta aproximou-se dos níveis pré-olímpicos. Para a força máxima e para a capacidade aeróbia e anaeróbia a atleta ultrapassou os níveis pré-olímpicos com acréscimos significativos. Não se verificaram melhorias e pelo contrário, a atleta não conseguiu regressar ao nível pré-olímpico de 2008 nos parâmetros de potência e TPF. CONCLUSÕES: Estes resultados mostram que o destreino (gravidez) numa atleta de elite pode ser pronunciado, com melhorias rápidas após o regresso ao treino. O impacto do destreino na composição corporal, na capacidade aeróbia e anaeróbia, na força, na potência e na TPF enfatiza a necessidade de paragens de treino que devem ser limitadas a períodos curtos num atleta de elite. Qualquer interrupção deve, se possível, incluir «treino em manutenção». Deste modo quaisquer diminuições nesses parâmetros fisiológicos e neuromusculares associados com o desempenho nos combates de Judo será minimizado.