Готові списки джерел за темами / Controversial Issue

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Controversial Issue"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 28 вересня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Зміст

  1. Статті в журналах
  2. Дисертації
  3. Книги
  4. Частини книг
  5. Тези доповідей конференцій
  6. Звіти організацій

Статті в журналах з теми "Controversial Issue":

1

Sanders, Roy W. "A Controversial Issue." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 14, no. 2 (February 2000): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005131-200002000-00001.

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2

Harris, A. L. "Breast screening remains a controversial issue." British Journal of Cancer 108, no. 11 (June 2013): 2197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.259.

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3

Lozano, Josep M. "Ethics and management: A controversial issue." Journal of Business Ethics 15, no. 2 (February 1996): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00705590.

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4

Ventafridda, Vittorio, and Augusto Caraceni. "Cancer pain classification: a controversial issue." Pain 46, no. 1 (July 1991): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(91)90024-r.

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5

Erlich, Rakefet Ron, and Shahar Gindi. "Are civics teachers different from teachers of other disciplines in their handling of controversial issues?" Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 14, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1746197918767082.

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Conducting discussions on controversial political issues is an important vehicle to promote students’ democratic values and critical thinking in schools. This schoolwide task cuts across all disciplines and different subject matter. Israeli civics and social studies teachers are often required to touch upon such issues and manage the situations that follow. This study examined whether civics and social studies teachers are different from teachers of other disciplines in their attitudes toward controversial political issues and in their reported behaviors. Civics and social studies teachers scored higher in all the variables related to discussions of controversial political issue and reported more relevant behaviors. In examining the variables that predict teachers’ self-efficacy to conduct controversial political issue discussions, variables that related to professional identity were the strongest predictors alongside pluralistic attitudes. We concluded that teacher training should emphasize the importance of discussions of controversial political issue and develop teachers’ ability to conduct such discussions as part of their professional role.
6

Lososová, Jana, Jindřiška Kouřilová, and Nikola Soukupová. "Controversial approach to wolf management in the Czech Republic." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 67, No. 1 (January 29, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/377/2020-agricecon.

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Expansion of the wolf in the Czech Republic results in an increasing conflict between nature conservationists and other landscape users. In March 2020, the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic issued the "Wolf Management Programme". The document provoked negative reactions from organisations of farmers, breeders, and hunters. The article deals with the key issues triggered by the conflict and the attitudes of actors involved. We want to clarify to what extent the solutions designed by individual parties help to mitigate the conflict and how the financial demands related to this issue have been evolving. The problem may seem marginal in the Czech Republic, but the wolf population density in some regions may already be close to its bearable maximum. Key problems are the identification of specific target numbers of wolves, the absence of zoning as a future option, and clear rules for dealing with direct encounters of wolves with humans. The benefit of wolf management is primarily the sum of preventive measures it aims to address, but the relationship with other main actors and the area of education and promotion is debatable as it represents a further increase in the absorption of public funds without guarantees of effectiveness.
7

Zimmerman, Jonathan, and Emily Robertson. "The controversy over controversial issues." Phi Delta Kappan 99, no. 4 (November 27, 2017): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031721717745541.

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Avoiding the discussion of controversial topics in U.S. classrooms deprives students of an important part of their learning. Jonathan Zimmerman and Emily Robertson, authors of The Case for Contention: Teaching Controversial Issues in American Schools (University of Chicago Press, 2017) say Americans are terrible at having informed, reasonable debates in part because schools do not prepare students for such exchanges. Although our policies encourage or even require instruction about controversy, we do a poor job of preparing and supporting teachers to ensure that they can provide such instruction. Teachers need both the prestige to lead the discussion of controversial issues and the protection to do so consistently. In addition, Americans need more education about exactly what constitutes a controversy, which is itself a controversial issue.
8

Kouki, Elina, and Arja Virta. "A Controversial Issue as an Educational Object." Educational Practice and Theory 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7459/ept/38.1.04.

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9

Ronco, C. "Backfiltration: A Controversial Issue in Modern Dialysis." International Journal of Artificial Organs 11, no. 2 (March 1988): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139888801100203.

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10

&NA;. "Indomethacin for intraventricular haemorrhage: a controversial issue." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 821 (January 1992): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199208210-00001.

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Статті в журналах Дисертації Книги

Дисертації з теми "Controversial Issue":

1

Bowman, Kate. "Wedge issue politics the effects of controversial issues on legislative behavior /." Connect to resource, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/6560.

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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 54 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-54). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
2

Dejtanasoontorn, Sarunya, and Panumas Hanpermchai. "Purchasing Organic Foods Online Controversial Issue in Marketing." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-12565.

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3

Nijland, Esmé Aurelia. "Effects of hormone treatment on sexual functioning in postmenopausal women pharmacological intervention and female sexuality: a complex, controversial clinical and social issue /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2008. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/.

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4

Debeljak, Anne F. "Confronting Stereotypes: Integrating the Social Issue of Stereotypes Within the Art Curriculum." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1244121211.

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5

Jaskilka, Michael Carl. "How to preach on controversial social issues." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.

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6

Ocak, Gulsevim Evsel. "Controversial Issues Related To Reproductive Biotechnology: An Empirical Study." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614077/index.pdf.

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This study examines the problems which are created by assisted reproductive techniques on the individuals and their decisions about the reproduction. In the study, the data of a field study which was conducted in 2010 is used in order to make the examination deeper and to give a qualitative and quantitative dimension to the theoretical framework. Through the sociological analysis of both controversial issues occurred by pre-natal reproductive technologies such as sex selection, abortion, PGD, IVF babies, disability, etc. and personal decisions which are impossible to be given independent from the social environment, providing a contribution to the development of sociology of reproduction is desired. In this study it is claimed that assisted reproductive techniques are power which will possibly get ahead of natural reproduction and reduce and even erase the biodiversity and coincidental characteristics of human reproduction, and increase the inequalities in the society. Thus this power may courage the reproduction of &lsquo
desirables&rsquo
and prevent &lsquo
undesirable&rsquo
ones from living and even insemination anymore. Another argumentation which is under discussion is the illusion of all these activities and problems were taking their sources from the own decisions of prospective parents. Reproductive biotechnology commerce hopes to people through its economy, cuts across all boundaries through the bounties of its technical abilities and by doing so it does not see a drawback in making people &lsquo
victims&rsquo
of their choices that regarded as &lsquo
rational and free&rsquo
which in fact mere &lsquo
irrational&rsquo
preferences. Thus in this thesis, the theoretical foundations and social results of this technology which extending up to the pre-natal processes are discussed to contribute a more democratic policies
7

Nichols-Cocke, Cathy Marie. "Controversial Issues in United States History Classrooms: Teachers' Perspectives." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/47795.

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The purpose of this study was to understand how secondary level United States History teachers approached controversial issues in their standards-based, high-stakes testing classrooms. Controversial issues consisted of multiple points of view, were socially constructed, and had the potential to challenge belief systems. The audience and their perception of a topic determined the degree of controversy. The questions explored were what factors did secondary level United States History teachers identify as influential in creating controversy in their classrooms and how did they introduce what they considered controversial issues into their standards-based, high-stakes testing classrooms? To answer these questions, twelve secondary level teachers who taught 6th, 7th, or 11th grade United States History participated in this study. Information was garnered through interviews of individuals and focus groups. Some participants provided resources used in their lessons and scenarios of their teaching experiences. My principle findings were: • Place played a role in teachers' willingness to incorporate controversial issues into their classrooms. This was due to students' preconceived notions developed by their geographical location and family. • The experiences of teachers and students influenced discussion of controversial issues. This included how long the teacher had taught the content or past experiences with parents and administrators. Students' experiences were derived from their family and community, which influenced incorporation of controversial issues. • Teachers were influenced by the standards they were required to teach. Though some saw these as a restriction in teaching, others used them as a springboard to what they perceived as deeper, meaningful teaching.
Ph. D.
8

Swärd, Ida. "To Teach or Not to Teach Controversial Issues? : An Interview Study of Upper Secondary English Teachers’ Attitudes and Experiences of Teaching Controversial Issues Through Fictional Works." Thesis, Jönköping University, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53386.

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This study aims to examine how upper secondary English teachers work with foundationalvalues and controversial topics through fictional works in order to discuss the function of valuesand the civic mission in the EFL-classroom. The study was conducted using a qualitativeapproach through semi structured interviews, interviewing seven currently active uppersecondary English teachers. To structure the data from the interviews a thematic analysis wasapplied, and the theoretical approaches used for analysing the data were transformativepotential and narrative imagination.The results of this study show that the participants have an interest in using fictional workscontaining controversial issues for discussing foundational values in the classroom. The studyalso shows that there are both common challenges and advantages of teaching controversialissues through fiction. All participants had similar opinions about the advantages which werethe emergence of expanding worldviews and perspectives among pupils. The challengesmentioned among the participants were: reading in a second language, giving the pupils enoughpre-knowledge and knowing which position to take as a teacher during discussions aboutcontroversial topics. Noticeable differences in the teachers’ opinions were due to their lengthof work experience. Finally, the civic mission in the EFL-classroom could be distinguished inthe teachers’ arguments of why they implement fictional works with controversial topics intheir teaching.
9

Janssen, Benjamin C. "Dealing with debatable issues the Christian approach to amoral things in Romans 14-15 /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.

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10

Curry, Maragaret Ann. "A comparison of the roles and attitudes of Canadian and British public library directors in dealing with intellectual freedom issues." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327118.

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Книги з теми "Controversial Issue":

1

Sweet, Lois. God in the classroom: The controversial issue of religion in Canada's schools. Toronto: M&S, 1997.

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2

Sweet, Lois. God in the classroom: The controversial issue of religion in the classroom. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1997.

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3

El-Hajji, Muhammad Ali. An academic study of line-staff relationship in complex organizations: A controversial issue. Beirut: Bissan, 2000.

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4

Schochet, Jacob Immanuel. Who is a Jew?: 30 questions and answers about this controversial and divisive issue. New York, N.Y: Shofar Association of American, 1987.

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5

Kreeft, Peter. Three approaches to abortion: A thoughtful and compassionate guide to today's most controversial issue. San Francisco, Calif: Ignatius Press, 2002.

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6

Kreeft, Peter. Three approaches to abortion: A thoughtful and compassionate guide to today's most controversial issue. San Francisco, Calif: Ignatius Press, 2002.

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7

Council for the Protection of Rural England., ed. The planning response to development pressures: A major conference on today's most controversial issue affecting the countryside. London: Council for the Protection of Rural England, 1988.

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8

Pak, Ae-gyŏng. Han-Il kŭndae ŏmunhak yŏn'gu ŭi chaengchŏm: Controversial issue of study on modern Korean and Japanese language and literature. 8th ed. Sŏul-si: Somyŏng Ch'ulp'an, 2013.

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9

1950-, Sewell James D., ed. Controversial issues in policing. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999.

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10

R, Fuller John, and Hickey Eric W, eds. Controversial issues in criminology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999.

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Частини книг з теми "Controversial Issue":

1

Ascarza, Amalia Amadora, and Agustín Pedalino. "Controversial Issue." In Sports-related Eye Injuries, 143–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9741-7_14.

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2

Philander, S. George. "Why Global Warming Is A Controversial Issue." In Global Climate, 25–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05285-3_2.

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3

Genta, Giancarlo. "Some Engineering Considerations on the Controversial Issue Of Humanoids." In Cellular Origin and Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, 311–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1003-0_65.

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4

Ploeg, S. W. Floris. "Wildlife conservation evaluation in the Netherlands: a controversial issue in a small country." In Wildlife Conservation Evaluation, 161–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4091-8_7.

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5

Schmähl, Winfried. "Harmonization of Pension Schemes in Europe? A Controversial Issue in the Light of Economics." In Age, Work and Social Security, 308–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22668-9_12.

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6

Pusch, Claus D. "Joual en stock: The Controversial Issue of Language Quality and Autochthonous Standardization in Quebec." In Decadence in Literature and Intellectual Debate since 1945, 111–29. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137431028_6.

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7

Guarino, Riccardo, Giuseppe Bazan, and Bruno Paura. "Downy-Oak Woods of Italy: Phytogeographical Remarks on a Controversial Taxonomic and Ecologic Issue." In Geobotany Studies, 139–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01261-2_7.

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8

Lambertini, Roberto. "L’usura tra Santa Croce e Santa Maria Novella:." In The Dominicans and the Making of Florentine Cultural Identity (13th-14th centuries) / I domenicani e la costruzione dell'identità culturale fiorentina (XIII-XIV secolo), 193–205. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-046-7.12.

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Between 1290 and 1310, two Mendicant friars active in Florence dealt with the controversial issue of usury: the Franciscan lector Peter of Trabibus, who until now has been studied primarily for his relationship to Olivi’s teaching, and the Dominican Remigio de’ Girolami. In the mid-nineties of the thirteenth century, in the context of his quodlibetal questions, Peter of Trabibus discusses the social role of merchants and he broaches the question of the restitution of usurious gains. Some years later, Remigio also deals with similar issues in his quodlibetal questions and writes a treatise that bears the title De peccato usurae.
9

Mesibov, Gary B., Lynn W. Adams, and Laura G. Klinger. "Controversial Treatment Issues." In Autism, 93–104. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9343-7_7.

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10

McComas, William F. "Controversial Science Issues." In The Language of Science Education, 26. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-497-0_23.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Controversial Issue":

1

Geller, Rebecca. "Learning to Conduct Controversial Issue Discussions Through Mixed-Reality Simulations (Poster 20)." In AERA 2022. USA: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/ip.22.1892287.

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2

Geller, Rebecca. ""The More Valuable Thing": Prioritizing Conceptions of Safety in Controversial Issue Discussions." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1569870.

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3

Dion-Routhier, Justine. "Problem-Based Learning Process Centered Around a Controversial Issue for Elementary School Students." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1566007.

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4

Geller, Rebecca. ""I Am Unyielding and Unkind": Intolerance, Neutrality, and Controversial Issue Discussions in an English Classroom." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1588096.

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5

Jelinić, Zvonimir, and Srećko Jelinić. "PRAVNA REGULATIVA I PRUŽANjE USLUGA U SUVREMENOM ŽIVOTU." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.003j.

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In this paper, the authors debate about some controversial issues regarding the violation of consumer rights in the area of provision of services, violations which are manifestly contrary to European regulations accepted and transposed into the national legislation by the Republic of Croatia in the phase of its accession to the European Union. Focus is on the issue of the role of public notaries and financial agency - government controlled enterprise in debt collection proceedings and the problem of imprecise legal norms on variable interest rates from the Consumer Credit Act.
6

Vygodianskii, Aleksei Valerevich. "Models of the contract of air carriage as a contract in favor of a third person and a tripartite agreement." In All-Russian scientific and practical conference. Publishing house Sreda, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-32704.

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The legal status of the consignee under the air carriage agreement is one of the controversial issues of the domestic civil law. At various times, in the legal literature expressed the opposite points of view on this issue. In this article, the author examines various models of the contract of carriage of goods as a contract in favor of a third person and a three-party contract. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the above models of the contract are analyzed. Certain proposals are made by the author improve the existing civil and air legislation.
7

Chandler, Jake, and Richard Booth. "Revision by Conditionals: From Hook to Arrow." In 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/24.

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The belief revision literature has largely focussed on the issue of how to revise one’s beliefs in the light of information regarding matters of fact. Here we turn to an important but comparatively neglected issue: How to model agents capable of acquiring information regarding which rules of inference (‘Ramsey Test conditionals’) they ought to use in reasoning about these facts. Our approach to this second question of so-called ‘conditional revision’ is distinctive insofar as it abstracts from the controversial details of how the address the first. We introduce a ‘plug and play’ method for uniquely extending any iterated belief revision operator to the conditional case. The flexibility of our approach is achieved by having the result of a conditional revision by a Ramsey Test conditional (‘arrow’) determined by that of a plain revision by its corresponding material conditional (‘hook’). It is shown to satisfy a number of new constraints that are of independent interest.
8

Xu, Ning, Yan Qu, Qianjin Yue, Xiangjun Bi, and Andrew Clennel Palmer. "Main Factors of Ice Sheet-Conical Structure Interaction Process Based on Field Monitoring." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79848.

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Ice-structure interaction plays a central part in determining ice loads and ice-induced vibrations. This is a controversial research issue, and many factors make the problem more complicated. The authors have been monitoring several ice resistant structures in the Bohai Sea for twenty years, and have measured ice forces and simultaneously observed ice-structure interaction processes. This paper describes typical physical ice sheet-conical structure interaction processes, field data and theoretical explanations, for different ice conditions and structure dimensions. The conclusions are more widely applicable, and we relate them to field work on ice-resistant conical structures in other ice-covered regions. Further work will quantify ice loads on conical structures once the interaction process is understood.
9

Bettocchi, R., M. Morini, M. Pinelli, P. R. Spina, M. Venturini, and G. Torsello. "Set Up of an Experimental Facility for the Investigation of Wet Compression on a Multistage Compressor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22451.

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At present, inlet fogging and wet compression are two of the most widely used approaches to enhance gas turbine performance, especially during hot seasons. However, potentially negative effects of these practices on long-term operational integrity of gas turbines should be evaluated carefully; in particular, wet compression may lead to the erosion of first compressor stages, due to the impact of water droplets within the flow at compressor intake. This issue is still controversial in technical literature, since only limited historical field operating data and information are available. Therefore, a test facility was specifically set up in the laboratories of the University of Ferrara, to evaluate the effects of wet compression on a small-size compressor. This paper presents the experimental facility developed for wet compression investigation and some preliminary results.
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Grasso, Alfio guido. "Surrogacy: Italian Controversial Issues." In II Colóquio sobre Gestação de Substituição. Instituto Jurídico, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47907/clq2021_1a2.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Controversial Issue":

1

Wallace, Ina F. Universal Screening of Young Children for Developmental Disorders: Unpacking the Controversies. RTI Press, February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0048.1802.

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In the past decade, American and Canadian pediatric societies have recommended that pediatric care clinicians follow a schedule of routine surveillance and screening for young children to detect conditions such as developmental delay, speech and language delays and disorders, and autism spectrum disorder. The goal of these recommendations is to ensure that children with these developmental issues receive appropriate referrals for evaluation and intervention. However, in 2015 and 2016, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care issued recommendations that did not support universal screening for these conditions. This occasional paper is designed to help make sense of the discrepancy between Task Force recommendations and those of the pediatric community in light of research and practice. To clarify the issues, this paper reviews the distinction between screening and surveillance; the benefits of screening and early identification; how the USPSTF makes its recommendations; and what the implications of not supporting screening are for research, clinical practice, and families.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. Drivers of Compliance with International Human Rights Treaties. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.130.

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Are international human rights treaties associated with better rights performance? The appetite for a conclusive answer has driven a number of large scale quantitative studies that have broadly shown little or no effect, and sometimes even a backsliding. However, the headline conclusions belie much more complicated findings, and the research methods used are controversial. These issues undermine confidence in the findings. Comparative and individual case studies allow for more detailed information about how domestic human rights activists use international human rights laws in practice. They tend to be more positive about the effect of treaties, but they are not as systematic as the quantitative work. Some indirect measures of treaty effect show that the norms contained within them filter down into domestic constitutions, and that the process of human rights reporting at the UN may be useful if dialogue can be considered an a priori good. It is likely that states are driven to comply with human rights obligations through a combination of dynamic influences. Drivers of compliance with international law is a major, unresolved question in the research that is heavily influenced by the worldview of researchers. The two strongest findings are: Domestic context drives compliance. In particular: (1) The strength of domestic non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and links with international NGOs (INGOs), and (2) in partial and transitioning democracies where locals have a reason to use the treaties as tools to press their claims. External enforcement may help drive compliance when: (1) other states link human rights obligations in the treaties to preferential trade agreements, and (2) INGOs ‘name and shame’ human rights violations, possibly reducing inward investment flows from companies worried about their reputation. Scholars also identify intermediate effects of continued dialogue and norm socialisation from the UN’s human rights reporting processes. Interviews with diplomats involved in UN reporting say that the process is more effective when NGOs and individual governments are involved.
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The Islamic State's Ideology: History of a Rift. George Washington University, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/poe.06.2020.03.

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This paper situates the Islamic State's ideological instruction and training documents collected as part of The ISIS Files project within the broader debate between Islamic State scholars over the acceptability of takfir (excommunication). Among other artifacts, the paper examines controversial treatises issued by the Islamic State’s Committee for Research and Fatwas on the legitimate bases for takfir.

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