Статті в журналах: "Corporate culture Japan"

1

Hammond, Theresa, and Alistair Preston. "Culture, gender and corporate control: Japan as “other”." Accounting, Organizations and Society 17, no. 8 (November 1992): 795–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(92)90004-c.

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Aida, Shuhei, Mitsuhiko Hasegawa, and Taizo Ueda. "Technology and corporate culture of industrial robots in Japan." Journal of Robotic Systems 3, no. 1 (December 1986): 105–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rob.4620030108.

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3

Appleyard, Bryan. "Popular Culture and Public Affairs." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 45 (March 2000): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100003337.

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Recently I saw a corporate TV advertisement for the American television network ABC. It showed brief shots of people in other countries—France, Japan, Russia and so on. These people were doing all kinds of things, but they weren't watching television. Americans, the commentary told us, watch more TV than any of these people. Yet America is the richest, most innovative, most productive nation on the planet. ‘A coincidence’, concluded the wry, confident voice, ‘we don't think so’.

4

Zainullin, S. B., and O. A. Zainullina. "Corporate culture as a driver of the corporate security of foreign military-industrial enterprises." National Interests: Priorities and Security 16, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 2363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.16.12.2363.

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Subject. The military-industrial complex is one of the core industries in any economy. It ensures both the economic and global security of the State. However, the economic security of MIC enterprises strongly depends on the State and other stakeholders. Objectives. We examine key factors of corporate culture in terms of theoretical and practical aspects. The article identifies the best implementation of corporate culture that has a positive effect on the corporate security in the MIC of the USA, the United Kingdom, the European Union, Japan ans China. Methods. The study employs dialectical method of research, combines the historical and logic unity, structural analysis, traditional techniques of economic analysis and synthesis. Results. We performed the comparative analysis of corporate culture models and examined how they are used by the MIC corporations with respect to international distinctions. Conclusions and Relevance. The State is the main stakeholder of the MIC corporations, since it acts as the core customer represented by the military department. It regulates and controls operations. The State is often a major shareholder of such corporations. Employees are also important stakeholders. Hence, trying to satisfy stakeholders' needs by developing the corporate culture, corporations mitigate their key risks and enhance their corporate security.

5

Saadah, Kholifatus. "The Impact of Samsung Scandal in South Korean Corporate Culture: Is Corporate Governance Necessary?" Jurnal Global & Strategis 11, no. 2 (January 12, 2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jgs.11.2.2017.126-134.

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As one of the world’s poorest countries in the world 30 years ago, South Korea proved its remarkable economic development. Within three decades, South Korea’s economic development shot up and attracted international attention. The economic strength in South Korea is supported by several global corporations such as Samsung, LG, Hyundai and others. The corporations have South Korea’s “ala” power, chaebol. Chaebol itself is similar to keiretsu in Japan, which global corporations are run by families and are hereditary. As time goes by, South Korea with its corporate culture does provide many advantages for South Korea as a whole, but this condition does not last forever. Not on the decline in revenues to South Korea’s economy, but the scandal of some global corporations in South Korea, especially Samsung raises new questions, should the South Korean Corporate culture be changed in the future? This question will be answered and explained in this paper. The author will explain through the history of the Korean corporate culture that is influenced by Confucianism, Samsung’s history to become a global corporate power for South Korea as well as an analysis of corporate governance on the economic situation in South Korea.

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Kumar, Kamalesh, Giacomo Boesso, and Jun Yao. "Cultural values, institutional arrangements and stakeholder management culture." Review of International Business and Strategy 27, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 450–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ribs-03-2017-0029.

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Purpose This study draws upon the cultural values model, institutional theory and comparative capitalism to investigate differences in organizations’ approach to stakeholder management across country boundaries. Design/methodology/approach The authors developed a multi-dimensional scale, following the stakeholder culture framework (Jones et al., 2007) to identify differences in the prevalent stakeholder cultures in the USA, Italy and Japan. Data were collected in form of a questionnaire from managers of 530 companies in the USA, Italy and Japan. Findings Results show that there are important differences in the extent to which different stakeholder cultures exist in each of these three countries, and that the prevalence of stakeholder culture types in each country is influenced by the country’s cultural values and institutional arrangements. Originality/value Understanding stakeholder management beyond the conventional firm level to a wider institutional setting has important implications for the dissemination of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices across cultures. Developing an understanding of how organizations’ stakeholder management approaches are embedded in the context of the institutional arrangements that exist in a particular country will lead to CSR practices that are better suited to the specific national context. It may also help in a more widespread acceptance of these concepts and practices.

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Antyakula, Nivedita, and D. V. R. Murthy. "Gender, Culture, and Corporate Communication: A Cross-Cultural Study of Japan and India." Journal of Global Communication 12, no. 2 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-2442.2019.00011.9.

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Yoshida, Akiko, and Akiko Yoshida. "No chance for romance: Corporate culture, gendered work, and increased singlehood in Japan." Contemporary Japan 23, no. 2 (August 2011): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cj.2011.011.

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Haron, Hasnah, Ishak Ismail, Sobei Oda, Azah Abdul Jalil, and Nurul Khair Ishak. "Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility of Small and Medium Enterprises in Japan-Lessons Learnt." Advanced Science Letters 21, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.5947.

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Japan is a high income economy country and scored well in terms of CPI index. Since Malaysia’s intention is to move towards a high income economy there is much to learn from SMEs in Japan. A study was conducted on 17 SMEs in Japan and data collection includes survey and interviews. Amongst lessons learned are that SMEs in Japan place a great respect on seniority and they treat their business as one family. SMEs in Japan also place high importance on customer satisfaction, they do not believe in “quick wins” and will ensure that expansion of business is made progressively. They also view preserving traditional culture as one of their responsibility. One of the challenges they faced are the declining sales due to the lesser number of tourists in Japan and declining demand of traditional products. Success of SMEs in Japan is partly because of the ability of the government in Japan to “make the blue collars’ conditions equal to the white collars,” especially involving the expanded application of monthly-payment, life-time employment, seniority-based payment and promotion system in SMEs similar to large corporation.

10

Kodama, Naomi, Beata S. Javorcik, and Yukiko Abe. "Transplanting corporate culture across international borders: Foreign direct investment and female employment in Japan." World Economy 41, no. 5 (January 19, 2018): 1148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12612.

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Tutino, Marco. "Editorial Note." Corporate Ownership and Control 15, no. 3-1 (2018): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv15i3c1_editorial.

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The actual volume of Corporate Ownership and Control Journal presents an heterogeneous variety of papers related to a wide range of trend topics in international research in an appreciable perspective such as new accounting rules in Italy, market power and effect on performance of Islamic banks based in the UAE, internet corporate reporting and internet of things, balance scorecard in UAE institutions, the link between culture and audit, the asset management in Tunisia, governance in the heritage management, the environmental accounting in Finland, the cross border acquisition in Japan

12

Apfelthaler, Gerhard, Helen J. Muller, and Robert R. Rehder. "Corporate global culture as competitive advantage: learning from Germany and Japan in Alabama and Austria?" Journal of World Business 37, no. 2 (June 2002): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-9516(02)00070-6.

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13

Jotov, Milica. "Multinational corporate relations in Japanese company Toyota with overlook on cooperation with Philippines." Bastina, no. 53 (2021): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina31-29595.

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This paper aim is to consider the issue of the special management and production model developed at Toyota, and its contribution to the development of other economies in the world, with special reference to production in the Philippines. Japan was the first country in Asia to embark on a path of modernization and as such, became a model for the surrounding countries. The Philippines is one of the countries in the Asia-Pacific region that followed the path of change and adopted the Kaizen philosophy. Japan has influenced more widely, globally, all companies in the world that strive to conduct this way of doing business in their own environment. Toyota's business philosophy and the application of kaizen as a new model of corporate governance has become synonymous with quality corporate governance around the world and has influenced the establishment of new laws in the field of economy, culture and society, in a global context.

14

Jerzemowska, Magdalena. "Auditors in the Japanese model of corporate governance." Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości 2019, no. 101 (157) (March 25, 2019): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0754.

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Japanese auditors have a unique position and power that varies depending on the governance structure chosen by corporations. In Japan, large corporations can have one of three governance structures: a board of statutory auditors that cooperates with the board of directors, a board of directors that has three committees (audit, nomination and remuneration) and a board of directors with a supervisory committee. The research problem assessed in this paper is how the relative position, power and obligations of auditors varies in each of the three corporate governance structures, taking account of the hierarchical nature of corporate culture in Japan. The paper begins by explaining how the introduction of new laws led to auditors acquiring specialist qualifications and playing a more important role in corporations. It then analyses the provisions of relevant legal acts and the literature on Japanese corporate governance and auditors. The position and power of auditors in each structure is assessed, and attention is paid to the difficulties encoun-tered by the adoption of U.S.-style regulations in this area. The comparative analysis shows that in each of these structures there has been a strengthening of the status of auditors, which has increased their influence. The paper contributes to a reduction of the cognitive gap existing in the Polish literature concerning Japa-nese auditors.

15

McDonald, Darren. "Strategic Human Resource Management Approaches to Workforce Diversity in Japan—Harnessing Corporate Culture for Organizational Competitiveness1." Global Business Review 4, no. 1 (February 2003): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097215090300400107.

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Shirwa, Hassan Ahmed, and Murat Onuk. "Corporate Governance Models and the Possibility of Future Convergence." Journal of Corporate Governance Research 4, no. 1 (October 7, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jcgr.v4i1.17057.

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This study explains the main corporate governance models used in the United States of America, United Kingdom, Germany and Japan by analyzing their similarities, differences, strengths and weaknesses. In addition, the possibility of future convergence between these models is discussed. Two types of corporate governance models are used in the world: Shareholder and Stakeholder models. In this study, USA, and UK will be analyzed as an example of the shareholder model, whereas Germany and Japan will be discussed as an example of the stakeholder model. The shareholder model emphasizes the benefits of shareholders and the management dominates the decision-making procedure of the companies. The stakeholder model, on the other hand, puts more emphasis on the interests of stakeholders or capital market players such as the workers, suppliers and the public. On the convergence debate, four different arguments are identified: The first and the main one is against convergence seeing it as a distant dream because of the differences between the countries. The second argument supports and expects convergence in the near future. The third argument supports the argument of functional convergence rather than formal convergence. The fourth argument supports the combination of both shareholder and stakeholder models to get effective corporate governance practices.This research supports the first argument which is against convergence, because looking at the differences between the countries in their economic, legal and political frameworks, it is still impossible to suggest convergence. Each country will continue to adopt its style according to its culture and also according to its differing needs.

17

Esselstrom, Erik. "Red Guards and Salarymen: The Chinese Cultural Revolution and Comic Satire in 1960s Japan." Journal of Asian Studies 74, no. 4 (November 2015): 953–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911815001096.

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This article explores how Japanese comic artists represented the early years of the Chinese Cultural Revolution in popular print culture, especially lowbrow comic magazines. It posits that Japanese cartoonists in their role as both purveyors of everyday humor and keenly observant social commentators employed the imagery and rhetoric of the Red Guard movement to critique the conservative social and economic order of Japanese corporate culture during the late 1960s era of high-speed growth; moreover, it contends that there was a surprisingly receptive audience for such criticism among the rank-and-file “salarymen” of the urban Japanese middle class. Finally, the precisely informed humor found in these comics also suggests that their target audience possessed detailed familiarity with contemporary events on the continent and interpreted those events through a deeply embedded cultural framework of ambivalence concerning modern Chinese society.

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Kaneko, Hiroaki, Cristian Vlad, Luiza Gatan, Toru Takahashi, and Seiko Adachi. "Ina Food Industry: A Company that Makes Employees Happy." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Negotia 66, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 49–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbnegotia.2021.1.03.

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"This research illustrates how a traditional Japanese company, Ina Food Industry, focuses on talent operations, engagement, their well being and social innovation. The authors worked with key executives and talent operators from Ina Food Industry to underpin the main characteristics of their talent operations strategy and to determine how the organization draws from its corporate philosophy and core elements of traditional Japanese culture to create sustainable user engagement and to develop a unique employee value proposition. Keywords: Innovation, Japan, Organization, Transformation, Sustainability, Talent, Strategy, Ethics JEL Classification: M10, L66 "

19

Kuprina, Tamara V., and Galina O. Ivanova. "Impact of Cultural Indicators on the Economic Performance of International Companies." Economy of Region 17, no. 2 (June 2021): 593–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-2-17.

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Nowadays, international companies are looking for new ways to improve their performance. Most studies on this issue do not consider the social environment and established corporate culture that have a direct impact on economic indicators. Based on econometric data, this research confirms the impact of cultural indicators on the economic activities of international companies in Russia, Germany and Japan, representing national, European and Asian cultures. The quantitative Denison’s method allowed us to examine the corporate culture and assign numerical values to its characteristics. The impact of cultural indicators (engagement, consistency, adaptability, mission) was assessed by means of correlation and regression analysis. According to the data obtained, even though employee engagement is shown to be the most important indicator in general, the performance and economic indicators of various enterprises are affected differently. For Russian companies, the most significant cultural indicators determining the overall performance are adaptability and engagement, as the mission indicator has the least impact. The factors of mission and engagement are of utmost importance for German organisations, while consistency and adaptability are less relevant. The economic performance in Japanese companies is strongly influenced by their mission and consistency, and the indicators of engagement and adaptability are secondary. However, the conducted research does not cover the whole variety of interactions between international companies. Future interdisciplinary studies should examine how cultural indicators influence the economic activity of companies of countries in different world regions. In the context of globalisation and localisation processes, international companies need to adapt their activities, taking into account the local cultural values.

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Ochi, Nobuhito. "Comprehensive research on corporate disclosure theory." Impact 2021, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.2.65.

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Incorporating the dynamics of capital markets into the driving force, starting from comparable ESG (environmental, social and governance) information, will contribute to the circulation of the ecosystem that connects business and a sustainable society. Professor Nobuhito Ochi, Department of Policy Studies, Shobi University, Japan, is deepening research toward the realization of an ESG ecosystem, with a basic perspective of improving market discipline for corporate activities related to ESG and leveraging the improvement of comparability of non-financial information. Ochi's work comprehensively examines the externalities of social common capital held by modern society, and uses the thinking framework of incentive analysis as a methodological foundation, and aims to develop interdisciplinary disclosure theory to improve inefficiency caused by asymmetry of information. Measures that would contribute to the realization of social value under a framework that utilizes disclosure discipline, in order to draw out incentives for coping with the cause for externality control related to natural capital, social capital (culture and community) and institutional capital (finance and audit). Ochi is conducting research that involves looking at a broad range of corporate activities surrounding disclosure theory, ESG and AI, including lead companies to an ideal ESG information disclosure process through the utilization of AI. This work includes looking at how companies can buffer communities from the negative aspects of a corporation's activities and exploring the disclosure of information including social, natural and institutional capital. Ochi has presented a theory of corporate disclosure and a theory of assurance of non-financial information that allows for better control of costs and benefits that are social common capital rather than financial capital. The theory operates under a framework that uses the discipline of disclosure and contributes to the realization of social value and, ultimately, Ochi is seeking to help build a financial and economical society that contributes to societal wellbeing.

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De Ferranti, Hugh. "‘Japanese music’ can be popular." Popular Music 21, no. 2 (May 2002): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026114300200212x.

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Traditional genres, modern popular music, ‘classical’ concert music and other styles of music-making in Japan can be viewed as diverse elements framed within a musical culture. Bourdieu's concept of habitus, and Williams' of dominant, residual and emergent traditions, are helpful in formulating an inclusive approach, in contrast to the prevailing demarcation between traditional and popular music research. Koizumi Fumio first challenged the disciplinary separation of research on historical ‘Japanese music’ and modern hybrid music around 1980, and the influence of his work is reflected in a small number of subsequent writings. In Japanese popular music, evidence for musical habitus and residual traits of past practice can be sought not only in characteristics typical of musicological analysis; modal, harmonic and rhythmic structures; but also in aspects of the music's organisation, presentation, conceptualisation and reception. Among these are vocal tone and production techniques, technical and evaluative discourse, and contextual features such as staging, performer-audience interaction, the agency of individual musicians, the structure of corporate music-production, and the use of songs as vehicles for subjectivity. Such an inclusive approach to new and old musical practices in Japan enables demonstration of ways in which popular music is both part of Japanese musical culture and an authentic vehicle for contemporary Japanese identity.

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Liu, Jeng. "Successors’ Characteristics, Preparation, Innovation, and Firm Performance: Taiwan and Japan." International Business Research 11, no. 9 (August 10, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n9p1.

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Recent research has revisited business succession. Although important issues have been discussed from time to time, no consensus on any particular pattern of succession has emerged. Lacking a body of empirical findings to draw upon, discussions of business succession are often based on limited qualitative case studies and findings vary widely among researchers. In this research, we focus on both theoretical explanations and data promotion, and draw the following conclusions.First, there are some differences in the corporate culture and business philosophy between Taiwanese and Japanese enterprises, and the training of successors is also different. Second, the number of female successors has been increasing in both Taiwan and Japan, while in Taiwan female successors have become even more open and innovative than their male counterparts. Third, successors in Taiwan and Japan make various kinds of preparations. The successors are expected to start from the front-line to win the loyalty of employees and managers, to keep in touch with front-line employees, to learn the enterprise’s operating mode, and to think about a future development strategy. Fourth, the grown-up environment of the successor also plays an important role and has a great influence on the successor. Last, but not least, many well-known disputes have occurred in the enterprise succession process both in Taiwan and Japan, and the support provided by the previous generation and the “veterans” will make the succession process go smoothly.

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Silva, Ana C., Oswaldo Lorenzo, and Gonzalo Arturo Chavez. "Market reaction to enterprise applications: a multicultural perspective." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 269–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-11-2012-0107.

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Purpose – This paper aims to identify the relationship between national culture, enterprise application (EA) implementations and firm value for a sample of the largest and most actively traded firms in Japan, the United Kingdom and the USA. The study seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the cultural traits that play a role in successful technological innovation. Design/methodology/approach – Using 11 years of price and accounting data, as well as corporate announcements from English- and Japanese-speaking sources, this study applies event study methodology and fixed-effects regressions to a sample of international adopters of enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), supply chain management and firm-specific applications. Findings – The results show a country-related contrast in the way investors perceive value in EAs. Investors with national cultures that are more collectivist perceive their firms to be well-prepared to extract value from large-scale technologies. In contrast, individualistic cultures seem to face more implementation challenges. Research limitations/implications – Although the study provides statistically significant results, a larger sample of countries and enterprise systems adopters would further enhance a generalization of results. Practical implications – The empirical results provide evidence of the national culture traits that seem to increase the likelihood of success in enterprise systems implementations as seen from the perspective of actual investors. Originality/value – The empirical study of how multiple EAs (ERP, SCR, CRM and SPECIFIC) and national culture differences interact with a market-based metric of value (stock market prices), while also using an international sample of firms from three distinct regions, is novel to the existent literature.

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CHU, YIN-WAH. "Studies of Japanese Society and Culture: Sociology and Cognate Disciplines in Hong Kong." Japanese Journal of Political Science 13, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109912000047.

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AbstractThis paper reviews the studies of Japanese society and culture undertaken by Hong Kong-based sociologists and scholars in related disciplines. It presents information on research projects funded by the Research Grants Council, Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and Arts and Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) journal articles, authored and edited books, book chapters, non-SSCI and non-A&HCI journal articles, as well as master and doctoral theses written by scholars and graduate students associated with Hong Kong's major universities. It is found that the main topics of research are Japan's capitalist development and corporate growth, meanings and social ramifications of traditional and popular culture, education, gender, and marriage, as well as aspects of work and employment, whereas the major research methods include document analysis, ethnography, and in-depth interviews. The limited amount of research and the preoccupation with economic development and popular culture reflect in part Hong Kong's unique political conditions and the government's indifference to the pursuit of social and political policy analysis. In recent years, the growth of academic exchanges between scholars in Hong Kong, Japan, and other East Asian regions and the heightened emphasis by university administrators on academic research will hopefully bring about advancements in such academic endeavors.

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Cox, Thomas. "Cross-Cultural Training for Japanese Pharmaceutical Researchers." Practicing Anthropology 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.29.1.t117138v0u782132.

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This article gives an in-depth analysis of a cross-cultural training course that I ran for Japanese researchers at the Aichi, Japan branch of Xantusia (the company's name has been changed to protect its identity), a major American pharmaceutical company. The company's history and reasons for implementing a cross-cultural training course, the educational principles behind the course, the demographic information of those who enrolled, and a week-by-week description of the course follow, and provide an example that can inform other programs like it in both corporate and non-corporate settings. Four lessons learned from the author's experience include: (1) the need for a "bottoms-up approach," starting with material (textual, audiovisual, etc.) which presents realistic, stimulating depictions of cross-cultural interactions; (2) cross-cultural training should, ideally, continue (periodically) over the course of a professional's entire career; (3) cross-cultural training programs should have some "laboratory" facility where teachers can experiment with new materials and activities; and (4) basic differences between Asian and Western culture have a major potential impact on international communication, and people should know what these differences are in order to become more effective cross-cultural communicators.

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Provasi, Roberta, and Patrizia Lucia Maria Riva. "The Italian two-tiers model. Evidence and comparison with some other countries." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 3 (2015): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i3c3p9.

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New dynamics and globalized economy has led to the need to modify the Corporate Governance systems. Many countries have not identified a unique model for the company management but they allow free choice between continuing to use the traditional models adopted by the country itself or implementing different models sometimes considered more suitable with the aims and operational management of the companies. The new Corporate Governance model introduced in the most global jurisdictions is the two-tiers model (or dual model) considered the most suitable to achieve a better separation between ownership and control and to ensure a better transparency. The introduction of the two-tier system of Corporate Governance is not without uncertainty; it has affected all countries except the Anglo-Saxon ones. The purpose of this research is to investigate the features of the dualistic governance model in some countries different for their culture and legislative system. In particular the research aims to point out the characteristics of the dual model introduced for the first time in the Italian Legal System by Law No. 6/2003 and to perform a comparative analysis with the most consolidated two-tiers model implemented in Germany (which is considered the benchmark), in some other European countries (France and the Nordic countries) and with the experiences of Asian countries and in particular of Japan. From the comparative analysis we try to understand whether differences in purposes and ways of implementation can be pointed out

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Culver, Annika A. "“Shiseidô’s ‘Empire of Beauty’: Marketing Japanese Modernity in Northeast Asia, 1932-1945”." Shashi: the Journal of Japanese Business and Company History 2, no. 2 (January 3, 2014): 6–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/shashi.2013.16.

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According to a 2011 news release by the company, "Shiseido is focusing on expanding sales in emerging markets with the aim of becoming 'a global player representing Asia with its origins in Japan'."[1] The cosmopolitan image of the company overlaying its Japanese identity lends itself to intriguing prewar parallels and debates over cultures representing both East and West. As noted by Frank Dikötter in his study of early Republican Era (1912-1949) Chinese material culture: "The endless circulation, domestication and recycling of objects with the advent of the global economy has frequently offended the guardians of cultural barriers: the notion of 'hybridity' has been used to perpetuate the illusion of 'authenticity'."[2] This hybrid "Empire of Beauty" rather than purely Japanese idea of beauty unveiled in Russia, along with Shiseidô's new Asian focus, are in fact much older business concepts dating back to the early 20th century. Not surprisingly, like other Japanese companies in the 1930s, Shiseidô also began its advent into emerging markets in the prewar period, where the progress of cosmetic penetration into northeast Asia paralleled imperial Japan's military intrusions.In addition, Shiseidô’s unique modernist visual culture sold images of an empire of beauty, where women consumers on the continent helped support an emerging politics of national identity in their product choices. The company's intersection of modernist advertising and national propaganda reveals the multifaceted interests of organizations like Shiseidô involved in marketing the Japanese empire and its appealing modernity. [1] Shiseido News Release, "Shiseido to Introduce Corporate Culture and Promote Sales at Event in Russia,", 1. [2] Dikötter, Exotic Commodities: Modern Objects and Everyday Life in China, 5.

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Babayev, F. A. "FEATURES OF PERSONNEL DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF INNOVATIVE CHANGES." Innovative Solution in Modern Science 1, no. 45 (February 17, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26886/2414-634x.1(45)2021.1.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the theoretical aspects of personnel development. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of personnel development in terms of innovative changes. The essence of the concept of "personnel development" was considered, its role in improving the competitiveness of personnel and the enterprise as a whole in the context of innovative changes was revealed. The analysis of the most successful practices of personnel development in the context of innovative changes is carried out on the examples of leading corporations in Japan and the USA. The conditions for the development of personnel are determined. It’s the formation of innovation-oriented personnel, an innovative corporate culture, a highly qualified team, stimulating growth and expanding the competence of employees. The main directions for improving of personnel development in terms of competition and innovative changes are proposed.Key words: personnel development, innovation-oriented personnel, competent personnel, foreign experience in personnel development, development conditions.

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Kita, Toshiro. "International comparative study on open innovation from the viewpoint of organisational ability, including research on corporation ambidexterity." Impact 2021, no. 4 (May 11, 2021): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.4.6.

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When the asset bubble burst in the early 1990s in Japan, a long period of economic stagnation followed. Professor Toshiro Kita, Graduate School of Management, Doshisha University, Japan, believes a lack of understanding of the importance of business ambidexterity contributed to this difficult period for Japanese firms and that understanding and utilising ambidexterity could have significant benefits for businesses. Kita is interested in innovation management and the ways in which the application of ambidexterity can help businesses. He believes that businesses can thrive by adopting the Observe, Orient, Decide, Act (OODA) loop alongside the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle and his work also looks at other aspects of innovation management, such as entrepreneurship, disruptive innovation and corporate culture and cognitive bias, as well as innovation management in the context of COVID-19. This later strand of research involves looking at how ambidexterity can help businesses to thrive in the current challenging climate. A recent important finding for Kita, which emerged from his project 'Study on Ambidextrous Capabilities of Japanese Electronics Firms' was that firms that were performing well conducted exploration during phases of growth and exploitation during phases of decline and this was the opposite way round for firms performing poorly. This served to highlight how exploration and exploitation can be successfully implemented. Through hosting workshops and seminars Kita shares his findings and knowledge and he also collaborates with industry groups.

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Saragih, Febi Walmika, Maria Susan Anggreainy, and Reza Kusuma Putra. "Pembuatan Motion Graphics Untuk Media Training Komunikasi Efektif Budaya Horenso Di PT Amerta Indah Otsuka." Jurnal Sains Terapan 7, no. 1 (June 3, 2017): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jstsv.7.1.56-69.

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ABSTRACTPT Amerta Indah Otsuka is a company engaged in manufacturing, nutrition and pharmaceuticals. It company has many employees and is devided into several departement, because of that, effective communication is needed.HORENSO is an acronym from Japanese language, that is hokoku, renraku and sodan. HORENSO in Indonesia language thai is report, information and consult. HORENSO culture is considered as one of the keys to success in a corporate organization in Japan, because it’s more important the process and cooperation to reach the goal. At the appointed time, HCD Departement routine remindes employees for training HORENSO culture.Training about effective communication is carried out by speaker within two hours. Material submitted using video that is not good quality, therefore HCD Departement want to create a motion graphics that summarizes all the footage from the previous video, so that is can be delivered informatively to increase employee attention to the importance of effective communication in the corporate environment. ABSTRAKPT Amerta Indah Otsuka merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bidang manufaktur nutrisi dan farmasi. Perusahaan ini memiliki banyak karyawan yang dibagi dalam beberapa departemen, dengan banyaknya karyawan tersebut maka diperlukan komunikasi yang efektif karyawan antar departemen.HORENSO adalah suatu akronim dari bahasa Jepang yang dibentuk dari tiga kata, yaitu hokoku, renraku dan sodan. Dalam Bahasa Indonesia dapat diartikan laporan, informasi dan konsultasi. Budaya HORENSO ini dianggap sebagai salah satu kunci sukses dalam suatu organisasi perusahaan di Jepang, karena sangat memperhatikan proses untuk mencapai target dan menitikberatkan pada kerjasama antar Departemen. Pada tanggal dan waktu yang telah ditentukan, Departemen HCD dengan rutin mengingatkan karyawan untuk mengikuti training komunikasi efektif budaya HORENSO.Training komunikasi efektif dilaksanakan oleh pembicara dalam waktu dua jam dengan materi yang dipaparkan menggunakan cuplikan video yang kualitasnya kurang baik, dengan keadaan video yang sudah ada sebelumnya Departemen HCD ingin membuat sebuah motion graphics yang merangkum semua cuplikan dari video yang ada, sehingga materi dapat tersampaikan dengan infomatif untuk meningkatkan perhatian karyawan terhadap pentingnya komunikasi yang efektif di lingkungan organisasi perusahaan.

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Binder, Bettina, Terry Morehead Dworkin, Niculina Nae, Cindy Schipani, and Irina Averianova. "The Plight of Women in Positions of Corporate Leadership in the United States, the European Union, and Japan: Differing Laws and Cultures, Similar Issues." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 26.2 (2020): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.26.2.plight.

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Gender diversity in corporate governance is a highly debated issue worldwide. National campaigns such as “2020 Women on Boards” in the United States and “Women on the Board Pledge for Europe” are examples of just two initiatives aimed at increasing female representation in the corporate boardroom. Several European countries have adopted board quotas as a means toward achieving gender diversity. Japan has passed an Act on Promotion of Women’s Participation and Advancement in the Workplace to lay a foundation for establishing targets for promoting women. This Article examines the status of women in positions of leadership in the United States, several major countries in the European Union, and Japan. We focus on the legal backdrop in each jurisdiction regarding gender discrimination and studies tending to demonstrate the economic benefits of gender diversity. We conclude that although important steps have been taken in the direction of narrowing the gender gap in all jurisdictions examined, progress has been slow and difficult across the board. The issue of too few women at the top will not be resolved until there is a wider acceptance that female leaders can benefit their organizations and contribute to social and economic progress. Moreover, the presence of women on corporate boards is valuable in and of itself and the status quo ought to be further challenged in international business.

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Legewie, Jochen, and Hendrik Meyer-Ohle. "Does nationality matter? Western and Japanese multinational corporations in Southeast Asia." European Review 8, no. 4 (October 2000): 553–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279870000510x.

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Multinational corporations from Japan and Western countries have played an active role in the economic development of Southeast Asia and have, during this time, undergone several developments. The recent economic crisis and efforts by the countries of the region to promote economic integration have again forced corporations to reconsider their strategies. Based on an historical overview, this article examines current strategies and, in particular, addresses the driving forces that are underlying the corporate behaviour of companies from different home countries. It argues that while corporate nationality has, to some extent, been important in the past, it will lose significance as multinational corporations are increasingly developing organizational cultures of their own.

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Marion, Elisa Carolina, Ratna Handayani, and Natsumi Koda. "Pengaruh Sistem Senioritas Atau Nenkojoretsu Terhadap Perkembangan Karir Karyawan Lokal Berpendidikan S1 Di Perusahaan Jepang Di Indonesia." Lingua Cultura 6, no. 2 (November 30, 2012): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v6i2.408.

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Seniority system in Japan known as nenkojoretsu is a culture that influences the management system of Japanese companies operating in Indonesia, including the promotion system for career development of the employees. This study aims to find out more about the seniority system which runs on Japanese companies in Indonesia. This research can also broaden the knowledge of Japanese language students who seek a career in Japan corporates. We use a questionnaire as data collection technique. The result is then analyzed using descriptive analysis. This study finds that there is a position change for respondents who occupy staf positions for more than fifteen years of work since entering work. Though, some of them have not changed position yet.

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Viatra, Aji Windu. "ANALISIS TANDA VISUAL CHANNEL IDENTITY MTV (MUSIC TELEVISION) INDONESIA." Jurnal Dimensi DKV Seni Rupa dan Desain 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jdd.v5i1.6861.

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AbstractThe Analysis of MTV (Music Television) Indonesia Channel Identity Visual Symbol. Channel identity can create picture, image, character and identity of a television station. MTV has made the best use of this form of corporate promotion program. Through their channel identity, MTV created images and pictures in accordance with their basic concepts. This research analyzed the MTV (Music Television) channel identity and logo. The analysis procedure carried on the MTV logos including MTV Indonesia, MTV China, MTV Russia, MTV United Kingdom, MTV Japan, and MTV India. This study used a multidisciplinary approach namely the historical, aesthetics, and semiotics approach. The method used in this research was qualitative method, with analytic descriptive analysis. The data was collected through literature study and observation. The data then grouped according to the basic concepts of MTV local culture exploration, and studied by looking at the process of visual idiom design concepts, shapes, characters, colors, and work techniques. The result of this research is interpretation of the visual sign and meaning of the MTV logo as a visual communication media and mass communication which contained certain value and meaning to persuate their audiens. AbstrakAnalisis Tanda Visual Channel Identity MTV (Music Television) Indonesia. Channel identity stasiun televisi dapat membentuk citra, image, karakter dan menjadi identitas sebuah stasiun televisi. MTV telah memanfaatkan sebaik mungkin bentuk program promosi korporat ini. Melalui channel identity, MTV membentuk image dan citra sesuai dengan konsep dasar yang dimiliki. Penelitian ini menganalisis channel identity dan logo stasiun televisi MTV (Music Television). Analisis makna dilakukan pada logo MTV beberapa negara yaitu MTV Indonesia, MTV China, MTV Rusia, MTV United Kingdom, MTV Jepang, dan MTV India. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan multidisplin, yakni pendekatan historis, estetika, dan semiotika. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif, dengan analisis deskriptif analitik. Data dikumpulkan melalui studi pustaka dan observasi. Data dikelompokkan sesuai dengan konsep dasar eksplorasi budaya lokal MTV, yang akan dikaji dengan melihat pada proses konsep perancangan idiom visual, bentuk, karakter, warna, dan teknik pengerjaan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah interpretasi makna tanda-tanda visual yang digunakan pada logo MTV sebagai media komunikasi visual dan komunikasi massa yang mengandung nilai dan makna tertentu sebagai langkah persuasi kepada pemirsanya. Kata kunci: channel identity, logo, MTV (music television), MTV Indonesia *) J

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Dore, Ronald. "The Globalisation of Corporate Governance: External and Internal Mechanisms of Control." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 14, no. 2 (April 2003): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x03001400203.

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Much of the literature on corporate governance assumes that there is one universally valid prescription for good governance—or at most assumes a single choice between pro-shareholder and pro-stakeholder prescriptions. It is, however, not only “who gets what” outcomes which have to be taken into account in choosing governance systems, but also different preconditions for effectiveness, affected by national cultures and employment systems. One dimension of variation is, the relative need for, and efficacy of, externally imposed disciplines on management on the one hand, and the internal controls of conscience and peer pressures on the other. Internal control mechanisms seem to work in community-like firms such as those of Japan. Will China turn out to have similar possibilities?

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Hannah, Leslie. "Corporate governance, accounting transparency and stock exchange sizes in Germany, Japan and «Anglo-Saxon» economies, 1870–1950." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 64, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 157–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2018-0042.

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AbstractModern discussions of corporate governance have focused on convergence of «varieties of capitalism», particularly the recent «Americanisation» of laws and voluntary codes in Germany, Japan, and other civil law countries. However German and Japanese legal and business historians have suggested that corporate governance, accounting transparency or other favourable factors in their countries were historically a match for – or even superior to – those in the US. An alleged consequence was deeper penetration by the Berlin and Tokyo stock exchanges of their domestic economies than of the US by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), using measures such as market capitalization/GDP ratios. This paper reviews the classic Rajan and Zingales data on the sizes of stock exchanges. It concludes that the evidence for Japanese historical precocity relative to the US, after the necessary allowance is made for regional stock exchanges and corporate bond finance, stands up better to this closer examination than that for Germany.Many financial historians now agree that stock exchange development was not historically determined by legal origins («Anglo-Saxon» common vs Euro-Japanese civil law), though today it appears to be driven by legal rules protecting shareholders and/or bondholders and limiting directorial autocracy and information asymmetry. However, both today and historically in some cultures private order rules (voluntary codes, bourse listing requirements, bankers as trusted intermediaries, block-holder monitoring, etc) offered substitute protections, or at least complemented protective laws. This paper reviews the plausibility of these determinants of historical stock exchange sizes – and others that have been neglected – in Japan, Germany, and elsewhere, before 1950.

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Sama, Linda M., and Steven D. Papamarcos. "Culture’s consequences for working women in corporate America and Japan, Inc." Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal 7, no. 2 (June 2000): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13527600010797075.

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Andreadakis, Stelios, and Scott Morrison. "Whistleblowers Under the Spotlight." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 3, no. 4 (November 24, 2016): 353–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-00304002.

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The contemporary prevalence of complex business structures, and the limited resources and time of regulatory authorities charged with policing business organisations has increased the importance of whistleblowers for modern corporate governance. This article aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion in relation to the effectiveness of the existing regulatory regime, a regime that is intended to encourage whistleblowing in general and to provide sufficient safeguards to whistleblowers from dismissal or retaliation. The countries of the uk and Japan have been selected for this comparative study because they exhibit contrasting business and employment practices and because the relevant authorities have adopted distinct regulatory approaches. The comparative analysis intends to support the claim that, irrespective of the primary and secondary legislation in place in these two jurisdictions and the disparate corporate cultures existing in each, whistleblowers all too frequently end up as victims even when they have complied with the requirements and the procedures stipulated by the law, followed their conscience and reported wrongdoing.

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Indrawati, Nina Sri, and Dimas Aditya Pratama. "ANALISIS BUDAYA ORGANISASI MODEL OCAI (ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT) DAN MOTIVASI KERJA HIRARKI KEBUTUHAN ABRAHAM MASLOW KARYAWAN PADA PT TELEKOMUNIKASI INDONESIA, TBK BOGOR." JIMFE (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi) 1, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34203/jimfe.v1i2.564.

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ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the organizational culture analysis models OCAI (Organizational CultureAssessment Instrument) and work motivation Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs of employees. PTTelekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk Bogor located at Jalan Raya Padjadjaran No. 39 Bogor, West Java. Thecompany is engaged in the field of information and communication as well as service providers andtelecommunications network is complete in Indonesia. The problem lies on how to apply the normalbehavior in the company, is in conformity with the architecture leadership and corporate culture or not.Therefore, it is necessary to ensure appropriate analysis using models OCAI and Abraham Maslow'shierarchy of needs. The results showed that the company makes adokrasi culture and culture as a keymarket that is used by companies to evaluate all kinds of internal and external problems. Advice given tothe company is doing the application of organizational culture can play an important role for thecompany and pay attention to all the needs required employees to help improve the performance of thecompany.Keywords: Analysis, Organizational Culture, OCAI, Motivation, Hierarchy of Needs, Abraham Maslow.

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Gay, Suzanne, and Hitomi Tonomura. "Community and Commerce in Late Medieval Japan: The Corporate Villages of Tokuchin-ho." Monumenta Nipponica 47, no. 3 (1992): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2385111.

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Michael A. Witt. "Corporate Governance in Japan: Institutional Change and Organizational Diversity (review)." Journal of Japanese Studies 35, no. 2 (2009): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.0.0116.

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Santoro, Gabriele, Stefano Bresciani, Bernardo Bertoldi, and Yipeng Liu. "Cause-related marketing, brand loyalty and corporate social responsibility." International Marketing Review 37, no. 4 (November 5, 2019): 773–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-11-2018-0310.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate consumer’s attitude towards cause-related marketing (CRM). In detail, it aims to assess the relationship between CRM and consumer’s brand loyalty, and whether this relationship is moderated by consumer’s perception of corporate social behaviours. Moreover, the research looks for differences in the above relationship on two samples of consumers born and living in different countries and therefore with different cultural backgrounds. Design/methodology/approach The research adopts a quantitative methodology using a survey conducted among Italian and Japanese consumers. Ordinary least square regressions models are developed to test the hypotheses. Findings The findings of this paper indicate a positive relationship between the consumers’ perception of CRM and their brand loyalty perception, regardless the country of origin. Accordingly, the authors found a similar pattern of CRM perception among Italian and Japanese consumers. In addition, the authors found that CRM and the consumers’ perception of corporate social behaviours are not complementary, in the sense their joint effect does not affect consumer’s brand loyalty. Originality/value This is one of the first studies addressing the issue concerning the CRM perception of people with in different cultures. In this regard, this study suggests that CRM impacts on brand loyalty regardless the country of origin (Italy and Japan), and consumers’ characteristics such as age, gender, background. In addition, the study indicates that the perceived corporate social responsibility does not increase the effect of CRM on brand loyalty.

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Steenstrup, Carl, and Hitomi Tonomura. "Community and Commerce in Late Medieval Japan: The Corporate Villages of Tokuchin-Ho." Journal of Japanese Studies 19, no. 1 (1993): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/132872.

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So, Billy K. L., and Sufumi So. "Entrepreneurship in the textbook business in modern East Asia: Kinkōdō of Meiji Japan and the Commercial Press of early twentieth-century China." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 80, no. 3 (August 31, 2017): 547–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x17000933.

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AbstractThis article compares the ways in which two major textbook publishers in East Asia – namely Kinkōdō in Meiji Japan and the Commercial Press in early twentieth-century China – practised the Western model of corporations to build a new kind of publishing business in their respective societies, which were undergoing significant transformation. The study suggests that, although the use of the model could imply global business convergence, its transplantation process was largely shaped by entrepreneurs who negotiated the Western model as an alternative newly opened to them and brought to light variant forms of practice tailored to serve their own aspirations in corporate directions such as industrial integration and ownership structure. The two cases present two distinct patterns of developing a new textbook publishing business under the same corporation model.

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Haley, John Owen. "Economic Organizations and Corporate Governance in Japan: The Impact of Formal and Informal Rules (review)." Journal of Japanese Studies 32, no. 1 (2006): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2006.0009.

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Ahmadjian, Christina Linn. "Corporate Financing and Governance in Japan: The Road to the Future, and: Cross Shareholdings in Japan: A New Unified Perspective of the Economic System (review)." Journal of Japanese Studies 31, no. 1 (2005): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2005.0002.

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Ravina, Mark. "Hitomi Tonomura: Community and commerce in late medieval Japan: the corporate villages of Tokuchinho. xiv, 285 pp. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992. $37.50." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 56, no. 3 (October 1993): 625–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00008119.

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48

Fontana, Enrico. "When the main job tasks are perceived to be ‘irrelevant’ in the workplace: the internal uselessness of corporate social responsibility work in Japan." Culture and Organization 26, no. 5-6 (August 18, 2019): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14759551.2019.1656632.

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Hamada, Hiroko, Shiroh Kishioka, Mareo Yamoto, and Ryosuke Nakano. "[3 H]Naloxone binding sites in porcine ovarian follicles and corpora lutea during the ovarian cycle." European Journal of Endocrinology 132, no. 5 (May 1995): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1320622.

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Hamada H, Kishioka S, Yamoto M, Nakano R. [3H]Naloxone binding sites in porcine ovarian follicles and corpora lutea during the ovarian cycle. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:622–6. ISSN 0804–4643 We demonstrated the presence of opioid receptors in the porcine ovary using [3 H]naloxone. We also examined the change in the number of opioid receptors during follicular maturation. In addition, we found specific binding of [3H]naloxone in the porcine ovary using naloxone, β-endorphin, methionine-enkephalin and dynorphin. The binding of [3H]naloxone to porcine granulosa cells and the 2000-g subcellular fraction of corpora lutea was examined to demonstrate the presence of specific [3H]naloxone binding in the porcine ovary. Binding of [3H]naloxone to porcine granulosa cells was displaced by cold naloxone and β-endorphin but not by dynorphin and methionine-enkephalin. A similar phenomenon was also demonstrated in the 2000 g subcellular fraction of porcine corpora lutea. However, Scatchard analyses revealed a single class of high-affinity (Kd = 28.5 × 10−9 mol/l) and low-capacity binding sites (Bmax = 30.5 fmol/5 × 106 cells) in porcine granulosa cells. Similar binding parameters were obtained in the 2000-g subcellular fraction of porcine luteal tissue (Kd = 28.3 × 10−9 mol/l, Bmax = 59.3 nmol/kg protein). [3H]Naloxone binding sites in the porcine ovary showed binding characteristics similar to those of opioid receptors in other organs like brain, uterus and placenta. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the specific binding sites of [3H]naloxone in porcine granulosa cells decreased during follicular maturation. Opioid receptors have been detected in the uterus, placenta and Sertoli cell cultures in some species. However, there is no detailed study on opioid receptors in granulosa cells and luteal tissues in any species. Our data suggest a relationship between folliculogenesis and ovarian opioid peptides. The opioid system may participate in the regulation of follicular maturation. Hiroko Hamada, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shichibancho 27, Wakayama 640, Japan

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Scott, Alan, Mike Gane, Andrew Webster, J. A. Banks, David Silverman, Tia DeNora, Jon Bernardes, et al. "Book Reviews: Knowledge, Ideology and Discourse: A Sociological Perspective, Heterology and the Postmodern, a Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, Max Weber: From History to Modernity, Erving Goffman, Ethnomethodology and the Human Sciences, Family and the State of Theory, Families and Households: Divisions and Change, the British Population: Patterns, Trends and Processes, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings: The Eugenics Society, its Sources and its Critics in Britain, towards a New Sociology of Social Work, Corporate Society: Class, Property and Contemporary Capitalism, Deconstructing America: Representations of the Other, Unwrapping Japan: Society and Culture in Anthropological Perspective, Enterprise and Heritage: Crosscurrents of National Culture, in a Lonely Street: Film Noir, Genre, Masculinity, Fieldwork in Educational Settings: Methods. Pit/alb and Perspectives." Sociological Review 41, no. 1 (February 1993): 153–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1993.tb02958.x.

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