Статті в журналах: "Covid-19 – Physiopathologie"

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Sodqi, Mustapha, and Latifa Marih. "COVID-19: epidemiology and pathophysiology." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 7, S (August 26, 2020): S3—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmstf.2020.s712.

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Bonny, V., A. Maillard, C. Mousseaux, L. Plaçais, and Q. Richier. "COVID-19 : physiopathologie d’une maladie à plusieurs visages." La Revue de Médecine Interne 41, no. 6 (June 2020): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revmed.2020.05.003.

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Breville, Gautier, Alice Accorroni, Gilles Allali, and Dan Adler. "Physiopathologie de l’hypoxémie silencieuse dans le Covid-19." Revue Médicale Suisse 17, no. 736 (2021): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2021.17.736.0831.

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Salinas, Sara, and Yannick Simonin. "Les atteintes neurologiques liées au SARS-CoV-2 et autres coronavirus humains." médecine/sciences 36, no. 8-9 (August 2020): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2020122.

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L’émergence récente d’un nouveau coronavirus, le SARS-CoV-2, responsable de la maladie appelée COVID-19, est un nouvel avertissement du risque pour la santé publique représenté par les zoonoses virales et notamment par les coronavirus. Principalement connus pour leur capacité à infecter les voies respiratoires supérieures et inférieures, les coronavirus peuvent également affecter le système nerveux central et périphérique, comme c’est le cas pour de nombreux virus respiratoires, tels que les virus influenza ou le virus respiratoire syncytial. Les infections du système nerveux sont un problème important de santé publique car elles peuvent provoquer des atteintes dévastatrices allant jusqu’au décès du patient, en particulier lorsqu’elles surviennent chez les personnes fragilisées ou âgées plus sensibles à ce type d’infection. Les connaissances de la physiopathologie des infections par les coronavirus émergents (MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV et SARS-CoV-2) et leurs moyens d’accéder au système nerveux central sont, pour l’heure, très sommaires. Les travaux en cours visent notamment à mieux appréhender les mécanismes associés aux atteintes neurologiques observées. Dans cette revue nous aborderons l’état des connaissances actuelles sur le neurotropisme des coronavirus humains et les mécanismes associés en développant tout particulièrement les dernières données concernant le SARS-CoV-2.

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Mateos, Edgard Alexis. "Assembling the Physiopathology Puzzle of COVID-19." Anales de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (Asunción) 53, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/anales/2020.053.02.105.

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O. de Almeida, Juliana, Victoria Regina T. de Oliveira, João Lucas dos S. Avelar, Bruna Simões Moita, and Lídia Moreira Lima. "COVID-19: Physiopathology and Targets for Therapeutic Intervention." Revista Virtual de Química 12, no. 6 (2020): 1464–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21577/1984-6835.20200115.

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Bencheikh, Siham, Fadia Rahal, and Salima Lefkir-Tafiani. "Promising biologic therapies in COVID-19." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 7, S (August 26, 2020): S34—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmstf.2020.s718.

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Les progrès réalisés dans la compréhension de la physiopathologique de l'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 ont démontré que les formes graves de la COVID-19 avec des dommages cellulaires importants sont dues à une libération excessive des cytokines comme l’IL-6, IL-2, l’IL-7, l’IL-10 et le TNF-alpha. De ce fait le contrôle de cette tempête cytokinique a été proposé comme un moyen de sauvetage. De multiples essais cliniques utilisant des biothérapies visant à neutraliser ces cytokines sont en cours avec des résultats prometteurs pour certains d’entre eux. Malheureusement, aucun traitement efficace que ce soit curatif ou préventif (vaccin) n’a encore vu le jour et ce malgré les efforts déployés par la communauté scientifique de par le monde depuis le début de cette pandémie.

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Abhishek Lachyan, Randhir S Gendeh a/l Jekinder Singh, Abubakar Mannir, Pooja Nilgar, Rafdzah Ahmad Zaki, Bratati Banerjee, Karan Gade, Rajashri Virge, Nitin Basole, and Neelakanthayyaswamy I Hiremath. "Nutrition role in the well-being of people during Covid 19 pandemic-A review article." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.2.0381.

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The worldwide health catastrophe caused by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has startled world health experts. Obesity and poor physical activity levels were shown to be elevated risk factors for COVID-19 affection and physiopathology, indicating that the COVID-19 lockdown encouraged harmful dietary changes and increases in body weight in the community. Furthermore, malnutrition and deficiencies in vitamin C, D, B12, selenium, iron, omega-3, and medium and long-chain fatty acids were found in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, emphasizing the potential health benefits of vitamin C and D treatments. More research is needed to determine the full function and consequences of diet in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infected individuals.

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Barbosa, Adriana Aparecida de Oliveira, Gabriel Cunha Beato, Pietra Antônia Filiol Belin, and Larissa Ramos Araújo. "ASPECTOS CLÍNICOS DA MÁ NUTRIÇÃO NA COVID-19." Simbio-Logias Revista Eletrônica de Educação Filosofia e Nutrição 12, no. 16 (2020): 01–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32905/19833253.2020.12.16p01.

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The pandemic caused by the new coronavirus has sparked discussions among health professionals about the role of food and nutrition in the infectious condition caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in different population groups. Malnutrition, including obesity, may reflect more severe outcomes in the physiopathology of infection and systemic responses caused by COVID-19. The present work aims to make considerations directed to the nutritionist about the susceptibility of COVID-19 in individuals submitted to malnutrition, highlighting possible outcomes of the disease and the importance of nutritional care in maintaining the health of these patients. Therefore, maintaining a good nutritional status of these patients, combined with an adequate level of micronutrients will not guarantee protection against infection caused by COVID-19, however, it is essential to minimize the risks of worsening this disease.

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Cespedes, Mateus da Silveira, and José Carlos Rosa Pires de Souza. "Coronavirus: a clinical update of Covid-19." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 66, no. 2 (February 2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.2.116.

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SUMMARY INTRODUCTION A covid-19 pandemic decreed by WHO has raised greater awareness of it. EPIDEMIOLOGY The infection reached the mark of 350,000 patients in 33 countries and affected as comorbidities the presence of comorbidities and advanced age. TRANSMISSIBILITY The transmissibility calculated so far is similar to the H1N1 epidemic, but with lower mortality rates. PHYSIOPATHOLOGY The SARS-CoV-2 virus, of the Coronaviridae family, has the capacity for cellular invasion through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 does not have a lower respiratory epithelium and in the cells of the small intestine mucosa. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS a presentation can be divided into mild (fever, fatigue, cough, myalgia, and sputum) and severe (cyanosis, dyspnoea, tachypnea, chest pain, hypoxemia and need for clinical measurement) and has an estimated estimate of 2%. DIAGNOSIS allows the detection of viral load in CRP-TR of patients with high clinical suspicion. TREATMENT based on supportive measures and infection control. In severe cases, the use of medications such as hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin or medication can be promising. Take care to avoid the use of corticosteroids. There are no restrictions on the use of resources and ACEIs / ARBs.

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Zarrilli, Giovanni, Valentina Angerilli, Gianluca Businello, Marta Sbaraglia, Giulia Traverso, Francesco Fortarezza, Stefania Rizzo, et al. "The Immunopathological and Histological Landscape of COVID-19-Mediated Lung Injury." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020974.

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A complete understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) physiopathology and related histopathologic lesions is necessary to improve treatment and outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Many studies have focused on autopsy findings in COVID-19-related deaths to try and define any possible specific pattern. Histopathologic alterations are principally found within lungs and blood vessels, and these abnormalities also seem to have the highest clinical impact. Nevertheless, many of the morphological data collected so far are non-specific, fickle, and possibly associated with other co-existing factors. The aim of this minireview is to describe the main histopathological features related to COVID-19 and the mechanism known as “cytokine storm”.

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Eliezer, Michael, Anne-Laurel Hamel, Emmanuel Houdart, Philippe Herman, Juliette Housset, Clement Jourdaine, Corinne Eloit, Benjamin Verillaud, and Charlotte Hautefort. "Loss of smell in patients with COVID-19." Neurology 95, no. 23 (September 11, 2020): e3145-e3152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000010806.

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ObjectiveTo assess the physiopathology of olfactory function loss (OFL) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we evaluated the olfactory clefts (OC) on MRI during the early stage of the disease and 1 month later.MethodsThis was a prospective, monocentric, case-controlled study. Twenty severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2)–infected patients with OFL were included and compared to 20 age-matched healthy controls. All infected patients underwent olfactory function assessment and 3T MRI, performed both at the early stage of the disease and at the 1-month follow-up.ResultsAt the early stage, SARS-CoV2–infected patients had a mean olfactory score of 2.8 ± 2.7 (range 0–8), and MRI displayed a complete obstruction of the OC in 19 of 20 patients. Controls had normal olfactory scores and no obstruction of the OC on MRI. At the 1 month follow-up, the olfactory score had improved to 8.3 ± 1.9 (range 4–10) in patients, and only 7 of 20 patients still had an obstruction of the OC. There was a correlation between olfactory score and obstruction of the OC (p = 0.004).ConclusionOFL in SARS-CoV2–infected patients is associated with a reversible obstruction of the OC.

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Gaujac, Cristiano, and Regiane Cristina Amaral. "Neurological manifestations and pathophysiological mechanisms of Covid-19." ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 1040–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21270/archi.v10i7.5460.

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Background - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a novel, highly infectious coronavirus and the etiologic agent of Covid-19. The course of Covid-19 can range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe, life-threatening symptoms, especially when comorbidities are present. Increasing studies have reinforced the association between SARS-CoV-2 and various neurological manifestations, although the pathophysiological mechanisms remain uncertain. Objective - The aim of this paper was to briefly describe current findings on the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and major CNS and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) manifestations. Methods and Material - This work consists of a literature review based on the study of academic papers. To this end, the Pubmed platform was used to search for scientific articles, using the keywords: covid-19, coronavirus, physiopathology, neuronal symptoms. Results - out of 114,660 articles found, 94 were selected for this review. Conclusions - Periodic reviews collaborate in the constant updating and summarization of findings. Understanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 on the SN and the link between the systems may lead to earlier and earlier diagnoses of neurological involvement, guide therapeutic management, prevent sequelae, and preserve lives.

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Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier, Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, Athanasios A. Dalamitros, Pantelis A. Nikolaidis, Alberto Hormeño-Holgado, and Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera. "Nutrition in the Actual COVID-19 Pandemic. A Narrative Review." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061924.

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The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shocked world health authorities generating a global health crisis. The present study discusses the main finding in nutrition sciences associated with COVID-19 in the literature. We conducted a consensus critical review using primary sources, scientific articles, and secondary bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages. The method was a narrative literature review of the available literature regarding nutrition interventions and nutrition-related factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main search engines used in the present research were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. We found how the COVID-19 lockdown promoted unhealthy dietary changes and increases in body weight of the population, showing obesity and low physical activity levels as increased risk factors of COVID-19 affection and physiopathology. In addition, hospitalized COVID-19 patients presented malnutrition and deficiencies in vitamin C, D, B12 selenium, iron, omega-3, and medium and long-chain fatty acids highlighting the potential health effect of vitamin C and D interventions. Further investigations are needed to show the complete role and implications of nutrition both in the prevention and in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.

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Farber, Paulo Luiz. "Can erythrocytes behavior in microcirculation help the understanding the physiopathology and improve prevention and treatment for covid-19?" Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 78, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ch-201082.

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Low plasma estrogens, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, thromboembolism, and impaired microcirculation are linked to the severity of covid-19. Studies have suggested that these comorbidities also are related to erythrocyte factors linked to increased blood viscosity in microcirculation such as erythrocyte aggregation and erythrocyte deformability. Increased blood viscosity in microcirculation can lead to a decrease in oxygenation and nutrition of tissues. Therefore erythrocyte aggregation and erythrocyte deformability may be involved in covid-19 severity, leading to tissue hypoxia and a decrease of drug concentration in affected organs. If this relationship is demonstrated, erythrocytes factors can be used to monitor treatments for improve microcirculatory fluidity that may decrease covid-19 severity. Lifestyle improvement and treatments such as vitamin D and estrogens supplementation are some possible approaches to improve microcirculation and covid-19 prevention and treatment.

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Shafiekhani, Mojtaba, Anahita Dehghani, Mina Shahisavandi, Seyed Ali Nabavizadeh, Maryam Kabiri, Amir Hossein Hassani, and Abdolreza Haghpanah. "Pharmacotherapeutic approach toward urological medications and vaccination during COVID-19: a narrative review." Therapeutic Advances in Urology 13 (January 2021): 175628722110467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562872211046794.

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One year after the prevalence of the novel coronavirus pandemic, some aspects of the physiopathology, treatment and progression of coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) have remained unknown. Since no comprehensive study on the use of urological medications in patients with COVID-19 has been carried out, this narrative review aimed to focus on clinically important issues about the treatment of COVID-19 and urologic medications regarding efficacy, modifications, side effects and interactions in different urologic diseases. In this review, we provide information about the pharmacotherapeutic approach toward urologic medications in patients with COVID-19 infection. This study provides an overview of medications in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, impotence and sexual dysfunction, urolithiasis, kidney transplantation and hypertension as the most frequent diseases in which the patients are on long-term medications. Also, the effect of urologic drugs on the efficacy of vaccination is briefly discussed.

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Zota, Ioana Mădălina, Cristian Stătescu, Radu Andy Sascău, Mihai Roca, Larisa Anghel, Alexandra Maștaleru, Maria Magdalena Leon-Constantin, et al. "Acute and Long-Term Consequences of COVID-19 on Arterial Stiffness—A Narrative Review." Life 12, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12060781.

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the ongoing global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Although initially viewed as an acute respiratory illness, COVID-19 is clearly a complex multisystemic disease with extensive cardiovascular involvement. Emerging evidence shows that the endothelium plays multiple roles in COVID-19 physiopathology, as both a target organ that can be directly infected by SARS-CoV-2 and a mediator in the subsequent inflammatory and thrombotic cascades. Arterial stiffness is an established marker of cardiovascular disease. The scope of this review is to summarize available data on the acute and long-term consequences of COVID-19 on vascular function. COVID-19 causes early vascular aging and arterial stiffness. Fast, noninvasive bedside assessment of arterial stiffness could optimize risk stratification in acute COVID-19, allowing for early escalation of treatment. Vascular physiology remains impaired at least 12 months after infection with SARS-CoV-2, even in otherwise healthy adults. This raises concerns regarding the extent of arterial remodeling in patients with preexisting vascular disease and the potential development of a persistent, chronic COVID-19 vasculopathy. Long-term follow up on larger cohorts is required to investigate the reversibility of COVID-19-induced vascular changes and their associated prognostic implications.

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Frías-De-León, María Guadalupe, Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán, Rigoberto Hernández-Castro, Eduardo García-Salazar, Patricia Meza-Meneses, Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira, Roberto Arenas, Esther Conde-Cuevas, Gustavo Acosta-Altamirano, and Erick Martínez-Herrera. "Epidemiology of Systemic Mycoses in the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070556.

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The physiopathologic characteristics of COVID-19 (high levels of inflammatory cytokines and T-cell reduction) promote fungal colonization and infection, which can go unnoticed because the symptoms in both diseases are very similar. The objective of this work was to study the current epidemiology of systemic mycosis in COVID-19 times. A literature search on the subject (January 2020–February 2021) was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and LILACS without language restrictions. Demographic data, etiological agent, risk factors, diagnostic methods, antifungal treatment, and fatality rate were considered. Eighty nine publications were found on co-infection by COVID-19 and pneumocystosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, coccidioidomycosis, or histoplasmosis. In general, the co-infections occurred in males over the age of 40 with immunosuppression caused by various conditions. Several species were identified in candidiasis and aspergillosis co-infections. For diagnosis, diverse methods were used, from microbiological to molecular. Most patients received antifungals; however, the fatality rates were 11–100%. The latter may result because the clinical picture is usually attributed exclusively to SARS-CoV-2, preventing a clinical suspicion for mycosis. Diagnostic tests also have limitations beginning with sampling. Therefore, in the remainder of the pandemic, these diagnostic limitations must be overcome to achieve a better patient prognosis.

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Ruiz-Real, José Luis, Bruno José Nievas-Soriano, and Juan Uribe-Toril. "Has Covid-19 Gone Viral? An Overview of Research by Subject Area." Health Education & Behavior 47, no. 6 (September 4, 2020): 861–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198120958368.

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When a pandemic outbreak occurs, it seems logical that related scientific production should increase substantially; however, it is important to recognize its interdisciplinary usefulness to find a solution to the problem. The main aim of this research is to analyse the main keywords of the scientific research about COVID-19, by subject area. To discover the influence of certain terms and their transferability, synergies, and future trends, a cluster analysis of the keywords was performed. The results show that Health Sciences dominate the publications with 88.23% of the total volume. As expected, the largest volume of research was dedicated to medical aspects of the disease, like experimental treatments, its physiopathology, or its respiratory syndrome. However, other fields, like Social Sciences (6.07%), Technology (2.68%), Physical Sciences (1.95%), and Arts and Humanities (1.08%), also played an important role in research on COVID-19.

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Cinti, Francesca, and Saverio Cinti. "The Endocrine Adipose Organ: A System Playing a Central Role in COVID-19." Cells 11, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11132109.

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In the last 30 years the adipose cell has been object of several studies, turning its reputation from an inert cell into the main character involved in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has changed the clinical scenario of the last two years. Composed by two types of tissue (white and brown), with opposite roles, the adipose organ is now classified as a real endocrine organ whose dysfunction is involved in different diseases, mainly obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this mini-review we aim to retrace the adipose organ history from physiology to physiopathology, to provide therapeutic perspectives for the prevention and treatment of its two main related diseases (obesity and type 2 diabetes) and to summarize the most recent discoveries linking adipose tissue to COVID-19.

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González-Villalva, Adriana, Aurora de la Peña-Díaz, Marcela Rojas-Lemus, Nelly López-Valdez, Martha Ustarroz-Cano, Isabel García-Peláez, Patricia Bizarro-Nevares, and Teresa I. Fortoul. "Fisiología de la hemostasia y su alteración por la coagulopatía en COVID-19." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 63, no. 5 (September 10, 2020): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fm.24484865e.2020.63.5.08.

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COVID-19 global pandemic caused by Sars-CoV-2 virus, has worried to health care providers due to the high mortality rate related to coagulopathy in many patients. COVID-19 coagulopathy is mainly thrombotic, first locally in lungs but later on it becomes micro and macrovascular systemic coagulopathy. It has been associated to endothelial damage, inflammation, neutrophil-extracellular traps, monocyte and macrophage activation, cytokines storm that induce a vicious cycle of thrombosis and inflammation. The increased levels of prothrombotic factors as tissue factor, Von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, VIII factor and the decreased levels of antithrombotic factos, such as: antithrombin and Protein S have been reported in COVID-19 patients. Insufficiency of fibrinolysis because of the increased levels of PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1) have been reported also. During this disease there are intraalveolar fibrin deposits that needs to be degraded. Fibrinolysis of thrombus and fibrin intraalveolar degradation are responsible for the high increase of D-dimers levels that are an important predictor of severity of the disease. In this report, the physiology of hemostasis, thromboinflamation secondary to Sars-CoV-2 infection are reviewed, as well as the clinical evidence and the physiopathology of COVID-19 coagulopathy from the basic sciences point of view. Keywords:Hemostasis; coagulation; thrombosis; coagulopathy; Sars-CoV-2; COVID-19.

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Enache, Alexandra, Veronica Ciocan, Camelia Oana Muresan, Talida Georgiana Cut, Dorin Novacescu, Corina Paul, Nicoleta Andreescu, Alexandra Mihailescu, Marius Raica, and Raluca Dumache. "Postmortem Documentation of SARS-CoV-2 in Utero and Postpartum Transmission, through Amniotic Fluid, Placental, and Pulmonary Tissue RT-PCR." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 9505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209505.

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The physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, during pregnancy and in early childhood, is poorly understood. Unfavorable maternal outcomes, the risk of vertical/postpartum transmission, and severe, multisystem involvement in infants and children highlight the importance of developing a cohesive treatment and nuanced prophylaxis strategy. In this study, we evaluate autopsy reports, pathological findings, and SARS-CoV-2 genome expression in three distinct clinical scenarios: maternal death due to severe COVID-19 with in utero fetal demise (27 weeks); mother with moderate COVID-19 and in utero fetal demise (29 weeks); and 2-month-old infant death with confirmed COVID-19 caregivers. We report the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in amniotic fluid and placental tissue in the context of in utero transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but also in postmortem infant pulmonary tissue samples in a case of late postpartum SARS-CoV-2 transmission with asymptomatic, rapidly progressive disease, resulting in infant death. Key pathological findings offer a descriptive portrayal of maternal, in utero, and infantile COVID-19 pathogenesis. Further investigations are necessary to fully comprehend the clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy, a prerequisite for adequate therapeutic management and harm reduction.

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Correale, Michele, Lucia Tricarico, Martino Fortunato, Giuseppe Dattilo, Massimo Iacoviello, and Natale Daniele Brunetti. "Infection, atherothrombosis and thromboembolism beyond the COVID-19 disease: what similar in physiopathology and researches." Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 33, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01775-x.

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Ramos-Lopez, Omar, Rodrigo San-Cristobal, Diego Martinez-Urbistondo, Víctor Micó, Gonzalo Colmenarejo, Paula Villares-Fernandez, Lidia Daimiel, and J. Alfredo Martinez. "Proinflammatory and Hepatic Features Related to Morbidity and Fatal Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 3112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10143112.

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Objective: to screen putative associations between liver markers and proinflammatory-related features concerning infectious morbidity and fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Methods: a total of 2094 COVID-19 positive patients from the COVID-DATA-SAFE-LIFES cohort (HM hospitals consortium) were classified according to median values of hepatic, inflammatory, and clinical indicators. Logistic regression models were fitted and ROC cures were generated to explain disease severity and mortality. Results: intensive care unit (ICU) assistance plus death outcomes were associated with liver dysfunction, hyperinflammation, respiratory insufficiency, and higher associated comorbidities. Four models including age, sex, neutrophils, D-dimer, oxygen saturation lower than 92%, C-reactive protein (CRP), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), FIB-4 and interactions with CRP, neutrophils, and CCI explained ICU plus death variance in more than 28%. The predictive values of ROC curves were: FIB-4 (0.7339), AST/ALT ratio (0.7107), CRP (0.7003), CCI index (0.6778), neutrophils (0.6772), and platelets (0.5618) concerning ICU plus death outcomes. Conclusions: the results of this research revealed that liver and proinflammatory features are important determinants of COVID-19 morbidity and fatal outcomes, which could improve the current understanding of the COVID-19 physiopathology as well as to facilitate the clinical management and therapy decision-making of this disease under a personalized medicine scope.

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Tokatli, Maria Raza, Leuconoe Grazia Sisti, Eleonora Marziali, Lorenza Nachira, Maria Francesca Rossi, Carlotta Amantea, Umberto Moscato, and Walter Malorni. "Hormones and Sex-Specific Medicine in Human Physiopathology." Biomolecules 12, no. 3 (March 7, 2022): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12030413.

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A prodigious increment of scientific evidence in both preclinical and clinical studies is narrowing a major gap in knowledge regarding sex-specific biological responses observed in numerous branches of clinical practices. Some paradigmatic examples include neurodegenerative and mental disorders, immune-related disorders such as pathogenic infections and autoimmune diseases, oncologic conditions, and cardiovascular morbidities. The male-to-female proportion in a population is expressed as sex ratio and varies eminently with respect to the pathophysiology, natural history, incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates. The factors that determine this scenario incorporate both sex-associated biological differences and gender-dependent sociocultural issues. A broad narrative review focused on the current knowledge about the role of hormone regulation in gender medicine and gender peculiarities across key clinical areas is provided. Sex differences in immune response, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, cancer, and COVID-19 are some of the hints reported. Moreover, gender implications in occupational health and health policy are offered to support the need for more personalized clinical medicine and public health approaches to achieve an ameliorated quality of life of patients and better outcomes in population health.

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Lanza, Katharina, Raphael Dias, Rafaela Martins dos Santos Oliveira, Luís Belotto, Aline Silva Miranda, and Ana Cristina Simões e Silva. "Renin-Angiotensin System in Central Nervous System Diseases and its Interaction with COVID-19." Current Medicinal Chemistry 28, no. 28 (September 9, 2021): 5733–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210212101854.

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Background: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) comprises a complex molecular cascade with two counter-regulatory axes, the classical and the alternative. Angiotensin II and Angiotensin-(1-7), the main peptides of the RAS, exert opposite effects in multiple organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary, and immune systems. Strong evidence supports the hypothesis of a local RAS in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and its modulatory roles in neuroendocrinology and neurotransmission. Objective: In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive approach to experimental and clinical data regarding RAS molecule expression and their possible roles in the physiology and physiopathology of CNS diseases. Methods: This non-systematic review summarizes evidence on RAS implications in CNS diseases and their possible relationships with COVID-19. Results: We divided the possible RAS mechanisms in distinct conditions during the lifespan, approaching from congenital infections to neurodegenerative alterations, passing through mood disorders and cerebrovascular diseases. We also gathered current evidence about the possible effects of RAS in Covid-19, particularly in cases with neurological manifestations. Conclusion: Although there are limitations and controversies, the analysis of RAS mechanisms in the CNS certainly represents an interesting field of research. However, further investigation is necessary to support the noteworthy interactions and provide a better comprehension of the cross-talk between RAS and the CNS. Investigations in this research field may shed light on the novel therapeutic targets.

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Sanchez, Belén G., Jose M. Gasalla, Manuel Sánchez-Chapado, Alicia Bort, and Inés Diaz-Laviada. "Increase in Ischemia-Modified Albumin and Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A in COVID-19 Patients." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 5474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235474.

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This study was undertaken due to the urgent need to explore reliable biomarkers for early SARS-CoV-2 infection. We performed a retrospective study analyzing the serum levels of the cardiovascular biomarkers IL-6, TNF-α, N-terminal pro-B natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin T (cTnT), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in 84 patients with COVID-19.Patients were divided into three groups according to their RT-qPCR and IgG values: acute infection (n = 35), early infection (n = 25) or control subjects (n = 24). Levels of biomarkers were analyzed in patient serum samples using commercially available ELISA kits. Results showed a significant increase in IMA and PAPP-A levels in the early infected patients. Moreover, multivariate analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that IMA and PAPP-A had excellent discrimination value for the early stage of COVID-19. For IMA, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) had a value of 0.94 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.881–0.999). Likewise, the serum level of PAPP-A was significantly higher in patients with early infection than in the control subjects (AUC = 0.801 (95% CI: 0.673–0.929)). The combined use of IMA and PAPP-A enhanced the sensitivity for total SARS-CoV-2-infected patients to 93%. These results suggest that the increased levels of PAPP-A and IMA shed light on underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 physiopathology and might be used as efficient biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for the early stage of COVID-19. Importantly, when monitoring pregnancy and cardiovascular diseases using PAPP-A or IMA levels, a SARS-CoV-2 infection should be discarded for proper interpretation of the results.

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Chaturvedi, Pragya, and Sudhanshu Singh. "Significance of Epigenetics in Sars-CoV-2 Infection and Proposed Epi-Drugs for Covid-19." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 13, SUP 1 (June 30, 2021): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v13is1.6.

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We frequently come in contact with animal viruses through the food which we eat, the pets which we have, and our connections with nature. The enormous majority of viruses which enter our bodies pass inoffensively through our physiological systems or eradicate by our immune systems. However, on rare circumstances, a human-encounters by a virus which begins to replicate itself, accomplishing its entire lifecycle within human cells and intensifying themselves into a large number. Replication of an animal virus inside the human body is the key instant in the zoonotic process. SARS CoV-2 is one of these viruses which cause COVID-19 disease. To enter the target cell SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the cellular protease transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Genome stability and maintenance of cellular equilibrium are the main parameters influenced by epigenetically regulated chromatin structure. Implication of regulation by epigenetic machinery has also been found in the physiopathology of the virus infection. By varying the function of gene locus. such regulation links genotype and phenotype without changing the original DNA sequences. However antiviral drugs have been used to treat various viral diseases since long, epi-drugs are now proposed to treat these diseases due to the epigenetic implications found in these infections. Epi-drugs are small agents that are able to reverse some epigenetic changes. This review is aimed to find implication of epigenetics in infection caused due SARS C0V-2 and if there is any epi-drugs approach possible to treat this infection.

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Evangelista, Heitor, César Amaral, Luís Cristóvão Porto, Sérgio J. Gonçalves Junior, Eduardo Delfino Sodré, Juliana Nogueira, Angela M. G. dos Santos, Marcio Cataldo, and Daniel Junger. "Modeling the initial phase of SARS-CoV-2 deposition in the respiratory tract mimicked by the 11C radionuclide." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): e0245019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245019.

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The knowledge on the deposition and retention of the viral particle of SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract during the very initial intake from the ambient air is of prime importance to understand the infectious process and COVID-19 initial symptoms. We propose to use a modified version of a widely tested lung deposition model developed by the ICRP, in the context of the ICRP Publication 66, that provides deposition patterns of microparticles in different lung compartments. In the model, we mimicked the "environmental decay" of the virus, determined by controlled experiments related to normal speeches, by the radionuclide 11C that presents comparable decay rates. Our results confirm clinical observations on the high virus retentions observed in the extrathoracic region and the lesser fraction on the alveolar section (in the order of 5), which may shed light on physiopathology of clinical events as well on the minimal inoculum required to establish infection.

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Ciorba, Andrea, Stavros Hatzopoulos, Cristina Cogliandolo, Chiara Bianchini, Martina Renna, Stefano Pelucchi, Piotr Henryk Skarżyński, et al. "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Olfactory Perception of the Same Stimuli." Life 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11010011.

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Background. Data in the literature report that a number of studies have attempted to identify the exact location of the cortical olfaction representation, searching for evidence suggesting that sniffing odors can initiate a primary activation of the piriform cortex and the insula. Nowadays, due to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outbreak, the functional study of the olfactory system could offer a better understanding of the physiopathology of olfactory perception, elucidating better the possible site(s) of damage induced by the COVID-19 infection. The aim of this paper was to evaluate brain maps generated from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data, collected from healthy individuals in response to the same olfactory stimulus. Methods. A total of 45 healthy volunteers, without history and/or no clinical signs of sinonasal disease and without history and/or presence of olfactory dysfunction underwent fMRI assessment. Subjects were presented with the same odorous stimuli at specific intervals. fMRI generated brain maps were used in the identification of different cortical areas, involved in the stimuli perception. Results. The fMRI brain maps showed that odorous stimuli activate primarily the left anterior insula (in 35/45 cases or 77.8%). Other activated areas include: the low temporal gyri, the middle and superior temporal gyri, the frontal and piriform cortex, the anterior cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the temporopolar area, the para-insular area, the subcentral area, the supramarginal gyrus, the occipital cortex and the cerebellum. Conclusions. fMRI resulted as a safe and reliable means to study the perception of olfaction in the cortex. The data of this study suggest that the anterior insula is the main stimulated area when olfactory stimuli are present. This area is always activated, despite the hand and nostril dominance.

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Cespedes, Mateus da Silveira, and José Carlos Rosa Pires de Souza. "Sars-CoV-2: A clinical update - II." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 66, no. 4 (April 2020): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.4.547.

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SUMMARY INTRODUCTION A covid-19 pandemic decreed by WHO has raised greater awareness of it. EPIDEMIOLOGY The infection, reached the mark of 2,000,000 patients in 33 countries and caused the risk of the presence of comorbidities and advanced age. TRANSMISSIBILITY The transmissibility calculated so far is similar to the H1N1 epidemic, but with lower mortality rates. PHYSIOPATHOLOGY The SARS-CoV-2 virus, of the Coronaviridae family, has the capacity for cellular invasion through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 does not have a lower respiratory epithelium and in the cells of the small intestine mucosa. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS a presentation can be divided into mild (fever, fatigue, cough, myalgia, and sputum) and severe (cyanosis, dyspnoea, tachypnea, chest pain, hypoxemia and need for clinical measurement) and has an estimated estimate of 2%. DIAGNOSIS allows the detection of viral load in CRP-TR of patients with high clinical suspicion. TREATMENT based on supportive measures and infection control. In severe cases, the use of medications such as hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin or medication can be promising. Take care to avoid the use of corticosteroids. There are no restrictions on the use of resources and IECAs / BRAs.

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Cardozo, Lais Tono, Victor Travassos Sarinho, Luís Henrique Montrezor, Lucila Ludmila Paula Gutierrez, Érica Maria Granjeiro, and Fernanda Klein Marcondes. "Cardiac Cycle Puzzle: Development and Analysis of Students’ Perception of an Online Digital Version for Teaching Cardiac Physiology." Journal on Interactive Systems 12, no. 1 (August 2, 2021): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/jis.2021.1879.

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Cardiac physiology is a basic subject in the curriculum of health Science undergraduate courses, which allow students to understand the functional mechanisms of cardiovascular organs as well as the physiopathology of cardiovascular diseases. The puzzle of cardiac cycle has been developed to help students to understand and integrate the concepts of morphology and physiology of normal and pathological states of the heart. Considering the good acceptance of the printed puzzle by students and professors, its online version has been developed as a digital educational tool. The aims of this work were to describe the development of the online digital version of this educational game and to evaluate the students’ perception of the utility of the digital game for their learning. The digital version was developed using the figures and answers of the original printed cardiac cycle puzzle, including stages 1 and 2, in three languages: Portuguese, English and Spanish. The digital version was tested by professors of Physiology from different university institutions for validation. The final version of game was used in remote teaching in three courses in the health area, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The opinion of students about the usefulness of the game activity for their learning was analyzed by using a survey. In the opinion of participants in this study, the activity with the online digital version of the cardiac cycle puzzle was useful for their learning.

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Sacramento, Carolina Q., Natalia Fintelman-Rodrigues, Suelen S. G. Dias, Jairo R. Temerozo, Aline de Paula D. Da Silva, Carine S. da Silva, Camilla Blanco, et al. "Unlike Chloroquine, Mefloquine Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Physiologically Relevant Cells." Viruses 14, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020374.

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Despite the development of specific therapies against severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the continuous investigation of the mechanism of action of clinically approved drugs could provide new information on the druggable steps of virus–host interaction. For example, chloroquine (CQ)/hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) lacks in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 in TMPRSS2-expressing cells, such as human pneumocyte cell line Calu-3, and likewise, failed to show clinical benefit in the Solidarity and Recovery clinical trials. Another antimalarial drug, mefloquine, which is not a 4-aminoquinoline like CQ/HCQ, has emerged as a potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 antiviral in vitro and has also been previously repurposed for respiratory diseases. Here, we investigated the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of action of mefloquine in cells relevant for the physiopathology of COVID-19, such as Calu-3 cells (that recapitulate type II pneumocytes) and monocytes. Molecular pathways modulated by mefloquine were assessed by differential expression analysis, and confirmed by biological assays. A PBPK model was developed to assess mefloquine’s optimal doses for achieving therapeutic concentrations. Mefloquine inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Calu-3, with an EC50 of 1.2 µM and EC90 of 5.3 µM. It reduced SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in monocytes and prevented virus-induced enhancement of IL-6 and TNF-α. Mefloquine reduced SARS-CoV-2 entry and synergized with Remdesivir. Mefloquine’s pharmacological parameters are consistent with its plasma exposure in humans and its tissue-to-plasma predicted coefficient points suggesting that mefloquine may accumulate in the lungs. Altogether, our data indicate that mefloquine’s chemical structure could represent an orally available host-acting agent to inhibit virus entry.

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Castro M, Cortez e., and Bicho M. "Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Physiopathology and Covid-19." Journal of Pulmonology Research & Reports, December 31, 2020, 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jprr/2020(2)107.

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Piotrowicz, Karolina, Jerzy Gąsowski, Jean-Pierre Michel, and Nicola Veronese. "Post-COVID-19 acute sarcopenia: physiopathology and management." Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, July 30, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01942-8.

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AbstractIn this review, we discuss the pathophysiologic and management aspects of acute sarcopenia in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 is as a multi-organ infectious disease characterized by a severe inflammatory and highly catabolic status, influencing the deep changes in the body build, especially the amount, structure, and function of skeletal muscles which would amount to acutely developed sarcopenia. Acute sarcopenia may largely impact patients’ in-hospital prognosis as well as the vulnerability to the post-COVID-19 functional and physical deterioration. The individual outcome of the COVID-19 and the degree of muscle mass and functional loss may be influenced by multiple factors, including the patient’s general pre-infection medical and functional condition, especially in older adults. This paper gathers the information about how the SARS-CoV-2 hyper-inflammatory involvement exacerbates the immunosenescence process, enhances the endothelial damage, and due to mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy, induces myofibrillar breakdown and muscle degradation. The aftermath of these acute and complex immunological SARS-CoV-2-related phenomena, augmented by anosmia, ageusia and altered microbiota may lead to decreased food intake and exacerbated catabolism. Moreover, the imposed physical inactivity, lock-down, quarantine or acute hospitalization with bedrest would intensify the acute sarcopenia process. All these deleterious mechanisms must be swiftly put to a check by a multidisciplinary approach including nutritional support, early physical as well cardio-pulmonary rehabilitation, and psychological support and cognitive training. The proposed holistic and early management of COVID-19 patients appears essential to minimize the disastrous functional outcomes of this disease and allow avoiding the long COVID-19 syndrome.

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Di Bella, Stefano, Paolo Cabas, Roberta Maria Antonello, and Michele Rizzo. "Interferon: The invisible link in the physiopathology of COVID‐19 and BCGitis?" Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 92, no. 6 (August 4, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sji.12939.

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Temerozo, Jairo R., Natalia Fintelman-Rodrigues, Monique Cristina dos Santos, Eugenio D. Hottz, Carolina Q. Sacramento, Aline de Paula Dias da Silva, Samuel Coelho Mandacaru, et al. "Human endogenous retrovirus K in the respiratory tract is associated with COVID-19 physiopathology." Microbiome 10, no. 1 (April 22, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40168-022-01260-9.

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Abstract Background Critically ill 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients under invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) are 10 to 40 times more likely to die than the general population. Although progression from mild to severe COVID-19 has been associated with hypoxia, uncontrolled inflammation, and coagulopathy, the mechanisms involved in the progression to severity are poorly understood. Methods The virome of tracheal aspirates (TA) from 25 COVID-19 patients under IMV was assessed through unbiased RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and correlation analyses were conducted using available clinical data. Unbiased sequences from nasopharyngeal swabs (NS) from mild cases and TA from non-COVID patients were included in our study for further comparisons. Results We found higher levels and differential expression of human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) genes in TA from critically ill and deceased patients when comparing nasopharyngeal swabs from mild cases to TA from non-COVID patients. In critically ill patients, higher HERV-K levels were associated with early mortality (within 14 days of diagnosis) in the intensive care unit. Increased HERV-K expression in deceased patients was associated with IL-17-related inflammation, monocyte activation, and an increased consumption of clotting/fibrinolysis factors. Moreover, increased HERV-K expression was detected in human primary monocytes from healthy donors after experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Conclusion Our data implicate the levels of HERV-K transcripts in the physiopathology of COVID-19 in the respiratory tract of patients under invasive mechanical ventilation.

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Oliviero, Antonio, Fernando de Castro, Francesca Coperchini, Luca Chiovato, and Mario Rotondi. "COVID-19 Pulmonary and Olfactory Dysfunctions: Is the Chemokine CXCL10 the Common Denominator?" Neuroscientist, July 13, 2020, 107385842093903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858420939033.

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COVID-19 is an ongoing viral pandemic that emerged from East Asia and quickly spread to the rest of the world. SARS-CoV-2 is the virus causing COVID-19. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is definitely one of the main clinically relevant consequences in patients with COVID-19. Starting from the earliest reports of the COVID-19 pandemic, two peculiar neurological manifestations (namely, hyposmia/anosmia and dysgeusia) were reported in a relevant proportion of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. At present, the physiopathologic mechanisms accounting for the onset of these symptoms are not yet clarified. CXCL10 is a pro-inflammatory chemokine with a well-established role in the COVID-19-related cytokine storm and in subsequent development of ARDS. CXCL10 is also known to be involved in coronavirus-induced demyelination. On these bases, a role for CXCL10 as the common denominator between pulmonary and olfactory dysfunctions could be envisaged. The aim of the present report will be to hypothesize a role for CXCL10 in COVID-19 olfactory dysfunctions. Previous evidences supporting our hypothesis, with special emphasis to the role of CXCL10 in coronavirus-induced demyelination, the anatomical and physiological peculiarity of the olfactory system, and the available data supporting their link during COVID-19 infections, will be overviewed.

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Collange, Olivier, Charles Tacquard, Xavier Delabranche, Ian Leonard-Lorant, Mickaël Ohana, Mihaela Onea, Mathieu Anheim, et al. "Coronavirus Disease 2019: Associated Multiple Organ Damage." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, no. 7 (June 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa249.

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Abstract A 56-year-old man presented a particularly severe and multisystemic case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition to the common lung and quite common pulmonary embolism and kidney injuries, he presented ocular and intestinal injuries that, to our knowledge, have not been described in COVID-19 patients. Although it is difficult to make pathophysiological hypotheses about a single case, the multiplicity of injured organs argues for a systemic response to pulmonary infection. A better understanding of physiopathology should feed the discussion about therapeutic options in this type of multifocal damage related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

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Errasfa, Mourad. "Milk Oligosaccharides and Lectins as Candidates for Clinical Trials Against Covid-19." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16 (August 19, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401316999200819125355.

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Background: Covid-19 pandemia is causing a very high death toll around the world and a serious fall in the global economy. Many clinical trials are currently underway to check the effectiveness of some known drugs. The physiopathology associated with the virus infection is currently better understood and good prophylactic drug therapies are implemented, such as antibiotics and blood thinners, though, no specific drugs against SARS-Cov-2 were developed yet. Objective: In the present research work, it is aimed to carry out a bibliographic investigation on some active molecular species that could be used against Covid-19, based on their chemical properties to bind to glycoproteins. In the case of SARS-Cov-2, the targeted glycoprotein is the surface virus spike S glycoprotein, that the virus uses to attach to and invade human cells. It is of high pharmacological value to investigate possible active natural substances endowed with a property to bind glycoproteins. In this line of research, oligosaccharides and lectins are two molecular species that have glycoprotein binding properties. Methods: A bibliographic research was carried out on oligosaccharides and lectins in various sources of scientific publications. Relevant chemical and pharmacological properties of oligosaccharides and lectins were searched and their main natural sources were identified. Results: In the present paper, I summarize some scientific evidence to support the therapeutic potential of camel milk as a source of oligosaccharides and its possible use as a functional diet in parallel to drug therapies of Covid-19. On the other hand, sugar- and glycoprotein binding properties of some lectins of plant and seaweed origin are reported, and their pharmaceutical use is underlined. Conclusion: In the present study, scientific evidence was documented that encouraged further clinical investigations on camel milk oligosaccharides and lectins of plant and seaweed origin in the management of Covid-19 physiopathology.

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Stavropoulou, Elisavet, Konstantia Kantartzi, Christina Tsigalou, Theocharis Konstantinidis, Chrissoula Voidarou, Theodoros Konstantinidis, and Eugenia Bezirtzoglou. "Unraveling the Interconnection Patterns Across Lung Microbiome, Respiratory Diseases, and COVID-19." Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 10 (January 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.619075.

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Albeit the lungs were thought to be sterile, recent scientific data reported a microbial microbiota in the lungs of healthy individuals. Apparently, new developments in technological approachesincluding genome sequencing methodologies contributed in the identification of the microbiota and shed light on the role of the gut and lung microbiomes in the development of respiratory diseases. Moreover, knowledge of the human microbiome in health may act as a tool for evaluating characteristic shifts in the case of disease. This review paper discusses the development of respiratory disease linked to the intestinal dysbiosis which influences the lung immunity and microbiome. The gastrointestinal–lung dialogue provides interesting aspects in the pathogenesis of the respiratory diseases. Lastly, we were further interested on the role of this interconnection in the progression and physiopathology of newly emergedCOVID-19.

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Devaux, Christian A., Jean-Christophe Lagier, and Didier Raoult. "New Insights Into the Physiopathology of COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2-Associated Gastrointestinal Illness." Frontiers in Medicine 8 (February 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.640073.

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Although SARS-CoV-2 is considered a lung-tropic virus that infects the respiratory tract through binding to the ACE2 cell-surface molecules present on alveolar lungs epithelial cells, gastrointestinal symptoms have been frequently reported in COVID-19 patients. What can be considered an apparent paradox is that these symptoms (e.g., diarrhea), sometimes precede the development of respiratory tract illness as if the breathing apparatus was not its first target during viral dissemination. Recently, evidence was reported that the gut is an active site of replication for SARS-CoV-2. This replication mainly occurs in mature enterocytes expressing the ACE2 viral receptor and TMPRSS4 protease. In this review we question how SARS-CoV-2 can cause intestinal disturbances, whether there are pneumocyte-tropic, enterocyte-tropic and/or dual tropic strains of SARS-CoV-2. We examine two major models: first, that of a virus directly causing damage locally (e.g., by inducing apoptosis of infected enterocytes); secondly, that of indirect effect of the virus (e.g., by inducing changes in the composition of the gut microbiota followed by the induction of an inflammatory process), and suggest that both situations probably occur simultaneously in COVID-19 patients. We eventually discuss the consequences of the virus replication in brush border of intestine on long-distance damages affecting other tissues/organs, particularly lungs.

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Vitiello, Antonio, and Francesco Ferrara. "Physiopathology and prospectives for therapeutic treatment of pulmonary fibrotic state in COVID-19 patients." Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, September 2021, 100056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100056.

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Jurado Hernández, Jenny Libeth, and Iván Francisco Álvarez Orozco. "COVID-19 in Children: Respiratory Involvement and Some Differences With the Adults." Frontiers in Pediatrics 9 (March 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.622240.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a health problem with multidimensional impacts and heterogeneous respiratory involvement in children, probably due to the interaction between different and complex mechanisms that could explain its variable degrees of severity. Although the majority of reports reveal that children develop less severe cases, the number of patients is increasing with more morbidity. Most serious respiratory manifestations are acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia. By understanding the key aspects that can be used to differentiate between pediatric and adult respiratory compromise by COVID-19, we can improve our knowledge, and thus decrease the negative impact of the disease in the pediatric population. In this mini review, we summarize some of the mechanisms and findings that distinguish between adult and pediatric COVID-19 and respiratory involvement, taking into account some issues related to the physiopathology, diagnosis, clinical and paraclinical presentation, severity, treatment, and control of the disease.

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Zazzara, Maria Beatrice, Anna Modoni, Alessandra Bizzarro, Alessandra Lauria, Francesca Ciciarello, Cristina Pais, Vincenzo Galluzzo, et al. "COVID-19 atypical Parsonage-Turner syndrome: a case report." BMC Neurology 22, no. 1 (March 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12883-022-02622-4.

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Abstract Background Neurological manifestations of Sars-CoV-2 infection have been described since March 2020 and include both central and peripheral nervous system manifestations. Neurological symptoms, such as headache or persistent loss of smell and taste, have also been documented in COVID-19 long-haulers. Moreover, long lasting fatigue, mild cognitive impairment and sleep disorders appear to be frequent long term neurological manifestations after hospitalization due to COVID-19. Less is known in relation to peripheral nerve injury related to Sars-CoV-2 infection. Case presentation We report the case of a 47-year-old female presenting with a unilateral chest pain radiating to the left arm lasting for more than two months after recovery from Sars-CoV-2 infection. After referral to our post-acute outpatient service for COVID-19 long haulers, she was diagnosed with a unilateral, atypical, pure sensory brachial plexus neuritis potentially related to COVID-19, which occurred during the acute phase of a mild Sars-CoV-2 infection and persisted for months after resolution of the infection. Conclusions We presented a case of atypical Parsonage-Turner syndrome potentially triggered by Sars-CoV-2 infection, with symptoms and repercussion lasting after viral clearance. A direct involvement of the virus remains uncertain, and the physiopathology is unclear. The treatment of COVID-19 and its long-term consequences represents a relatively new challenge for clinicians and health care providers. A multidisciplinary approach to following-up COVID-19 survivors is strongly advised.

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Valdez-Cruz, Norma A., Enrique García-Hernández, Clara Espitia, Laura Cobos-Marín, Claudia Altamirano, Carlos G. Bando-Campos, Luis F. Cofas-Vargas, et al. "Integrative overview of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their possible applications in COVID-19 prophylaxis and treatment." Microbial Cell Factories 20, no. 1 (April 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12934-021-01576-5.

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AbstractSARS-CoV-2 is a novel β-coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic disease, which spread rapidly, infecting more than 134 million people, and killing almost 2.9 million thus far. Based on the urgent need for therapeutic and prophylactic strategies, the identification and characterization of antibodies has been accelerated, since they have been fundamental in treating other viral diseases. Here, we summarized in an integrative manner the present understanding of the immune response and physiopathology caused by SARS-CoV-2, including the activation of the humoral immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection and therefore, the synthesis of antibodies. Furthermore, we also discussed about the antibodies that can be generated in COVID-19 convalescent sera and their associated clinical studies, including a detailed characterization of a variety of human antibodies and identification of antibodies from other sources, which have powerful neutralizing capacities. Accordingly, the development of effective treatments to mitigate COVID-19 is expected. Finally, we reviewed the challenges faced in producing potential therapeutic antibodies and nanobodies by cell factories at an industrial level while ensuring their quality, efficacy, and safety.

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Lamoth, Frederic, Russell E. Lewis, Thomas J. Walsh, and Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis. "Navigating the uncertainties of COVID-19 associated aspergillosis (CAPA): A comparison with influenza associated aspergillosis (IAPA)." Journal of Infectious Diseases, March 26, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab163.

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Abstract Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is increasingly recognized as a life-threatening superinfection of severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza. The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to emerging SARS-CoV-2 rose concern about the eventuality of IPA complicating COVID-19 in intensive care unit mechanically-ventilated patients. While the association between severe influenza and IPA has been demonstrated, it remains unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 infection represents a specific risk factor for IPA. A variable incidence of such complication has been previously reported, which can be partly attributed to differences in diagnostic strategy and IPA definitions, and possibly local environmental/epidemiological factors. In this article, we discuss the similarities and differences between influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). Compared to IAPA, the majority of CAPA cases have been classified as putative rather than proven/probable IPA, in the absence of positive serum galactomannan or histopathologic evidence of angio-invasion. Discrimination between Aspergillus airways colonization and CAPA is difficult. Distinct physiopathology and cytokine profiles of influenza and COVID-19 may explain these discrepancies. Whether CAPA represents a distinct entity is still debatable and many questions remain unanswered, such as its actual incidence, the predisposing role of corticosteroids or immunomodulatory drugs, and the indications for antifungal therapy.

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Ponce-Campos, Silvia Denise, Juan Manuel Díaz, Daniela Moreno-Agundis, Ana Laura González-Delgado, Paulina Andrade-Lozano, Francisco Javier Avelar-González, Eduardo Hernández-Cuellar, and Fernando Torres-Flores. "A Physiotherapy Treatment Plan for Post-COVID-19 Patients That Improves the FEV1, FVC, and 6-Min Walk Values, and Reduces the Sequelae in 12 Sessions." Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences 3 (May 30, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2022.907603.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causal agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic disease declared in 2020. The clinical manifestations of this pathology are heterogeneous including fever, cough, dyspnea, anosmia, headache, fatigue, taste dysfunction, among others. Survivors of COVID-19 have demonstrated several persistent symptoms derived from its multisystemic physiopathology. These symptoms can be fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, dry and productive cough, respiratory insufficiency, and psychoemotional disturbance. To reduce and recover from the post-COVID-19 sequelae is fundamental an early and multifactorial medical treatment. Integral post-COVID-19 physiotherapy is a tool to reduce dyspnea, improve lung capacity, decrease psychoemotional alterations, as well as increase the muscle strength affected by this disease. Thus, the aim of this study was to establish a novel physiotherapeutic plan for post-COVID-19 patients, evaluating the effect of this treatment in the reduction of the sequelae in terms of lung capacity, cardio-respiratory, and muscular strength improvements. This was a cross-sectional study in which a protocol of 12 sessions in 4 weeks of physiotherapy was implemented in the patients enrolled. We conducted a medical assessment, an interview, a DASS-21 test, a spirometry, a 6-min walk test, and a hand dynamometer test to evaluate the post-COVID condition of patients before and after the sessions. A total of 42 patients participated in the program. Results of this work showed a decrease of around 50% of post-COVID-19 sequelae and an improvement in the psychoemotional status of patients. Also, we observed an increase of 7.16% in the FEV1 value and 7.56% for FVC. In addition, the maximal functional capacity increased by 0.577 METs, the 6-min walk test performance increased by 13%, and the SpO2 improved by 1.40%. Finally, the handgrip strength test showed an improvement in the left hand and right hand of 2.90 and 2.24 Kg, respectively. We developed this study to propose a novel methodology to provide information for a better treatment and management of post-COVID-19 patients.

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Triposkiadis, Filippos, Randall C. Starling, Andrew Xanthopoulos, Javed Butler, and Harisios Boudoulas. "The Counter Regulatory Axis of the Lung Renin-Angiotensin System in Severe COVID-19: Physiopathology and Clinical Implications." Heart, Lung and Circulation, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2020.11.008.

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Grossini, Elena, Diego Concina, Carmela Rinaldi, Sophia Russotto, Divya Garhwal, Patrizia Zeppegno, Carla Gramaglia, Seval Kul, and Massimiliano Panella. "Association Between Plasma Redox State/Mitochondria Function and a Flu-Like Syndrome/COVID-19 in the Elderly Admitted to a Long-Term Care Unit." Frontiers in Physiology 12 (December 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.707587.

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Background/Aims: It is widely known that the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS)/antioxidants and mitochondrial function could play a pivotal role in aging and in the physiopathology of viral infections. Here, we correlated the plasma oxidants/antioxidants levels of the elderly admitted to a long-term care (LTC) unit with clinical data in relation to flu-like disease/COVID-19. Moreover, in vitro we examined the effects of plasma on cell viability, ROS release and mitochondrial function.Materials and Methods: In 60 patients admitted to LTC unit for at least 1 year at moderate or high care load, demographic and clinical variables were taken. Blood samples were collected for the evaluations of oxidants/antioxidants, as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, 8-isoprostanes, superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione, and vitamin D. In vitro, human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) were used to examine the effects of plasma on viability, ROS release and mitochondrial membrane potential.Results: The results obtained showed that the redox state of the elderly was quite balanced; mitochondrial membrane potential of HUVEC was reduced by about 20%, only. Also, the correlation analysis evidenced the association between mitochondrial function and the patients’ outcomes. Interestingly, lower levels of mitochondrial membrane potential were found in the elderly who had symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 or with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19.Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the importance of mitochondrial function in the tendency to get a flu-like syndrome like COVID-19 in the elderly admitted to LTC unit. This information could have clinical implications for the management of old population.

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