Дисертації: "COVID-19 vaccines"

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Persson, Morgan. "COVID-19 Vaccines : A literature analysis of the three first approved COVID-19 Vaccines in the EU." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för integrativ medicinsk biologi (IMB), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-179341.

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Svensson, Adrian. "En jämförelse av olika covid-19 vaccin." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44521.

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Bakgrund: I slutet av 2019 upptäcktes flertalet fall av pneumoni av okänd etiologi i Wuhan, Kina. Efter isolering och sekvensering framkom det att det rörde sig om ett coronavirus, benämnt SARS-CoV-2. Sociala restriktioner och munskydd har inte lyckats stoppa denna pandemi, och hoppet ligger nu på de olika vaccinkandidater som började utvecklas under 2020. Syfte: Syftet var att jämföra olika vaccins effektivitet och förekomst av olika biverkningar. Metod: En systemisk litteraturstudie utfördes, där en sökning i Pubmed utfördes och fyra artiklar valdes ut till arbetet för att jämföra vaccineffektivitet och biverkningar för de tre vaccin som var godkända av läkemedelsverket i februari. Resultat: Pfizer/BioNTechs mRNA-vaccin hade en effektivitet på 94,8%, Modernas mRNA-vaccin en effektivitet på 94,1% och Oxford-AstraZenecas vektorvaccin uppvisade en effektivitet på 70,4%. De vanligaste biverkningarna vid vaccinering var smärta vid injektionsplatsen, huvudvärk samt utmattning. Slutsats: En tillfredsställande jämförelse kunde inte genomföras då de olika fas III studierna utfördes på olika åldersgrupper och i olika delar av världen där SARS-CoV-2 mutationerna skiljde sig åt, vilket kan ha påverkat resultaten.
Background: At the end of 2019, several cases of pneumonia of unknown ethology were discovered in Wuhan, China. After isolating and sequencing the pathogen it became apparent that it was a Coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2. Social restrictions and mask wearing mandates have not managed to stop this pandemic, and the hope lies with the different vaccine candidates that started to be developed during 2020. Aim: The aim was to compare different vaccines efficacy and prevalence of side effects. Method: A systemic literature study was implemented, the search was done in Pubmed and four papers were selected to compare vaccine efficacy and side effects for the three vaccines that were approved by Läkemedelsverket in February. Results: Pfizer/BioNTech’s mRNA-vaccine showed an efficacy of 94,8%, Moderna’s an efficacy of 94,1% and Oxford-AstraZeneca’s vector vaccine showed an efficacy of 70,4%. The most common side effects following vaccination was pain at the site of injection, headache and fatigue. Conclusion: A satisfying comparison could not be achieved since the different phase III studies were performed on different age groups and in different parts of the world where SARS-CoV-2 mutations differ, which could impact the results.

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Polack, Fernando P., Stephen J. Thomas, Nicholas Kitchin, Judith Absalon, Alejandra Gurtman, Stephen Lockhart, John L. Perez, et al. "Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655958.

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Lindholm, Anton. "VACCINE CITIZENSHIP : Covid-19 vaccination in a semi-rural community of Oaxaca, Mexico." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Socialantropologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-195134.

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With emphasis on the arrival of Covid-19 vaccine in San Agustin Etla Mexico, the focus of this thesis is to investigate relations between ways of political organisation and vaccine uptake. By having used a methodological framework of participant observation and semi-structured interviews from February to April 2021 this thesis illustrates responses that informants in the ages between 50-70 living in San Agustin Etla have to Covid-19 vaccine. I discuss aspects of a local vaccination culture, i.e., locally shaped responses to Covid-19 vaccine and reasons for vaccination and non-vaccination. Aspects I have found that may have affected a person’s response to Covid-19 vaccine are the spread/control of rumours, coercive measures, collective consciousness of risks, organisation of the household, social interaction, and earlier experience of vaccines. Based on the results of the investigation I argue that there is a correlation between the governance of “Usos y Costumbres” (practices and customs) in San Agustin Etla and vaccine uptake among people living there.

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Sandaka, Gowtham Kumar, and Bala Namratha Gaekwade. "Sentiment Analysis and Time-series Analysis for the COVID-19 vaccine Tweets." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-21901.

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Background: The implicit nature of social media information brings many advantages to realistic sentiment analysis applications. Sentiment Analysis is the process of extracting opinions and emotions from data. As a research topic, sentiment analysis of Twitter data has received much attention in recent years. In this study, we have built a model to perform sentiment analysis to classify the sentiments expressed in the Twitter dataset based on the public tweets to raise awareness of the public's concerns by training the models. Objectives: The main goal of this thesis is to develop a model to perform a sentiment analysis on the Twitter data regarding the COVID-19 vaccine and find out the sentiment’s polarity from the data to show the distribution of the sentiments as following: positive, negative, and neutral. A literature study and an experiment are set to identify a suitable approach to develop such a model. Time-series analysis performed to obtain daily sentiments over the timeline series and daily trend analysis with events associated with the particular dates. Method: A Systematic Literature Review is performed to identify the most suitable approach to accomplish the sentiment analysis on the COVID-19 vaccine. Then, through the literature study results, an experimental model is developed to distribute the sentiments on the analyzed data and identify the daily sentiments over the timeline series. Result: A VADER is identified from the Literature study, which is the best suitable approach to perform the sentiment analysis. The KDE distribution is determined for each sentiment as obtained by the VADER Sentiment Analyzer. Daily sentiments over the timeline series are generated to identify the trend analysis on Twitter data of the COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion: This research aims to identify the best-suited approach for sentiment analysis on Twitter data concerning the selected dataset through the study of results. The VADER model prompts optimal results among the sentiments polarity score for the sentiment analysis of Twitter data regarding the selected dataset. The time-series analysis shows how daily sentiments are fluctuant and the daily counts. Seasonal decomposition outcomes speak about how the world is reacting towards the current COVID-19 situation and daily trend analysis elaborates on the everyday sentiments of people.

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Park, Yhesaem. "An Equitable Framework for Antiretroviral Therapy and COVID-19 Vaccine Allocation Strategies in Botswana." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42524.

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The HIV/AIDS epidemic and the COVID-19 pandemic have ruined many people's lives. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has controlled the HIV/AIDS epidemic and COVID-19 vaccine is expected to ease confusion caused by the pandemic. However, the supply of health-resource falls far short of the demand in resource-constrained countries; thus, decision-making about resource allocation should be discussed. Botswana, as a resource-constrained country with a high prevalence of HIV, needs to construct its own framework for ART allocation. We propose an equitable framework for ART and COVID-19 vaccine allocation in Botswana based upon the egalitarian principle, which provides each individual has an equal chance of receiving them. We use a spatial mathematical model of treatment accessibility with an equity objective function, and sequential quadratic programming is used to address the nonlinear programming model. Considering Botswana's current health infrastructure, our strategy brings the most equal health outcomes. However, the disparity of accessibility still exists between rural and urban areas even from our equitable strategy. We present proposals that can increase the accessibility of rural areas using sensitivity analysis. Our work can be applied to different contexts, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Fridlund, Daniel, and Patrik Persson. "Uppfattade risker med covid-19 vaccin -Påverkar solidaritet och förändrad tillit riskuppfattningar?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-92438.

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Den pågående vaccineringen mot covid-19 har inneburit att många människor börjar se ljuset i tunneln på den mörka tid som coronapandemin orsakat. Det råder dock inte konsensus kring vaccinet som uteslutande positiv för folkhälsan då vissa istället väljer att betona riskerna som vaccinet kan medföra framför fördelarna med vaccination.Tidigare forskning visar att faktorer som tillit, risker och individuella medicinska överväganden, likväl som kulturella aspekter har en avgörande roll i riskuppfattning gällande vaccinering.Studiens teoretiska referensram utgår från Becks teori om risksamhället, Giddens begrepp tillit till expertsystem, samt Douglas kulturella riskteori och beskyllningskultur.Syftet med denna pilotstudie är att undersöka studenters riskuppfattning gällande vaccinet mot covid-19, samt ifall riskuppfattning påverkas av faktorer som förändrad tillit och solidaritetsgrad.Datainsamlingen utgörs av en kvantitativ metod i form av enkätundersökning, där studiens urval består av medlemmar i gruppen ”Dom kallar oss studenter” på Facebook. Data från undersökningen analyserades sedan genom univariat analys samt multivariata regressionsanalyser.Resultat från studien visar att studenter med försämrad tillit till myndigheter uppfattar risker med biverkningar från vaccinet i högre grad än studenter som har en likvärdig eller förbättrad tillit till myndigheter. Det visar även att studenter med hög solidarisk inställning ser mindre risker med biverkningar från vaccinet än de med låg solidarisk inställning.Nyckelord: Covid-19, Risk, Förändrad tillit, Tillit till expertsystem, Risksamhället, Solidaritet, Kulturell riskteori, Kris.
The ongoing vaccination against covid-19 has meant that many people begin to see the light in the tunnel of the dark time that the corona pandemic has caused. However, there is no consensus about the vaccine as exclusively positive for public health as some instead choose to emphasize the risks that the vaccine may entail over the benefits of vaccination.Previous research shows that factors such as trust, risks and individual medical considerations, as well as cultural aspects, play a crucial role in risk perception regarding vaccination.The theoretical frame of reference in this study is based on Beck’s theory of the risks society, Giddens’ trust in expert systems, and Douglas’ cultural risk theory and blameculture.The aim of this pilot study is to investigate students’ perception of risk regarding the vaccine against covid-19, and whether risk perception is affected by factors such as changes in trust and degree of solidarity.The data collection consists of a quantitative method in the form of a survey, where the study sample consists of members of the group ”Dom kallar oss studenter” on Facebook. Data from the survey were then analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate regression analyzes.Results from the study show that students with impaired trust in authorities perceive risks of side effects from the vaccine to a greater degree than students who have an equivalent or improved trust in authorities. It also shows that students with a high degree of solidarity see less risks with side effects from the vaccine than those with a low solidarity attitude.

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Claesson, Elin, and Gonzalez Esmeralda Patron. "Det virala viruset : En tematisk analys på desinformation om covid-19 vaccinen i svenska facebookgrupper." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104458.

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The aim of this study is to examine disinformation about the covid-19 vaccine in posts from Swedish Facebook groups. At the end of 2019, the coronavirus started to spread around the world and became a global pandemic. On social media, especially Facebook, disinformation started to spread around about the virus. The study was based on 58 posts from 4 different Facebook groups where a qualitative thematic analysis was conducted to see which themes that were common in the disinformation. This method was paired with framing theory to see how the senders were framing their message and the disinformation. The research questions of this study are which themes can be identified in the disinformation about the covid-19 vaccine in the Swedish Facebook groups? And how are the covid-19 vaccines framed in these themes? This study resulted in 4 themes with 9 subcategories. The first theme is conspiracy theories with the subcategory mRNA. The second theme is scientific resistance with the subcategories questioning the content of the vaccines, critical of the manufacturing and approval of the vaccines, effectiveness, critical of pharmaceutical companies and alternative cure. The third theme is criticism of senders, and the fourth theme is warnings with the subcategories exhortation, swine flu and side effects. In the theme conspiracy theories, the posts are framing vaccine as something dangerous, untrustworthy and that it is a fraud. The posts can also be connected to already existing theories about the virus. In the second theme, scientific resistance, are the posts framing resistance against scientific proven fact about the vaccines. The posts also frame that there are other solutions for covid-19 than the vaccine. In the third theme, criticism against senders, the common frames were that the senders of information about the vaccine and vaccination were smeared, for example the Swedish government and the public health authority. These senders were framed as traitors and that the Swedish population would become their slaves. In the last theme warnings, the posts framed warnings and tried to influence people to not take the vaccine because of several reasons like side effects. The posts also framed that these reasons could lead to death or other health issues for the rest of their lives.

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Myhr, Anton. "Attityder och tillit under Coronapandemin : En kvantitativ sociologisk studie om attityd- och tillitsstrukturer kring makthavare, vacciner och Covid-19-pandemin." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444251.

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Den här uppsatsen har undersökt attityder och tillit till makthavare i Sverige i relation till olika aspekter av Covid-19-pandemin. Det här har gjorts genom att försöka besvara frågeställningarna: Hur relaterar tillit och attityder gentemot svenska samhälleliga institutioner till attityder mot vacciner, pandemirestriktioner och det upplevda hotet av Covid- 19? Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka en stor grupp människors aggregerade attityder och tillit, för att ge en fördjupad kunskap kring hur attityder och tillit kan vara strukturerade i det svenska samhället under Coronapandemin. För att besvara frågeställningarna och uppnå studiens syfte har en kvantitativ metod i form av en explorativ faktoranalys använts på data som insamlats från 281 respondenter via en webenkät. Resultatet har visat att högre tillit gentemot Sveriges demokratiska system och till media kan kopplas till en större acceptans av Sveriges pandemihantering och till de beslutsfattare som ansvarat för pandemihanteringen i Sverige. Tillit och positiva attityder gentemot dessa två faktorer har också visat sig hänga ihop med en positivare syn på vacciner, medan rädslan för Covid-19 i sig ter sig vara oberoende av tillit och attityder. Undersökningen har inte till avsikt att göra några frekvensmässiga analyser av vilka attityder eller hur hög tillit respondenterna upplever, och inte heller har syftet varit att generalisera resultatet som giltigt för hela Sveriges population. Målet har istället varit att studiens resultat ska kunna bidra till att öka kunskapen om och vidga vår förståelse för hur tillit och attityder kan vara strukturerade och hänga ihop i samhället.

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Gezelius, Rebecka. "Vaccinmotståndet under Covid-19-pandemin : En netnografisk studie av vaccinmotstånd på Flashback forum." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik, konst och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85687.

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Covid-19-pandemin, eller Coronapandemin som den kallas i folkmun har påverkat människors livi över ett år med diverse restriktioner samt att 3,5 miljoner människor har avlidit med virusetCovid-19. Trots detta vill många inte vaccinera sig mot Covid-19 nu när olika vaccin har tagitsfram. En undersökning som genomfördes i januari 2021 visar att 63% av Sveriges befolkning villvaccinera sig mot Covid-19. Detta är beklagligt mot bakgrund av att World Health Organization(WHO) angav vaccinmotstånd som ett av tio globala hot mot hälsan år 2019. Det är av intresse attundersöka vaccinmotståndet riktat mot Covid-19-vaccinet eftersom det är ett relativt outforskatområde. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur vaccinationsmotståndare uttrycker sig omCovid-19-vaccinet på internetforumet Flashback.Detta har undersökts genom en kvalitativ netnografisk studie där innehållet i 9 olikadiskussionstrådar på Flashback rörande ämnet har studerats. Resultatet av undersökningen haranalyserats med hjälp av Ulrich Becks begrepp “risk”, Anthony Giddens definition av begreppen“tillit” och “expertsystem”,samt tidigare forskning om vaccinmotstånd på sociala medier. Studiensresultat indikerar på att personer som är negativt inställda till Covid-19-vaccinet tenderar att sevaccinet som en stor risk. De uttryckte rädsla för diverse olika biverkningar och tenderade attvärdera vaccinet som en större hälsorisk än Covid-19-viruset. En vanlig tendens blandvaccinmotståndare på Flashback var att de förefaller hysa misstro till vetenskapen bakom vaccinoch ofta föredrog alternativa metoder istället för vaccin. De tenderade anse att Covid-19 inte är enfarlig sjukdom eller att helasjukdomen är påhittad av läkemedelsbolag, media, myndigheter ochregering tillsammans. Vaccinmotståndarna på Flashback hade ofta en föreställning om att vaccinenmot Covid-19 antingen ska döda eller sterilisera människor i syfte att utrota jordens befolkning,eller att läkemedelsbolagen vill tjäna pengar på vaccin. Detta indikerar på att vaccinmotståndarehyste mycket misstro mot dels Covid-19-vaccin men även mot läkemedelsbolag, regering,myndigheter och media
The Covid-19-pandemic, or Coronapandemic as it is popularly called, has affected everyone's livesfor over a year with various restrictions and 3,5 million people have died with the Covid-19-virus.Despite this, many do not want to be vaccinated against Covid-19 now that vaccines have beendeveloped. A survey conducted in January 2021 shows that 63% of Sweden's population want tobe vaccinated against Covid-19. This can be considered unfortunate because the World HealthOrganization listed vaccine resistance as one of ten global health threats in 2019. It is of interestto investigate vaccine resistance during the Covid-19-pandemic as it is a relatively unexploredarea. The purpose of this study is to investigate how vaccination opponents express themselvesabout the Covid-19-vaccines on the internet forum Flashback.This has been investigated through a netnographic qualitative study where the content of 9different threads on Flashback has been studied. The results of the study have been analyzed usingUlrich Beck's concepts of "risk", Anthony Gidden's definition of the terms "trust" and"expertsystem" as well as previous research on vaccine resistance on social media. The results ofthe study indicate that people who were against the Covid-19-vaccine tended to see the vaccine asa major risk. They were afraid of various side effects and they tended to value the vaccine as agreater risk than getting Covid-19. A common trend among vaccine opponents on Flashback wasthat they tended to distrust the science behind vaccines and instead prefered alternative methodsinstead of vaccines. They tended to think that Covid-19 is not a dangerous disease or that the wholedisease is invented by pharmaceutical companies, the media, the authorities and the governmenttogether. Vaccine opponents on Flashback tended to believe that the vaccine against Covid-19 willeither kill or sterilize people to depopulate the planet, or that the drug companies want to makemoney off vaccines. This indicates that vaccine opponents had a lot of mistrust of the Covid-19-vaccine as an expertsystem, but also pharmaceutical companies, the government, authorities and media.

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Andersson, Jennifer, and Sue-Ellen Njekwa. "Pandemin är inte över förran den är det överallt : En kvalitativ studie om hur experter ser på distributionen av vaccin mot covid-19 mellan hög- och låginkomstländer." Thesis, Jönköping University, HLK, Globala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53763.

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Covid-19-pandemin utgör ett globalt hot mot hälsa, ekonomiskt välbefinnande och politisk stabilitet. Enligt forskare är vacciner mot covid-19 en nyckel till att få ett slut på pandemin och återgå till en viss typ av normalitet. Problemet är att vaccinerna mot covid-19 har fördelats ojämnt mellan hög- och låginkomstländer. Denna studie är baserad på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer som undersöker hur experter ser på distributionen av vacciner mot covid-19 mellan hög- och låginkomstländer. Mer specifikt, vilka faktorer som de anser påverka fördelningen samt vilka åtgärder som behövs för att göra fördelningen mer rättvis. Studien är kopplad till ett teoretiskt ramverk om global rättvisa som används för att förklara varför vi människor har skyldigheter att hjälpa varandra. Denna studies resultat indikerar att majoriteten av experterna anser att fördelningen av vaccinerna har i hög grad varit ojämn eftersom höginkomstländer har anskaffat mer vacciner än låginkomstländerna. Enligt experterna kan en global ojämn fördelning av vacciner leda till konsekvenser som att det utvecklas mutationer av viruset som inte vaccinerna fungerar emot, och att pandemin således fortsätter. Den viktigaste faktorn som experterna belyste är att länder har agerat nationalistiskt och att det har varit ett högt tryck på politiska ledare att skaffa vacciner för deras befolkningar. Experterna var överens om att Covax initiativet var en bra åtgärd för att vaccinerna skulle fördelas mer rättvist även om de också påpekade utmaningar med Covax. Denna studie bidrar därför till förståelsen att det finns många faktorer som påverkar den globala fördelningen av vacciner mot covid-19, men också att det finns flera åtgärder för att göra fördelningen mer rättvis.
The COVID-19 pandemic poses a global threat to health, economic well-being and political sta- bility. According to researchers, COVID-19 vaccines are a key to ending the pandemic and return- ing to a certain type of normality. The issue is that the COVID-19 vaccines have been unevenly distributed between high- and low-income countries. This study is based on qualitative semi-struc- tured interviews exploring how experts view the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines between high- and low-income countries. More specifically, what factors that they consider to affect the distribution and what measures are needed to make the distribution more equitable. The study connects to the theoretical framework of global justice which is used to clarify why humans have obligations to help each other. The result of the study indicates that the majority of experts con- clude that the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines has been very uneven because high-income countries have obtained more vaccines than low-income countries. According to experts, an une- ven distribution of the vaccines can lead to several consequences such as the development of mu- tants which the vaccine does not work against, and thus to the pandemic continuing. The main factor pointed out by the experts is that countries have acted nationalistic and that there has been a lot of pressure on political leaders to procure vaccines for their populations. The experts agree that the Covax initiative was a good measure for the vaccines to be distributed more fairly, alt- hough they also highlighted challenges with Covax. This study therefore contributes to the under- standing that there are many factors that affect the global distribution of vaccines against COVID- 19, but also that there are several measures to make the distribution more equitable.

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Gustavsson, Fredrik, and Anton Rinaldo. ""Get a better attitude!" : An analysis of media use and support/hesitancy attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85224.

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This study examines the relationship between media use and support/hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccine. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between social media and traditional media use and support/hesitancy attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine. We want to analyse how social and traditional media use as a news source is related to support and hesitancy attitudes. Furthermore, we want to see if media use as a news source has any relation to the trade-off attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccine. We have found a research gap in the COVID-19 pandemic and connection between social and traditional media use as a news source and support, hesitancy, and trade-off attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine. RQ 1: What is the relationship between social media use as a news source and support/hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccine? RQ 2: What is the relationship between traditional media use as a news source and support/hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccine? The method of this study is a quantitative survey regarding media use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and support, hesitancy, and trade-off attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine. The population size is 201 Swedish citizens between the ages of 18-65. The sample was collected through a snowball sample. The study provides a theoretical framework consisting of crisis communication, misinformation, echo chambers, public opinion, and social amplification of risk. Furthermore, the study presents previous research which is similar to the study. The previous research presents some key findings such as social media use tends to increase during crises, how echo chambers can be increased by the feeling of fear, and research on attitudes towards vaccines. Previous research also presents how misinformation is being spread on social media and how the anti-vaccination movement takes advantage of the postmodern health paradigm which makes people turn to the internet with their medical problems. The study concludes that in some instances traditional media can have a positive relation to supportive attitudes and social media connects to some of the hesitant opinions towards COVID-19.
Denna studie undersöker förhållandet mellan medieanvändning och förespråkande/tveksamhet mot COVID-19-vaccinet. Syftet med denna studie är att analysera förhållandet mellan sociala medier och traditionell medieanvändning och attityder till förespråkande/tveksamhet gentemot COVID-19-vaccinet. Vi vill analysera hur de sociala och traditionella medierna som nyhetskälla är relaterade till förespråkande och tveksamhet. Vidare vill vi se om medieanvändning som nyhetskälla har något samband med avvägningsinställningen till COVID-19. Vi har hittat ett forsknings hål i COVID-19-pandemin och sambandet mellan social och traditionell medieanvändning som nyhetskälla och förespråkande, tveksamhet och avvägningsattityder till COVID-19-vaccinet. RQ 1: Vad är förhållandet mellan användning av sociala medier som nyhetskälla och förespråkande/tveksamhet mot COVID-19-vaccinet? RQ 2: Vad är förhållandet mellan traditionell medieanvändning som nyhetskälla och förespråkande/tveksamhet mot COVID-19-vaccinet? Metoden för denna studie är en kvantitativ undersökning om medieanvändning före och under COVID-19-pandemin och förespråkande, tveksamhet och avvägning av attityder till COVID-19-vaccinet. Befolkningsstorleken är 201 svenska medborgare i åldrarna 18-65. Urvalet samlades in genom ett snowball sample. Studien har ett teoretiskt ramverk som består av kriskommunikation, misinformation, ekokammare, attityder och social förstärkning av risk. Dessutom presenterar studien tidigare forskning som liknar studien. Den tidigare forskningen presenterar några viktiga resultat, såsom användningen av sociala medier tenderar att öka under kriser, hur ekokammare kan ökas av känslan av rädsla och forskning om attityder till vacciner. Tidigare forskning presenterar också hur misinformation sprids på sociala medier och hur antivaccinationsrörelsen utnyttjar det postmodern health paradigm som får människor att vända sig till internet med sina medicinska problem. Studien drar slutsatsen att traditionella medier i vissa fall kan ha en positiv relation till stödjande attityder och att sociala medier ansluter till några av de tveksamma åsikterna mot COVID-19.

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Brandelid, Annie, and Evelina Eklund. "Tabloidization in Swedish news media? The ongoing pandemic in focus : A quantitative content analysis of how Swedish news media communicates about the COVID-19 vaccine." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84600.

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In times of crises such as pandemics, wars or natural disasters, the responsibility of the news media increases. Previous research has shown that people in crisis tend to seek information in traditional media and find it the most reliable source. Today's media landscape has faced a new paradigm shift in the form of digitalization that has had an extensive impact on society and information is now more easily available to the public. As a result, this study will examine the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic with a focus on vaccination, which has received strong media attention in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to contribute with new research by analyzing how Sweden's largest morning newspaper Dagens Nyheter and the largest evening newspaper Aftonbladet communicated regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. The study's four research questions aim to investigate whether there are any differences or similarities in how Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter communicated through source power, tabloidization, and dimensions from previous research: RQ1. How does Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter use and mention sources in their articles RQ2. How are the articles conducted in Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter regarding focus dimensions (societal or individual, episodic or thematic)? RQ3. How are the articles conducted in Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter regarding style dimensions (personal or impersonal, emotional or unemotional)? RQ4. Do the articles in Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter have tendencies of tabloidization based on the content and headline (positive or negative, match between headline and text)? To answer the four research questions, a quantitative content analysis has been used by analyzing a total of 200 newspaper articles over a six-month period. With assistance of the tool Retriever, 100 articles from each newspaper were retrieved and produced through an unbound random selection. With help of the designed code sheet and the code book the units have been analyzed in SPSS. The theoretical framework is based on the basic principles of journalism, from event to news, agenda-setting, framing, and tabloidization. The data have been analyzed, reflected and discussed with the theoretical framework along with the previous research, the results show that Swedish media has shown a high scale of objectivity however, tendencies of tabloid permeate in both newspapers. The most important finding of the study is the indication that Dagens Nyheter, which according to previous research tends to cover hard news, instead strive against further tabloidized news coverage.
I tider av kriser så som pandemier, krig eller naturkatastrofer ökar nyhetsmedias ansvar. Tidigare forskning har visat att människor i kris tenderar att söka efter information i traditionella medier för att hitta den mest pålitliga källan. Dessutom har dagens medielandskap stött på ett nytt paradigmskifte i form av digitalisering som har haft en vidsträckt påverkan på samhället och information är nu lättare tillgänglig för allmänheten. Som ett resultat kommer denna studie att undersöka den pågående COVID-19-pandemin med fokus på vaccination, som har fått mycket uppmärksamhet i media. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med ny forskning genom att analysera hur Sveriges största morgontidning Dagens Nyheter och den största kvällstidningen Aftonbladet kommunicerat angående COVID-19-vaccinet. Studiens fyra forskningsfrågor syftar till att undersöka om det finns några skillnader eller likheter i hur Aftonbladet och Dagens Nyheter kommunicerat genom källkraft, tabloidisering och dimensioner från tidigare forskning: RQ1. Hur använder och nämner Aftonbladet och Dagens Nyheter källor i sina artiklar? RQ2. Hur är artiklarna i Aftonbladet och Dagens Nyheter utformade gällande fokusdimensioner (samhällelig eller individuell, episodisk eller tematisk)? RQ3. Hur är artiklarna i Aftonbladet och Dagens Nyheter utformade gällande stildimensioner (personlig eller opersonlig, känslomässig eller okänslomässig)? RQ4. Har artiklarna i Aftonbladet och Dagens Nyheter tendenser till tabloidisering baserat på innehåll och rubrik (positiv eller negativ, matchning mellan rubrik och text)? För att svara på de fyra frågorna har en kvantitativ innehållsanalys använts genom att analysera totalt 200 tidningsartiklar under en sexmånadersperiod. Med hjälp av verktyget Retriever har 100 artiklar från varje tidning valts ut genom ett obundet slumpmässigt urval. Med hjälp av det utformade kodschemat och kodboken har enheterna analyserats i SPSS. Det teoretiska ramverket bygger på journalistikens grundläggande principer, från händelse till nyheter, agenda-setting, framing och tabloidisering. Datan har analyserats, reflekteras och diskuteras med hjälp av teoretiska ramen samt tidigare forskning. Resultaten visar att de svenska medierna har kommunicerat med en hög grad av objektivitet, men att tabloidiseringen genomsyrar båda tidningar. Studiens viktigaste resultat visar bland annat att Dagens Nyheter, som enligt tidigare forskning tenderar att rapportera hårda nyheter, istället lutar mot en mer tabloidisering i sin nyhetsrapportering.

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Aspenfjäll, Petra. "Antivaccinationsrörelsens avtryck i sociala medier." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85692.

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World health organization (WHO) har listat tio hot mot världshälsan varav två av dessa är pandemier och vaccinskepticism. Enligt forskare kommer pandemier drabba mänskligheten samtidigt som vaccinskepticismen ökar. Individer som är kritiska till vaccin tillhör antivaccinationsrörelsen och de menar på att vaccin är ett sätt att skada befolkningen. Antivaccinationsrörelsen använder sociala medier för att sprida sitt budskap. Idag pågår covid-19 pandemin och på kort tid har vaccin tagits fram och befolkningen erbjuds möjligheten att vaccinera sig. Det finns personer som är kritiska till vaccinet och de restriktioner som regering och riksdag infört för att minska smittspridningen av SARS-CoV-2. Studiens syfte är att få en förståelse för hur antivaccinationsrörelsens arbete tar sig uttryck i sociala medier och hur antivaccinationsrörelsen agerar för att påverka människor. Den metod som ligger till grund för arbetet är netnografi och syftet med en sådan studie är att studera sociala och kulturella sammanhang på internet. För att samla in empiri har inlägg på Twitter studerats genom en icke-deltagande observation. För att analysera inläggen har Anthony Giddens begrepp tillit och expertsystem samt Ulrick Becks begrepp risksamhället använts. Studiens resultat visar på att individer som uttrycker sig negativt om vaccinet besitter ett lågt förtroende för de experter som uttalar sig gällande SARS-CoV-2 och vaccinet som utvecklats. De som är kritiska till vaccin menar på att vaccinet mot SARS-CoV-2 och de restriktioner som finns på grund av covid-19 pandemin är ytterligare ett sätt att begränsa människor fri- och rättigheter. De individer som är kritiska till vaccin menar vidare att covid-19 pandemin är skapad för att the big pharma ska tjäna pengar. Vaccinet mot covid-19 anses vara farligare än att genomgå sjukdomen och det är en anledning till att inte vaccinera sig.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed ten threats to the world health, two of which are pandemics and vaccine skepticism. Scientist agree that pandemics will affect humanity andat the same time people are being more skeptical about vaccine. Individuals who are critical of vaccine belongs to the anti-vaccination movement and believe that vaccines are a way of harming the population. The anti-vaccination movement use social media to spread their message. The ongoing pandemic is called covid-19 pandemic, vaccines have been developed in a short time and the population is offered the opportunity to be vaccinated. There are people who are critical of the vaccine and the restrictions that the government and the parliament hade decide about to reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2. The purpose of this study is to establish an understandig of how the work of the anti-vaccination movement is expressed on social media and how they act to influence people. The method for this study is netnography and it is used to study social and cultural contexts on the internet. To gather empirical data posts on Twitter have been studied through a non-participatory observation. Anthony Gidden’s concepts of trust and expert systems as well as Ulrich Beck’s concepts of the risk society have been used to analyze the posts. The results of this study show that individuals who express themselves negatively about vaccines have a low level of trust in the experts who are commenting about SARS-CoV-2 and they believe that vaccines are a way to control people. They believe that the restrictions that exist due to covid-19 pandemic are another way to restrict people’s freedom and that it was the big pharma that created the covid-19 pandemic. The anti-vaccination movement considered that the vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 is more dangerous than the disease.

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Hussein, Aida. "Inställning till vaccination mot covid- 19 i Rinkeby och Tensta, Sverige : Om vaccinationsvilja och tveksamhet i ett socioekonomiskt utsatt område i Sverige." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20031.

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Inledning: Vaccinationstveksamhet är ett fenomen som är viktigt att studera eftersom bekämpningen mot covid-19 och andra sjukdomar är beroende av att befolkningen vaccinerar sig. Området Rinkeby-Tensta har tidigare haft låg vaccinationstäckning på grund av oro över biverkningar. Syftet är att ta reda på inställningen för vaccination mot covid-19 i Rinkeby-Tensta. Metod: En tvärsnittsstudie utfördes med bekvämlighetsurval. Resultat: Resultatet visar att 72 respondenter besvarade enkäten varav 78 procent av respondenterna svarade att de antingen inte vill eller inte vet om de vill vaccinera sig. Diskussion: Utbildningsnivå är inte associerat med vaccinationsviljan. Att senarelägga vaccinacceptansen uppfattas som en fördel. Bekymmer över vaccinets biverkningar är en faktor i vaccinationsbeslutet.
Introduction: Vaccine hesitancy is a phenomenon that is important to study when the fight against covid-19 and other diseases is dependent on the population being vaccinated. Rinkeby-Tensta previously had low vaccination coverage due to concerns about side effects. The aim is to measure the attitude toward vaccination against covid -19 in Rinkeby-Tensta Method: A cross-sectional study was performed with convenience sample. Results: Results show that 72 respondents answered the survey, of which 78 percent of the respondents answered that they either do not want or do not know if they want to get vaccinated. Discussion: Level of education is not associated with willingness to get vaccinated. To postpone vaccinations is perceived as a benefit. Concerns about the side effects of vaccine is a factor in the vaccination decision.

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Nyström, Elin, and Kajsa Söderberg. "Vuxnas erfarenheter och inställningar till att vaccinera sig : en litteraturstudie." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för hälsa, lärande och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-84129.

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Bakgrund: Smittsamma sjukdomar ökar i samhället och vaccinationer är ett effektivt sätt att begränsa smittspridning. Trots detta väljer delar av befolkningen att inte vaccinera sig vilket riskerar att öka sjukdom i samhället. Syfte: Att belysa vuxnas erfarenheter och inställningar till att vaccinera sig mot smittsamma sjukdomar. Metod: En systematisk litteratursökning resulterade i 18 artiklar som analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med manifest ansats. Resultat: Analysarbetet resulterade i fyra kategorier: Att anledningar finns till att inte vilja vaccinera sig, Att sakna information från pålitliga källor, Att känna sig tvingad till att vaccinera sig, Att förutsättningar till att vaccinera sig behöver finnas. Resultatet visar att det finns flerolika faktorer som påverkar inställningen till att vaccinera sig. Slutsatser: Personer kan uppleva olika känslor och tankar i samband med vaccination. Därför är det av betydelse att sjuksköterskor som vaccinerar skapar en tillitsfull relation i det korta mötet för att stärka personens delaktighet och känsla av sammanhang i situationen.

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Hedlund, Simon, Philip Janols, and Glans Daniel Kling. "Aktieprisförändringar vid extrema händelser : Hur Pfizer och Modernas aktiekurser påverkades av pressmeddelanden rörande vaccinframtagningen för covid-19." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37647.

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In late 2019, the spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) began. The viral disease, also known as covid-19, started spreading from China to large parts of the world in early 2020, resulting in a large number of cases, deaths, as well as major impacts on the economy of nations, organizations, and individuals alike. In order to limit the spread of the virus, several pharmaceutical companies, including Pfizer and Moderna, initiated a vaccine development. This process led pharmaceutical companies to communicat ea large amount of corporate news to investors, among other stakeholders. Previous research has shown how the stock market responds to corporate news. However, prior to this study, a lack of research on how the stock market behaves in relation to corporate news announced by companies under difficult global conditions was identified. The aim of this study is to investigate the stock market's reaction to press releases by Moderna and Pfizer regarding their vaccine development for covid-19. The methods used to study the subject are based on analysis of historical share price data and the calculation of abnormal returns. The results have to some extent indicated that selected press releases have played a significant role as an influencer in relation to investor sentiment and the stock market’s behavior. In terms of the result as a whole, the number of significant days is not sufficient to support the alternative hypothesis. Market reactions in the share prices were identified on the dates surrounding the press releases regarding the vaccine-development, but since only 22 percent of the abnormal yield was significant, the result did not appear to be aligned with the alternative hypothesis.
Under slutet av år 2019 började spridningen av coronaviruset SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Virussjukdomen, i folkmun känd som covid-19, började under år 2020 spridas från Kina till stora delar av övriga världen, vilket har resulterat i ett stort antal insjuknade, dödsfall och även en påverkan på såväl nationers som organisationers och individers ekonomi. För att begränsa spridningen av viruset påbörjade ett flertal läkemedelsbolag en vaccinframtagning. Denna process ledde till att läkemedelsbolagen kommunicerade en stor mängd bolagsnyheter till omvärlden, däribland investerare. Tidigare forskning har visat hur aktiemarknaden svarat på bolagsnyheter, men inför denna studie identifierades en brist på forskning kring hur aktiemarknaden agerar i förhållande till bolagsnyheter under extrema världssituationer likt coronaviruspandemin. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka marknadens reaktion till följd av pressmeddelanden från företagen Moderna och Pfizer rörande vaccinutvecklingen för covid-19. Reaktionen studeras med hjälp av historiska aktiekursdata och beräkning av onormal avkastning. Resultaten har till en viss del indikerat på att utvalda pressmeddelanden har spelat en signifikant roll som påverkande faktor gentemot aktiemarknaden. Sett till resultatet i sin helhet är antalet signifikanta dagar inte tillräckligt för att utgöra stöd till alternativhypotesen. Marknadsreaktioner kunde identifieras till följd av pressmeddelanden om vaccinutvecklingen, men eftersom enbart 22 procent av den onormala avkastningen var signifikant så föreföll inte resultatet i linje med alternativhypotesen.

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Wrywood, Sean. "Vaccin mot SARS-CoV-2 – en utvärdering av effektivitet och säkerhet av ledande vaccin : En Litteraturstudie." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104678.

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Анотація:

Introduktion: Coronavirus är RNA-virus med ett lipidhölje som är täckt utav karaktäristiska spikprotein. De mest kända coronavirusvarianterna är SARS-CoV-1 som var aktiv mellan 2002-2004, MERS-CoV som har varit aktiv sedan 2012 och SARS-CoV-2 som har varit aktiv sedan 2019–tillsvidare. SARS-CoV-2 infektionen betecknades januari 30 2020 som en pandemi. Flera läkemedelsföretag har forcerat ??? till att framställa vaccin riktad mot SARS-CoV-2, “The United States Food and Drug Administration” (FDA) och “European Medicines Agency” (EMA) har nödgats att ge ut “Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) i hopp om att få kontroll på dess spridining. Syfte och mål: Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka säkerheten och effektiviteten hos de EMA-godkända vaccinerna riktade mot SARS-CoV-2. Metod: Studierna för vardera vaccin hittades och valdes ut genom World Health Organizations (WHO) “Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines”. Totalt inkluderades åtta studier baserade på tio kliniska prövningar som undersökte säkerheten och effektiviteten hos de fyra ledande vaccinerna från Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca och Johnson & Johnson. Resultat: De fyra undersökta vaccinerna visade en god säkerhet utan grövre biverkningar. De vanligaste biverkningarna hos samtliga vaccin var lokal smärta, trötthet och huvudverk. Dessa biverkningar varade mellan en till två dagar efter vaccination och var till större del milda. Större skillnader kunde ses hos de olika vaccinernas effektivitet, Pfizer BioNTech och Modernas mRNA-vacciner visade på effektiviteter runt 95% medan AstraZeneca och Johnson & Johnsons adenovirus-vektor-vacciner visade på effektiviteter runt 66-70%. Diskussion: Inga större skillnader i säkerhet kunde ses mellan de undersökta vaccinerna. AstraZeneca använde ett influensa vaccin istället för isoton vattenlösning till deras kontrollgrupper. Detta kan ha haft en påverkan på placebo och resultaten från deras prövningar. En tydlig skillnad i effektivitet kunde ses mellan de olika vaccintyperna, vilket har ett stort inflytande på hur lätt man kan inducera flockimmunitet hos en befolkning. Eftersom flockimmunitet har en stor roll i både att bromsa spridningen men även i att förebygga förekomsten av nya virus varianter så bör endast mRNA vacciner rekomenderas om möjligt.
Introduction: Coronaviruses are RNA viruses with a lipid envelope that is covered by characteristic spike protein. The most well-known coronaviruses are SARS-CoV-1 which were active between 2002-2004, MERS-CoV which is active since 2012 and SARS-CoV-2 which is active since 2019. SARS-CoV-2 was designated a pandemic January 30, 2020. Several pharmaceutical companies have been rushing to produce vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2, The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have had to issue Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in the hope of gaining control of its spread. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of the EMA-approved vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2. Method: The studies for each vaccine were found and selected through the World Health Organizations' (WHO) "Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines". A total of eight studies were included based on ten clinical trials examining the safety and efficacy of the four leading vaccines from Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson. Results: The four vaccines examined showed good safety without any serious side effects, the most common side effects with all vaccines were local pain, fatigue, and headache. These side effects lasted between one to two days after vaccination and were mostly mild. Larger differences could be seen in the efficacy of the different vaccines, with Pfizer BioNTech and Moderna's mRNA vaccines showing efficacies of around 95%. While AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson's adenovirus vector vaccines showed efficacies of around 66-70%. Discussion: No major differences in safety could be seen between the vaccines examined. AstraZeneca used an influenza vaccine instead of isotonic aqueous solution for their control groups, this may have had an impact on placebo and thus the results of their trials. A clear difference in efficacy could be seen between the different types of vaccines. This has a great influence on how easily one could induce herd immunity to a population. Herd immunity plays a major role in both slowing the spread but also in preventing the occurrence of new virus variants, therefore mRNA vaccines should be recommended if possible.

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ALTAMIRA, Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas. "Boletín diario de información científica N° 15." Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas ALTAMIRA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651864.

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ALTAMIRA, Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas. "Boletín diario de información científica N° 26." Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas ALTAMIRA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651935.

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Wassbro, Sandra. "”I brist på vaccin har vi kommunikation” : Att skydda det mänskliga omdömet för att rädda liv under covid-19-infodemin." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9612.

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This thesis makes use of biopolitical theory to examine the governmental and organizational response to the covid-19-infodemic. It aims to answer the puzzling research question as to why the infodemic – whose inherent problem is an overabundance of information – is responded to and met with even greater amounts of information by governments and health organizations, and what implications these measures may have on the population. The analysis finds that the question can partly be answered by derivation to previous research within the field of crisis communication: the most efficient way to respond to mis- and disinformation is to respond with correct information and with counter arguments. To answer the question in full an analysis of the subject of security is conducted where what can be interpreted from the material, following a modified version of Carol Lee Bacchi’s “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” method, is that the human judgement can be understood as the subject of security. The idea is that by securing the human judgment through improving people’s health literacy, people can be taught to act in a manner which is coherent with the state’s biopolitical goals, i.e. to secure the survival of the population. The analysis also shows that while these measures are made in an effort to secure the population, the measures themselves risk becoming a threat to the very population it is supposed to protect.

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Nilsonne, Ebba, and Christina Stareborn. "Alarm och turbulens sätter ramarna : En framinganalys av Svenska Dagbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen och Aftonbladet nyhetsrapportering av Covid-19-vaccin under mars 2021." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-46401.

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Coronaviruset utbröt i den kinesiska staden Wuhan i slutet av 2019 och spred sig sedan vidare till övriga världen under 2020. I takt med att viruset muterat och spridits över samtliga kontinenter har mediebevakningen accelererat. I samband med att Sverige vid årsskiftet 2020/2021 fick tillgång till vaccin och började vaccinera befolkningen har också vaccinfrågan för Covid-19 blivit högst aktuell i nyhetsrapporteringen. Sedan läkemedelsföretagens forskningsframsteg gett hopp om ett vaccin på världsmarknaden har rapporteringen fokuserat kring framtagandet och distributionen av vaccin. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur fyra svenska dags- och kvällstidningar, Svenska Dagbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen och Aftonbladet, har gestaltat frågan kring vaccin covid-19 under tidsperioden 1 mars till och med 31 mars 2021. Studiens frågeställningar inkluderar också en jämförelse de utvalda mediernas rapportering samt hur spänningsförhållanden och alarmism skildras under tidsperioden för vår studie. Det teoretiska ramverket utgår från gestaltningsteorin, krisjournalistik och teorin om medielogik. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ framinganalys med vissa kvantitativa inslag som metod genom att undersöka 100 utvalda artiklar från tryckt svensk dags- och kvällspress inom ämnet covid-19-vaccin. Sammantaget visar studiens resultat att gestaltningen av vaccinering mot covid-19 i dags- och kvällspress fokuserade på konflikt, ansvar och lägesrapportering med myndighetsföreträdare som huvudsaklig aktör. Rapporteringen var övergripande negativ och turbulent i sitt slag och behandlade ämnen som fokuserade på problem och negativa konsekvenser av händelser och företeelser kopplade till vaccin. Centralt i rapporteringen var Astra Zenecas vaccin, återkommande ämnen var exportfrågor, biverkningar, vaccinmål och tillgång på vaccin. Tonläge, struktur, bildspråk och spekulation bidrog till att det i det empiriska materialet gick att upptäcka alarmistiska budskap.

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ALTAMIRA, Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas. "Boletín diario de información científica N° 14." Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas ALTAMIRA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651857.

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Kriström, Julia, and Louise Mannerfelt. "“Var är vaccinet mot våld i nära relationer?” : en komparativ innehållsanalys om svensk nyhetspress framställning av våld i nära relationer innan och under covid-19-pandemin." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke högskola, Institutionen för socialvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-8964.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate how domestic violence was presented in Swedish newspapers before and during the covid-19 pandemic. Based on the result, we discuss how a changed reporting can influence the involved parties (perpetrators and victims), and social work in a wider context.To answer the questions of the study, we have studied how newspapers presented the parties in domestic violence, the explanations for the violence, and the character of the violence. The focus of the study was to investigate if there were differences before and during the pandemic. 134 articles were studied in total, from the newspapers Aftonbladet, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet. We found that the newspaper coverage on domestic violence has changed during the covid-19 pandemic, compared to before. During the pandemic, the newspapers reported the pandemic in itself as a reason for domestic violence, and hence excluded many other possible explanations. The reporting during the pandemic often focused on serious domestic violence, on cases where shelters for women were involved, and the pandemic as a reason for domestic violence. Consequently, other types of violence and other types of victims have gotten less coverage in the newspapers. There are fewer articles embracing the width of victims who suffer from domestic violence. In addition, we found that the reporting on the perpetrators committing the violence was more one-dimensional. Before the pandemic, it was clearer that the perpetrators could come from a wide range of age groups, social positions, genders, sexualities etc. During the pandemic, nearly all cases presented in the newspapers were about a hetrosexual man, who was often a father. In summary, we found that the reporting has become more linear and one-dimensional during the pandemic, but also more alarming. The changed newspaper coverage of domestic violence could certainly influence the general picture of the problem, both in the public and in social work.

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Murer, Bianca. "Emergenza e pandemia: Traduzioni dal sito web del Robert Koch Institut." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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Ci troviamo in un singolare momento storico dovuto alla pandemia. In tutto il mondo si sono prodotti enormi cambiamenti della vita quotidiana, sono stati, e continuano ad essere, presi provvedimenti restrittivi al riguardo. Quest’emergenza sanitaria internazionale è qualcosa di nuovo, e nonostante gli studi sul SARS-CoV-2 siano moltissimi, le domande rimangono tante e altrettanti sono i dettagli che ancora non si sanno. In Germania il Robert Koch Institut è l’ente di riferimento per la situazione sanitaria, e attraverso il Covid è diventato ancora più importante. La voglia di rendere accessibile la pagina web anche al pubblico italiano mi ha spinto a scegliere il sito web del Robert Koch Institut come oggetto della mia tesina. In seguito, propongo degli approfondimenti sui compiti del RKI e il suo ruolo in Germania, facendone un confronto con l’Italia. Successivamente entro nello specifico del lavoro di traduzione con un’analisi dei tipi di testi, esponendo poi le varie proposte di traduzione per la Home della pagina web, per parti di altre sezioni di approfondimento sul SARS-CoV-19 e per le strategie da adottare per limitarne il contagio. Infine, il focus verte sulle difficoltà riscontrate nel tradurre. Per ultimo la bibliografia e in allegato la grafica originale delle schermate del sito web che sono state tradotte.

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Martins, Tânia Daniela Ferreira. "Enquadramento regulamentar dos ensaios clínicos na Covid-19." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/10501.

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A síndrome respiratória aguda grave, SARS-CoV-2, é um novo coronavírus detetado na China que sofreu uma rápida dissipação a nível mundial, fazendo com que a Organização Mundial de Saúde declarasse pandemia. Esta síndrome apresenta sintomas como febre, tosse, fadiga e cefaleias e, principalmente em doentes de risco e idosos, combinada com outras doenças já existentes, pode evoluir para uma patologia mais grave com consequências maioritariamente a nível do trato respiratório, como dispneia e pneumonia. É transmitida entre humanos sendo que o uso de equipamento de proteção individual e a higienização das mãos com frequência são essenciais para a prevenção da transmissão. Ainda não existem evidências científicas de tratamentos eficazes para a COVID-19, sendo que as principais medidas adotadas são o controlo dos sintomas, efetuado através de terapêuticas primárias e convencionais para os sinais mais ligeiros. Em situações mais graves têm sido utilizados alguns fármacos que demonstraram efeitos positivos, assim como o suporte respiratório em casos mais críticos. Para que o mundo regresse à normalidade que existia antes do início da pandemia (principalmente em termos laboral e social), tornou-se necessário o progresso rápido de estratégias terapêuticas e profiláticas tais como o aparecimento de vacinas seguras e eficazes seguindo a realização de um plano de vacinação mundial. Desde a fase de desenvolvimento de um medicamento até à sua introdução no mercado, pode levar mais de dez anos. Neste caso particular da COVID-19, devido à participação científica mundial e monetária, permitiu a união de esforços para um desenvolvimento em tempo recorde de um bem comum, a vacina. Em menos de um ano esta foi desenvolvida e comercializada tendo sempre em conta que cumpre toda a legislação, respeitando a eficácia mínima e sem comprometer a sua segurança. Nesta revisão bibliográfica, foram feitas várias pesquisas para certificar a regulamentação de suporte e esforços dedicados para a segurança e eficácia das vacinas para o SARSCoV-2, em ensaios clínicos. Os resultados indicam que há uma boa tolerância, transparência e confiança e que toda a comunidade científica e entidades reguladoras estão a trabalhar em conformidade.
The severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV-2, is a new coronavirus that was detected in China and suffered a rapid dissipation worldwide, making The World Health Organization declare a pandemic situation. This syndrome usually introduces symptoms such as fever, cough, fatigue and headache and, especially in old and high-risk patients, combined with other diseases, can develop into a more serious pathology with consequences mainly at the level of the respiratory tract, such as dyspnea and pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2 infection is transmitted between humans and the use of individual protection equipment and frequent hand hygiene are fundamental to prevent the transmission. There isn’t still scientific evidence of success to treat COVID-19, however the main measures adopted are the control of the symptoms carried out through basic and conventional therapies for the slightest symptoms. Drugs have been used in serious situations, they have shown positive effects as even as respiratory support in more critical cases. To return to normality before the pandemic situation (mainly in labor and social terms), the fast progress has become required in therapeutic and prophylactic measures such as the emergence of safe vaccines and following the achievement of a worldwide vaccination plan. During the medicine development until their introduction on the market, can last more than ten years to be commercialized. In the case of COVID-19, due to the activity worldwide scientific and monetary, it allowed the connection to development of the vaccine, in record time. In less than one year, the vaccine was developed and marketed following the mandatory standards, concerning the minimal effectiveness and without implicating their safety. In this literature review, multiple searches were carried out to certify the support regulation and dedicated efforts to achieve a safety vaccine to prevent SARS-CoV-2, in clinical trials. The results show a good tolerance, transparency and trust and all scientific communities and regulatory authorities are working accordingly.

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Piçarra, Patricia Alexandra Jacinto. "Internship Reports and Monograph entitled "Virus-like particles based vaccines and their role in the COVID-19 pandemic”." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/99021.

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Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas apresentado à Faculdade de Farmácia
Este trabalho de Final de Mestrado engloba os Relatórios de Estágio e Monografia Intitulada "Virus-like particles based vaccines and their role in the COVID-19 pandemic". No final de 2019, na China, um novo coronavírus foi identificado com o surgimento de uma pneumonia atípica. O mundo rapidamente ficou em alerta devido à alta velocidade com que este vírus se transmitia em todo o mundo. Este novo surto foi rapidamente declarado como uma pandemia.Desde o início surgiu a necessidade de criar uma vacina capaz de acabar com o pesadelo da pandemia.Diversas plataformas foram testadas para o desenvolvimento de vacinas contra a Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), entre as quais vacinas que se baseiam em partículas semelhantes a vírus (VLP). As VLPs, que contam com alguns exemplos já existentes no mercado, como as vacinas para hepatite B e para o vírus do papiloma humano, são nanopartículas com base em proteínas que mimetizam a conformação do vírus, apresentando epítopos à superfície. As vacinas baseadas em VLPs já demonstraram ter inúmeras vantagens, incluindo o facto de serem seguras, não conterem o material genético do vírus e serem muito eficientes em termos de ativação do sistema imunológico. Apesar disso, na formulação destas vacinas muitas vezes aparecem associados adjuvantes.O conhecimento da estrutura do vírus SARS-COV-2 possibilitou o desenvolvimento de partículas que mimetizam este coronavírus.Pelo menos cinco vacinas de VLPs contra o SARS-COV-2 já estão em ensaios clínicos e apresentam potencial para serem bem-sucedidas.Neste texto de revisão, iremos reconhecer o potencial destas partículas que mimetizam os vírus, como elas ativam o nosso sistema imunológico, e desvendar os avanços que as vacinas baseadas em VLPs estão a ter nesta luta que o mundo está a enfrentar contra o COVID-19.Naturalmente, para isso temos que descobrir como funciona este vírus mortal.
This Master's Degree document comprises the Internship Reports and Monograph Entitled "Virus-like particles based vaccines and their role in the COVID-19 pandemic".In late 2019, in China, a new coronavirus was identified with the emergence of an atypical pneumonia. The world quickly became in alert due to the high speed with which this virus was being transmitted throughout the world. This new outbreak was quickly declared as a pandemic.From the outset the need arose to create a vaccine capable of putting an end to the pandemic nightmare.Several platforms were tested for the development of vaccines against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), among which virus like particle (VLP) based vaccines. VLPs, with some examples already on the market such us the vaccines for the hepatitis B and for human papilloma virus, are protein-based nanoparticles that mimic the conformation of the virus, presenting epitopes on their surface. VLP based vaccines have already been shown to have numerous advantages, including the fact that they are safe, do not contain virus genetic material, and very efficient in terms of activating immune system. Despite that, in the formulation of these vaccines they often appear associated with adjuvants. The knowledge of the structure of the SARS-COV-2 has made it possible for the development of particles that mimic these coronavirus.At least, five SARS-COV-2 VLP vaccines are already in clinical trials, and show potential to be successful.In this review text we will recognize the potential of these particles that mimic viruses, and how they activate our immune system, and unravel the advances that VLP based vaccines are having in this fight that the world is facing with the COVID-19. Naturally, for that we have to find out how this deadly virus works.

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Neto, Leila Maria Formiga. "Relatórios de Estágio e Monografia intitulada “Vacinas de mRNA: Novo paradigma na tecnologia de vacinas”." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/98983.

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Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas apresentado à Faculdade de Farmácia
As vacinas de ácidos nucleicos, que utilizam como plataforma um RNA mensageiro, codificam um antigénio essencial ao mecanismo de infeção do vírus, contra o qual desencadeiam uma resposta imunitária humoral e celular, que irá atuar rapidamente num futuro contacto com o vírus. A otimização da formulação, quer se trate da própria sequência de RNA, quer seja pela escolha de adjuvantes e, principalmente, pelo desenvolvimento de sistemas nanoparticulares que permitam a libertação controlada e proteção contra a degradação do mRNA, é essencial para promover uma resposta imunológica robusta. O ano de 2020 veio revolucionar o mundo da vacinação, com a aprovação de duas vacinas de mRNA em menos de um ano, após o início do seu desenvolvimento, a BNT162b2e a mRNA-1273. A necessidade de controlar a pandemia de COVID-19, impulsionou a aprovação destas vacinas, cujos resultados revelaram importantes vantagens em comparação com outras plataformas, nomeadamente, na tecnologia de produção de vacinas. A transcrição in vitro permite que a produção da vacina ocorra sem recurso a células, ovos ou bactérias, tornando-a mais célere e menos dispendiosa. Alguns dos desafios a ultrapassar passam por melhorar a estabilidade do mRNA, como desenvolvimento de novas estratégias, como a liofilização, que permitam facilitar o armazenamento das mesmas para condições menos exigentes de temperatura. Também o desenvolvimento de vacinas de mRNA para outras vias de administração, como a intranasal, será vantajoso por permitir a indução de uma resposta imunitária ao nível das mucosas. Com o desenvolvimento de processos padronizados para a criação de vacinas de mRNA, teoricamente, as indústrias farmacêuticas passam a ter a capacidade fabril de responder rapidamente a situações de emergência de saúde pública, causadas por novos agentes patogénicos ou novas variantes, para além de muitas outras aplicações que uma terapêutica à base de mRNA poderá ter. Nesta fase de comercialização das primeiras vacinas de mRNA, é importante manter a farmacovigilância sobre o produto, de modo a avaliar a imunogenicidade e segurança a longo prazo.
Nucleic acid vaccines, which use a messenger RNA as a platform, encode an antigen essential for the virus infection mechanism, against which they trigger a humoral and cellular immune response that will provide a quick action in a future contact with the virus. The optimization of the formulation, either by RNA sequence, or by addition of adjuvants and, mainly, by the development of delivery systems that allow a controlled release and protection against mRNA degradation, it is essential to promote a robust immune response. The 2020 year came to revolutionize the world of vaccination with the approval of two mRNA vaccines in less than a year after the beginning of their development, BNT162b2 e mRNA-1273. The need to control the exponential advance of the COVID-19 pandemic boosted the speed of approval of these vaccines and the results revealed important advantages, when compared to other platforms, especially in what concerns to vaccine production technology. In vitro transcription allows vaccines production without using cells, eggs or bacteria, making it faster and less expensive. Some of the challenges to be overcome include improving the stability of the mRNA, with the development of new strategies, such as lyophilization, which allow storage without demanding ultralow temperatures. Also, the development of mRNA vaccines for other routes of administration, such as intranasal, will be advantageous for allowing the induction of an immune response at the mucosal level. Through the development of standardized processes for the production of mRNA vaccines, theoretically, pharmaceutical industries now have the manufacturing capacity to respond quickly to public health emergencies caused by new pathogens or variants, in addition to many other applications that a mRNA-based therapy have. At this commercialization phase of the first mRNA vaccines, it is important to maintain the pharmacovigilance in order to assess its long-term immunogenicity and safety.

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Almendra, Marta Inês Rabaçal. "Relatórios de Estágio e Monografia intitulada "Registo de medicamentos no EEE: Autorização das vacinas contra a COVID-19"." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/99158.

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Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas apresentado à Faculdade de Farmácia
This document was written as part of the curricular unit "Internship" of the Integrated Master's Degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra.The document includes three parts: two internship reports and a monograph. The first part refers to the internship in Community Pharmacy, at Farmácia do Altinho. The second part comprises the report of the internship in Regulatory Affairs and Pharmacovigilance, at PhaRegistrum - Consultoria Farmacêutica e Técnica, Lda. Both reports are presented in the format of a SWOT analysis, describing the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats identified throughout the internship period. Finally, in the third part, this document includes the Monograph entitled "Registration of medicines in the EEA: Authorisation of COVID-19 vaccines". Proceeding to a brief summary of the monograph: A medicine can only be commercialised in the European Union (EU) when a Marketing Authorisation (MA) has been issued by the competent authority of a Member State or by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). In this last case, medicines are authorised through a Centralised Procedure, which results in a single MA valid for the entire EU market.The Centralised Procedure is mandatory, for example, in case of public health emergencies, such as the current pandemic of COVID-19, for the authorisation of promising medicines and vaccines. However, in such an emergency situation, it is necessary to expedite the processes and reduce the timelines for the evaluation and approval of medicines. Several regulatory agencies have mechanisms in place to authorise medicines for emergency situations, using accelerated review and approval pathways. At the same time, they maintain high standards of quality, efficacy and safety, ensuring that medicines are approved only after scientific evaluation has shown that their benefits outweigh their risks. In addition, for the COVID-19 vaccines, there is an extra resource mobilisation to assist in safety monitoring and risk management during vaccination campaigns. The main objective of this monograph is to describe how medicines are registered in the European Economic Area (EEA), focusing on accelerated assessment and approval of the COVID-19 vaccines, as well as their post-marketing monitoring. Some regulatory pathways through which these vaccines have been receiving fast-track approval by several regulatory agencies outside the EU will also be addressed.
Este documento foi redigido no âmbito da Unidade Curricular “Estágio” do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas, da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra.O documento é constituído por três partes: dois relatórios de estágio e uma monografia. A primeira parte é referente ao estágio em Farmácia Comunitária, na Farmácia do Altinho. Na segunda parte, é apresentado o relatório do estágio em Assuntos Regulamentares e Farmacovigilância, realizado na PhaRegistrum - Consultoria Farmacêutica e Técnica, Lda. Ambos os relatórios são apresentados sob a forma de uma análise SWOT, onde são descritos os Pontos Fortes, os Pontos Fracos, as Oportunidades e as Ameaças identificados no decorrer dos estágios. Por último, na terceira parte, este documento inclui a Monografia intitulada “Registo de medicamentos no EEE: Autorização das vacinas contra a COVID-19”. Passando a uma breve síntese da monografia: Um medicamento só pode ser comercializado na União Europeia (UE) quando uma Autorização de Introdução no Mercado (AIM) tiver sido emitida pela autoridade competente de um Estado-Membro ou pela Agência Europeia de Medicamentos (EMA). Neste último caso, os medicamentos são autorizados através de um Procedimento Centralizado, que resulta numa única AIM válida para todo o mercado da UE.O Procedimento Centralizado é obrigatório, por exemplo, perante emergências de saúde pública, como a atual pandemia de COVID-19, para a autorização de medicamentos e vacinas promissores. No entanto, em tal situação de emergência, torna-se necessário agilizar os processos e reduzir os prazos de avaliação e aprovação dos medicamentos. Diversas agências reguladoras dispõem de mecanismos de autorização de medicamentos para situações de emergência, utilizando vias de revisão e de aprovação aceleradas. Ao mesmo tempo, estas mantêm elevados padrões de qualidade, eficácia e segurança, assegurando que os medicamentos apenas são aprovados depois de uma avaliação científica ter demonstrado que os seus benefícios superam os seus riscos. Para além disso, para as vacinas contra a COVID-19, existe uma mobilização de recursos extra para auxiliar na monitorização da segurança e na gestão de riscos durante as campanhas de vacinação. Esta monografia tem como principal objetivo descrever de que forma os medicamentos são registados no Espaço Económico Europeu (EEE), com foco na avaliação e aprovação aceleradas das vacinas contra a COVID-19, bem como na sua monitorização pós-comercialização. Serão, também, abordadas algumas vias regulatórias através das quais estas vacinas têm obtido aprovação rápida por diversas agências reguladoras fora da UE.

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Macedo, Patrícia Isabel Nunes. "Relatório de Estágio e Monografia intitulada " A inovação farmacêutica e o desenvolvimento de vacinas: o caso da COVID-19"." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/99008.

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Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas apresentado à Faculdade de Farmácia
O plano curricular do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas (MICF) contempla um conteúdo programático muito completo, que integra todo o ciclo do medicamento. Na fase final do curso, os conhecimentos teóricos são aplicados à prática através de um estágio curricular em Farmácia Comunitária ou ainda um segundo estágio facultativo em Farmácia Hospitalar ou em Indústria Farmacêutica.Neste sentido, realizei o estágio curricular na Bluepharma, uma Indústria Farmacêutica portuguesa, e na Farmácia dos Olivais, ambos em Coimbra. Estas duas experiências profissionais estão descritas no presente relatório, através de uma análise SWOT. A monografia também está presente neste trabalho, intitulada de “A inovação farmacêutica e o desenvolvimento de vacinas: o caso da COVID-19”. A inovação farmacêutica representa um grande valor social e económico para a sociedade e é fulcral para qualquer sistema de saúde da atualidade. A geração de inovação é a chave da IF, que tem um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos, vacinas e tratamentos capazes de transformar a vida da população. A IF tem contribuído para o aumento da qualidade e da esperança média de vida. As vacinas têm grande impacto na saúde pública e são uma das tecnologias mais eficazes e económicas no combate a doenças infeciosas. Ao longo dos anos, têm ocorrido surtos de doenças infeciosas - SARS, gripe H1N1, MERS, Ébola, Zika, febre de Lassa, entre outros – que são fortes indícios da falta de preparação de uma resposta a epidemias que requereriam um rápido desenvolvimento e distribuição de vacinas a nível mundial. Com a situação pandémica da COVID-19, renasceu o interesse pelo desenvolvimento de estratégias de I&D para prevenir, tratar e controlar estes vírus. Um conjunto de vários fatores contribuiu para a evolução do ecossistema de inovação e desenvolvimento de vacinas seguras e eficazes a um ritmo sem precedentes. Apesar de o mundo não estar preparado para esta emergência de saúde pública, a COVID-19 trouxe grandes mudanças nos investimentos em doenças infeciosas, desenvolvimento de medicamentos e programas regulamentares. No futuro, será fundamental garantir um ecossistema de inovação sustentável. A humanidade terá de estar pronta responder a estas ameaças globais à saúde, reduzindo o seu impacto na população.
The curricular plan of the Integrated Master’s in Pharmaceutical Sciences (MICF) includes a very complete program, which integrates the entire medicine cycle. In the final stage of the course, theoretical knowledge is applied to practice through a curricular internship in Community Pharmacy or a second optional internship in Hospital Pharmacy or Pharmaceutical Industry.In this sense, I did an internship at Bluepharma, a Portuguese Pharmaceutical Industry, and at Farmácia dos Olivais, both in Coimbra. These two professional experiences are described in this report, through a SWOT analysis. The monograph is also present in this work, entitled “Pharmaceutical innovation and vaccine development: the case of COVID-19”. Pharmaceutical innovation represents a great social and economic value for society and is central to any healthcare system today. Generating innovation is the key to IF, which has a fundamental role in the development of new drugs, vaccines and treatments capable of transforming the lives of the population. The IF has contributed to the increase in quality and average life expectancy. Vaccines have a major impact on public health and are one of the most effective and affordable technologies to fight infectious diseases. Over the years, outbreaks of this diseases have occurred - SARS, H1N1 flu, MERS, Ebola, Zika, Lassa fever, among others. These are strong indications of the lack of preparation for an epidemic response, that would require rapid development and worldwide vaccine distribution. With the pandemic situation of COVID-19, interest in the development of R&D strategies to prevent, treat and control these viruses was reborn. Several factors have contributed to the evolution of the ecosystem of innovation and development, of safe and effective vaccines, at an unprecedented pace. Although the world is unprepared for this public health emergency, COVID-19 has brought major changes in investments in infectious diseases, drug development, and regulatory programs. In the future, it will be essential to ensure a sustainable innovation ecosystem. Humanity will have to be ready to respond to these global health threats, reducing their impact on the population

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Winkler, Noni. "Investigating vaccine preventable diseases and the COVID-19 pandemic." Master's thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/265413.

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Vaccination is widely regarded to be one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century. While 2020 was the Year of COVID-19, 2021 is being regarded as the Year of the Vaccine, with vaccinations in the public spotlight, serving as a cornerstone of global pandemic management. This thesis contains work undertaken for the Master of Philosophy in Applied Epidemiology (MAE) while on placement at the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) in 2020 and 2021. The MAE core requirements presented in this thesis cover four pillars of epidemiology: investigation of an acute public health problem or threat (outbreak investigation), public health data analysis, epidemiological study, and the establishment or evaluation of a surveillance system. The outbreak investigation competency is fulfilled by my participation in the COVID-19 Schools Study, which ran across both 2020 and 2021. This was an active surveillance project carried out in all NSW schools and early childhood education and care (ECEC) services to quantify and characterise the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in these settings. I present some of the findings in Chapter 2, showing that while spread in educational settings was limited, a small number of outbreaks did occur and transmission within these outbreaks may have been facilitated by delayed outbreak recognition, very close or prolonged contact with a case, and specific high-risk transmission events. The risk of school and ECEC outbreaks may be mitigated by stay-at-home-if-sick messaging, school-based mitigation measures aimed at improving infection control, and restricting high-risk activities to times with low community incidence of disease. In Chapter 3, I present a detailed analysis of national measles notifications, hospitalisations, and deaths from 2012 to 2019 which fulfilled the competency for conducting an epidemiological study. Australia was verified as having eliminated measles in 2014, but incidence almost doubled in the 2012 to 2019 period compared with 2000 to 2011. While the data presented in Chapter 3 support Australia's continuing elimination status, global progress towards elimination has stalled, and a global resurgence is expected as a result of increased immunity gaps due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Australia will need to remain vigilant, maintaining robust surveillance and high coverage of measles vaccination. The MAE requirement of carrying out a public health data analysis project is demonstrated in Chapter 4, in which I report my analysis of two decades of national diphtheria notification, hospitalisation, and mortality data (1999-2019). Although still exceedingly rare, Australia has seen an increase in notified cases of diphtheria in the last decade, likely driven by a combination of a series of case definition changes occurring over the period and improvements in case ascertainment. It remains important to maintain high levels of vaccination coverage. In particular, pre-travel booster vaccination should continue to be encouraged. A surveillance system evaluation project is presented in Chapter 5, in which I evaluated the COVID-19 and Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome-Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) components of the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance (PAEDS) system. The evaluation followed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Updated Guidelines for the Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems using a mixed methods approach, and provided recommendations for ensuring PAEDS can continue to continue to support Australia's national surveillance goals into the future. Chapter 6 outlines teaching activities undertaken during my MAE and lessons learnt through such activities. The work presented in this thesis represents my MAE activities at NCIRS, and a contribution to public health in Australia.

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Henriques, Daniela Filipa da Conceição. "BCG Vaccine for Immune-prophylaxis during the Pandemic of COVID-19: a systematic review." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/98498.

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Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina
ABSTRACT:Introdução:Desde que o vírus da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SARS-CoV-2) surgiu na China no final de 2019, infectou mais de 93 milhões de humanos em todo o mundo, sobrecarregando os sistemas de saúde e causando mais de 2 milhões de mortes. A fácil propagação do vírus e a necessidade de proteção dos profissionais de saúde chamaram a atenção para a vacina Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). O BCG é conhecido por efeitos não específicos na melhoria da imunidade inata. Algumas estudos sugeriram eventual proteção contra o coronavírus em nações onde o BCG faz parte da política nacional de vacinação.Métodos:Após o registro do protocolo no PROSPERO (ID = CRD42020188486), realizamos uma revisão sistemática da literatura nos bancos de dados PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Clinical Trials.gov e Cochrane Library sobre o uso da vacina BCG para imunoprofilaxia de SARS-CoV-2. Uma pesquisa adicional foi realizada no MedRxiv para pre-prints. A seleção dos manuscritos foi realizada de acordo com as diretrizes PRISMA. O papel da vacinação BCG foi avaliado em termos de incidência e gravidade da doença COVID-19.Resultados:453 resumos foram inicialmente revistos e recuperados 76 artigos com texto completo. Destes, 51 estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão: 36 artigos originais e 15 ensaios clínicos.Verificou-se efeito positivo da vacina BCG na diminuição dos casos de COVID-19 e na mortalidade por COVID-19. Os indivíduos vacinados com BCG são menos propensos a contrair a doença do que os não vacinados, geralmente são assintomáticos e têm menor probabilidade de serem hospitalizados durante o curso da doença.Conclusões:Estudos epidemiológicos e de coorte sugerem que a vacinação BCG pode prevenir o COVID-19, porém sem uma avaliação mais cuidadosa e detalhada não podemos assumir isso como evidência irrefutável.
Background: Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus emerged in China by the end of 2019, it has infected more than 93 million humans around the world, overwhelmed health systems worldwide and caused more than 2 million deaths. The easy-spread of the virus and the need for health care professional’s protection raised attention to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. BCG is known for nonspecific, protective innate immune–boosting effects.Early evidence suggested eventual protection against coronavirus in nations where BCG is part of the national vaccination policy. Methods: After a priori protocol registration in PROSPERO(ID=CRD42020188486), we performed a systematic literature review in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Clinical Trials.gov and Cochrane Library databases for studies on the use BCG Vaccine for immune- prophylaxis of SARS-CoV illness. Further search was also performed on MedRxiv for pre-prints. Manuscripts selection was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The role of BCG vaccination was assessed in terms of incidence and severity of COVID-19 disease. Results: 453 abstracts were initially reviewed and 76 full-text articles were retrieved. From those, 51 studies met the inclusion criteria: 36 original articles and 15 clinical trials. A positive effect of the BCG vaccine on diminishing COVID-19 cases and mortality was verified. Individuals that underwent BCG vaccination are less likely to contract the disease than unvaccinated, are usually asymptomatic and have a lower probability to be hospitalized during the disease course. Conclusions: Epidemiological and cohort studies suggest that BCG vaccination might prevent COVID-19, however without a thoughtful and more detailed evaluation we cannot assume this as irrefutable evidence.

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Alsulami, Abdulrahman Fahim M. "The Impact of Bilateral Investment Treaties on Health-related Intellectual Property Rights in the TRIPS Agreement." Thesis, 2021. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/43471/.

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The COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented challenges for the international community. One of the most pressing issues of 2021 is the need to balance between private rights and public interests when addressing equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. The thesis determines whether bilateral investment treaties and treaties with investment provisions appropriately balance the rights and interests of intellectual property right holders, investors, and the public in Saudi Arabia and Australia on the issue of COVID-19 vaccine development, manufacturing, and distribution in light of the TRIPS Agreement. The thesis uses the methodologies of qualitative content and legal interpretation analysis. The thesis first investigates the nature and distinctive features of investment treaties signed by Australia and Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 crisis. It then explores the application of these treaties and the TRIPS Agreement to the regulation of health-related IP rights and investigate areas of congruence and divergence between the treaties and the TRIPS Agreement regarding the regulation of health-related IP rights. Further, the clarification of priorities in the case of overlap and the existing dispute resolution mechanisms in light of the COVID-19 crisis are explored. Finally, key implications of the pandemic for regulating health-related IP rights related to the development and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines are identified, and the compliance of vaccine deals negotiated by Saudi Arabia and Australia with the TRIPS Agreement and investment treaties are evaluated. The study results show that both countries have experienced certain problems in conducting vaccination campaigns; nonetheless, their vaccine agreements provide a sufficient number of doses for their populations. Regarding bilateral treaties signed by Australia and Saudi, most are in line with the TRIPS rules and do not prevent use of the flexibilities offered by the TRIPS Agreement to overcome the pandemic’s spread. The Australia–U.S. free trade agreement is a significant exception. This agreement prevents the Australian government from utilizing parallel importation to obtain additional doses of certain vaccines and complicates the use of compulsory licenses due to restrictions put on the transfer of know-how. This is a significant reduction of the benefits which would otherwise be available under the TRIPS agreement. The research concludes that the existing flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement enable flexible arrangements to facilitate vaccination campaigns in Australia and Saudi Arabia if they are available under bilateral investment treaties. In particular, the proposed TRIPS Waiver has the potential to make significant contributions to vaccine availability as long as it is not negated by bilateral treaties.

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Åkra, Gisle Røe. "The COVID-19 vaccine race, government bond yields, and index futures : analysis of 34 OECD member countries." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/35736.

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This dissertation aims to investigate how government bond yields of 34 OECD member countries, along with five index futures, reacted to COVID-19 vaccine announcements from Moderna Inc. and Pfizer Inc./BioNTech during 2020. Event study and (cumulative) abnormal return methodology are used as the essential tools to investigate impacts. I find that especially Pfizer’s Phase 3 announcement in November 2020 is the event that provides the most significant results on government bond yields and index futures combined in terms of cumulative abnormal returns and event regression estimates. However, Moderna’s Phase 1 vaccine announcement in May 2020 would have significant impacts on economic optimism, which is reflected in the cumulative abnormal returns of index futures and the related event regression estimates. Furthermore, I investigate underlying economic and COVID-19 variables to understand the drivers of abnormal bond yields. I find that in particular net lending/borrowing as % of GDP, inflation, and unemployment rates are the variables exhibiting the greatest significance overall.
Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de investigar como os rendimentos de títulos públicos de 34 países-membro da OECD, mais cinco índices de futuros, reagiram aos anúncios das vacinas para a COVID-19 Moderna Inc. e Pfizer Inc./BioNTech durante 2020. O método de estudo de evento e retornos anormais (cumulativos) é usado como ferramenta essencial para investigar os impactos. Eu descobri que o anúncio da fase 3 da Pfizer em Novembro 2020 foi o evento que gerou os resultados mais significativos em rendimentos de títulos públicos e índices de futuros juntos, em termos de retornos anormais cumulativos e estimativas de regressão do evento. Contudo, o anúncio em Maio 2020 da fase 1 da vacina Moderna teve impactos significativos no otimismo económico, que é refletido em retornos anormais cumulativos dos índices de futuros e das estimativas de regressão do respetivo evento. Adicionalmente, investiguei outras variáveis económicas e da COVID-19 para compreender os determinantes dos rendimentos anormais das obrigações. Eu descobri que emprestar/pedir emprestado líquido em % do PIB, inflação e taxas de desemprego são em geral as variáveis com maior significância.

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Martins, Mara Daniela Da Rocha. "Covid-19: the impact on the hotel industry - the Nh hotel group case study." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/122675.

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This work project aims at measuring the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the hotel industry by taking NH Hotel Group as a case study. Firstly, an analysis of the surrounding environment and the crisis originated by the pandemic was performed, focusing on the tourism sector and, specifically, the lodging industry. Thereafter, a research on the above-mentioned company was conducted in order to understand its business model and market context. Finally, a valuation of NH Hotel Group was completed based on a 5-year business plan under three different scenarios related with a vaccine development. An enterprise value of €5,063 million and €2,786 million was obtained in the best and worst-case scenarios, respectively, which translated to a stock price of €7.25 and €1.44in each. These results illustrate how a faster vaccine develop mentis expected to lead to a lower COVID-19 outbreak impact on NH Hotel Group value.

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Simões, Patrícia Sofia Francisco. "Intenção de vacinação contra a COVID-19 em Portugal : preditores sociodemográficos e psicossociais." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37013.

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A vacinação apresenta-se como uma das respostas fundamentais no controlo da pandemia por COVID-19, pelo que é importante compreender os preditores de intenção de vacinação por parte dos indivíduos, para assim promover a sua adesão. O presente estudo teve por finalidade avaliar a intenção de vacinação numa amostra de indivíduos da população portuguesa, bem como explorar um conjunto de variáveis sociodemográficas e psicossociais, baseadas em três modelos preditivos (i.e., Modelo de Crenças da Saúde, Teoria do Comportamento Planeado e Modelo dos 3 “C’s”), enquanto preditores dessa intenção. Adicionalmente, pretendeu-se perceber se as notícias sobre reações adversas e suspensão do programa da vacinação com uma das marcas de vacinas em circulação poderá ter tido impacto na confiança nas vacinas e nas intenções de vacinação. O estudo realizado foi transversal, quantitativo, com dados recolhidos através de um questionário online. A amostra era constituída por 383 participantes, residentes em Portugal e que, à data não tinham ainda sido vacinadas contra a COVID-19. Os resultados evidenciaram que a intenção de vacinação era mais elevada entre pessoas com outra nacionalidade que não a portuguesa, entre profissionais de saúde, e entre aqueles que residiam com pessoas acima dos 65 anos. Os determinantes psicossociais que evidenciaram estar associados à intenção de vacinação foram o ceticismo, com uma relação negativa, benefícios percebidos, norma social e perceção de risco (suscetibilidade), todos com relações positivas relativamente à intenção de vacinação. Após as notícias que surgiram nos media acerca dos efeitos adversos potencialmente associados à vacina da AstraZeneca, verificou-se uma diminuição na intenção de vacinação e confiança em todas as vacinas, em especial na vacina da AstraZeneca. Estes resultados contribuem para a identificação de grupos-alvo de intervenção prioritária, bem como de um conjunto de crenças e preditores potencialmente modificáveis que poderão ser utilizados para promover a adesão à vacinação.
Vaccination is one of the fundamental measures taken to control the pandemic due to COVID-19, which makes it important to comprehend the predictors of the intention of getting vaccinated, in order to promote its adherence. This study had the goal to evaluate the intention to get vaccinated in a sample of Portuguese individuals, as well as explore an ensemble of sociodemographic and psychosocial variables, based on three predictive models (i.e., Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, and the 3 C’s Model), as predictors of said intention. Additionally, it was intended to understand if the news about adverse reactions and suspension of the vaccination program with one of the vaccine brands might have had impact on the trust on vaccines and intentions to get vaccinated. This study was transversal, quantitative, with data collected through an online questionnaire. The sample consisted of 383 participants, living in Portugal that, until the date, were not vaccinated against COVID-19. The results showed that the intention to get vaccinated was higher in people with other nationality non-Portuguese, in between health professionals, that lived with people above 65 years old. The psychosocial determinants that were associated with the intention to get vaccinated were skepticism, with a negative relation, understood benefits, social norm, and risk perception (susceptibility), all with positive relations considering intention to get vaccinated. After the emerging news on the media about the possible adverse effects associated to AstraZeneca, it was observed a decrease in the intention to get vaccinated and trust towards all vaccines, especially AstraZeneca. These results contribute to the identification of target groups that should be prioritized when intervening, as well as what beliefs and predictors potentially modified can be used to promote adherence to vaccination.

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AJOVALASIT, Samantha. "Disorientation towards routine immunization, COVID-19 anxiety, and propensity to vaccinate. An analysis based on Twitter data in Italy." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11570/3182147.

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Background Online social media (OSM) play an importart role in our life, for many even indispensable. To speak with and to get in touch with other, people post huge amounts of contents, often personal, and often dealing with sensible topics, as health. OSM and the web are used to share and to acquire information based upon which they often take decision potentially impacting on health and quality of life. There are many positive aspects in the use of social media: reduce physical distance, share information, and retrieve knowledge from new kind of data. However, social media might become harmful e.g., when they become a vehicle for the spread misinformation capable to destabilize the public opinon - especially for controversial topics like vaccination - and generate disorientation amongst people, who can loose awareness of what they read or watch, becoming misinformed and spreaders of misinformation in their turn. Objectives and Methods Using Twitter and Sentiment analysis techniques on tweets written in Italian we attempted at i) characterizing the temporal flow of communication on Twitter about vaccines related topic in the year 2018 and during the COVID-19 Pandemic, ii) identifying the main triggering events, iii) evaluate the opinion and polarity in the case of immunization policy in 2018 and study the effect of COVID-19 on Twitter, iv) investigate if contrasting announcement and decision on immunization policy generated disorientation in public opinion in Italy on 2018 and see if Twitter flow in Italy respond to the pandemic spread at national, regional, and province level. Result Political events originated, in both analyses, major reactions. On sentiment about vaccine and immunization policy we found that 75% are favorable, 11% unfavorable, and 14% undecided, with the first and latter proportions that changed in trend, synchronized with the change of government in Italy, suggesting evidence of long term disorientation in public opinion. We tested for presence of disorientation, in form of instability in polarity proportion, also for short term. Proportion of people involved in vaccination was negligible. For COVID-19 we found a clear a positive correlation between Twitter flow and Covid cases reported, especially in the most hit regions by pandemic. Conclusion Use of social media analysis is useful to estimate and have a better overview of the public opinion for critical health-related topics. Disorientation appears on social media in controversial topic, such as vaccination decision, showing that health topic and healthcare should never be used to raise political consensus. Disorientation may raise also due to lack of presence of public health institutions on social media calling for efforts to contrast misinformation, which needs further analyzed to understand how this will translate in disorientation and future vaccination decision. During the most important health threath of last years, people use social media to espress concern, anxiety, and presence of denialism, it remains to be seen how these sentiments arise and spread during a pandemic and what is the role of social media exposure and misinformation.

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Jesus, Ana Rita Moreira Gaspar de. "O Processo de Desenvolvimento e Aprovação de Medicamentos: O Caso Particular das Vacinas COVID-19." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/99135.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Biotecnologia Farmacêutica apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia
Um novo medicamento está sujeito a um rigoroso processo de investigação, desenvolvimento, avaliação e aprovação, por forma a garantir a sua qualidade, segurança e eficácia e o cumprimento dos requisitos exigidos pelas entidades regulamentares competente. No final do ano de 2019, foi identificado um novo coronavírus, o SARS-CoV-2. Este agente etiológico, causador da doença COVID-19, rapidamente se disseminou por todo o mundo, levando a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) a decretar o estado de pandemia COVID-19, a 11 de março de 2020. A situação de emergência gerada, desafiou os sistemas de saúde e as autoridades competentes a nível mundial, exigindo a afetação excecional de recursos técnicos, financeiros e humanos, por forma a combater a crise de saúde pública instalada. O desenvolvimento de uma vacina eficaz contra a COVID-19, foi identificada como a melhor estratégia para suster a pandemia, levando à adoção de estratégias diferenciadas e da convergência de esforços por forma a acelerar o processo de desenvolvimento e introdução no mercado de vacinas contra a COVID-19. Neste estudo pretende-se analisar como decorreu o processo de introdução no mercado das vacinas COVID-19. Serão abordadas as especificidades regulamentares que foram adotadas de modo a permitir a célere aprovação e comercialização destas vacinas.
A new drug is subject to a rigorous research, development, evaluation, and approval process to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of the drug and compliance with the requirements of the relevant regulatory authorities. Late in 2019, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was identified. This etiological agent, causing the disease COVID-19, quickly spread throughout the world, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to decree the state of pandemic COVID-19, on March 11, 2020.This emergency has challenged health systems and competent authorities worldwide, requiring the exceptional allocation of technical, financial, and human resources to combat the public health crisis. The development of an effective vaccine against COVID-19 was identified as the best strategy to halt the pandemic, leading to the adoption of differentiated strategies and the convergence of efforts to accelerate the process of development and market introduction of vaccines against COVID-19. This study aims to analyze how the market introduction process of the COVID-19 vaccines took place. The regulatory specificities that were adopted to allow the rapid approval and marketing of these vaccines will be addressed.

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SANTIROCCHI, ALESSANDRO. "Psycho-cognitive predictors of risk perception, social distancing and vaccination intention during COVID-19 outbreak: the case of Italy." Doctoral thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1651050.

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The current dissertation was developed during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. The central theme of the present work focuses on the belief that, during this time of extreme difficulty for the world's population, COVID-19 pandemic can be brought under control mainly by massive and rapid behaviour change. One way to achieve this goal is to systematically monitor and understand how different individuals perceive risk and adhere to protective behaviours. The main aim of the present work is to understand whether there exist cognitive, social and psychological predictors of protective behaviours against COVID- 19. In particular, the dissertation takes into consideration three main topics: risk perception, social distancing and vaccine intention in the Italian population. It comprises a detailed letterature review on these topics and three experimental works addressing each aspect. The general suggestion of the present work is that behavioral insights concerning the pandemic are of most importance for governments and the world's population for developing strategies to deal with COVID-19 and other possible pandemics in the future.

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Branco, Filipa Saraiva e. Silva Rodrigues. "Influência e caracterização do movimento antivacinação nas redes sociais em Portugal." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/131416.

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Introdução: A resposta à pandemia provocada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 e as vacinas desenvolvidas têm encontrado obstáculos criados pela disseminação de notícias falsas e conspirações propagadas pelo movimento antivacinação nas redes sociais. Desta forma, a hesitação vacinal poderá ter contornos nunca antes vistos, em Portugal, até ao momento. Métodos: Este estudo analisa as publicações, comentários e membros do grupo do Facebook “Anti-VAX Portugal” desde 10 de abril a 10 de outubro de 2020, no decorrer da pandemia. Foi também aplicado um inquérito por questionário online, onde se procura compreender a influência que os conteúdos antivacinais tiveram sobre os utilizadores das redes sociais no processo de decisão de vacinação contra a COVID-19. Resultados: A partir da análise deste grupo, compreendendo 347 membros e com motivações distintas, foram identificadas 440 publicações, das quais 48% são teorias da conspiração. A partilha de publicações contra a vacina para a COVID-19 iniciou-se ainda antes da existência efetiva da vacina. No inquérito online aferimos que a influência dos conteúdos antivacinação na rede social Facebook sobre indivíduos indecisos é quatro vezes superior do que se estes não se deparassem com tais conteúdos. No caso daqueles que se mostravam decididos a não se vacinar contra o vírus SARS-CoV-2, mais de metade foram expostos a conteúdos antivacinação. Conclusão: Este movimento é altamente capacitado para influenciar a opinião de outros através de campanhas antivacinação, realizadas antes da criação da vacina para a COVID-19, e as redes sociais são o veículo ideal para a disseminação e a organização de ações fora do espaço digital.
Background: The pandemic by SARS-CoV-2 virus and the vaccines developed will face obstacles created by the dissemination of fake news and conspiracies propagated by the anti-vaccination movement on social media. Thus, the vaccine hesitation will have contours never seen before, in Portugal. Methods: This study analyzes the posts, comments, and members of the Facebook group “Anti-VAX Portugal” from April 10th to October 10th, during the pandemic. As well as the development of an online questionnaire survey where we understand the influence that anti-vaccination content has on social media users to take the COVID-19 vaccine. Results: The analysis of 347 members, with different motivations, culminates in 440 publications where 48% are conspiracy theories. Vaccine sharing for COVID-19 started long before there was one. In the online survey, we verified that the influence of anti-vaccination content on social media, on hesitant individuals, is four times higher than if they had not come across such content. Also, for those who have already decided that they will not be vaccinated against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, more than half were exposed to the contents of the anti-vaccination movement. Conclusion: This movement is highly capable of influencing the opinion of others through anti-vaccination campaigns, carried out before the creation of the vaccine for COVID-19 and social media is the ideal vehicle for the dissemination and organization of actions outside the digital space.

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