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Статті в журналах з теми "Cultural risk theory":
1
Tansey, James, and Tim O'riordan. "Cultural theory and risk: A review." Health, Risk & Society 1, no. 1 (March 1999): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698579908407008.
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Bauman, Zygmunt, and Mary Douglas. "Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory." British Journal of Sociology 45, no. 1 (March 1994): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/591531.
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Evar, Benjamin. "Framing Co2 Storage Risk: A Cultural Theory Perspective." Energy & Environment 23, no. 2-3 (May 2012): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958-305x.23.2-3.375.
Анотація:
This research note discusses risk perceptions of CO2 storage from a cultural theory perspective. Data for consideration is drawn from several publications by key stakeholders in the CO2 storage risk debate, as well as studies of (lay) public perceptions of risk. Two strands of further research are proposed based on the data, and a claim is made that publications from one stakeholder, the EU Commission, strongly indicate a risk framing that conforms to the hierarchical typology within cultural theory. Suggestions are made for more detailed fieldwork to confirm this finding and to investigate the research questions further.
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Brenot, Jean, Sylviane Bonnefous, and Claire Marris. "Testing the Cultural Theory of Risk in France." Risk Analysis 18, no. 6 (December 1998): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb01116.x.
5
Tsohou, Aggeliki, Maria Karyda, Spyros Kokolakis, and Evangelos Kiountouzis. "Formulating information systems risk management strategies through cultural theory." Information Management & Computer Security 14, no. 3 (May 2006): 198–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09685220610670378.
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Beidelman, T. O. ": Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory . Mary Douglas." American Anthropologist 95, no. 4 (December 1993): 1065–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1993.95.4.02a00740.
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McNeeley, Shannon M., and Heather Lazrus. "The Cultural Theory of Risk for Climate Change Adaptation." Weather, Climate, and Society 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 506–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-13-00027.1.
Анотація:
Abstract The way in which people perceive climate change risk is informed by their social interactions and cultural worldviews comprising fundamental beliefs about society and nature. Therefore, perceptions of climate change risk and vulnerability along with people’s “myths of nature”—that is, how groups of people conceptualize the way nature functions—influence the feasibility and acceptability of climate adaptation planning, policy making, and implementation. This study presents analyses of cultural worldviews that broaden the current treatments of culture and climate change mitigation and adaptation decision making in communities. The authors use insights from community-based climate research and engage the Cultural Theory of Risk conceptual framework to situate community understandings of, and responses to, climate impacts. This study looks at how the issue of climate change manifests socially in four cases in the United States and Tuvalu and how ideas about climate change are produced by the institutional cultural contexts across scales from the local to the global. This approach helps us identify local and regional priorities and support the development of new relationships for adaptation research and planning by helping to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation, assist improved communication through framing/reframing climate issues based on shared understandings and collective learning, and help move from conflict to cooperation through better negotiation of diverse worldviews.
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Sjoberg, Lennart. "Explaining risk perception: an empirical evaluation of cultural theory." Risk Decision and Policy 2, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135753097348447.
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Boholm, Åsa. "Risk perception and social anthropology: Critique of cultural theory*." Ethnos 61, no. 1-2 (January 1996): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00141844.1996.9981528.
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Goodwin, Yölande, and Kenneth David Strang. "Socio-Cultural and Multi-Disciplinary Perceptions of Risk." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 1, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2012010101.
Анотація:
This is a review of the extant risk theory literature that hypothesizes new cross-cultural perceptions and multi-disciplinary techniques have emerged in risk management practice. Basic concepts in risk theory are introduced and then the generally accepted risk management framework is explained (identification, assessment, planning, and control). Global macro-environment factors and contemporary risk assessment practices are briefly explored. A multi-disciplinary socio-cultural meta-model of risk theory is developed. The paper concludes with ideas and proposes research questions for future studies.
Дисертації з теми "Cultural risk theory":
1
Tansey, James Damian. "Danger, risk and security : a theoretical and empirical study." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297491.
2
Sulaiman, Nor Hanim. "Cultural theory, social arena, accountingisation and value-based organisations : exploring risk perceptions and risk reporting of statutory organisations in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2008. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21946.
Анотація:
The purpose of this research is to explore risk perceptions and risk reporting of statutory organisations in Malaysia. The methodologies employed are inductive and cooperative inquiry. This study is qualitative due to the subjective interpretivist position on risk perceptions and risk reporting adopted. The research technique is a case study of two case organisations, namely the Pilgrims Fund and the Armed Forces Fund. Within the case study, the research methods are inter-views, questionnaires and documentary review. Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between risk perception and the amount of risk reported by both organisations. This is in accordance with cultural theory. Although reported risks are voluntarily disclosed by both organisations, the Pilgrims Fund was not as transparent as its stakeholders expected. There seems to be accountingisation of the value-based Pilgrims Fund. Risk reporting is shifting to comply with the economic-based regulatory mechanism. The stakeholders reacted by requesting more disclosure. The Pilgrims Fund responded by producing alternative reporting. Meanwhile, the Armed Forces Fund seems to be more transparent and more uniform in its risk disclosure. There is less reaction from the stakeholders. There seems to be minimal impact of accountingisation since the Armed Forces Fund has economic-based objectives, in line with the rationality of its stakeholders. Within each arena, the inter-relationships between the different policy systems conform to the social arena metaphor. Dependent on their resources and interests, issue amplifiers highlight the risk information shared by the actors and the rule enforcer with other policy systems within the arena. As a conclusion, this research extends the applicability of cultural theory and the social arena metaphor to both case organisations operating within a single nation.
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Nilsson, Daniel. "Hur uppfattas miljörisker? : En komparativ studie om riskperception avseende miljöproblem på två orter i Sverige." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och kulturvetenskap (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-77460.
Анотація:
Miljörisker är risker som är relaterade till miljöproblem och hot kopplat till det. Hur människor i Sverige uppfattar det kan skilja sig runt om i landet. Den här studiens syfte är att undersöka uppfattningen och riskperceptionen hos människor i de två orterna Skoghall och Tullinge, samt hur samhällsstrukturer och kulturella världsbilder påverkar uppfattningen och synen på miljörisker relaterat till klimatförändringar och luftföroreningar. Studien använder en komparativ metod där riskperception och uppfattningar hos människor i de två orterna är egenskaperna som jämförs utifrån det teoretiska ramverket Cultural Theory of Risk. Fokusgruppsintervjuer används för datainsamling som genomfördes under två tillfällen i respektive ort, data analyseras med tematisk analys där mönster i intervjusvar beskrivs i form av teman. Studiens resultat visar att skillnader såväl som likheter kan hittas i uppfattning av miljörisker i båda orterna. Den största skillnaden mellan orterna är att det finns mångfald vad gäller synen på miljörisker på en lokal nivå i Skoghall än i Tullinge, där det visar sig råda mer samsyn. Den största likheten mellan orterna är hur nyheter och media med mera påverkar människors uppfattning av miljörisker på ett sätt som gör att de bland annat anser att klimatförändringar och luftföroreningars effekter skulle bli mer allvarliga utanför Sverige. Slutligen visar studien att det generellt finns en påverkan från samhällsstrukturer och kulturella världsbilder i riskperception hos människor som är delvis grunden till skillnaderna och likheterna mellan orterna.Environmental risks are risks connected to environmental issues and threats that come with them. How people in Sweden perceive them can vary around the country. This study’s purpose is to examine the comprehension and perception of environmental risks linked to climate change and air pollution in the two localities of Skoghall and Tullinge. How social structures and cultural worldviews are affecting them is also examined. The study is using a comparative method where the risk perception and comprehension of the people in the two localities are the characteristics that are compared, based on the theoretical framework of Cultural Theory of Risk. Focus group interviews are used to collect data with two interviews that is made in each locality, the data is analyzed with Thematic analysis where patterns in the interview answers are described through themes. The result of this study shows that there are differences and similarities between the localities when it comes to the comprehension of environmental risks. The greatest difference between the localities is that there is more of a diversity in perception of environmental risks on a local level in Skoghall than in Tullinge, where there is more of a consensus on the matter. The greatest similarity between the localities is regarding how news and media etc. are influencing people’s comprehension of environmental risks in a way that they, among other things, think that the effects of climate change and air pollution would be more serious outside of Sweden. Finally, the study shows that there is a general effect from social structures and cultural worldviews on the risk perception of people in both localities, which is partially the cause of the differences and similarities between them.
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Mance-Khourey, Janette M. "Assessing Suicide Risk in the Amish: Investigating the Cultural Validity of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1353287053.
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Mulder, Gert Jan. "Banks, credit and culture : cross border lending and credit ratings, their effectiveness and the impact of cultural differences." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7226.
Анотація:
Having the author been involved in banking and finance for almost 25 years, this thesis intends to reflect on the role of banks with emphasis on cross border lending and credit rating, their effectiveness and the impacts of cultural differences. Perhaps this would not differ substantially from a researcher or a scholar, yet the exploratory approach taken in this research will be somewhat different as it deliberately seeks to answer a number of questions relevant to practitioners in today’s banking. In trying to achieve this goal, this thesis hopefully may find its way to international bankers wondering about the perspectives of their business in general and their profession in specific. It even may perhaps improve the understanding of their clients. The Basel committee which published the new Basel II framework on bank regulation and supervision was the result of long and careful discussions, wide consultations and comprehensive impact studies. Whereas Basel II covers the entire risk profile and supervision of financial institutions, this research is limited to the cross border lending by banks to companies and provides the views from both practicing international bankers and their customers on their 3 expectations regarding Basel II, credit rating and the relevance of context and culture differences. Bankers all over the world are being trained on how to read balance sheets, yet less attention is being paid as to by whom they are being created and how precisely these balance sheets came into existence, other than the accountancy standards applied. Bankers furthermore seem to agree on the fact that credit risks in large part are related to the management competencies, effective corporate governance and integrity of management and organization. The argument could be made that the assessment of management capabilities, governance and integrity may be hindered in those cases where the culture is little understood. In a three days conferences titled; “The Future of Relationship Banking”, 80 senior executives from international banks and large companies were gathered in Punta del Este, Uruguay and were asked to speak about these aspects. A transcript of the conference is provided as annex to this thesis (Annex 1) and serves to triangulate the findings of the research. Main findings of three management papers were presented by the researcher during the conference. A survey was performed during the conference and in addition, through an online survey, in total over 100 practitioners in the field participated in the survey. Results show a variation of conclusions, but very especially seem to confirm the view, contrary to the approach taken in Basel II, that cultural differences and context are felt to be highly relevant in cross border lending.
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Nakamura, Ayako. "The culture of prison management : measurement of risk control culture in the English and Japanese prison services using the grid and group cultural theory." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3356.
Анотація:
Comparative analysis is crucial to academic studies of public administration because it provides understanding of the nature of different types of public service institution: in particular, it helps to show what they do and don’t have in common, what kinds of institution they are, and what kinds of problems they face. However, in order to effectively conduct comparative research of public service institutions it is important that some thought is given to how they can best be compared. Accordingly, it is argued in this study that the differences between public service institutions can be appropriately analysed by examining their respective risk control cultures. This study makes use of the grid and group cultural theory, as developed by Mary Douglas, Aaron Wildavsky and Christopher Hood, to analyse the risk control cultures of the English and Japanese prison services in regard to two specific types of risk, namely suicide and violence. The results show that particular patterns of organizational behaviour within the English and Japanese prison services can be identified with their respective risk control cultures. More specifically, the English prison service tends to try to control risk by using formal rules and granting strong leadership roles to governors. By contrast, the Japanese prison service tends to use informal rules and group pressures to control risk. Furthermore, the peculiar organizational patterns of risk control within both organizations are often not recognised by their members. As a result, the strengths and weaknesses of organizations can be identified by analysing the patterns of risk control behaviour within them.
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Flodin, Malin, and Jasper Hullberg. "Kryptovalutor Kontra Traditionella Valutor som Likvida Medel." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448629.
Анотація:
Bitcoin was established as an independent digital currency. Today, Bitcoin is the largest cryptocurrency and the currency has had an exponential growth in development and usage. Today’s standing point regarding this revolutionary currency in society is therefore interesting to investigate in relation to the traditional fiat currency. To determine whether Bitcoin is a comparable means of payment in relation to already established fiat currencies, it is important to look at different factors. The factors considered in the study are relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, observability and the perceived risk. The study shows that relative advantage, observability and the perceived risk are factors that statistically influenced the attitude to adopt Bitcoin as a means of payment. Relative advantage and observability proved to have a positive effect on Bitcoin. The perceived risk gave rise to individuals not being willing to accept Bitcoin as a means of payment. The qualitative data has given the study reasons to believe that all factors can influence the attitude to adopting Bitcoin as a means of payment.
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Poteet, Christopher Douglas. "Reduction of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Reimbursement Penalty Risk." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6650.
Анотація:
Healthcare centers face increasing revenue risk under the Medicare Access and Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (MACRA). The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that successful leaders of healthcare centers use to mitigate the risk of reimbursement penalties under MACRA. The conceptual framework of this study was Generation 3 cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT-III), and the analysis process used was Yin's recursive and iterative phases. Participants of this study were 6 leaders of healthcare centers in the United States identified as having high quality and low cost via the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid public use files. Semistructured interviews were used to explore the identification of strategic opportunity, strategy formation, implementation, and control. Themes for organizational culture that emerged from data analysis included a foundation core with flexibility and iterative process-improvement practice. Themes in the strategy formation process included total employee involvement and a quality-first, cost-benefit strategy structure. Themes in the implementation process included multiple departmental and organizational collaboration, task-based implementation, and data transparency. Localized cadence meetings were a theme in the control process. Improvements to the organization as a result of this study include a series of standards for organizational culture, a toolbox including CHAT-III as a tool for the identification of strategic opportunity and a methodology for strategy formation and implementation, and control to help ensure financial sustainability. Implications for positive social change include the increased probability of continued ready access to healthcare, improved population health, and lower mortality rates for the communities served.
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Mualuko, Mwende K. "Trios and Sexual Health: The Relation between a Cultural Specific Theory of Resiliency and Sexual Health Outcomes among Black Women." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_diss/84.
Анотація:
The purpose of the current study was to explore the relation between a culture specific theory of resiliency (TRIOS: Time, Rhythm, Improvisation, Oratory & Spirituality) and sexual health outcomes (Sexual Risk History, HIV Testing & Attitudes and Beliefs, Partner Information & Condom Self-Efficacy) among Black women. Participants were 124 Black women recruited from a larger sexual health intervention study. TRIOS was hypothesized to be correlated with outcomes and predict unique variance in outcomes beyond measures of Self-Esteem & Racial Identity. Time, Improvisation and Spirituality were hypothesized to uniquely predict limited sexual risk history, healthy HIV testing attitudes and beliefs, fewer risk indicators among sex partners, & higher condom self efficacy. The psychometric structure of TRIOS within the sample was examined. Tests included a Correlation Matrix, two sets of four Hierarchical Regressions and an Exploratory Factor Analysis. Correlations were found between TRIOS components and Sexual Risk History and Condom Self-Efficacy. Time and Improvisation uniquely predicted declines in Risky Sexual History. Rhythm uniquely predicted declines in Condom Self-Efficacy. Effects of Oratory were mixed. Methodological limitations and implications for interventions and future research were discussed.
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Young, Laura Elizabeth. "Clearing the Smoke: Understanding Organizational Change Communication and Misalignment in High-Risk Contexts." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/comm_etds/23.
Анотація:
Recent economic turbulence in the United States has resulted in budget cuts for many city-funded organizations, including high-risk organizations such as local fire departments. Budget cuts trigger organizational change and create uncertainty among employees, which is a major concern for high-risk organizations. This dissertation examined internal communication practices used during organizational change in an urban fire department and the influence of organizational structure and culture on communication satisfaction. This robust case study used a multi-method approach including interviews with middle managers (i.e., district majors), and focus groups and channel preference surveys with full-time firefighters from lower level ranks (i.e., firefighters, lieutenants, and captains). Together, the data points provided a robust understanding of how organizational structure and culture influences communication satisfaction during change in a high-risk organization.
As this dissertation was most concerned with information dissemination throughout the fire department during times of change, structuration theory provided direction for how to best explain the structure, dissemination, and preference of communication and Schein’s Model of Organization Culture helped to explain organizational culture differences. The framework of communication satisfaction then offered a basis for further understanding of message dissemination and communication processes. Findings suggest the chain of command, use of internal media, rumors, and filtering of information were active influencers on communication satisfaction. Further, findings suggest that a misalignment in the organizational structure and culture resulted in the dissemination of misaligned messages. These misaligned messages frustrated organizational members and therefore influenced levels of communication satisfaction. When organizational members receive contradictory information, they are less likely to be satisfied with overall communication. Therefore, misaligned messages fostered by the communication climate are a structural and cultural barrier to communication satisfaction and can alter trust of leadership and increase the risk for organizational members. These findings are critical to high-risk organizations because misaligned messages increase risk for organizational employees as well as community members.
Книги з теми "Cultural risk theory":
1
Douglas, Mary. Risk and blame: Essays in cultural theory. London: Routledge, 1992.
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Harris, Marvin. The rise of anthropological theory: A history of theories of culture. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2001.
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Kessel, Tamara. Foreign Cultural Policy in the Interbellum. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789089648778.
Анотація:
This book considers the growing awareness in the wake of World War I that culture could play an effective political role in international relations. Tamara van Kessel shows how the British created the British Council in support of those cultural aims, which took on particular urgency in light of the rise of fascist dictatorships in Europe. Van Kessel focuses in particular on the activities of the British Council and the Italian Dante Alighieri Society in the Mediterranean area, where their respective country's strategic and ideological interests most evidently clashed.
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Doviak, Scott Von. Hick flicks: The rise and fall of redneck cinema. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 2005.
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Traviglia, Arianna, Lucio Milano, Cristina Tonghini, and Riccardo Giovanelli. Stolen Heritage Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Heritage in the EU and the MENA Region. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-517-9.
Анотація:
It is a well-known fact that organized crime has developed into an international network that, spanning from the simple ‘grave diggers’ up to powerful and wealthy white-collar professionals, makes use of money laundering, fraud and forgery. This criminal chain, ultimately, damages and dissipates our cultural identity and, in some cases, even fosters terrorism or civil unrest through the illicit trafficking of cultural property.The forms of ‘possession’ of Cultural Heritage are often blurred; depending on the national legislation of reference, the ownership and trade of historical and artistic assets of value may be legitimate or not. Criminals have always exploited these ambiguities and managed to place on the Art and Antiquities market items resulting from destruction or looting of museums, monuments and archaeological areas. Thus, over the years, even the most renowned museum institutions have - more or less consciously - hosted in their showcases cultural objects of illicit origin. Looting, thefts, illicit trade, and clandestine exports are phenomena that affect especially those countries rich in historical and artistic assets. That includes Italy, which has seen its cultural heritage plundered over the centuries ending up in public and private collections worldwide.This edited volume features ten papers authored by international experts and professionals actively involved in Cultural Heritage protection. Drawing from the experience of the Conference Stolen Heritage (Venice, December 2019), held in the framework of the NETCHER project, the book focuses on illicit trafficking in Cultural Property under a multidisciplinary perspective.The articles look at this serious issue and at connected crimes delving into a variety of fields. The essays especially expand on European legislation regulating import, export, trade and restitution of cultural objects; conflict antiquities and cultural heritage at risk in the Near and Middle East; looting activities and illicit excavations in Italy; the use of technologies to counter looting practices.The volume closes with two papers specifically dedicated to the thorny ethical issues arising from the publication of unprovenanced archaeological objects, and the relevance of accurate communication and openness about such topics.
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Douglas, Mary. Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory. Routledge, 1994.
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Douglas, Profess, Mary Douglas, and Douglas Profess. Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
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Frosdick, S. Risk and Cultural Theory: A Management Consultancy Approach. Paragon Publishing, 2006.
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Falk, Oren. Violence and Risk in Medieval Iceland. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866046.001.0001.
Анотація:
This interdisciplinary study of violence in medieval Iceland pursues three intertwined goals. First, it proposes a new cultural history model for understanding violence. The model has three axes: power, signification, and risk. Analysis in instrumental terms, as an attempt to coerce others, focuses on power. Analysis in symbolic terms, as an attempt to manipulate meanings, focuses on signification. Analysis in cognitive terms, as an attempt to exercise agency over imperfectly controlled circumstances, focuses on risk. The axis of risk is the model’s major innovation and is laid out in detail, using insights from prospect theory, edgework, and the calculus of jeopardy. It is shown that violence, which itself generates risks, at the same time also serves to control uncertainties. Second, the book tests this model on a series of case studies from the history of medieval Iceland. It examines how violence shapes present circumstances, future status, and past memories, and how it transforms uncertain reality into socially useful narrative, showing how Icelanders’ feud paradigm blocked the prospects of warfare and state formation, while their idiom of human violence domesticated the natural environment. Third, the book develops the concept of uchronia, the hegemonic ideology of the past, to explain how texts modulate history. Uchronia is a motivated cultural memory which vouches for historical authenticity (regardless of factual reliability), maintains textual autonomy from authorial intent, and secures a fit between present society and its own past. In medieval Iceland, as often elsewhere, violence played a key role in the making of uchronia
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Harris, Marvin. The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture. AltaMira Press, 2000.
Частини книг з теми "Cultural risk theory":
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Kahan, Dan M. "Cultural Cognition as a Conception of the Cultural Theory of Risk." In Handbook of Risk Theory, 725–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1433-5_28.
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Wynne, Brian. "From Public Perception of Risk to Cultural Theory of Technology." In Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment, and Risk Analysis, 849–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70634-9_31.
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Linsley, Philip, and Alexander Linsley. "Cultural Theory of Risk and the Notion of “Management Accountants as Strategists”." In Management Control and Uncertainty, 224–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137392121_15.
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Erasmus, Jacobus. "The Rise of Set Theory and Modern Cosmology." In Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures, 65–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73438-5_5.
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Jacob, E., A. German, and M. Shermon. "Corn flakes and safety culture improvement." In Risk, Reliability and Safety: Innovating Theory and Practice, 1799–802. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315374987-272.
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Suhanyiova, L., R. Flin, and A. Irwin. "Safety systems in product safety culture." In Risk, Reliability and Safety: Innovating Theory and Practice, 1803–8. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315374987-273.
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Lübke, Christiane, Jean P. Décieux, Marcel Erlinghagen, and Gert G. Wagner. "Comparing the Risk Attitudes of Internationally Mobile and Non-Mobile Germans." In IMISCOE Research Series, 85–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_5.
Анотація:
AbstractMoving–particularly to a new country–is fraught with risks as migrants leave familiar legal frameworks and cultural institutions behind them. To date, little is known about the psychological determinants of international migration. This chapter helps to fill this gap by analysing data from the first wave of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) in combination with data on non-mobile individuals from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). The analyses presented examine whether the risk attitudes of internationally mobile Germans (‘movers’) differ from those of their non-mobile counterparts (‘stayers’). The results show that–with control for key socio-demographic and socio-economic determinants of risk affinity–both emigrants and remigrants report a significantly higher willingness to take risks than stayers. Risk affinity differs within the group of internationally mobile individuals: Emigrants moving to geographically and culturally distant non-European countries report higher risk affinity than those moving to Germany’s neighbouring countries. Emigrants with multiple previous emigration periods are also more willing to take risks. These findings suggest that voluntary emigration from wealthy countries like Germany is only partly a matter of living conditions. Rather, (repeated) emigration seems to be a matter of personality and an expression of a more adventurous lifestyle.
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Mannathukkaren, Nissim. "The Rise of the Popular in Culture." In Communism, Subaltern Studies and Postcolonial Theory, 220–50. London: Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003195795-6.
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Clarke, Simon. "Reason, Rationalisation and the Culture Industry." In From Enlightenment to Risk: Social Theory and Contemporary Society, 9–32. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07500-0_2.
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Jore, S. "Security culture—a sufficient explanation for a terrorist attack?" In Risk, Reliability and Safety: Innovating Theory and Practice, 467–74. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315374987-72.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Cultural risk theory":
1
Wattie, J. "Reducing Latent Failure and Securing Productivity in High Risk Systems Using High Reliability Theory." In SPE Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169932-ms.
Анотація:
Abstract This is a study that represents ongoing academic research into the folds of perception, organizational culture and high reliability. In the shadow of persistent industrial failures it is probable that problems with operational safety reside in abnormalities of culture. Such cultural apparitions regularly fuel failure in high risk technologies making innovation rather unreliable. As innovation grows it is worth the effort to investigate further how resilience in the face of eternal socio-technical biases can be improved. Problem solving approaches offer regressive ideas that increase the chances of deviation and the appearace of disasters. The assumption is that resilience can be improved in critical operations using High Reliability Theory (HRT). Moreover HRT is more robust when the new constructive method of Appreciative Inquiry (AI) is applied. This early study shows that existing safety culture in a highly reliable group is positively transformed by AI and makes a more productive organization feasible. Research was conducted from the characteristic insider perspective. A small section of a highly reliable organization was sampled. Using ethnographic methodology feedback from electronic surveying collected personal responses for discussion. While individual interviews proved difficult and the sample group was small there was enough evidence to acknowledge the influence of positive revolution. This study had two major findings a) Using AI methodology stimulates positive, resilient feelings in members and b) members readily used these positive experience to envision a more productive organization. This study can potentially reduce over emphasis on problem solving methods to explain and change the human factors associated with failure. Cultural factors are better studied and modified by positive influence. The study here makes way for more persuasive academic discussion on resilience by constructivist perspectives. High reliability organizations are more sustainably designed on positive principles.
2
Zheng, Lili. "ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF PERCEIVED RISK THROUGH A WEBSITE RETAILER: A CROSS-CULTURAL APPROACH." In Bridging Asia and the World: Globalization of Marketing & Management Theory and Practice. Global Alliance of Marketing & Management Associations, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15444/gmc2014.04.04.01.
3
Lianos, Nikolaos, and Anastasios Stamnas. "DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION OF INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE AT RISK: THE CASE OF PALATAKI AND THE OLD MINING COMPLEX AT LIMENARIA OF THASSOS (GREECE)." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 8th International Congress on Archaeology, Computer Graphics, Cultural Heritage and Innovation. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2016.3261.
Анотація:
Following completion of the 1st Workshop of Digital Documentation of Monuments Using 3d Laser Scanner organized by the Laboratory of Architectural Theory of Forms and Preservation Studies, Faculty of Architecture, DUTh, the present study was undertaken mainly to focus on the application of advanced techniques, such as the 3d laser scanner, for the geometric documentation of the mining complex at the town of Limenaria of the island of Thassos, an abandoned and discredited monument for almost half a century. The key purpose of the laboratory work was the instruction of new technologies in surveying and documentation and their contribution to preservation, protection and restoration of monuments. The Field of practice was the former Speidel headquarters, known as "Palataki", and the abandoned mining complex at Limenaria, a unique example of industrial heritage at risk. The main objective of the laboratory was the documentation and the recording of this monument in order to protect it and highlight its historical value and cultural significance to the public.
4
Van Bossuyt, Douglas L., and Jered Dean. "Toward Customer Needs Cultural Risk Indicator Insights for Product Development." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46513.
Анотація:
As the availability and affordability of consumer products continues to increase around the world, consumers — especially those in developing countries and living on less than $10/day — will express more discerning in their tastes and preferences. Design teams have already been operating in design for the developing world contexts for many years and more are moving into the arena on a regular basis. Many designers do not have cultural knowledge of the customers cultures they are designing for. Cultural ignorance can lead to misinterpretation of customer needs that can lead to products that do not satisfy customer needs and results in disappointed customers, low sales figures, and a frustrated design team. The Customer Needs Cultural Risk Indicator (CNCRI) method introduced in this paper provides a method for design teams to rapidly analyze customer needs for “Risk Indicators” in customer needs based upon cultural differences between the customers and the design team. By understanding early on in the design process where a lack of cultural knowledge may be a risk to the design, the design team can make informed decisions on how to satisfy customer needs effectively.
5
Sahar, Rafidah, and Nur Nabilah Abdullah. "Conceptualising Doctoral Supervision in Malaysia as a Small Culture." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2020. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2020.2-2.
Анотація:
Research on doctoral supervision in the field of Intercultural Communication has traditionally been applied to cross-cultural comparison, particularly across national systems and cultural boundaries. However, recent years have witnessed that such comparison is being challenged and re-analysed in light of potential risk of over generalisation and stereotyping in its observation. In this research, we consider the relevance of small cultures (Holliday 1994, 1999) as an alternative approach to conceptualise doctoral supervisory practice as a dynamic on-going group process through which its members make sense of and operate purposefully within particular contexts and shared behaviours. Narrative-based qualitative research was designed to generate and analyse the data. The participants were a purposive sample of six recently graduated PhD students at a Malaysian public university. One-on-one narrative interviews were conducted with the students to gather their supervisory narratives. Analyses of the students’ transcripts were completed using a holistic-content approach (Lieblich et al. 2008). Findings reveal a distinct set of behaviours and understandings that constitute the cultures of supervisory practice in the Malaysian university context. Through the notion of small cultures, this research proposes that cultures of PhD supervision can be best understood through an analysis of shared norms, behaviours and values between students and supervisors during supervisory practice. This research hopes that the move from a focus on large culture (i.e. Malaysianness per se) to a focus on the meaning-making process between students and supervisors from different backgrounds can assist education practitioners such as PhD supervisors to avoid stereotyping and overgeneralising.
6
Rollo, Simone, Claudia Venuleo, Lucrezia Ferrante, Claudia Marino, and Adriano Schimmenti. "BEING ONLINE DURING COVID-19 AND THE RELATIONSHIP WITH WELL-BEING: NARRATIVES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact022.
Анотація:
"During COVID-19 outbreak various technological devices have provided a basis for maintaining social connections with friends, family, work and community networks, and media have reported a global increase in Internet use. Scholars debate whether Internet use represented a resource for well-being or on the opposite a risk for health. In the frame of Semiotic, Cultural Psychosocial Theory, we argue that the meaning of Internet use and its impact on well-being might depend on semiotic resources people possessed to represent the crisis and to use the Internet in a healthy manner. The study examines the meanings of being online during the COVID-19 pandemic based on narratives collected from Italian young students (N=323; Mean age = 22.78, SD = 2.70; 77.3% women; 81.9% living with their parents), recruited by Microsoft Forms online survey during first Italian Lockdown, and explores whether different views of being online related to different connotations of the Internet during the pandemic and different levels of well-being. Computer-assisted Content Analysis was used to map the main Dimensions of Meaning (DM) characterizing the texts. Then, ANOVA was used to examine (dis)similarities between DM related to Internet connotations (e.g., resource, danger or refuge); Pearson’s correlations were computed to examine the relationships between DM and well-being. Two DM emerged, the first represent the relationship between being online and the daily life context; the second, the Internet functions during the pandemic. Relations between DM, internet connotation and well-being were found. Findings highlight how a plurality of representations of being online are active in the cultural milieu and their potential role in explaining the different impact of Internet use on well-being during pandemic."
7
Vinod-Buchinger, Aditya, and Sam Griffiths. "Spatial cultures of Soho, London. Exploring the evolution of space, culture and society of London's infamous cultural quarter." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/sxol5829.
Анотація:
Space as affording social interaction is highly debated subject among various epistemic disciplines. This research contributes to the discussion by shedding light on urban culture and community organisation in spatialised ways. Providing a case of London’s famous cultural quarter, Soho, the research investigates the physical and cultural representation of the neighbourhood and relates it to the evolving socio-spatial logic of the area. Utilising analytical methods of space syntax and its network graph theories that are based on the human perception of space, the research narrates the evolution in spatial configuration and its implication on Soho’s social morphology. The method used examines the spatial changes over time to evaluate the shifting identity of the area that was in the past an immigrant quarter and presently a celebrated gay village. The approach, therefore, combines analytical methods, such as network analysis, historical morphology analysis and distribution of land uses over time, with empirical methods, such as observations, auto-ethnography, literature, and photographs. Dataset comprises of street network graphs, historical maps, and street telephone and trade directories, as well as a list of literature, and data collected by the author through surveys. Soho’s cosmopolitanism and its ability to reinvent over time, when viewed through the prism of spatial cultures, help understand the potential of urban fabric in maintaining a time-space relationship and organisation of community life. Social research often tends to overlook the relationship between people and culture with their physical environment, where they manifest through the various practices and occupational distribution. In the case of Soho, the research found that there was a clear distribution of specific communities along specific streets over a certain period in the history. The gay bars were situated along Rupert and Old Compton Street, whereas the Jewish and Irish traders were established on Berwick Street, and so on. Upon spatial analysis of Soho and its surrounding areas, it was found that the streets of Soho were unlike that of its surrounding neighbourhoods. In Soho, the streets were organised with a certain level of hierarchy, and this hierarchy also shifted over time. This impacted the distribution of landuses within the area over time. Street hierarchy was measured through mathematical modelling of streets as derived by space syntax. In doing so, the research enabled viewing spaces and communities as evolving in parallel over time. In conclusion, by mapping the activities and the spatiality of Soho’s various cultural inhabitants over three historical periods and connecting these changes to the changing spatial morphology of the region, the research highlighted the importance of space in establishing the evolving nature of Soho. Such changes are visible in both symbolic and functional ways, from the location of a Govinda temple on a Soho square street, to the rise and fall of culture specific landuses such as gay bars on Old Compton Street. The research concludes by highlighting gentrification as an example of this time-space relation and addresses the research gap of studying spaces for its ability to afford changeability over time.
8
Al-Hajri, Jefain, and Moray Kidd. "A Critical Assessment of How Leaning the Risk Assessment Process Induces Biased Judgement." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89817.
Анотація:
Over the years, the hydrocarbon industry has been riddled with accidents and incidences that can be partly blamed on “cost cutting” driven risk assessments and operational “lean management”. The epicentre of lean management is the elimination of waste for any industrial setup. However, when the processes are too lean accidents may ensue; putting the facilities, workers and the business at risk. Even though the hydrocarbon industry has reliable quantitative risk assessment techniques that may incorporate probabilistic measures to predict the likelihood of systems failure, there are times when “human call” is cardinal to decisions. Whenever human call is used in risk assessment there is a possibility of biasness in the judgement for risk partly due to the social-cultural influence on risk assessors. Therefore the aim of this research was to examine the level of social and cognitive bias in risk assessment of lean management processes at four oil and gas refinery plants in Kuwait. Using ethnomethodology as a research strategy it was possible to gather contextual primary information from the workers at the four refineries. Results from the research indicate that there is a high level of human involvement in risk assessment processes where social-cultural and psychological attributes of the risk assessors are evident. However, current risk assessment tools and processes do not engage risk assessors at a social-cultural level; hence ignoring the influence of biased judgement on risk scores. It can therefore be concluded that unlike technical risk assessment, there is poor incorporation of social-cultural and psychological initiatives in the processes leading to poor decisions that endanger hydrocarbon installations. It is recommended that the hydrocarbon industry in Kuwait strives to apply lean management principles by ensuring that there is detailed analysis of social and cognitive bias in the technical proceedings so as to simultaneously promote efficiency and safety at work.
9
Barboza, Tania S., Carlos Alberto Borges, and Aluisio S. Xavier Neto. "Participative Risk Management in the Construction of Onshore Pipelines." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-139.
Анотація:
Accidents related to production, processing, storage and transportation of oil and its by-products have been studied extensively because of their social and environmental impacts. However, accidents relating to construction of oil facilities have been largely ignored by researches, perhaps because such accidents involve a smaller group of people and result in smaller-scale environmental impacts. Pipeline construction projects are particularly unique. As opposed to construction of processing plants, pipeline construction covers a very long reach, often involving varying site conditions. Consequently, there are more environmental issues, many of which vary from place to place along the pipeline route as a result of the differing soil, drainage, vegetation and exposure conditions. The variable conditions, exposure and consequences of accidents along a pipeline route result in many challenges related to risk management. Specifically, risk management is difficult as a result of transportation along the pipeline corridor, multiple access routes to the pipeline corridor, unique culture and social issues in various parts of the country, and remote working conditions. Major issues are moving work sites; crossing of different areas of the country with several typical cultural and regional aspects; multiple work sites and the isolation of workers in small groups. These factors make risk management particularly important, but easy to ignore. In this paper we discuss the major potential risks in every phase of the pipeline construction. The paper describes the company’s process for managing risk during pipeline construction. It identified the limitations of traditional safety management systems in coping with the critical problems related to environmental and safety issues. Many company are using integrated management systems as the major tools to control risk. Such systems cover health, safety and environmental issues (HSE). PETROBARS, as the largest Brazilian oil company and one of the leading oil companies in the world, has adopted the HSE system. The system focuses on employee participation in implementation of the HSE system.
10
Igleski, Joseph R., Douglas L. Van Bossuyt, and Tahira Reid. "The Application of Retrospective Customer Needs Cultural Risk Indicator Method to Soap Dispenser Design for Children in Ethiopia." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60530.
Анотація:
We present here the design and analysis of a cost-effective soap dispenser that prevents bar soap theft in schools in developing countries. The intended region of deployment is within Ethiopia and surrounding areas. Lack of public hygiene is attributed to 1.4 million global deaths annually due to preventable diarrheal diseases. Using soap while washing hands is estimated to decreases death due to diarrheal diseases by half. Theft of soap from public wash stations, such as those found in schools, is believed to contribute to the spread of diarrheal diseases. Currently there exists no adequate cost-effective solutions to protect bar soap from theft although there appears to be a demand and there is a need for such a device. An undergraduate student mechanical design team in a sophomore design course at Purdue University was tasked with developing a soap dispenser that prevents theft of bar soap. The project prompt was provided by Purdue Global Engineering Programs’ Innovation to International Development (I2D) Lab. Students were instructed to complete the first step (Product Concept) of the Lean Design for the Developing World (LDW) method to develop a Minimum Viable Product (MVP). The team then completed a retrospective analysis of the MVP using the Customer Needs Cultural Risk Indicator (CNCRI) method to determine potential shortcomings that may be identified in the second step (Validated Learning) of the LDW method. Several customer needs and their component and design solutions that need close monitoring during the second step of the LDW method were identified. The highest risk customer needs included: culturally appropriate design, aesthetic appeal, security, and durability. Based on the experiences of the design team, several important lessons were learned that can both be applied to improving the secure bar soap dispenser product and to the broader field of product design for the developing world. These lessons include: Customers in the developing world may be more concerned with cost than durability, cultural appeal of a device is highly dependent on first -hand experience and can easily be misunderstood or misrepresented, the LDW method is an invaluable tool in identifying customer needs that may be overlooked due to cultural and socio-economic differences. The use of the LDW framework and the CNCRI method in an undergraduate design group was found to be useful, viable, and valuable to both the undergraduate student learning outcomes and the development of a product that can be deployed to its intended market. Further development of an end-to-end tool chain is needed to better integrate product development for the developing world into mainstream engineering curriculum.
Звіти організацій з теми "Cultural risk theory":
1
Tull, Kerina. Social Inclusion and Immunisation. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.025.
Анотація:
The current COVID-19 epidemic is both a health and societal issue; therefore, groups historically excluded and marginalised in terms of healthcare will suffer if COVID-19 vaccines, tests, and treatments are to be delivered equitably. This rapid review is exploring the social and cultural challenges related to the roll-out, distribution, and access of COVID-19 vaccines, tests, and treatments. It highlights how these challenges impact certain marginalised groups. Case studies are taken from sub-Saharan Africa (the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa), with some focus on South East Asia (Indonesia, India) as they have different at-risk groups. Lessons on this issue can be learned from previous pandemics and vaccine roll-out in low- and mid-income countries (LMICs). Key points to highlight include successful COVID-19 vaccine roll-out will only be achieved by ensuring effective community engagement, building local vaccine acceptability and confidence, and overcoming cultural, socio-economic, and political barriers that lead to mistrust and hinder uptake of vaccines. However, the literature notes that a lot of lessons learned about roll-out involve communication - including that the government should under-promise what it can do and then over-deliver. Any campaign must aim to create trust, and involve local communities in planning processes.
2
Bayley, Stephen, Darge Wole, Louise Yorke, Paul Ramchandani, and Pauline Rose. Researching Socio-Emotional Learning, Mental Health and Wellbeing: Methodological Issues in Low-Income Contexts. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/068.
Анотація:
This paper explores methodological issues relating to research on children’s socio-emotional learning (SEL), mental health and wellbeing in low- and lower-middle-income countries. In particular, it examines the key considerations and challenges that researchers may face and provides practical guidance for generating reliable and valid data on SEL, mental health and wellbeing in diverse settings and different cultural contexts. In so doing, the paper draws on the experience of recent research undertaken in Ethiopia to illustrate some of the issues and how they were addressed. The present study extends earlier 2018-2019 RISE Ethiopia research, expanding its scope to consider further aspects of SEL, mental health and wellbeing in the particular context of COVID-19. In particular, the research highlights that the pandemic has brought to the fore the importance of assessing learning, and learning loss, beyond academic learning alone.
3
Sabogal-Cardona, Orlando, Lynn Scholl, Daniel Oviedo, Amado Crotte, and Felipe Bedoya. Not My Usual Trip: Ride-hailing Characterization in Mexico City. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003516.
Анотація:
With a few exceptions, research on ride-hailing has focused on North American cities. Previous studies have identified the characteristics and preferences of ride-hailing adopters in a handful of cities. However, given their marked geographical focus, the relevance and applicability of such work to the practice of transport planning and regulation in cities in the Global South is minimal. In developing cities, the entrance of new transport services follows very different trajectories to those in North America and Europe, facing additional social, economic, and cultural challenges, and involving different strategies. Moreover, the determinants of mode choice might be mediated by social issues such as the perception of crime and the risk of sexual harassment in public transportation, which is often experienced by women in large cities such as Mexico. This paper examines ride-hailing in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City, unpacking the characteristics of its users, the ways they differ from users of other transport modes, and the implications for urban mobility. Building on the household travel survey from 2017, our analytical approach is based on a set of categorical models. Findings suggest that gender, age, education, and being more mobile are determinants of ride-hailing adoption. The analysis shows that ride-hailing is used for occasional trips, and it is usually done for leisure and health trips as well as for night trips. The study also reflects on ride-hailings implications for the way women access the city.
4
Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.
Анотація:
Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings: Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed. Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role. Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory. Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
5
Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.
Анотація:
The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.