Дисертації з теми "Cycle cellulaire – Dissertations universitaires"
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Cariou, Sandrine. "Mecanismes controlant la progression en g1 et la transition g1/s du cycle cellulaire des hepatocytes normaux et transformes." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05S010.
Gautier, Thierry. "Analyses biochimique et moleculaire de la peripherie des chromosomes dans les cellules de mammiferes : une etude au moyen d'autoanticorps humains pendant le cycle cellulaire." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05S009.
Obiang, Linda. "Rôles des partenaires cellulaires de la protéine de matrice du virus de la stomatite vésiculaire dans le cycle viral." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077044.
The matrix protein (M) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a multifunctional 26,6 kDa small protein. M protein plays a key role in assembly and budding processes and is responsible for cellular synthesis shut down, microtubules destabilization and apoptosis. For these reasons, M protein recruits several cellular partners. Among cellular proteins identified so far, we are interested in Nedd4, E3 unbiquitin ligase and TSG101, a component of ESCRT I complex. 2-Yeast Hybrid technique allowed us to identify three news partners for M protein: Dynamin, protein involved in endocytic pathway, LMP2, catalytic subunit of immunoproteasome and Catenin a, that belongs to intercellular junctions. First, we studied the implication of Nedd4, TSG101 and dynamin during late stages of the viral cycle: assembly and budding. We characterized recombinants mutant virus containing matrix protein that does not interact anymore with one or two partners. For that, we developed a new technique to titrate with higher accuracy viral supernatants. We applied this technique for growth curves in different cell type. Our results" suggest that TSG101 plays a role during budding that highlighted with double mutant virus. EM observations indicate that dynamin acts upstream Nedd4. We also showed that some viral particles produced from an infection using virus containing M protein that does not interact with Nedd4 display an aberrant morphology and their M protein is no longer ubiquitinated. After, we started the study of new partners of M protein: LMP2 and Catenin a, previously identified. We expressed these proteins in fusion with GST and we have shown that these buildings were well able to interact with the M, confirming both interactions. Finally we could define residues and domains involved in M-LMP2 and M-Catenin a interactions. Preliminary experiments show that M protein and Catenin a colocalize at level of epithelial cells membrane. An results contribute to a better understanding of the interactome complex matrix protein
Labit, Hélène. "Régulation de l'initiation de la réplication chez les vertèbrés : analyse du programme temporel d'activation des origines de réplication dans les extraits d'oeufs de xénope." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077176.
In Vertebrates, replication origins are activated according to a spatial and temporal program. In early Xenopus embryos, origins are located at apparently random sequences and are activated in clusters that fire at different times throughout S phase. The main object of the present work is to characterize the temporal regulation of replication in Xenopus egg extracts through analysis of origin activation on single DNA fibers and replication foci distribution in sperm nuclei. Using molecular combing of DNA, we compared the distributions of replication origins fired at the beginning of two following S phases. Absence of significative coincidence between origins shows that the temporal order of replication does not depend on genomic position. Furthermore, no epigenetic central regulates the moment of origin firing. However the detection of coincidence between replication foci labeled at the beginning of two following S phases suggests that the chromosomal organization may influence the replication timing. Using FISH, we showed that the replication of the ribosomic DNA is delayed compared to the replication of whole genomic DNA. An altered chromatin structure may be responsible for this delay. Mapping of origins revealed that initiation frequency is two fold lower in the G+C rich intergenic spacer than in the coding rDNA sequence. At the rDNA, local parameters such as nucleotide composition may influence the localization of replication origins
Deleye, Yann. "Rôle du gène suppresseur de tumeur p16INK4a dans le métabolisme hépatique des lipides au cours du jeûne." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S002.
P16INK4a is a tumor suppressor protein that is a well described cell cycle regulator. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) associated the CDKN2A locus, from which p16INK4A is encoded, with increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes. A pathophysiological link between p16INK4a and hepatic glucose homeostasis has been unraveled recently, through the control of gluconeogenesis. Patients with T2D also present with disturbances in fat metabolism, associated with an increased prevalence to Non Alcoholic Fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). In this context, we investigated the role of p16INK4a in hepatic lipid metabolism in vitro using primary hepatocytes, the murin AML12 and human IHH hepatocyte cell line transfected respectively with siRNA-CDKN2A and siRNA-p16 and in vivo using p16+/+ and p16-/- mice.Transcriptomic analyses of p16+/+ and p16-/- primary hepatocytes using microarrays revealed that metabolic and PPARα signaling pathways were among the most modulated in p16 absence. Moreover, in primary hepatocytes and in hepatocyte cell lines, p16 deficiency modulates a subset of PPARα target genes associated to fatty acids oxidation (FAO). These effects were associated with an increased response to GW647, a PPAR945; agonist, and reversed by siRNA targeting PPAR45;. Investigating known PPAR945; activators and transcriptional co-activators in vitro, we found that upregulation of FAO genes expression was linked to SIRT1. AMPK is a known activator of FAO and has been shown to induce SIRT1 activation through increase of NAD/NADH ratio. Interestingly, downregulation of p16 expression in vitro led to increased AMPK phosphorylation and activation.In vitro, p16-/- primary hepatocytes demonstrated enhanced fatty acid oxidation of oleate compared to p16+/+. During fasting, enhanced FAO leads to a shift of acetyl-coA utilization from the TCA cycle to ketogenesis. Interestingly, p16-/- mice showed a tendency to produce more ketone bodies than their control littermate after sodium octanoate injection. These findings describe a new function for p16INK4a in hepatic lipid metabolism through activation of AMPK-SIRT1-PPARα pathway
Baccini, Véronique. "Polyploïdisation des mégacaryocytes : Rôle de P21cip1 et P27kip1 et de la voie de signalisation mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077180.
Megakaryocyte differentiation is characterized by polyploidization of progenitors and cell size increasing. The term of differentiation is controlled by thrombopoietin (TPO) which stimulates various types of intracellular signaling pathways. The aim of my thesis was to understand mechanisms responsible for polyploidization and megakaryocyte (MK) maturation. The Cip/Kip family of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors which include p21Cip1 , p27Kip1 and p57Kip2 plays a crucial role in coupling cell-cycle arrest with differentiation in many cell types. MKs express high levels of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 during differentiation. We hypothesized that these proteins act redundantly to arrest endomitosis and to induce terminal differentiation. We showed that only p21Cip1 was probably responsible for the arrest of endomitotic cell cycles by studying megakaryocytopoiesis of mice lacking one or the two proteins and the effects of overexpression of these proteins on megakaryocytopoiesis. Nevertheless, this murine model is insufficient to affirm thé absence of functional redundance between p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 during MK differentiation. We next showed the mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) stimulation by TPO in MKs. This cell signaling pathway regulates cell growth (cell mass and cell size) of many cell types by increasing G1 phase progression through the TORC1 complex. We studied the rapamycin effects on culture of primary MKs and showed that mTOR pathway regulates MK proliferation, ploidization and size by increasing cyclin D3 and p21Cip1 transcription. In addition, mTOR régulates proplatelet formation independently from its effects on ploidization and cell growth
Hannou, Sarah Anissa. "Rôle du régulateur du cycle cellulaire p16INK4a dans le développement du diabète de type 2 et dans les maladies métaboliques du foie gras ou NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) : rôle de p16INK4a dans le contrôle de la néoglucogenèse hépatique et dans le développement de la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S012/document.
P16INK4a is a tumor suppressor protein well described as a cell cycle regulator. p16INK4a blocks cyclin D/ cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4 activity by binding to the catalytic subunit of CDK4, preventing retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation and subsequently the release of the E2F1 transcription factor. As a consequence; the transcription of genes required for progression to the S phase is restrained. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) associated the CDKN2A locus, encoding, amongst other genes, p16INK4A, with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) development. However, the pathophysiological link between p16INK4a and hepatic glucose homeostasis remains unknown. In this context, we investigated the role of p16INK4a in hepatic glucose metabolism in vivo using p16+/+ and p16-/- mice and in vitro using primary hepatocytes and the AML12 hepatocyte cell line.p16-/- mice exhibited a higher response to fasting as shown by an increased hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (F1,6P) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). p16-/- mice displayed an enhanced hepatic gluconeogenic activity in vivo upon administration of pyruvate, a gluconeogenic substrate. Consistent with this, in vitro data show that p16-/- primary hepatocytes display an enhanced gluconeogenic response to glucagon. In addition, knock down of p16INK4a by siRNA in AML12 cells increased gluconeogenic gene expression. These effects were associated with an increased activity of the PKA-CREB signaling pathway which leads to increased PPARg coactivator 1 (PGC1)α expression, a key transcriptional co-activator that regulates genes involved in energy metabolism. These findings describe a new function for p16INK4a as an actor in the hepatic adaptation to metabolic stress and suggest that p16INK4a could play a role during T2D development
Bramsiepe, Jonathan. "A function of cell-cycle regulation in pattern formation : endoreplication controls cell-fate maintenance in Arabidopsis." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ119.
Cell differentiation is often linked with a switch from a mitotic to an endoreplication cycle, in which cells re-replicate their DNA without cell division. The molecular regulation of endoreplication and its biological fonction are only poorly understood. Here, I have used trichomes (leaf hairs) of Arabidopsis as a model to study cell differentiation and endoreplication. My work revealed that endoreplication cycles in Arabidopsis are controlled by cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor proteins, which in turn are subject to protein degradation mediated by the action of SKP-CULLIN-F-BOX (SCF) complexes. This presumably creates oscillating levels of CDK activity, which are needed for repeated progression through DNA synthesis phases in endoreplicating cells. However, overexpression of CDK inhibitors did not only block endoreplication but also resulted in the dedifferentiation of trichome precursor cells. Similar observations were made with weak- loss-of-function alleles for the major CDK in Arabidopsis, CDKA;1, giving rise to the notion that endoreplication is required for cell fate maintenance. Trichome dedifferentiation was enhanced when trichome fate regulators were mutated. Surprisingly, the dedifferentiation could be at least partially repressed when RBR1, the Arabidopsis homolog of the animal tumor suppressor protein Retinoblastoma (Rb), was concomitantly mutated. Similarly, a mutation in PRCZ-methyltransfcrase CURLY LEAF (CLF) rescued the trichome maintenance defect of weak CDKA;1 mutants. Taken together, this suggests that PRC2 and RBR1 set a dynamic tissue threshold for cell differentiation during epidermis development in Arabidopsis
Kanjo, Ghaidaa. "Influence de Toxoplasma Gondii dans la régulation d'UHRF1 via la voie NF-KB." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ068/document.
T.gondii interferes with the activation of NF-kB signaling pathways. Thus, upon infection by T.gondii, 85% of genes NF-kB-dependent are up-regulated. Another transcription factor whose expression is modulated by the parasite is UHRF1 (Ubiquitin-like, Containing PHD and RINGfinger domains, 1). UHRF1, bind to the gene promoter of cyclin b and induces epigenetic repression of this gene leading to cell cycle arrest in G2 phase of infected cells and stop the proliferation in both infected cells and parasite. In silico analysis of the uhrf1 gene promoter has been shown to possess 9 binding sites of NF-kB. Our study showed that NF-kB actually interacts with the promoter of gene uhrf1 during infection with T. gondii. This suggests that the expression of UHRF1 is modulated by NF-kB in T. gondii-infected cells. In addition we observed differential regulation of UHRF1 depending on the nature of the infecting strain. These variations may also be due to already well-known differential regulation of NF-kB by different strains of T.gondii. Determining the precise role of UHRF1 activation in infected cells and the identification of the parasitic factor responsible of this activation would allow to a better understanding of the mechanisms of intracellular persistence of the parasite and allow to unravel new therapeutic trails
Achour, Lamia. "Contrôle de l'expression à la surface cellulaire du récepteur de chimiokine CCR5." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T011.
CCR5 a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, plays a major role in HIV entry, by forming the viral receptor in association with the glycoprotein CD4. We report that the vast majority of fully functional CCR5 (=90%) is maintained within the intracellular compartments of human immune cells and of transfected fibroblasts. Intracellular CCR5 is mostly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus. The molecular mechanisms which control the export of CCR5 from the intracellular compartments are different in the ER and the Golgi. In the ER, the progression of CCR5 is slow and depends on its association with CD4 which functions as an escort protein and controls the CCR5 exit. Association with CD4 would induce a conformational change of CCR5, which would release the receptor from its retention in the ER by a resident protein, PRAF2. In the Golgi, the release of CCR5 is faster (5-10min) and is controlled by extracellular signals promoted by cell adhesion. The intracellular retention of CCR5 and, more generally, of GPCRs could represent an adaptive mechanism to maintain a prolonged physiological response. In particular contexts, which require sustained receptor response such as leukocyte chemotaxis, intracellular receptors would allow the permanent replacement of cell surface desensitized and internalized receptors
Castillon, Nicolas. "Culture tridimensionnelle de cellules épithéliales respiratoires humaines : applications à la thérapie génique et cellulaire." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMM207.
@We have shown that human airway epithelial cells cultured as 3-D spheroid could mimic for a long term an airway surface epithelium structure and functionality. We analyzed the potential capacity of these 3-D structures to regenerate an airway epithelium and to be transduced using a pseudotyped lentiviral vector encoding GFP. Our results demonstrate that the spheroids can regenerate a well-differentiated human airway epithelium and can be efficiently transduced by a pseudotyped lentiviral vector with a sustained and long-term expression of the GFP, without any alteration of the spheroid structure and functionality (ciliary beating frequency and CFTR Cl- channel activity). The spheroids could be proposed as a potential tool for gene and cell therapy in order to repopulate a denuded airway epithelium in cystic fibrosis
Doenaga, Diana. "Mécanismes moléculaires de l'action de Grb14 sur la différenciation, le métabolisme adipocytaire et la prolifération cellulaire." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T027.
Currently, obesity and type 2 diabetes are pathologies in full expansion in the developed countries. These two diseases are linked to insulinoresistance, phenomenon which is characterized by the loss of effectiveness of insulin action. The subject of my study, Grb14, is a molecular adapter of the Grb7 family which is expressed specifically in insulin sensitive tissues. It is an inhibitor of insulin signaling which interacts with the IR and blocks its tyrosin kinase activity. My work consisted in determining the influence of Grb14 on adipocytes function, and studying the molecular determinants of Grb14 molecular interactions in insulin signaling. I highlighted a new role of Grb14: its inhibiting influence on the secretion of leptin. New assumptions were raised in order to understand the link between Grb14 and insulin sensitivity, but also in order to determine if Grb14 could be implicated in cancer. Thus, my results showed that Grb14 is a protein which is involved in multiple cellular events
Touche, Nadège. "Localisation sub-cellulaire des facteurs de transcription STAT5a et b et implication au cours de l'hématopoïèse maligne." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN11301.
Chauvier, David. "Camptothécine versus homocamptothécine : approche moleculaire et cellulaire. Induction de l'apoptose et modulation de la résistance multiple." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMP206.
Homocamptothecin (hCPT), a topoisomerase I (top1) inhibitor, combines higher cytotoxicity and lactone stability in aqueous buffer than camptothecin (hCPT). Spectrofluorometry has allowed the real-time investigation of its hydrolysis kinetic in absence and presence of top1 and/or ADN. The stabilisation of the cleavable complex by hCPT implies steric contacts of the b-hydroxylactone ring with the DNA-top1 complex, rather than opening of the lactone ring, as observed for CPTs. HCPT/CPT have been detected in the cytoplasm of MCF7 and HT29 cancer cells by 2-photon laser confocal microspectrofluorometry,. The induction of apoptosis by hCPT is mediated in HT29 cells by DYm disruption, cytosolic acidification, reactive oxygen species, cytochrome C release, caspase-3 activation, gene expression, de novo synthesis of ceramide. HCPT/CPT have been identified to be substrates of MRP1 but not Pgp proteins. Sub-toxic doses of hCPT/CPT potentiated daunorubicin (DNR) cytotoxicity by inhibition of MRP1 activity, in correlation with increase of the nuclear accumulation of DNR in anthracyclins-resistant K562 and MCF7 cells
Essayagh, Sanah. "Interactions entre endothélium vasculaire et microparticules d'apoptose ou d'activation cellulaire : étude des conséquences fonctionnelles et des mécanismes impliqués." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077173.
Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane vesicles shed by ectocytosis from activated or apoptotic cells. Their involevement in trans-cellular communication is now established. During vasculopathies, especially thrombotic events, their number increases in the systemic circulation and their cellular origin depends on pathology. MPs are physiopathological mediators and may change the endothelial phenotype. We investigated the effects of MPs interaction on prothrombotic activity, Weibel-Palade bodies secretion, cell adhesion molecules expression and blood cell recruitment. We show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are second messengers for monocyte derived MP (M-MPs) effects. M-MPs induced ROS induce transient platelet recruitement at the endothelial surface and TF-dependant activity via the p38/MAPK pathway. MPs derived from apoptotic smooth muscle cells induce endothelial dysfunction by reducing NO bioavailibility. This effect also involve ROS generation and is dependant on the adhesion of microparticles to the endothelial cells mediated by beta-3 integrin. Besides, we compared endothelial effects of MPs derived from monocytes, platelets and smooth muscle cells on cell adhesion molecule expression and ROS generation
Scorsin, Marcio. "La Transplantation cellulaire dans le traitement de l'insuffisance cardiaque." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD12.
Koutsouris, Dionissios. "Etude de la deformabilite erythrocytaire par la methode du debit initial de filtration et l'analyse du temps de transit cellulaire." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05S015.
Mesgouez, Menez Catherine. "Approches physiopathologiques des odontoblastes." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA07A001.
Cammilleri, Serge. "Biodistribution des oligonucléotides de synthèse pour le ciblage des facteurs de croissance cellulaire." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05CD09.
Vassord, Camille. "Pharmacogénomique fonctionnelle du Busulfan : implication dans le fonctionnement et l'endommagement de l'endothélium dans un modèle cellulaire in vitro." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077183.
Busulfan (Bu) is commonly included in conditioning regimen prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD) is regarded as the major and lethal complication of conditioning. High Bu bioexposition is considered to be the major determinant of sinusoides endothelial cell and hepatocytes damage, the precipating event of HVOD. We analysed different gene expression status implicated in : Bu metabolism (GSTs), vasomotricity (ET-1), coagulation (TF) and inflammation (ICAM-1 and PECAM-1). We showed that endothelial cells (EC) do not express GSTA1 which may render ECs vulnerable to Bu-mediated toxicities. Furthermore, Bu do not modulate GSTM1 and down-regulate GSTT1 in these cells. Hence, GSTM1 seem to be the only protector of EC to Bu-mediated toxicities. Results concerning hemostatic and inflammatory factors are not in agreement with their involvment in HVOD pathogenesis. These results suggest that Bu is not directly implicated in primary EC damage but rather in endothelial desquamation leading to exposition of the subendothelial matrix, a coagulation and inflammatory-generating site. This is in line with the beneficial effect of defibrotide prophylaxis, an antithrombotic, antiinflammatory and anticoagulant molecule which adhere firmly to endothelium. A better understanding of HVOD mechanisms should lead to the emergence of appropriate and personnalized therapies
Gérard, Catherine. "Intérêt des hydrogels polysaccharidiques en ingénierie du cartilage." Nancy 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN11313.
Our thesis work aims to promote a good repair process for a focal chondral lesion. This workpackage associates three main axis : the cell component (the chondrocyte), the biomaterial (extracellular matrix) and the biomechanical constraint (mechanotransduction). Each actor plays a main role in the repair process, at least individually, but mostly in synergy. To this end, various techniques have been developed in order to optimize the biomaterial, to stimulate cells, and fmally to characterize the repair tissue. Three-dimensional chondrocyte culture in alginate plus hyaluronate have thus been developed, to underline the favorable influence of cyclic mechanical constraints. Extracellular matrix component synthesis has been assessed with Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. Secondly, a molecular characterization of encapsulated chondrocytes has been performed by using qPCR in hyaline cartilage versus fibrocartilage. Both lineages did not express the same level of cartilage-dedicated genes, either in basal conditions or after mechanical stimulation or transfection (TGF, BMP). Finally, in vivo implantation in the rat knee during a dedicated calibrated lesion in the patella suggest the favorable influence of a good collaboration between encapsulated chondrocytes and extracellular matrix to promote a good cartilage repair and a good biointegration in a biomechanical-constraint zone
Filomenko, Rodolphe. "Régulation de la mort cellulaire induite par des agents cytotoxiques : rôles de la PKC zeta et de la caspase-10." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOMU11.
Tinevez, Jean-Yves. "Mouvements actifs, régulés par le calcium, de la touffe ciliaire des cellules ciliées mécano-sensorielles de l'oreille interne." Paris 7, 2006. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01239897.
The dynamical behaviour of a hair bundle - the mechanosensitive organelle of the hair cells found in the inner ear- is rich. A hair bundle can oscillate spontaneously, "twitch" or simply relax in response to a force step. Using iontophoresis to affect the Ca²+ concentration near a hair bundle from the bullfrog's sacculus and displacement-clamp measurements of the bundle's force-displacement relations, we were able to reconcile these contrasting manifestations of active hair-bundle motility. We used Ca²+ and offsets of the bundle's mean position to control the fraction of open transduction channels at steady state and thus the bundle's operating point. In the case of non oscillatory hair bundles, we found that the polarity and kinetics of active hair-bundle movement evoked by a step stimulus depended on the bundle's operating point in the nonlinear force-displacement relation. When the force-displacement relation displayed a region of negative stiffness, spontaneous hair-bundle oscillations arose when the hair bundle was required to operate within this unstable region. Only two ingredients are necessary to account for the various incarnations of active hair-bundle motility: non linear gating compliance of the transduction apparatus and the Ca²+-regulated activity of the myosin-based adaptation motor. Numerical simulations successfully reproduced a wide range of observations from different experimental situations and animal species, thereby suggesting thatonly one force-generating mechanism is needed to describe the seemingly opposite movements that the hair-bundle can produce
Blancher, Christine. "Etude d'un nouvel adnc codant pour une proteine de la matrice extra cellulaire appartenant a la famille des pexines : la nectinepsine." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05S008.
Lopez, Sandra. "Rôle du cofacteur cellulaire TIP47 dans l'incorporation de la glycoprotéine d'enveloppe dans les particules virales du VIH-1." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077170.
The formation of new infectious HIV-1 viruses requires the encounter between three major viral components: the envelope glycoprotein (Env), the Gag precursor and the genomic RNA. Env incorporation into the viral Gag particles is a crucial step since it confers to the newly formed virions the capacity to infect new target cells. Yet the mechanisms of Env incorporation are not well known. The first part of my thesis allowed us to identify the first cellular cofactor, TIP47, required for Env incorporation. TIP47 permits the association between Gag and Env by interacting simultaneously with the matrix domain of Gag and with the cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane subunit TMgp41 of Env. HIV-1 Env incorporation is an active mechanism, in which the interaction between Gag, TIP47 and Env plays a central role. TIP47 is essential for Env incorporation into virions produced by différent target cells of HIV-1, as T CD4+ lymphocytes and primary macrophages. The second part of my thesis allowed the characterization of a new group of partners of the cytoplasmic domain of TMgp41 of HIV-1 Env: transcription factors anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, Env can participate in the regulation of different cellular pathways. The interaction between Env and one of these factors, Luman, inhibits its activation. Luman inhibits the transcriptional activity of HIV-1 genes, and Env seems to counteract this inhibition. On the other hand, ATF6 and SREBP, the other factors we identified, are necessary for viral replication and might be activated during HIV-1 infection
Dika, Nguea Hermine. "La culture de macrophages comme modèle prédictif de la toxicité et de la biopersistance des fibres minérales artificielles." Nancy 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN11310.
Félin, Murielle. "Interactions glycoproteine-lectine dans le noyau des cellules de la lignee myeloblastique leucemique humaine hl60." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05S012.
Fournier, Benjamin. "Thérapie cellulaire de l'anévrisme aortique par le fibroblaste gingival : études ex vivo et in vivo." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T019.
Aortic abdominal aneurysm is accompanied by a degradation of the elastic network and an increase of the metalloproteinases. We tried to transpose repair qualities of the gingival fibroblast on these arteries in ex-vivo and in vivo models. A culture model of rabbit artery in collagen gel is evaluated then used in coculture with gingival fibroblasts to evaluate the effect of these fibroblasts on arterial remodeling. The gingival fibroblasts are also cultivated with human aneurismal aortas. Finally our hypothesis is tested on an in vivo model of rabbit aneurism where the cells are transplanted into the lumen. In coculture, the gingival fibroblasts inhibit MMP-9 by an increase of its inhibitor: TIMP-1. Same inhibition is present in cocultures with human aneurismal aortas. The MMP-7 is also inhibited by increase in the TIMP-1 but also at a transcriptional level by an increase of TGF-pl. These cocultures allow the preservation of the arterial elastic network. The transfer of the fibroblasts in aneurisms created in rabbit reduced their diameters and the MMP-9. These results obtained on ex vivo and in vivo models show the capacity of the gingival fibroblasts to preserve the elastic network and to modulate the activity of proteases implied in pathology. The transplantation of gingival fibroblasts seems to be an interesting approach in the treatment of aortic aneurisms. Nevertheless complementary experiments are necessary to confirm our results and to understand how the gingival fibroblast influences remodeling
Solet, Jean-Michel. "Mécanismes de biotransformation de la thiocolchicine par une suspension cellulaire de "Centelia asiatica" L : démethylation et glucosylation : étude de la glucosyltransférase." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA114827.
Barral, Jérémie. "L' amplificateur ciliaire des cellules ciliées de l'oreille interne." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077015.
The vertebrate ear benefits from nonlinear mechanical amplification to operate over a vast range of sound intensities. The amplificatory process is thought to emerge from active force production by sensory hair cells. The mechano-sensory hair bundle that protrudes from the apical surface of each hair cell can oscillate spontaneously and function as a frequency-selective, nonlinear amplifier. By analyzing the dynamics of a bullfrog's saccule hair bundle immersed in various viscous milieus, we evaluated the effect of hydrodynamic friction. We observed that intrinsic fluctuations, owing to the small number of molécules inside the hair bundle, create the dominant source of friction. By combining dynamic force clamp of a hair bundle with real-time stochastic simulations of hair-bundle mechanics, we could mimic a virtual environment in which a real hair-bundle is elastically coupled to two neighbours. This strategy is supposed to emulate the mechanical coupling that is observed in vivo. We found that coupling increased the phase coherence of spontaneous hair-bundle oscillations by effectively reducing noise. We argue that the auditory amplifier relies on hair-bundle cooperation to overcome intrinsic noise limitations and achieve high sensitivity and sharp frequency selectivity. Nonlinear amplification is the price to pay for high sensitivity. Two-tone stimulation of a single hair bundle generates distortion products and manifests masking phenomena, reminiscent of psychoacoustics studies. We thus argue that hearing relies on the generic behavior of active nonlinear oscillators that shapes the sensation of sounds at the periphery of the auditory System
Klimchenko, Oléna. "Différenciation hématopoïétique des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077056.
Hematopoiesis in vertebrates includes two waves: one transitional extraembryonic called primitive and the second intra-embryonic origin called definitive. This sequence in mammals has been well studied in mice and much more difficult in humans for ethical reasons. The development of cell lines of human embryonic stem) offers a unique cellular model to study the different events mat occur during ontogeny. The goal of my thesis was to study embryonic hematopoiesis in the ES cell model to characterize the ontogenetic changes and better understand the pathophysiology of certain malignancies that occur on fetal progenitors. The first part of my thesis was devoted to studying the development of erythroid and megakaryocytic lineage. This work has identified the bipotent erythro-megakaryocytic progenitor (MEP) during thé embryonic primitive human hematopoiesis. We also showed that the MEP is upstream of monopotent progenitors committed exclusively to erythroid and megakaryocytic and produce mature nucleated erythrocytes and ,respectively. Platelets. The study of the specific regulation of embryonic development of MEPs help to establish the molecular mechanisms of commitment to a specific lineage differentiation during erythroblastic and megakaryocytic primitive. These results suggest that the primitive yolk sac hematopoiesis in humans is associated with the simultaneous emergence of erythroblastic and megakaryocytic fines. The second part of my thesis was devoted to the study of the ontogeny of human embyonic monopoesis. This work has enabled us to show that the process of macrophage differentiation from human ES cells reproduces the main stages of monopoiesis observed in adult bone marrow. Monocytic cells derived from human ES cells (huESC) express a combination of cell-surface markers that overlap with adult blood resident monocytes and showed an anti- inflammatory state that was confirmed at the level of secreted proteins. This polarization appeared to be related to ontogeny as fetal liver CD34+ cells- derived monocytic cells demonstrated a very similar phenotype. Both embryonic and fetal monocytic cells showed an enhanced expression of genes encoding tissue degrading enzymes, anti-inflammatory chemokines and scavenger receptors. They secreted high amounts of proteins acting on tissue remodeling and angiogenesis in comparison to blood adult monocytes and they promoted the development of large blood vessels in xeno-transplanted human tumors. These ontogenic functional properties correlated with a specific pathway of differentiation. These findings suggest that the differentiation of monocytic cells during human development may produce a majority of cells endowed mainly with antiinflammatory and trophic fonctions, supporting human fetus development
Fougeron, Delphine. "Caractérisation moléculaire et cellulaire de l'activité adjuvante de la flagelline dans la vaccination muqueuse." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL2S024/document.
Many pathogens of public health concern (including the influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses, and bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) enter the body via the respiratory tract in general and the lung mucosa in particular. Mucosal vaccines induce a local adaptive immune response (i.e. secretory antibodies and specific T cells) and constitute a unique means of directly preventing these infections. Most vaccines are delivered systemically and use systemic adjuvants. Although the few commercially available mucosal vaccines are generally effective, mucosal adjuvant candidates have not demonstrated sufficient levels of potency and safety. TLR signaling is instrumental for the induction of innate immunity and the concomitant ignition of adaptive immune responses. Thus TLR agonists are largely used as vaccine adjuvants. In the lab we use flagellin from Salmonella enterica (a potent TLR5 agonist) as a model to better understand the mode of action of mucosal adjuvants. The intranasal adjuvant effect of flagellin is characterized by an antigen-specific Th1/Th2 cell response, and a strong mucosal and systemic antibody response. However this adaptive immune response mainly depends on TLR5-mediated epithelial signaling.We used molecular profiling to show that cytokine/chemokine and dendritic cell maturation pathways are surrogate signatures for flagellin activation in the lung. Neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes were massively recruited to the lungs but were not essential for the adjuvant activity. In contrast, flagellin signaling did not induce a significant recruitment of conventional dendritic cells but enhanced their maturation and migration to the lymph nodes. In particular, CD11b+ migratory dendritic cells were essential for induction of a CD4+ T-cell response. Importantly, the functional activation of dendritic cells was independent of direct signaling via TLR5, suggesting the role of inflammatory cytokines produced by the activated epithelium. However or data suggest that IL-1 and IL-36 interleukins are not responsible for transactivation of dendritic cell. In conclusion, this thesis project opens up new perspectives for the development of mucosal adjuvants
Pârvu-Ferecatu, Iona Costina. "Etude de nouvelles activités de p53 et Rb à la mitochondrie et dans le contrôle de l'apoptose." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS0043.
Since their discovery, p53 and Rb proteins have been considerably studied mainly due to their regulatory function of cell cycle and apoptosis; their activities are found to be inactivated in most human cancers. During my PhD, I focused my interest in better understanding the role of p53 and Rb proteins in both apoptotic and living cells. First, we demonstrated that in stress conditions p53 is able to activate a mitochondria-independent alternative apoptotic pathway, which is under control of caspase-9. Moreover, we show that this caspase is able to cleave Rb protein, to generate a truncated p76Rb form which protects cells from p53-dependent apoptosis. Afterwards, we brought evidences of a mitochondrial localization of these proteins in proliferative cells, in many cell models, localization that has never been described before in such conditions. At mitochondria, p53 is mainly located at membranes level (inner or outer) while Rb displays more of an internal placement (inner-membrane or matrix). The domains of p53 involved in mitochondria localization of living cells seem to differ from those involved in nuclear or mitochondrial localization in stress conditions. The VDAC protein, one of most abundant proteins of mitochondrial outer-membrane, is the mitochondrial partner of p53 solely in living conditions. As for Rb, the pocket domain appears to be the one required for mitochondrial binding of the protein. These results suggest either that mitochondria may represent a sequestration site for both p53 and Rb, or that these proteins may be directly involved in mitochondria activity
Morre, Jacqueline. "La calmoduline au cours de la spermatogenese et de la maturation epidymaire." Paris 5, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA05S002.
Thomas, Emmanuel. "Nouveaux analogues de la vitamine D, agents de la différenciation cellulaire : conception, synthèse et évaluation biologique." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114819.
The hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D : calcitriol, is now recognized as an important cell-cycle regulator, which influences cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, in addition to its classical role in calcium homeostasis. The synthesis of new non hypercalcemic vitamin D analogs showing cellular differentiation effects, is the purpose of this work. The conception of these new compounds lies in a key-step Negishi-type coupling reaction which is fully described. The preparation of various vinylbromides and polyhydroxylated phenylhalides compounds, as analogs precursors, is also reported. Last but not least, the new vitamin D analogs have been tested for their affinity to VDR receptor and for their capacity to initiate cellular differentiation
Freyburger, Ludovic. "Etude de la réponse immunitaire cellulaire systémique et humorale muqueuse suite à la vaccination par la sous-unité B de la toxine de Shigella Dysenteriae comme vecteur d'antigène." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05T028.
The Shiga toxin subunit B (STxB) is a vaccinal vector targeting dendritic cells. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells responses as well as antibody production were observed after vaccination of mice with chimeric proteins composed of STxB coupled with different antigens. STxB doesn't favour maturation of dendritic cells, thus we assessed the STxB efficiency as vector in combination with different adjuvants. STxB coupled with different antigens and mixed with aGalCer, a glycolipide activating NKT cells, resulted in an increase CD8+ T cells frequency and it also allowed the dramaticaly reduction of antigen doses. This vaccine also permitted to break tolerance to self-antigens and to protect against the development of viral infection. In addition, we have showed that the route of immunization had an influence on the type of immune response (mucosal humoral response jind cellular^ systemic response) observed after the use of STxB
Geffroy, Marie-Christine. "Morphometrie, histo et cytodifferenciation au cours de l'organogenese de la prostate humaine." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05S005.
Vitour, Damien. "Interaction de la protéine non structurale NSP3 de Rotavirus avec la protéine cellulaire RoXaN." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA114845.
Maduna, Tando Lerato. "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) controls the development of the nervous system and its functions through VPAC1 receptor signalling : lessons from microcephaly and hyperalgesia in VIP-deficient mice." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ009/document.
The studies carried out during my PhD demonstrate that VIP-deficient mice suffer from microcephaly and as well as white matter deficits mainly due to the absence of maternal VIP during embryogenesis, Placental secretion of VIP is dependent on T lymphocytes and could be altered in pathologies of the immune system. Moreover, our data links VIP deficiency to sensory alterations, specifically, the nociceptive system. Thus, it is possible that early developmental defects and hypersensitivity to mechanical and cold stimuli are two manifestations of the same pathology. This hypothesis was reinforced following analysis of spontaneous firing patterns of neurons in the sensory thalamus of anesthetized adult males. Neurons from VIP-KO mice are hyperactive, which suggests aberrant local processing of nociceptive input or that the inhibitory inputs from local interneuron networks is reduced
Essabbani, Abdellatif. "La clusterine : un nouveau régulateur de la voie NF-қB et de la mort cellulaire". Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T025.
Clusterin: a new regulator of NF-kappaB pathway and cell death Clusterin is a multifunctional protein that plays numerous roles in mammalian cells. By mean of transcriptomic analysis, we previously demonstrated that lower expression of clu both in tissues and cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis patients compared to osteoarthritic patients. We showed that CLU interacts with phospho-IkB-a and decreases the translocation of p50/p65 to the nucleus. To specify the interaction sites of CLU with its partners and to study the CLU isoforms roles, we generated several molecular constructs coding for various CLU regions of interest and test their role on NF-қB pathway and CLU subcellular localization. We have also developed a new approach of "exon skipping" in order to induce preferential expression of the nuclear spliced form of the gene. This strategy will allow a good understanding of nuclear forme poorly characterized
Mehul, Bruno. "Mise en evidence et role d'une interaction laminine-ecto-5'-nucleotidase au cours du developpement du muscle srtie chez le poulet." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05S013.
Aliche-Djoudi, Fatiha. "Implication du remodelage membranaire induit par les acides gras polyinsaturés de la série oméga 3 dans la toxicité hépatique de l'éthanol : rôle de la fluidité membranaire et des radeaux lipidiques." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B084.
The involvement of membrane remodeling in ethanol-induced liver toxicity was previously described by our team. Thus, an increase in membrane fluidity and lipid raft clustering were responsible for ethanol toxicity via the activation of a raft-dependent signaling pathway, implicating phospholipase C (PLC). Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been described as capable of altering membrane fluidity and lipid rafts organization leading to modification of cell signaling. However, the impact of n-3 PUFA induced membrane remodeling on ethanol liver toxicity had never been described. For these reasons, the effect of some n-3 PUFAs, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20: 5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3), on ethanol-induced toxicity (oxidative stress and cell death) has been studied in rat primary hepatocytes, with particular attention to the involvement of lipid rafts. We have shown that EPA enhanced ethanol toxicity while DHA protected from it. This differential effect between EPA and DHA was mainly due to their membrane behavior. EPA, by incorporating preferentially in non-raft domains, promoted lipid raft clustering and consequently, activation of the PLC pathway. In contrast, DHA inhibited PLC signaling by preventing lipid raft aggregation, due to its preferential incorporation in these membrane micro-domains
Cloppet, Florence. "Analyse d'images de cultures cellulaires obtenues par microscopie optique : application a des images de neuroblastomes de souris." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05S003.
Mikaty, Guillain. "Rôle des Pili de type IV dans le réarrangement de la surface cellulaire eucaryote induite par Neisseria meningitidis et conséquences sur la colonisation des barrières cellulaires." Paris 5, 2009. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01262387.
Berger, Cédric. "Relation entre les Escherichia coli exprimant les adhésines Afa/Dr et les cellules de l'hôte : rôle des rafts lipidiques et des molécules d'adhésion cellulaire reliées à l'antigène carcino-embryonnaire (CEACAM) dans la pathogenèse de l'infection." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114818.
Diffusely adhering E. Coli (DAEC) are involved in urinary tarct infections and diarrhoeas. The only virulence factor identified is a family of adhesines, Afa/Dr, binding Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF) and Carcicoembryonic Antigen (CEA) which belongs to the CEACAM family. Our objective was to study the interactions between CEACAMs and the Afa/Dr DAEC. We observed that CEACAM1 and CEACAM6 are receptors for the Afa/Dr DAEC and are recruited around adhering bacteria as well as the GM1 and the caveoline, two lipid rafts markers. Adhesion to the DAF, CEA and CEACAM6 induces the formation of cellular prolongations around the bacteria and requires a reorganization of the actin network and the lipids rafts, as well as Rho GTPases and ERM proteins phophorylation. We also showed that the internalization of the bacteria was carried out by azipper like mechanism, indenpendently of actin. Moreover, CEA and the CEACAM6 seem to support entered of the bacteria into the cells
Petroeanu-Reinald, Nicoleta. "Mise au point d'un modèle d'anévrisme fusiforme carotidien chez le lapin. Etude du remodelage artériel (élastine, MMPs, cytokines) après thérapie cellulaire par fibrosblastes gingivaux." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T046.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by an increased proteolysis of the essential macromolecules of the media (elastin, collagen), transmural inflammation and apoptosis of smooth muscular cells. We aimed to develop an fusiform aneurysm model in rabbit in order to evaluate the feasibility and the efficiency of percutaneous endovascular cell therapy with gingival fibroblasts (GF). We induced this model by incubation of elastase in the lumen of rabbit carotid arteries. Endovascular cell therapy was performed 28 days later by transplantation of GF in the arterial aneurysmal wall. Analysis of the results (arterial morphometry, elastin density, biomolecular study of metalloprotei-nases, their tissue inhibitor and cytokines) shows the decrease of the aneurysmal size, the preservation of the elastic network, the inhibition of MMP-1 and -9, consequently to TIMP-1 increase and the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore GF are potential candidates for the endovascular therapy of AAA
Ettahar, Asma. "Rôle de la nouvelle ubiquitine ligase PHRF1 dans la transduction des effets du TGF-β". Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T043.
The TGF-β is an antiproliferative agent that plays an important role in suppressing tumorigenicity. The homeodomain protein TGIF is well known as a negative regulator of the TGF-β signaling. TGIF is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasom system. Ubiquitination plays an important role in the transduction of TGF-β signaling. Using a two-hybrid screen, we identified the RING finger protein PHRF1 (PHD and RING Finger 1) as a novel ubiquitin ligase that targets TGIF for degradation through the proteasome pathway, and thereby promoting the initiation of TGF-β signaling by enabling cPML relocalization in the cytoplasm, where it associates with SARA and coordinates the access of Smad2 for phosphorylation by the activated TGF-β receptor. We show that over-expression of PHRF1 may disable the tumoral development in the breast cancer cell lines. Indeed, the PHRF1 gene, which maps to a tumor suppressor locus at 11p15. 5, is somatically deleted or silenced in a significant proportion of human breast cancer. Therefore, our findings on the mode of action of PHRF1 provide new and important insights into the role of the TGF-β tumor suppressor network in malignant transformation
Salles-Mourlan, Josette-Anne-Marie. "Expression des isoformes de la myosine dans les differents types de fibres du muscle strie squelettique au cours de l'ontogenese des amphibiens urodeles." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05S014.
Martinez, Anna. "Le cycle biologique de Pneumocystis carinii : approches cellulaires et moléculaires." Thesis, Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S046.
Pneumocystis organisms are atypical and ubiquitous microfungi that proliferate in the lungs of immuno-suppressed mammals, including human beings, thus provoking serious, and often life-threatening pneumonia. Patients suffering from this disease are mainly HIV-positive individuals and patients with primary immunodeficiency, patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies for malignancies, organ transplantations or autoimmune diseases. It is also considered as a worsening factor in respiratory diseases such as infant bronchiolitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Even though Pneumocystis clinical spectrum is widening in the human population, fundamental aspects of its biology remain uncovered. To date, no continuous culture model is available, thus significantly preventing Pneumocystis research progress. Consequently, most Pneumocystis cell biology studies have to rely on competitive animal models while epidemiological studies on P. jirovecii stem from molecular biology data. What is more, dynamic Pneumocystis stage-to-stage transitions has never been followed nor do we know the infectious form. To examine these fundamental aspects of the Pneumocystis life cycle, separation of trophic and cystic forms is required. A reliable high speed sorting system (FACSAria cytometer, Becton Dickinson) was used to set up a new and efficient method of separation of P. carinii life cycle stages. Following specific coimmuostaining of both trophic and cystic forms of Pneumocystis, host cell debris were successfully eliminated and highly pure trophic and cystic form populations were reproducibly separated and collected for further analyses with a purity of 99,6 to 100%. These sorted populations remaining infectious in endotracheally-inoculated Pneumocystis-free Nude rats, they were used to clarify the mechanisms of multiplication and differenciation of P. carinii. Our aim was to better understand the life cycle of Pneumocystis organisms by addressing the following questions: How do the Pneumocystis trophic and cystic forms proliferate? Which are the active metabolic pathways in the trophic or cystic form populations? Which molecular actors are involved in the trophic-to-cystic form differenciation process? First of all, growth kinetics of either pure trophic or cystic forms of P. carinii were followed (i) in the natural Pneumocystis microenvironment (pulmonary alveolus), after endotracheal inoculation of either pure trophic or cystic populations in Pneumocystis-free Nude rats ; (ii) in vitro in an axenic short-term culture model or in co-culture with rat epithelial alveolar cells (L2 cell line). These experiments indicated that trophic forms could multiply in vitro but that they cannot develop into cystic forms, in contrast to what happened in the rat model. The lack of cyst production in vitro may explain the absence of continuous growth of Pneumocystis in this system. Second, ploidy of trophic and cystic forms was analysed to better understand the multiplication process of these micromycetes. A DNA intercalating agent allowed us to measure DNA contents of sorted trophic and cystic forms in comparison with DNA contents of haploid and diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae reference strains. Trophic forms contain 1, 2, 3 and 4 DNA contents whereas cystic forms contain 8C of DNA. Finally, expression profiles of sorted Pneumocystis cystic or trophic populations were compared using microarray approaches (University of Cincinnati, USA) and subtraction cDNA libraries. All together, these results should shed new light on the intricate modes of multiplication and life cycle of these opportunistic micromycetes
Ezzoukhry, Zakaria. "Bases moléculaires de l'efficacité du traitement cible du carcinome hépatocellulaire par le sorafenib." Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIED010.