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Niang-Gaye, P., and N. Karpel van Leitner. "Participation des radicaux carbonate à l’oxydation de l’atrazine lors de l’ozonation de solutions aqueuses contenant des ions hydrogénocarbonate." Revue des sciences de l'eau 18, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705550ar.
Анотація:
L’étude porte sur la détermination de la contribution des espèces O3, OH° et CO3°- dans la dégradation de l’atrazine lors de l’ozonation de solutions contenant différentes concentrations en ions hydrogénocarbonate et en carbone organique. Le suivi de la concentration en atrazine et en ozone dissous, et les expressions cinétiques ont permis de calculer les concentrations en radicaux hydroxyle et carbonate au cours des réactions. A partir des données expérimentales obtenues sur des eaux pures additionnées de carbone organique et inorganique, les résultats indiquent que l’élimination du micropolluant résulte de l’action de l’ozone (pour une faible part), des radicaux hydroxyle issus de la décomposition de l’ozone, mais aussi pour une part très significative, des radicaux carbonate. La participation des radicaux CO3°- diminue lorsque la concentration en carbone organique augmente. Les radicaux carbonate peuvent être responsable de plus de 40 % de la dégradation de l’atrazine lors de l’ozonation en présence de 7 mM d’ions hydrogénocarbonate et 129 µM d’ions glycolate utilisés comme molécule modèle pour l’apport de carbone organique. Les résultats obtenus sur des eaux naturelles confirment les conclusions déduites des expériences sur des eaux de composition connue.
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Paing, J., J. P. Sambuco, R. Costa, A. Rambaud, and B. Picot. "Bilan du carbone dans le lagunage anaérobie appliqué sous climat méditerranéen." Revue des sciences de l'eau 16, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705512ar.
Анотація:
Ce travail a porté sur l'application du lagunage anaérobie pour le traitement primaire des eaux résiduaires urbaines sous climat méditerranéen. Il a été réalisé sur les lagunes anaérobies de l' Ecosite de Mèze (Hérault, France). Les lagunes anaérobies constituent un traitement primaire satisfaisant avec des rendements moyens de 55% pour les MES et 30% pour la DBO5, pour une faible emprise au sol. Le taux d'accumulation des boues est de seulement 0,017 m3 /EH.an, notamment du fait de l'efficacité de la dégradation anaérobie. L'équilibre du métabolisme anaérobie des boues est atteint après un an de fonctionnement. L'accumulation des boues se fait alors de façon saisonnière avec une forte accumulation en hiver et une digestion du stock en été. Cette évolution est liée à l'influence de la température sur la méthanogénèse. La production de biogaz (83% CH4) a pu être mesurée par des collecteurs à gaz mis au point pour cette étude et dépend également fortement de la température. Le bilan du carbone montre que 74% du carbone organique épuré est converti en CH4, 13% en carbone inorganique dissous et seulement 15% est stocké dans les boues. Toutefois, les lagunes anaérobies présentent un risque de créer des nuisances olfactives dues à l'émission de H2 S.
3
Bailly, Sean. "Un cycle en pur carbone." Pour la Science N° 504 - octobre, no. 10 (January 10, 2019): 9b. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pls.504.0009b.
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Bard, Édouard, and Richard Sempéré. "Le cycle du carbone dans l’océan." La lettre du Collège de France, no. 40 (September 2, 2015): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/lettre-cdf.2102.
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Friedlingstein, Pierre, Laurent BOPP, and Patricia CADULE. "Changement climatique et cycle du carbone." La Météorologie 8, no. 58 (2007): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/18204.
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Pelletier, E., and S. Maheu. "Cinétique d'accumulation et rétention d'espèces du mercure chez l'étoile de mer Leptasterias polaris: une expérience de transfert trophique à long terme." Revue des sciences de l'eau 9, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705257ar.
Анотація:
Dans le cadre de travaux sur le rôle des échinodermes dans le cycle biogéochimique de certains métaux traces en milieu côtier, une étude de l'accumulation et de la rétention d'espèces chimiques du mercure a été menée avec l'étoile de mer Leptasterias polaris sur une période de 40 jours. Les étoiles de mer ont été divisées en deux groupes et nourries avec des moules contaminées soit au méthylmercure (MeHg) (14 mg.kg-1), soit au mercure inorganique (13 mg.kg-1). Les résultats montrent une vitesse d'accumulation dans le système digestif de 0,22 mg.kg-1.j-1 pour le Hg inorganique et 0,17 mg.kg-1.j-1 pour le MeHg. Ces vitesses sont 10 à 15 fois moins importantes dans les gonades et l'endosquelette. Pour le Hg inorganique, la charge relative dans les différents organes analysés se fixe après quelques jours et demeure stable jusqu'à la fin de l'expérience. Pour le MeHg, au contraire, cette charge relative passe progressivement du système digestif vers les gonades et l'exosquelette tout au long de l'expérience. Le pourcentage de rétention (%) demeure constant pour le Hg inorganique (51 ± 13%) mais il augmente régulièrement pour le MeHg, atteignant 90-95% vers la fin de l'exposition. L'application d'un modèle cinétique simple, basé sur un processus d'échange ionique, a permis de calculer des constantes de vitesse d'échange entre le digestat et le tissu digestif. Le MeHg s'échange plus vite entre la solution et les sites, mais semble mettre un peu plus de temps à voyager jusqu'aux organes de bioaccumulation. En conclusion, l'étoile L. polaris, par sa taille, sa longévité et sa grande efficacité à digérer tout ce qui est ingéré, semble en mesure de jouer un rôle important à la fois dans la séquestration du MeHg et la remise en solution du Hg inorganique.
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Schlamadinger, Bernhard, Lorenza Canella, Gregg Marland, and Josef Spitzer. "Bioenergy strategies and the global carbon cycle. / Stratégies bioénergétiques et cycle global du carbone." Sciences Géologiques. Bulletin 50, no. 1 (1997): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/sgeol.1997.1951.
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Séférian, Roland, Matthias Rocher, Nicolas Metzl, and Philippe Ciais. "Évolution récente du cycle du carbone planétaire : facteurs humains et naturels." La Météorologie 8, no. 93 (2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/59931.
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DOLLÉ, J. B., J. AGABRIEL, J. L. PEYRAUD, P. FAVERDIN, V. MANNEVILLE, C. RAISON, A. GAC, and A. LE GALL. "Les gaz à effet de serre en élevage bovin : évaluation et leviers d'action." INRAE Productions Animales 24, no. 5 (December 8, 2011): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2011.24.5.3275.
Анотація:
Le contexte environnemental actuel, tant politique (objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre) que sociétal (informationdu consommateur), nécessite de préciser les impacts de l'activité d'élevage bovin en matière de changement climatique. L'enjeuest de connaître précisément les niveaux d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et de stockage de carbone, des différents modes deproduction. Pour cela, une évaluation basée sur la méthodologie de l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) est mise au point à l'échelle dusystème d'élevage. Cette approche permet d'avoir une vision globale de l'activité d'élevage intégrant l'ensemble des processus interneset externes au fonctionnement de l'exploitation. Ainsi pour les systèmes laitiers français, l'empreinte carbone brute du lait est enmoyenne de 1,26 kg CO2/kg de lait. La prise en compte du stockage de carbone sous les prairies et les haies se traduit par une compensationcomprise entre 6 et 43% selon les systèmes, en fonction de la part de prairies. L'empreinte carbone nette du lait françaisest alors en moyenne de 1,0 kg CO2/kg de lait. Dans les systèmes bovins viande français, l'empreinte carbone brute est comprise entre14,8 et 16,5 kg CO2/kg viande vive en fonction du système de production (naisseur vs naisseur/engraisseur). Après prise en comptedu stockage de carbone qui permet une compensation comprise entre 24 et 53%, l'empreinte carbone nette est comprise entre 7,9 et11,3 kg CO2/kg viande vive. De nombreux leviers d'action sont identifiés dans les systèmes d'élevage de ruminants pour réduire l'empreintecarbone des produits au portail de la ferme. Certains concernent une optimisation des systèmes de production (ajustementdes apports alimentaires, gestion de la fertilisation…) et se traduisent par des économies en matière d'intrants. D'autres nécessitentla mise en place de nouvelles technologies et se traduiront donc par un investissement ou un coût de fonctionnement supérieur auxschémas actuels de production.
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Jonas, KOALA, KAGAMBEGA O. Raymond, and SANOU Lassina. "Distribution des stocks de carbone du sol et de la biomasse racinaire dans un parc agroforestier à Prosopis africana (Guill., et Rich.) Taub au Burkina Faso, Afrique de l’Ouest." Journal of Applied Biosciences 160 (April 30, 2021): 16482–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.160.5.
Анотація:
Objectif : Cette présente étude visait à déterminer la distribution verticale des stocks de carbone organique du sol et de la biomasse racinaire dans un parc agroforestière à Prosopis africana (Guill., et Rich.) Taub au Burkina Faso. Méthodologie et Résultats : L’étude a été menée à Saria sur un dispositif factoriel avec 3 répétitions. L’échantillonnage des racines et du sol a été fait par l’extraction de monolithes sur 5 couches à une profondeur de 150 cm. Les résultats montrent que la profondeur a influencé les stocks de carbone. La couche 0-50 cm renferme 91% du stock total de carbone de la biomasse racinaire. Les stocks de Carbone Organique du Sol (COS) le plus élevé a été enregistré dans la couche 80-120 cm (26,59±7,94 tC ha-1), contre 8,74±6,05 tC ha-1 dans la couche 0-20 cm. Conclusion et implication des résultats : Les résultats montrent que les parcs agroforestiers étudiés ont un fort potentiel de séquestration de carbone. Cependant, les éventuels projets de carbone dans les parcs agroforestiers devront se focaliser sur la biomasse végétale aérienne et souterraine car le carbone organique du sol parait ne pas être influencé par les différents aménagements. Aussi pour une bonne gestion de ces stocks de carbone, des études complémentaires doivent être menées en vue de comprendre le cycle de de renouvellement des racines fines des parcs agroforestiers afin de de mesurer les flux de carbone organique du sol dans les parcs agroforestiers. Mots clés : Carbone organique du sol; Parc agroforestier, Prosopis africana, séquestration de carbone ; Biomasse racinaire 16482 Koala et al., J. Appl. Biosci. Vol.160 :2021 Distribution des stocks de carbone du sol et de la biomasse racinaire dans un parc agroforestier à Prosopis africana (Guill., et Rich.) Taub au Burkina Faso, Afrique de l’Ouest Distribution of carbon stocks from soil and root biomass in Prosopis africana (Guill., And Rich.) Taub agroforestry parkland in Burkina Faso, West Africa. ABSTRACT Objectives The aim of this study was to determine soil organic carbon stocks and root biomass carbon vertical distribution in an agroforestry parkland of Prosopis africana (Guill., And Rich.) Taub in Burkina Faso. Methodology and Results: The study was carried out in Saria on factorial design with 3 replicates. Root and soil sampling was done by extracting monoliths in 5-layer up to 150 cm depth. Results show that depth influenced carbon stocks. 0-50 cm layer contains 91% of root biomass total carbon stock. Highest soil Organic Carbon (SOC) stocks were recorded in 80-120 cm layer (26.59 ± 7.94 tC ha-1), compared to 8.74 ± 6.05 tC ha-1 in 0-20 cm layer. Conclusions and application of findings: Our results show that agroforestry parklands have a high carbon sequestration potential. However, any carbon projects in agroforestry parklands have to focus on trees above-ground and below-ground biomass because soil organic carbon does not influenced by management. Also for good management of these carbon stocks, additional studies must be carried out in order to understand the renewal cycle of fine roots in agroforestry parks in order to measure organic carbon flow from soil in agroforestry parklands. Keywords: Soil organic carbon; Agroforestry parklands, Prosopis africana, carbon sequestration; Root biomass INTRODUCTION L’agroforesterie est un système d’utilisation des terres traditionnel qui est toujours utilisé de nos jours par les populations (Santoro et al., 2020). Elle est considérée comme un système durable car contribuant à lutter contre la dégradation des terres. Sa contribution à l’amélioration à la productivité de l’agriculture est bien reconnue de nos jours (Montagnini and Nair, 2004). L’amélioration de la productivité est due à l’augmentation de la matière organique et au recyclage des éléments
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Occhietti, Serge, Michel ChartierH, Claude Hillaire-Marcel, Mario Cournoyer, Stephen L. Cumbaa, and Richard Harington. "Paléoenvironnements de la mer de Champlain dans la région de Québec, entre 11 300 et 9750 bp : le site de Saint-Nicolas." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 55, no. 1 (October 2, 2002): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/005660ar.
Анотація:
Résumé À Saint-Nicolas, dans le détroit de Québec, des sables de courants de marée de la transition Pléistocène-Holocène contiennent une faune marine fossile exceptionnelle : 34 types d'invertébrés en plus des microfossiles, 3 de mammifères, 3 d'oiseaux et 5 de poissons, d'âge au 14 C compris entre 10 060 et 9810 BP (δ 13 C = 0 ‰). Ils sont recouverts par des tidalites qui marquent la phase ultime de la Mer de Champlain, jusque vers 9750 BP. L'ensemble des données lithologiques, géochimiques et paléontologiques évoque une sédimentation dans un archipel situé à l'entrée de la Mer de Champlain, soumis à des marées de l'ordre de 5 à 10 m d'amplitude. Les forts courants de marée montante ont favorisé le maintien tardif d'apports d'eaux salées. L'archipel a protégé les unités de l'érosion pendant le reflux des marées ainsi que de l'érosion fluviatile ultérieure liée au relèvement glacio-isostatique. La diversité faunique est associée à une forte productivité marine, liée au mélange des eaux douces et salées. La chaîne alimentaire allait de mollusques abondants à marée basse à des poissons, au morse, à des phoques et à des oiseaux qui nidifiaient sur les îlots rocheux. Le maintien de ce système sédimentaire et écologique implique une stabilisation du niveau marin relatif attribuée à la remontée eustatique du début de l'Holocène. La comparaison des âges au 14 C de coquilles marines et de bois permet d'évaluer l'effet du carbone inorganique dissous dans la Mer de Champlain. Les âges des coquilles marines (δ 13 C = 0 ‰) sont vieillis d'au moins 350 ans par rapport aux âges de matériel terrestre (δ 13 C=-25 ‰) en position stratigraphique équivalente.
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Saulnier-Talbot, Émilie, and Reinard Pienitz. "Isolation au postglaciaire d'un bassin côtier près de Kuujjuaraapik-Whapmagoostui, en Hudsonie (Québec) : une analyse biostratigraphique diatomifère." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 55, no. 1 (October 2, 2002): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/005662ar.
Анотація:
Résumé En vue de retracer les phases d'isolation postglaciaire d'un lac côtier situé près de Kuujjuaraapik-Whapmagoostui (baie d'Hudson), le contenu diatomifère d'une carotte de sédiments a été analysé. La séquence sédimentaire recueillie dans le lac Kachishayoot démontre trois unités de changements paléoenvironnementaux provoqués par le relèvement isostatique postglaciaire. Ces unités se distinguent entre elles par une sédimentologie et des assemblages fossiles de diatomées contrastants. Le passage de l'argile marine à la gyttja et l'évolution des assemblages diatomifères successivement dominés par des espèces poly-mésohalobes, oligohalobes, puis halophobes, démontrent bien les effets de la salinité décroissante sur le milieu aquatique. De plus, les valeurs décroissantes d'alcalinité calculées par l'intermédiaire d'une fonction de transfert (basée sur les assemblages de diatomées) reflètent le passage d'un environnement riche à un environnement pauvre en nutriments lors de l'isolation du bassin lacustre des eaux de la Mer postglaciaire de Tyrrell. Le recyclage graduel de ses eaux a ainsi éliminé les nutriments et les ions majeurs (carbone inorganique dissous, Ca, Mg) issus du délavement du till et des argiles marines. La datation, par spectrométrie de masse à l'aide d'un accélérateur de particules (SMA) de matériel provenant de la carotte a permis d'évaluer le taux de sédimentation et d'estimer la durée des trois différentes étapes de la succession lacustre dans le bassin du lac Kachishayoot (conditions marines de 5400-4500 ans cal. BP, phase d'isolation entre 4500-1600 ans cal. BP et la phase lacustre depuis 1600 ans cal. BP). Cette étude biostratigraphique fournit aussi des indices quant à l'évolution du paysage dans le sud de l'Hudsonie par suite du retrait de la Mer postglaciaire de Tyrrell, il y a environ 5000 ans.
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Ourouda, R., H. Rahabi-Layachi, Z. A. Massy, A. Boullier, and C. Amant. "Le phosphate inorganique bloque le cycle cellulaire des cellules endothéliales en phase G1 en augmentant l’expression de p16 et p27." Néphrologie & Thérapeutique 12, no. 5 (September 2016): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nephro.2016.07.271.
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Viovy, Nicolas, and Nathalie de Noblet. "Coupling water and carbon cycle in the biosphere. / Couplage du cycle de l'eau et du carbone dans la biosphère." Sciences Géologiques. Bulletin 50, no. 1 (1997): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/sgeol.1997.1948.
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Amiotte Suchet, Philippe, and J. L. Probst. "Origines du carbone inorganique dissous dans les eaux de la Garonne. Variations saisonnières et interannuelles. / Sources of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Garonne river water. Seasonal and inter annual variations." Sciences Géologiques. Bulletin 49, no. 1 (1996): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/sgeol.1996.1938.
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Taoufik, M., and J. E. Dafir. "Comportement du phosphore dans le sédiment des barragesde la partie aval du bassin versant d'Oum Rabiaa (Maroc)." Revue des sciences de l'eau 15, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705449ar.
Анотація:
L'étude du phosphore, facteur clef responsable de l'eutrophisation des eaux continentales, a été entreprise afin d'évaluer les potentialités de mobilité de cet élément dans les sédiments de la partie aval du bassin versant d'Oum Rabiaa : Imfout - Océan atlantique ; caractérisé par la présence de trois retenues de barrages en série (Imfout, Daourat et Sidi Maachou). La présence de ces trois retenues de barrages en série conditionne la répartition du phosphore des sédiments de ce tronçon en réduisant les apports fluviaux vers l'aval. La spéciation du phosphore des sédiments montre que le phosphore se trouve majoritairement sous forme inorganique (68 %) ; la fraction CaCO3 -P étant majoritaire par rapport à celle de Fe(OOH)-P. Les fractions organiques représentent 32 %. La mobilité mesurée du phosphate est de 20 % du phosphore total, les fractions du phosphore présentent une mobilité représentant prés de 15 % du PT. La différence mesurée entre la mobilité considérée par fraction et la mobilité totale, observée lors d'un cycle annuel, s'explique par la mobilité interne, au sein du sédiment, entre les différentes fractions. Les conditions environnementales (pH, oxygène dissous)en sont responsables puisqu'elles favorisent le relargage par une fraction en même temps que le stockage par une autre.
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Brioude, J., J. P. Cammas, and O. R. Cooper. "Stratosphere-troposphere exchange in a summertime extratropical low: analysis." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 6 (November 29, 2005): 12465–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-12465-2005.
Анотація:
Abstract. Ozone and carbone monoxide measurements sampled during two commercial flights in airstreams of a summertime midlatitude cyclone are analysed with a lagrangian-based study (backward trajectories and a Reverse Domain Filling technique) to gain a comprehensive understanding of transport effects on trace gas distributions. The study demonstrates that summertime cyclones can be associated with deep stratosphere-troposphere transport. A tropopause fold is sampled twice in its life cycle, once in the lower troposphere (O3≃100 ppbv; CO≃90 ppbv) in the dry airstream of the cyclone, and again in the upper troposphere (O3≃200 ppbv; CO≃90 ppbv) on the northern side of the large scale potential vorticity feature associated with baroclinic development. In agreement to the maritime development of the cyclone, the chemical composition of the anticyclonic part outflow of the warm conveyor belt (O3≃40 ppbv; CO≃85 ppbv) corresponds to the lowest mixing ratios of both ozone and carbone monoxide in upper tropospheric airborne observations. The uncertain degree of confidence of the Lagrangian-based technique applied to a 100 km segment of upper level airborne observations with high ozone (200 ppbv) and relatively low CO (80 ppbv) observed northwest of the cyclone prevents to identify the ozone enrichment process of air parcels embedded in the cyclonic part of the upper level outflow of the warm conveyor belt. Different hypotheses of stratosphere-troposphere exchange are discussed.
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Brion, N., and G. Billen. "Une réévaluation de la methode d'incorporation de H14C03- pour mesurer la nitrification autotrophe et son application pour estimer des biomasses de bactéries nitrifiantes." Revue des sciences de l'eau 11, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705308ar.
Анотація:
Le processus de nitrification joue un rôle essentiel dans le cycle de l'azote dans les milieux aquatiques naturels. La mesure de l'activité nitrifiante est une étape obligée pour bien comprendre et quantifier les flux d'azote dans ces milieux. Ce travail présente une réévaluation de la méthode de mesure de l'activité nitrifiante autotrophe par la méthode d'incorporation de bicarbonate marqué au 14C et son application pour estimer des biomasses de bactéries nitrifiantes. La validité générale de la méthode a été démontrée par des tests menés sur des inhibiteurs de nitrification qui ont montré que l'utilisation combinée de N-serve (5 ppm) et de chlorate (10 mM) inhibait de manière complète et spécifique l'oxydation d'azote et l'incorporation de carbone des deux groupes de bactéries nitrifiantes. Un facteur de rendement (carbone incorporé par azote oxydé) de 0,1 mole C/mole N a également été déterminé sur des cultures pures de bactéries nitrosantes et nitratantes. Pour l'activité potentielle, en particulier, les conditions optimales pour la mesure d'activité nitrifiante ont également été établis: un pH entre 7 et 8, une température entre 20 et 30°C, une concentration en ammonium d'au moins 1 mmol/l et en oxygène d'au moins 6 mg/l. Une relation entre les mesures d'activité nitrifiante potentielle et la biomasse des bactéries nitrifiantes a été établie sur culture pure. Elle montre que dans les conditions de mesures de l'activité potentielle, 1 µg C de bactéries nitrifiantes oxyde 0,04 µmol N/h
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Borrelly, R., I. Biron, P. Delaneau, and B. J. Thomas. "Dosage du carbone en solution dans les aciers extra-doux par mesure du pouvoir thermoélectrique. Application à la détermination des teneurs en carbone en solution à différentes étapes d’un cycle de recuit continu." Revue de Métallurgie 90, no. 5 (May 1993): 685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/199390050685.
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Mulkerin, Daniel L., Jason J. Bergsbaken, Jessica A. Fischer, Mary J. Mulkerin, Aaron M. Bohler, and Mary S. Mably. "Multidisciplinary Optimization of Oral Chemotherapy Delivery at the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center." Journal of Oncology Practice 12, no. 10 (October 2016): e912-e923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jop.2016.013748.
Анотація:
Purpose: Use of oral chemotherapy is expanding and offers advantages while posing unique safety challenges. ASCO and the Oncology Nursing Society jointly published safety standards for administering chemotherapy that offer a framework for improving oral chemotherapy practice at the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center. Methods: With the goal of improving safety, quality, and uniformity within our oral chemotherapy practice, we conducted a gap analysis comparing our practice against ASCO/Oncology Nursing Society guidelines. Areas for improvement were addressed by multidisciplinary workgroups that focused on education, workflows, and information technology. Recommendations and process changes included defining chemotherapy, standardizing patient and caregiver education, mandating the use of comprehensive electronic order sets, and standardizing documentation for dose modification. Revised processes allow pharmacists to review all orders for oral chemotherapy, and they support monitoring adherence and toxicity by using a library of scripted materials. Results: Between August 2015 and January 2016, revised processes were implemented across the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center clinics. The following are key performance indicators: 92.5% of oral chemotherapy orders (n = 1,216) were initiated within comprehensive electronic order sets (N = 1,315), 89.2% compliance with informed consent was achieved, 14.7% of orders (n = 193) required an average of 4.4 minutes review time by the pharmacist, and 100% compliance with first-cycle monitoring of adherence and toxicity was achieved. Conclusion: We closed significant gaps between institutional practice and published standards for our oral chemotherapy practice and experienced steady improvement and sustainable performance in key metrics. We created an electronic definition of oral chemotherapies that allowed us to leverage our electronic health records. We believe our tools are broadly applicable.
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Allemane, H., M. Prados-Ramirez, J. P. Croué, and B. Legube. "Recherche et identification des premiers sous-produits d'oxydation de l'isoproturon par le système ozone/peroxyde d'hydrogène." Revue des sciences de l'eau 8, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705226ar.
Анотація:
Une solution aqueuse tamponnée par des phosphates (pH initial - 8) dopée en isoproturon (N- (isopropyl-4-phényl)-N-N'-diméthylurée) (~ 20 mg 1-1), a été oxydée par le système perozone, combinant l'ozone et le peroxyde d'hydrogène dans un rapport molaire de 0,5 à 0,6 moles de H2O2 par mole d'ozone. Les disparitions du composé parent, du carbone organique total (COT), du carbone total (CT) et de la consommation d'ozone, ont été suivies au cours de l'oxydation. Les premiers sous-produits d'oxydation, ceux susceptibles de conserver une formulation moléculaire proche de celle du composé initial, et par conséquent de posséder encore une activité toxique, ont été isolés et caractérisés par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. Il a été trouvé que l'isoproturon requiert un taux d'oxydation molaire de 10 moles d'ozone par mole d'isoproturon introduit, pour obtenir une élimination complète de cet herbicide. En revanche, le COT n'est pratiquement pas minéralisé, même avec de très forts taux d'ozone, ce qui indique la présence dans le milieu de sous-produits rémanents. La plupart des premiers sous-produits d'oxydation détectés conservent le cycle aromatique dans leur structure, et au moins un atome d'azote, et sont présents à des concentrations significatives. Ces composés semblent aussi réactifs que l'isoproturon vis-à-vis de la perozonation puisqu'ils disparaissent lorsqu'on prolonge l'oxydation. De plus, l'identification de ces sous-produits laisse supposer que l'attaque des radicaux hydroxyles générés par le procédé perozone, entraîne la rupture d'une liaison C-N ou d'une liaison C-H, conduisant à la formation de composés oxygénés.
22
Feseke, SK, J. St-Laurent, E. Anassour-Sidi, P. Ayotte, M. Bouchard, and P. Levallois. "Exposition à l'arsenic et diabète de type 2 : résultats de l’Enquête canadienne sur les mesures de la santé de 2007 à 2009." Promotion de la santé et prévention des maladies chroniques au Canada 35, no. 4 (June 2015): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.35.4.01f.
Анотація:
Introduction L’arsenic inorganique et ses métabolites sont considérés comme dangereux pour la santé humaine. Même si plusieurs études ont indiqué des associations entre une faible exposition à l’arsenic et le diabète sucré aux États-Unis et au Mexique, ces associations n’ont pas été étudiées chez les Canadiens. Nous avons analysé l’association entre l’exposition à l’arsenic, mesurée par la concentration d’arsenic total dans l’urine, et la prévalence du diabète de type 2 (DT2) chez 3 151 participants adultes du cycle 1 (2007 à 2009) de l’Enquête canadienne sur les mesures de la santé (ECMS). Méthodologie La glycémie et l’hémoglobine glycosylée ont été mesurées chez les participants. L’arsenic total a été dosé par une analyse d’urine. De plus, les participants ont répondu à un questionnaire détaillé sur leurs habitudes de vie et leurs antécédents médicaux. Nous avons analysé l’association de la concentration urinaire d’arsenic avec le DT2 et le prédiabète à l’aide d’une régression logistique multivariée ajustée pour les facteurs de confusion potentiels. Résultats La concentration urinaire d’arsenic total était positivement associée à la prévalence de DT2 et de prédiabète : les rapports de cotes ajustés étaient respectivement de 1,81 (IC à 95% : 1,12 à 2,95) et de 2,04 (IC à 95% : 1,03 à 4,05) lorsqu’on comparait les concentrations urinaires d’arsenic les plus élevées (quatrième quartile) aux plus faibles (premier quartile). L’arsenic total urinaire était également associé au taux d’hémoglobine glycosylée chez les diabétiques non traités. Conclusion Nous avons noté des associations significatives entre l’exposition à l’arsenic et la prévalence de DT2 et de prédiabète dans la population canadienne. L’inférence causale est limitée car il s’agit d’une étude transversale exempte d’évaluation de l’exposition à long terme.
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des Abbayes, Hervé, and Jean-Yves Salaün. "Ligand acyle et ligand alkoxycarbonyle: couplage carbone-carbone ou isomérie cycle-chaîne sur l’exemple des complexes octaédriques du fer du type cis-Fe{[C(O)]xR} {[C(O)]yR′}(CO)4; x, y = 0,1; R ou R′ = CH3, OCH3." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIC - Chemistry 2, no. 5-6 (May 1999): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1387-1609(00)88533-3.
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Hillaire-Marcel, Claude, Anne de Vernal, Marc Lucotte, Alfonso Mucci, Guy Bilodeau, André Rochon, Sylvain Vallières, and Guoping Wu. "Productivité et flux de carbone dans la mer du Labrador au cours des derniers 40 000 ans." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-012.
Анотація:
Geochemical and micropaleontological analyses of Labrador Sea sediments allowed us to intercalibrate indicators of paleoproductivity and paleofluxes of carbon and to reconstitute biogeochemical fluxes, notably in relation to deep sea circulation changes (Western Boundary Undercurrent and North Atlantic Deep Water). Linear or logarithmic relations are observed between the subrecent fluxes of paleoproductivity indicators (coccoliths, diatoms, dinocysts, 230Th), the 13C content of left-coiling or sinistral Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, the modern surface water carbon production, and the rates of organic and inorganic carbon (Corg, Cinorg) burial. All indicators increase by a factor of 102 to 103 in response to the evolution of paleosea-surface conditions since the last glacial maximum. Correlations are observed between authigenic Cinorg, 230Th, coccoliths, and 13C content (left-coiling or sinistral Neogloboquadrina pachyderma), and also between authigenic Corg, dinocysts, uranium, and sulfur. Relative Cinorg/Corg burial rates in the deep sediments (> 3000 m) allow us to calculate a net CO2 production in the basin. The net CO2 flux was slightly negative between ~ 20 and ~ 15 ka BP. It reached a first maximum at about 9 ka BP (~ 30 μmol∙cm−2∙a−1 CO2) followed by a decrease at ~ 8 ka BP (~ 20 μmol∙cm−2∙a−1). Since about 7 ka BP, it stabilized at ~ 35 μmol∙cm−2∙a−1. The minimum observed at about 8 ka BP corresponds to a significant rate of Corg burial accompanied with a maximum flux of redox-sensitive indicators (uranium, sulfur). This event does not correspond to any change in sea-surface temperature or salinity, nor in deep circulation, but may be related to the reorganization of the atmospheric circulation during a major breakup stage of the Laurentide ice sheet. The close correlation between the change in CO2 production in the Labrador Sea with variations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the last 20 ka BP suggests that the production of biogenic carbonates in subpolar basins plays a role in the global carbon cycle on the scale of glacial–interglacial climate changes.
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Keenan, T. D., and R. E. Carbone. "Propagation and Diurnal Evolution of Warm Season Cloudiness in the Australian and Maritime Continent Region." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 973–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2152.1.
Анотація:
Abstract Warm season cold cloud-top climatology in the Austral–Indonesian region is examined for evidence of propagating modes of precipitation that originate from elevated heat sources and the diurnal heating cycle. Using satellite-inferred cloudiness from the period 1996–2001 as a proxy for rainfall, this coherent regeneration process and subsequent event propagation is found to consistently occur from the midlatitudes (30°–40°S) to the tropics (10°–20°S) in the Austral region. Given favorable environmental shear at midlatitudes, long-lived eastward-propagating events are observed to occur regularly with a span and duration typically larger than observed by Carbone et al. The genesis of these events, while intermittent, is directly related to elevated heat sources and the diurnal cycle, similar to the United States. However, given the relatively flat terrain of Australia, an elevated heat source is often insufficient, thus increasing the relative influence of transient synoptic forcing. In the tropics, the thermal forcing associated with elevated terrain found over the islands of the Maritime Continent and the land–sea interface is increasingly dominant on daily basis. While eastward- and westward-propagating events are found in the more varied environment of the monsoon regime, evidence for meridionally propagating modes is also found. In this manner, complex interactions occur that modify the location and timing of clouds that develop over neighboring oceanic and continental locations. The impact of convection initially linked to the New Guinea highlands and subsequently impacting the Java Sea region is particularly evident affecting the observed diurnal cycle. The subtropics show characteristics intermediate between the above extremes. With the seasonal cycle, the spring environment favors eastward-propagating events but in summer there is an increasing frequency of diurnally forced quasi-stationary development over elevated terrain enhanced by favorable synoptic conditions. Overall the subtropical summer events have a shorter duration and span than their spring counterparts. The increased environmental steering winds and shear in spring are thought to be the primary reason.
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Engle, Jeff A., Anne M. Traynor, Toby C. Campbell, Kari B. Wisinski, Noelle LoConte, Glenn Liu, George Wilding, and Jill M. Kolesar. "Assessment of adherence and relative dose intensity with oral chemotherapy in oncology clinical trials at an academic medical center." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 24, no. 5 (April 29, 2017): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155217704989.
Анотація:
Background/Aims Oral chemotherapy is increasingly utilized leaving the patient responsible for self-administering an often complex regimen where adverse effects are common. Non-adherence and reduced relative dose intensity are both associated with poorer outcomes in the community setting but are rarely reported in clinical trials. The purpose of this study is to quantify adherence and relative dose intensity in oncology clinical trials and to determine patient and study related factors that influence adherence and relative dose intensity. Methods Patients were identified from non-industry-funded clinical trials conducted between 1 January 2009 and 31 March 2013 at the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center. Data were extracted from primary research records. Descriptive statistics and linear regression modeling was performed using SAS 9.4. Results A total of 17 clinical trials and 266 subjects were included. Mean adherence was greater than 97% for the first eight cycles. Mean relative dose intensity was less than 90% for the first cycle and declined over time. Male gender, a performance status of 1 or 2, metastatic disease, and traveling more than 90 miles to reach the cancer center were associated with higher relative dose intensity. Conclusions Patients with cancer enrolled in clinical trials are highly adherent but unlikely to achieve protocol specified relative dose intensity. Given that determining the phase II dose is the primary endpoint of phase I trials, incorporating relative dose intensity into this determination should be considered.
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Ramirez Zamora, R. M., and R. Seux. "Oxydation du diuron et identification de quelques sous-produits de la réaction." Revue des sciences de l'eau 12, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705365ar.
Анотація:
Ce travail étudie la dégradation en milieu aqueux de l'herbicide diuron (N-(3,4 dichlorophényl)-N'-(diméthyl)-urée) par oxydation radicalaire. Des solutions de diuron (0,01 mg L-1 et 5 mg L-1) tamponnées à pH=7 ont été traitées par l'ozone et par le couple peroxyde d'hydrogène-ozone (0,35 mole/mole). Les doses d´ozone appliquées ont été de 2 mg O3 L-1 pour la solution de diuron à 0,01 mg L-1 et 6 mg O3 L-1 pour la solution à 5 mg L-1. Les temps de réaction utilisés ont été de 30 min pour la forte concentration en diuron et de 8 min pour la concentration faible. L'identification de quelques sous-produits par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (CG-SM) a été réalisée sur les extraits des solutions traitées. Les résultats montrent que lors de l'oxydation, le cycle aromatique est conservé pour trois sous-produits : la N-(3,4 dichlorophényl)-N-(méthyl)-urée (DCPMU), la N-(3,4 dichlorophényl)-N-(méthyl)-urée (DCPU) et la 3,4 dichloroaniline (DCA). Ces composés ont été identifiés à la fois dans les solutions de diuron traitées par l'ozone et dans celles traitées par le couple ozone-peroxyde d'hydrogène. La quantification du diuron et des sous-produits identifiés a été faite par chromatographie liquide à haute performance (HPLC). Le pourcentage d'oxydation du diuron par l'ozone et le couple ozone-peroxyde d'hydrogène est élevé (respectivement 80% et 90%), pour les conditions expérimentales : Co =5 mg L-1 ; temps de réaction=30 min et ozone appliqué=6 mg L-1. Le dosage du carbone organique total (COT) a mis en évidence une minéralisation partielle de cet herbicide (" 50%). Le bilan massique de la réaction montre que le DCPMU est un des principaux sous-produits d'oxydation du diuron (de 5 à 7% de la quantité initiale de diuron).
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Grabke, A., M. Williamson, G. W. Henderson, and G. Schnabel. "First Report of Anthracnose on Peach Fruit Caused by Colletotrichum truncatum in South Carolina." Plant Disease 98, no. 8 (August 2014): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-13-1215-pdn.
Анотація:
In July 2013, two diseased peach fruit (Prunus persica (L.) Stokes) of the cv. Sweet Dream were collected from a commercial orchard in Ridge Springs, South Carolina. Affected peaches were at or near maturity and symptoms resembled anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. with circular sunken tan to brown lesions that were firm in touch, and had wrinkled concentric rings. The center of the lesion was covered with black acervuli containing setae. To isolate the causal agent, the two symptomatic fruit were surface-sterilized in 10% bleach for 2 min and rinsed with sterile distilled water. Lesions were cut in half, and necrotic tissue from the inside of the fruit was placed on acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA). Flat colonies covered with olive-gray to iron-gray acervuli developed on APDA incubated at 22°C with a 12-h cycle of fluorescent light and darkness. Morphology of acervuli, setae (avg. 90 to 160 μm), conidiophores (up to 90 um long), and conidia (avg. 22 × 3.8 μm) of single spore isolates were consistent with descriptions of Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore (3), a causal agent of anthracnose disease. Genomic DNA was extracted from isolate Ct_RR13_1 using the MasterPure Yeast DNA Purification Kit (Epicentre, Madison, WI). The ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and a partial sequence of the actin gene were amplified with primer pair ITS1 and ITS4 (4), and primer pair ACT-512F and ACT-783A (2), respectively. A multilocus sequence identification in Q-bank Fungi revealed a 100% similarity with C. truncatum (1). The C. truncatum sequences from the peach isolate were submitted to GenBank (accessions KF906258 and KF906259). Pathogenicity of isolate Ct_RR13_1 was confirmed by inoculating five mature but still firm peach fruits with a conidial suspension of C. truncatum. Peaches were washed with soap and water, surface-disinfected for 2 min with 10% bleach, rinsed with sterile distilled water, and air dried. Dried fruit were stabbed at three equidistant points, each about 2 cm apart, to a depth of 9.5 mm using a sterile 26G3/8 beveled needle (Becton Dickinson & Co., Rutherford, NJ). For inoculation, a 30-μl droplet of conidia suspension prepared in distilled, sterile water (1 to 2 × 104 spores/ml) was placed on each wound; control fruit received sterile water without conidia. Fruit were incubated at 22°C for 2 days at 100% humidity and another 12 days at 70% humidity. Inoculated fruit developed anthracnose symptoms with sporulating areas as described above and the fungus was re-isolated. All control fruit remained healthy. C. truncatum has a wide host range, including legumes and solanaceous plants of the tropics, and is especially common in the Fabaceae family. Its occurrence in a commercial peach orchard is worrisome because control measures may need to be developed that are different from those developed for endemic species, i.e. C. acutatum and C. gloeoporioides, due to differences in disease cycle or fungicide sensitivity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. truncatum causing anthracnose on a member of the genus Prunus. References: (1) P. Bonants et al. EPPO Bull. 43:211, 2013. (2) I. Carbone et al. Mycologia 91:553, 1999. (3) U. Damm et al. Fungal Divers. 39:45, 2009. (4) T. J. White et al. Pages 315-322 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Application. Academic Press, NY, 1993.
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Ago, Expedit Evariste, Euloge Kossi Agbossou, Pierre Ozer, and Marc Aubinet. "Mesure des flux de CO2 et séquestration de carbone dans les écosystèmes terrestres ouest-africains (synthèse bibliographique)." BASE, 2016, 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.12565.
Анотація:
Introduction. En Afrique de l’Ouest comme ailleurs dans d’autres régions du monde, la préservation des écosystèmes terrestres s’avère primordiale pour toute politique d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, en particulier du dioxyde de carbone. Une évaluation pertinente de la contribution d’une région donnée au cycle global du carbone implique la nécessité de raisonner en termes de bilan en considérant dans l’analyse tous les flux d’exportation et d’importation dans les écosystèmes. Littérature. Une synthèse bibliographique, basée sur les résultats publiés ou non de quelques études ayant porté sur les écosystèmes ouest-africains, a été conduite avec pour objectif principal d’évaluer l’importance des échanges de carbone avec l’atmosphère. Il ressort que les flux de carbone présentent une importante variabilité spatiale, principalement liée à la variabilité des conditions pédo-climatiques, des modes de gestion, des types de végétation et des formes d’usage des écosystèmes. La pluviométrie moyenne annuelle apparait être le facteur principal contrôlant les échanges de carbone dans la région. La variabilité spatiale de la photosynthèse explique 71 % de celle de cumuls annuels de NEE. Cet article confirme le comportement de puits de carbone de l’ensemble des écosystèmes terrestres ouest-africains considérés avec une séquestration moyenne annuelle de -2,0 ± 1,5 t C·ha-1 et fait apparaitre la nécessité d’améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes ou des facteurs qui contrôlent les échanges de carbone entre les écosystèmes et l’atmosphère. Conclusions. Considérant les résultats de quelques sites, il apparait nécessaire de poursuivre les mesures des flux de carbone à l’échelle de l’écosystème sur le long terme afin de mieux apprécier leurs variabilités spatio-temporelles, notamment saisonnières et inter-annuelles. Cet article met également en évidence la nécessité d’étendre les mesures d’eddy covariance dans la région et à d’autres types de végétation de manière à faciliter des études de comparaison entre différents types d’écosystème. Ces études permettront de suggérer des modes de gestion plus durables favorisant la séquestration de carbone tout en limitant les émissions.
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Bouabdallah, Ibrahim. "L’analyse Qualitative Inorganique Dans le Curriculum Formel Marocain et Chez Les Futurs Enseignants de Physique-Chimie en Cycle Secondaire Collégial." European Scientific Journal ESJ 16, no. 18 (June 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2020.v16n18p188.
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BELLASSEN, Valentin, and Sebastiaan LUYSSAERT. "Le cycle du carbone dans les forêts et le changement climatique : comprendre le passé pour s’adapter au futur." Revue Forestière Française, no. 3 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/48435.
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Bernard, Olivier, and Antoine Sciandre. "Generic analysis of the response of calcifying microalgae to an elevation of pCO2 : qualitative vs quantitative analysis." Revue Africaine de la Recherche en Informatique et Mathématiques Appliquées Volume 9, 2007 Conference in... (September 26, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/arima.1892.
Анотація:
International audience Calcifying microalgae can play a key role in atmospheric CO2 trapping through large scale precipitation of calcium carbonate in the oceans. However, recent experiments revealed that the associated fluxes may be slow down by an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. In this paper we design models to account for the decrease in calcification and photosynthesis rates observed after an increase of pCO2 in Emiliania huxleyi chemostat cultures. Since the involved mechanisms are still not completely understood, we consider various models, each of them being based on a different hypothesis. These models are kept at a very general level, by maintaining the growth and calcification functions in a generic form, i.e. independent on the exact shape of these functions and on parameter values. The analysis is thus performed using these generic functions where the only hypothesis is an increase of these rates with respect to the regulating carbon species. As a result, each model responds differently to a pCO2 elevation. Surprisingly, the only models whose behaviour are in agreement with the experimental results correspond to carbonate as the regulating species for photosynthesis. Finally we show that the models whose qualitative behaviour are wrong could be considered as acceptable on the basis of a quantitative prediction error criterion. Les microalgues calcifiantes jouent un rôle clé dans le piégeage du CO2 atmosphérique d’origine anthropique en précipitant du carbonate de calcium qui sédimente au fond des océans. Toutefois, des expériences en laboratoire ont suggéré que cette activité biologique pourrait être diminuée par l’augmentation de la pression partielle de CO2 (pCO2) dans les océans qui a tendance à s’ équilibrer avec celle de l’atmosphère. Dans ce papier, nous concevons des modèles dynamiques pour essayer de simuler la diminution des taux de calcification et de photosynthèse observés chez Emiliania huxleyi après une hausse de la pCO2 reproduite en chémostat. Comme les mécanismes physiologiques impliqués sont encore loin d’ être complètement élucidés, nous considérons différents modèles, chacun d’eux étant basé sur une hypothèse biologique différente. Ces modèles, construits en utilisant des fonctions génériques pour caractériser les processus de croissance et de calcification, peuvent être analysés indépendamment de la forme exacte de ces fonctions et de la valeur des paramètres. L’ étude s’appuie donc sur ces fonctions génériques où la seule hypothèse est une régulation de ces taux par une des trois formes qui composent la totalité du carbone inorganique dissous : le CO2, les carbonates et les bicarbonates. Il s’en suit que chaque modèle réagit différemment à une élévation de la pCO2. Contrairement aux hypothèses classiquement admises, notre étude montre que les seuls modèles dont le comportement est en accord avec les résultats expérimentaux sont ceux pour lesquels une régulation de la photosynthèse par les carbonates a été supposée, ce qui corrobore les conclusions de travaux récents. Enfin, nous montrons que les modèles dont le comportement qualitatif est mauvais ne seraient pas rejetés sur la base d’un critère quantitatif d’erreur de prédiction.
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"The Role of Boreal Forests and Forestry in the Global Carbon Budget / Le rôle joué par les forêts boréales et la foresterie dans le cycle mondial du carbone." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 5 (May 1, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr3205title.
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Batson, Alex Marcus, Kayla A. Spawton, Rachel Katz, and Lindsey J. du Toit. "Cladosporium leaf spot, caused by Cladosporium variabile, in winter high tunnel production of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in Maine, United States." Plant Disease, January 31, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-21-2424-pdn.
Анотація:
In January 2021, leaf spots were observed on 1 of 22 proprietary spinach cultivars in a trial under high tunnels in Albion, ME. Approximately 1% of plants were symptomatic with <30% leaf area affected. Some spinach growers reported ≤100% incidence in high tunnels in the northeastern USA. Leaf spots on the cultivar in Albion were <5 mm in diameter and tan-colored with dematiaceous spores in short chains on long conidiophores at the center of older lesions. Lesions were surface-sterilized in 0.6% NaOCl for 90 s, rinsed in sterile water, dried, and placed on clarified V8 agar medium amended with chloramphenicol (100 µg/ml). Three Cladosporium isolates (Cds053, Cds055, and Cds057) produced olive-green colonies with dematiaceous conidia, 0- to 2-septate, catenulate, and 8.0-28.0 µm (16.6 ± 0.6 µm, mean ± standard error) x 4.0-12.0 µm (8.3 ± 0.2 µm) (n = 50/isolate). The partial internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1-α), and actin gene (act) were amplified and sequenced with primer sets UNUP18S42/UNLO28S576B (Bakkeren et al. 2000), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), and ACT-512F/ACT-783R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), respectively. The sequence of each locus was identical among the isolates. The tef1-α (GenBank Accession No. MZ905363) and act (MZ905362) sequences were identical to accessions of tef1-α (EF679480.1) and act (EF679556.1) of C. variabile (Cooke) G. A. de Vries, whereas the ITS rDNA sequence (MZ893461) was identical to that of many Cladosporium spp., including C. variabile. Each isolate was inoculated onto four replicate 42-day-old plants of each of the spinach cultivars Viroflay and Mandolin. The plants were enclosed in plastic bags for 24 h, atomized with a spore suspension (106 conidia/ml) prepared from potato dextrose agar colonies of each isolate, and returned to the bags for 24 h. Four plants of each cultivar were atomized with deionized water as a control treatment. Plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design. By 5 days, tan spots had developed on Cladosporium-treated plants of each cultivar. By 14 days, Mandolin had developed more severe lesions (20.0 ± 2.8%, mean ± standard error of leaf area with symptoms) than Viroflay (5.4 ± 0.4%). No control plants treated with water developed lesions. After 15 days, a leaf from a plant of each treatment was incubated in a moist chamber at 20˚C with a natural diurnal light cycle. Sporulation was observed at the center of lesions from Cladosporium-inoculated plants <24 h after incubation, and Cladosporium was re-isolated. The act locus amplified and sequenced from the re-isolates, as described above, had an identical sequence to that of the original isolates, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Empirically, Cladosporium leaf spot has established in winter high tunnel production of spinach in the northeastern USA (R. Katz, personal observation). To our knowledge, this is the first official documentation of the disease in Maine. The disease is favored by cool, humid conditions (Inglis et al. 1997). Management strategies under these conditions in Maine and greater New England include foliar applications of effective fungicides (du Toit et al. 2004), selection of partially resistant cultivars, cultural practices to reduce relative humidity and durations of leaf wetness, and planting pathogen-free or treated seed (du Toit and Hernandez-Perez 2005; Hernandez-Perez and du Toit 2006).
35
Herrero, Maria Luz, Nina Elisabeth Nagy, and Halvor Solheim. "First Report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae Race 1 Causing Fusarium Wilt of Lettuce in Norway." Plant Disease, April 14, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-21-0134-pdn.
Анотація:
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is produced in Norway both in field and greenhouses. In Norway, greenhouse lettuce is one of the most important vegetables grown year-round. In winter 2018, wilting symptoms were observed on soil-grown lettuce of the cultivar Frillice in a greenhouse in south east Norway (Buskerud county). Affected plants showed stunted growth, wilting of outer leaves, and brownish discoloration of vascular tissues of taproots and crowns. According to the producer, the disease led to an estimated 10% of yield losses. Fungal isolates were obtained from crowns and roots of diseased plants collected from the greenhouse in 2018 and 2019. Two single spore isolates, 231274 from 2018 and 231725 from 2019, were used in further studies. The isolates were incubated on synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA) at 18-20 ⁰C, and a 12 hours dark, 12 hours UV light cycle. Isolate 231274 produced abundant macro- and microconidia characteristics of Fusarium oxysporum while macroconidia were never observed in isolate 231725. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), colonies of isolate 231274 were purple in color and colonies of isolate 231725 were pinkish with abundant aerial mycelium. For PCR-assay, DNA from mycelia was extracted using Easy-DNA kit (Invitrogen). A portion of the translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) gene was amplified using primers F-728F (Carbone and Kohn. 1999) and EF2 (O'Donnell et al. 1998) as described by Aas et al. 2018. Blast analysis of both sequences (accession no. MW316853 for 231274 and MW316854 for 231275) obtained a 99% homology with the sequence of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae (FOL) race 1 strain S1 (accession no. DQ837657)(Mbofung et al. 2007). Both isolates were identified as race 1 by using specific primers Hani3’ and Hanilatt3rev (Pasquali et al. 2007) as described by Cabral et al. 2014. To complete Koch’s postulate, lettuce plants of the cultivar Frillice were used. Race identity was confirmed using the differential lettuce cultivars Costa Rica No.4 (resistant to FOL race 1), Banchu Red Fire (resistant to FOL races 2 and 4) and Romana Romabella (resistant to FOL races 1 and 2) (Gilardi et al. 2017) provided by the breeding company Rijk Zwaan (De Lier, The Netherlands). For inoculation, roots of six 2-weeks old seedlings per cultivar were dipped in a spore suspension (1 x 106 CFU/ml) for 1 min, while controls were dipped in distilled water. Seedlings were planted in 250 ml pots containing fertilized potting substrate, and were placed in a greenhouse with temperature ranging from 15 to 35 ⁰C and an average of 23 ⁰C. After 10 days reduced growth was observed in cultivars Frillice and Banchu Red Fire for both fungal isolates. After 25 days wilting was observed in both cultivars. Affected plants presented discoloration of vascular tissue. No difference in growth was observed between cultivars Romana Romabella and Costa Rica No. 4 and their respective controls. FOL was re-isolated from all inoculated cultivars but not from controls. The colony patterns of the recovered isolates were the same than those of the isolates used for inoculation. These results confirm that the isolate belongs to race 1. Greenhouse lettuce in Norway is mainly produced in hydroponics. FOL is here reported to cause damages in soil- grown lettuce. Nevertheless FOL in hydroponic systems has been reported in Japan (Fujinaga et al. 2003) and Thailand (Thongkamngam and Jaenaksorn 2017). Thus, the possibility of infections in hydroponics remain a big concern for lettuce production in Norway.
36
Brown, Albre, Marinell C. Soriano, Suzanne Rooney-Latham, and Cheryl L. Blomquist. "First report of Fusarium petroliphilum causing fruit rot of spaghetti squash in California." Plant Disease, September 8, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-21-1683-pdn.
Анотація:
Spaghetti squash (Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo) is a yellow-skinned squash that forms translucent spaghetti-like strands when cooked. California leads the nation in total squash production, the majority of which is grown in the San Joaquin Valley. In October of 2019, severe fruit rot of C. pepo L. subsp. Pepo (C. pepo) was observed in fruit harvested from seven cultivated fields in San Joaquin County, California. Infected fields incurred up to 30% postharvest losses. At harvest, fruit appeared healthy. After ten days in a shaded storage shed, scattered buff to tan ringed lesions extending into the flesh of infected fruits were observed. Lesions had visible sporodochia at the center that were variable in size and continued to expand in storage. Tissue (∼1 mm3) from the lesion margins of symptomatic fruit (n=8) was surface sterilized in 75 % ethanol for 1 min then 0.6% sodium hypochlorite for a minute, and aseptically transferred to half strength acidified potato dextrose agar (0.5 APDA) and incubated at 22–25 °C. Fungal colonies which grew from the pieces were light yellow, with mycelium that was flat and mucoid. Sporodochial conidia were falcate and robust with 3 to 5 septa and measured from 44.2 to 51.6 × 4.6 to 5.9 μm (average 46.3 × 5.2 μm). Aerial conidia were profuse, borne on short monophialides, ovoid to reniform, and measured 5.1 to 12.6 μm × 3.2 to 5.6 μm (average 4.2 × 6.1 μm). DNA extracted from two isolates, was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4, and EF1-728F/EF1-986R using PCR, to obtain sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (White 1990), and elongation factor 1α (EF1α) (Carbone et al. 1999) genetic regions. Sequences from both isolates were identical. Sequences from isolate MVAP50001827, GenBank nos. MZ081401 (ITS) and MZ102267 (EF-1α) matched 100% to sequences of representative isolates of Fusarium petroliphilum (Q.T. Chen & X.H. Fu; Short et al., 2013, MB 802539) from Cucurbita species, MF535516 (ITS) and MF580776 (EF-1α) respectively (González, V. et al. 2018). To fulfill Koch’s postulates, conidia were harvested from a culture of isolate MVAP50001827 and grown for 7 days on 0.5 APDA at room temperature (22–25 °C). A 3-cc syringe with a 25-gauge needle was used to wound and inject 200 μl of 1 × 106 conidia ml–1 into three equally spaced points 1 mm deep into the rind of C. pepo fruit (n=4). C. pepo fruit (n=4) serving as negative controls were treated similarly with 200 μl of sterile deionized water. Fruit was incubated in a growth chamber at 27 °C under 12-h diurnal cycle lighting conditions. Ten days post inoculation, lesions densely covered with white sporodochia had expanded to 7 cm diameter and 5 cm deep on average (average fruit size 31×11 cm). Twenty days post inoculation, severe fruit rot was observed. F. petroliphilum did not grow from the controls, and was successfully reisolated from the symptomatic inoculated fruits, completing Koch’s postulates. Seeds inside the inoculated fruits were completely colonized and covered in conidia. Twenty-five seeds from the source seed lot was tested for F. petroliphilum by surface sterilizing and plating onto 0.5 APDA. No F. petroliphilum grew from tested seed. Postharvest fungal diseases can affect profitability of winter squash, which is often held in storage, and sold when market prices are optimal. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium petroliphilum infecting spaghetti squash (Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo) in California.
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Ni, Jiang, B. R. Lin, Lisha Song, Guiyu Tan, Jiang zhan Zhang, and Gen Shu Wei. "First report of Corynespora cassicola causing black spot on Sarcandra glabra in China." Plant Disease, May 10, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-21-0273-pdn.
Анотація:
Sarcandra glabra is an important Chinese medicinal plant, which was widely cultivated under forest in south China. Guangxi province is the main producing areas of this herb. In June 2019, a serious leaf disease was found causing severe defoliation in the S. glabra plantation under bamboo forest in Rongan country, Guangxi province (109°13′N′′E). About 70% of the plants in the plantation (300 ha) showed the similar symptoms. Initially, circular lesions appeared on young leaves as black spots (about 1 to 2 mm). Then, the spots gradually enlarged usually with an obvious yellowish margin (6 to 8 mm). Finally, the lesions coalesced and formed irregular, black, and large necrotic areas, resulting in the leaf abscission. For pathogen isolation, small pieces of tissue (5×5 mm) taken from 25 diseased leaves were sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 s, subsequently, soaked in 0.1% HgCl2 for 2 min, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, dried, and then placed aseptically onto the potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, and incubated at 28 °C (12 h/12 h light/dark). Three days later, the isolates were placed on a new PDA plate for subsequent purification and sporulation. 20 pure fungal isolates were obtained from single spores. Of which, 15 isolates showed similar morphological characteristics.The colonies on PDA were round, dense, gray edge and dark gray in center area. Conidia in culture were appeared light brown, cylindrical in shape, with 0 to 8 septa, and 55 to 165 μm × 5.2 to 13.5 μm in size (mean = 106.2 μm × 8.6 μm, n = 30). These morphological characteristics resemble those of Corynespora sp. (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei (Ellis et al. 1971). A single-spore isolate (ZD5) was selected from the 15 fungal isolates for a subsequent molecular identification. The genes of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA, β-tublin, and actin were amplified with the primer pairs ITS-1/ITS-4 (White et al. 1990), β-tubulin 2-Bt2a/Bt2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995), ACT-512F/ACT-783R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), respectively. And the ITS, β-tublin, and actin sequences were deposited in the GenBank database with the accession numbers MW362446, MW367029, and MW533122. Blast analysis and neighbor-joining analysis based on ITS, β-tublin, and actin sequences using MEGA 6 revealed that the isolate was placed in the same clade as C. cassicola with 100% bootstrap support. Pathogenicity test was performed on the two-year-old potted S. glabra. Six-mm-diameter mycelial plugs were attached to the healthy leaves of S. glabra for co-culture, while the control group was attached with PDA. All plants were covered with plastic bags for 2 days in order to maintain high humidity and cultured in a greenhouse at 28 °C with a 12-h/12-h light/dark cycle. The symptoms appeared 2 days after co-culture were identical to those observed in the field. The same fungus was re-isolated from the lesions, and further morphological characterization and molecular assays, as described above.The control leaves remained symptomless during the pathogenicity tests. According to the previous literatures, C. cassicola is a plant pathogenic fungus with a broad host range, which can damage diverse tropical plants including Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lu et al. 2019), Solanum americanum (Wagner and Louise 2019), Vitex rotundifolia (Yeh and Kirschner 2017), Cucumis sativus, Lycopersicon esculentum (Hsu et al. 2002), Carica papaya (Tsai et al. 2015),and so on. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. cassicola causing leaf spot on S. glabra in China.
38
Ma, Ya-ming, Jin Lian Zhou, Zhao Hu, Jie Zhong, and Jun Zi Zhu. "First report of Epicoccum sorghinum causing leaf spot on Hemerocallis citrina in China." Plant Disease, February 25, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-20-2144-pdn.
Анотація:
Hemerocallis citrina Baroni, also called yellow flower vegetable (huang hua cai in Chinese), is belonging to the family Xanthorrhoeaceae and is widely planted in China, the Korea Peninsula and Japan for ornamental purposes and vegetable value. In addition, they could also be used as a traditional Chinese medicinal and modern medicinal plant (Du et al. 2014). In August 2019, a leaf spot disease was observed on H. citrina plants in Zhejiang Province of China, with approximately 85% incidence in almost 700 ha. Symptoms were firstly displayed as small, water-soaked, pale chlorotic spots, with yellow halos enlarged into large fusiform spots with brown edge and gray centers. Later, infected leaves were badly damaged and became wilted. Small pieces of infected tissue were excised from the margin of necrotic lesions, surface disinfected with 70% ethanol for 8s, 0.1% HgCl2 for 1 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water for three times, and incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA, amended with 100 mg/L streptomycin sulfate) at 26°C in the dark. Fungal colonies with similar cultural morphology were consistently obtained from repeated isolations. When cultured on PDA, colonies were villose, regular, grayish-green, and turned gray-brown, with the reverse side became reddish-brown. Chlamydospores were gray, unicellular or multicellular, nearly spherical, 11 to 27 × 10 to 23 μm. Pycnidia and conidia were produced on PDA when the fungal colonies were exposed to ultraviolet light for 12 h with a distance of 40 cm to the late source. Pycnidia were brown, mostly spheroid, and measured 90 to 138 × 120 to 210 μm. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoidal, unicellular, aseptate, 4.3 to 5.5 × 1.8 to 2.4 μm. These morphological characteristics agreed with the descriptions of Epicoccum sorghinum (Zhou et al. 2018). The DNA of a representative strain HHC6-2 was extracted using CTAB method and the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT) and β-tubulin (TUB) genes were amplified and sequenced, using the primers ITS4/ITS5 (White et al. 1990), ACT512F/ACT783R (Carbone and Kohn 1999) and Bt-1/Bt-2 (Glass and Donaldson 1995), respectively. BLASTn searches of the resulting ITS, ACT and TUB sequences (accession nos. MW073403, MW080522, MW080521) revealed 98.58 to 100% identity to the E. sorghinum sequences (MT125854, MN956831 and MF987525). The pathogenicity test was carried out by inoculation of potted H. citrina plants using conidial suspensions. H. citrina seedlings were planted in pots with sterilized soil. Before inoculation, leaves were surface-disinfected with 70% ethanol and sterile distilled water. Leaves were inoculated by placing small droplets of conidial suspensions (105 conidia/ml) on one side of the midvein, and 3 to 5 drops were used per leaf. Sterile water was used as control. All the inoculated plants were placed in humid chambers at 25°C for 48h, and then maintained in a greenhouse at 25°C with a 16 h day-8 h night cycle. The pathogenicity assays were performed twice with three replications. Four days after inoculation, yellow to brown spots resembling those observed in the fields developed on the inoculated leaves. However, no symptoms were observed on the controls. E. sorghinum was re-isolated and identified based on morphological and molecular techniques as described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. sorghinum causing leaf spot on H. citrina. It seems to be a threat for H. citrina planting in China and should be considered in order to reduce losses caused by this disease. This study might provide the basis for diagnosis and control of the disease.
39
Hassan, Oliul, and Taehyun Chang. "First Report on Ovate-leaf Atractylodes Damping-off Caused by Fusarium oxysporum species Complex in South Korea." Plant Disease, June 21, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-21-1107-pdn.
Анотація:
In South Korea, ovate-leaf atractylodes (OLA) (Atractylodes ovata) is cultivated for herbal medicine. During May to June 2019, a disease with damping off symptoms on OLA seedlings were observed at three farmer fields in Mungyeong, South Korea. Disease incidence was estimated as approximately 20% based on calculating the proportion of symptomatic seedlings in three randomly selected fields. Six randomly selected seedlings (two from each field) showing damping off symptoms were collected. Small pieces (1 cm2) were cut from infected roots, surface-sterilized (1 minute in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite), rinsed twice with sterile water, air-dried and then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA, Difco, and Becton Dickinson). Hyphal tips were excised and transferred to fresh PDA. Six morphologically similar isolates were obtained from six samples. Seven-day-old colonies, incubated at 25 °C in the dark on PDA, were whitish with light purple mycelia on the upper side and white with light purple at the center on the reverse side. Macroconidia were 3–5 septate, curved, both ends were pointed, and were 19.8–36.62 × 3.3–4.7 µm (n= 30). Microconidia were cylindrical or ellipsoid and 5.5–11.6 × 2.5–3.8 µm (n=30). Chlamydospores were globose and 9.6 –16.3 × 9.4 – 15.0 µm (n=30). The morphological characteristics of present isolates were comparable with that of Fusarium species (Maryani et al. 2019). Genomic DNA was extracted from 4 days old cultures of each isolate of SRRM 4.2, SRRH3, and SRRH5, EF-1α and rpb2 region were amplified using EF792 + EF829, and RPB2-5f2 + RPB2-7cr primer sets, respectively (Carbone and Kohn, 1999; O'Donnell et al. 2010) and sequenced (GenBank accession number: LC569791- LC569793 and LC600806- LC600808). BLAST query against Fusarium loci sampled and multilocus sequence typing database revealed that 99–100% identity to corresponding sequences of the F. oxysporum species complex (strain NRRL 28395 and 26379). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis with MEGA v. 6.0 using the concatenated sequencing data for EF-1α and rpb2 showed that the isolates belonged to F. oxysporum species complex. Each three healthy seedlings with similar sized (big flower sabju) were grown for 20 days in a plastic pot containing autoclaved peat soil was used for pathogenicity tests. Conidial suspensions (106 conidia mL−1) of 20 days old colonies per isolate (two isolates) were prepared in sterile water. Three pots per strain were inoculated either by pouring 50 ml of the conidial suspension or by the same quantity of sterile distilled water as control. After inoculation, all pots were incubated at 25 °C with a 16-hour light/8-hour dark cycle in a growth chamber. This experiment repeated twice. Inoculated seedlings were watered twice a week. Approximately 60% of the inoculated seedlings per strain wilted after 15 days of inoculation and control seedlings remained asymptomatic. Fusarium oxysporum was successfully isolated from infected seedling and identified based on morphology and EF-1α sequences data to confirm Koch’s postulates. Fusarium oxysporum is responsible for damping-off of many plant species, including larch, tomato, melon, bean, banana, cotton, chickpea, and Arabidopsis thaliana (Fourie et al. 2011; Hassan et al.2019). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on damping-off of ovate-leaf atractylodes caused by F. oxysporum in South Korea. This finding provides a basis for studying the epidemic and management of the disease.
40
Bourel, Etienne. "Forêt." Anthropen, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.anthropen.012.
Анотація:
Dans l’histoire de l’anthropologie, la forêt occupe une place singulière. Son étymologie latine la rattachant au sauvage, elle prend place dans la dialectique topographique construisant le civilisé. À l’heure de l’anthropocène et de la crise environnementale, tandis que l’on s’interroge sur l’opportunité de payer des « services environnementaux » et de rétribuer le stockage du carbone, c’est à partir des savoirs issus du monde forestier que se réenvisage l’oikos : l’idée de durabilité a, en effet, été élaborée en vue de gérer les forêts européennes (alors en voie de disparition) il y a maintenant trois siècles. Ainsi, comme formes du politique, sont à envisager les multiples modalités que des groupes humains peuvent entretenir avec la « forêt » et les variations des imaginaires les ayant habitées. Dans son Anthropologie de la forêt (2007), Paulin Kialo oppose deux principaux modèles de relation à l’espace forestier au Gabon : le premier, « pro-forêt », synthétise les liens qu’entretiennent les populations pové à leur environnement (conçu comme totalité et matrice de vie) tandis que le second, « anti-forêt », renvoie aux perspectives minières et lucratives des exploitants industriels (européens, en premier lieu). Il parait toutefois important de mettre en avant les nuances dans ces relations car l’auteur introduit subrepticement un troisième groupe, les Babongo (groupe dit « Pygmée »), dont les considérations existentielles font passer les Pové du côté des « anti-forêts » - quand ils pratiquent cette forme d’agriculture (sur brûlis), consistant à « manger la forêt » en pays Gar (Condominas 1982). Comme d’autres sociétés agricoles (Obadia 2008), ils ne sont donc pas « par nature » respectueux de l’environnement (forestier, en l’occurrence). L’appréciation des forêts est bien affaire d’interprétation. Les imaginaires dont elles relèvent varient et, comme entités distinctes, elle font l’objet de projections (Harrison 1992). Les savoirs scientifiques et techniques n’échappant pas à la règle (Paré 2014), elles conservent des dimensions poétiques et sensibles y compris dans les sociétés industrielles (Arnould 2014). En somme, elles permettent de penser l’imbrication de la territorialité dans les différentes sphères du social, à chaque fois selon des perceptions, systèmes de pensée et des valeurs se modulant dans l’espace et le temps (Michon 2003). La longue réflexion de James Frazer (1981[1890]) sur le cycle de la germination avait déjà pour ressort une investigation relative aux rituels dans le bois de Némi. De fait, les forêts sacrées se retrouvent sous de nombreuses latitudes et selon des appréciations différenciées, tantôt clairières pour l’initiation, tantôt groupement d’arbres réservé aux « dieux » (Cartry 1993). Si les « peaux de la terre » dont parle Danouta Liberski-Bagnoud (2002) contribuent à tisser généalogie et paysage, les sanctuaires boisés se présentent dorénavant comme des ressources pour penser les questions contemporaines tant écologiques, sociales que symboliques. Toutefois, la biodiversité locale qu’ils contribuent à préserver n’est, en tant que telle, qu’une conséquence dérivée de leur dimension religieuse (Juhé-Beaulaton 2010). La forêt comme lieu ressource du politique, Émile Zola l’envisageait dans Germinal, quand le coron s’y réunissait et décidait de prolonger la grève. Nakaé Chomin interrogeait la vie de la Cité depuis la forêt, tout comme Davi Kopenawa s’appuie sur les conceptions yanomamis pour fustiger les logiques urbaines (Kopenawa et Albert 2010). Et c’est encore au fond de la forêt que les néo-ruraux cévenols ou ariégeois, désappointés, retrouvent l’État (Hervieu-Léger et Hervieu 2005). Dans les petites sociétés sylvestres en Iakoutie, les chamanes nouent des alliances avec les esprits pour permettre le bon déroulement de la chasse (Hamayon 1990). Le long du fleuve colombien Chocó, communautés noires et indiennes se répartissent le travail magico-thérapeutique après le diagnostic d’une infortune (Losonczy 1997). Finalement, c’est peut-être en se demandant comment les forêts pensent (Kohn 2013) ou en procédant à l’analyse de leurs vies sociales (Hecht, Morrison et Padoch 2014) que les relations humains-forêts sont restituées dans l’épaisseur de leurs dynamiques et de leurs complexités
41
Si, Yuan-zhi, Xiao-Ping Guo, De-Wei Li, Si Wu, and Li-Hua Zhu. "First Report of Diaporthe fusicola Causing Leaf Blotch of Osmanthus fragrans in China." Plant Disease, October 6, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-20-1450-pdn.
Анотація:
Osmanthus fragrans Lour. is widely distributed in China, Japan, Thailand and India (Zang et al., 2003) and one of the top 10 most well-known flowering plants in China. Since February, 2017, a foliar disease, with a disease incidence of ~60%, occurred on O. fragrans in a community park in Luzhai, Guangxi, China. Symptoms began as round or irregular small yellow spots and became pale brown to gray-brown with time. Small leaf tissues (3 to 4 mm2) cut from lesion margins were surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol for 30 s and 1% NaClO for 90 s before they were rinsed in ddH2O and dried on sterilized filter paper. After drying, the sterilized tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 5 days. Five single-spore isolates were obtained and a representative isolate (GH3) was selected and deposited in the China’s Forestry Culture Collection Center. The colony on PDA was white with concentric zonation and white aerial mycelia, but the reverse was yellow. Black pycnidia developed on alfalfa extract + Czapek at 25°C with a 14/10 h light/dark cycle after 17 days. Conidiophores were hyaline, branched, septate, straight to sinuous, 12.4-24 × 1.9-2.5 μm (n = 20). The conidia were fusoid, hyaline, smooth, mostly 2-guttules and measured 7.2 ± 0.7 × 2.3 ± 0.2 μm (n = 50). The morphological characters of pycnidia, conidiophores and conidia of all five isolates matched those of Diaporthe spp. (Gomes et al. 2013). DNA of isolates GH3, GH7 and GH8 was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), partial sequences of elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α), calmodulin (CAL), beta-tubulin (β-tub) and histone H3 (HIS) genes were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R and CAL228F/CAL737R (Carbone et al. 1999), βt2a/βt2b and CYLH3F/H3-1b (Glass and Donaldson 1995, Crous et al. 2004), respectively. The sequences of GH3, GH7 and GH8 were deposited in GenBank (GH3: Accession nos. MT499213 for ITS, MT506473 to MT506476 for EF1-α, β-tub, HIS, and CAL; GH7: MT856374 and MT860397 to MT860400; GH8: MT856375 and MT860401 to MT860404). BLAST results showed that the ITS, EF1-α, β-tub, HIS, and CAL sequences of GH3 were highly similar with sequences of Phomopsis sp. [LC168784 (ITS), Identities = 506/506(100%)], Diaporthe fusicola [MK654863 (EF1-α), Identities = 274/275(99%)], D. amygdali [MK570513 (β-tub), Identities = 461/461(100%)], D. fusicola [MK726253 (HIS), Identities = 403/403(100%)] and D. amygdali [KC343263 (CAL), Identities = 428/428(100%)], respectively. A maximum likelihood and Bayesian posterior probability analyses using IQtree v. 1.6.8 and Mr. Bayes v. 3.2.6 with the concatenated sequences placed isolates GH3, GH7 and GH8 in the D. fusicola cluster and separated them from D. eres and D. osmanthi, which were previously reported from Osmanthus spp. (Gomes et al., 2013; Long et al., 2019). Based on the multi-gene phylogeny and morphology, all three isolates were identified as D. fusicola. The pathogenicity of GH3 was tested on 1-yr-old seedlings of O. fragrans. Healthy leaves were wounded with a sterile needle and then inoculated with either 5-mm mycelial plugs cut from the edge of a 5-day-old culture of GH3 or 10 μL of conidial suspensions (106 conidia/mL). Control leaves were treated with PDA plugs or ddH2O. Three plants were used for each treatment. The plants were covered with a plastic bag after inoculation and sterilized H2O was sprayed into the bags twice/day to maintain humidity and kept in a greenhouse at the day/night temperatures at 25 ± 2°C/16 ± 2°C. Lesions appeared 3 days later. No lesions were observed on control leaves. The same fungus was re-isolated from lesions. This is the first report of D. fusicola causing leaf blotch on O. fragrans. These results form the basis for developing effective strategies for monitoring and managing this potential high-risk disease.
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Shen, Quan, Xixu Peng, Feng He, Shaoqing Li, Zuyin Xiao, Haihua Wang, XInke Tang, and Meiliang Zhou. "First Report of Nigrospora osmanthi Causing Leaf Spot on Tartary Buckwheat in China." Plant Disease, October 6, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-20-1773-pdn.
Анотація:
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is a traditional short-season pseudocereal crop originating in southwest China and is cultivated around the world. Antioxidative substances in buckwheat have been shown to provide many potential cardiovascular health benefits. Between August and November in 2019, a leaf spot was found in several Tartary buckwheat cv. Pinku1 fields in Xiangxiang County, Hunan Province, China. The disease occurred throughout the growth cycle of buckwheat after leaves emerged, and disease incidence was approximately 50 to 60%. Initially infected leaves developed a few round lesions, light yellow to light brown spots. Several days later, lesions began to enlarge with reddish brown borders, and eventually withered and fell off. Thirty lesions (2×2 mm) collected from three locations with ten leaves in each location were sterilized in 70% ethanol for 10 sec, in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 30 sec, rinsed in sterile water for three times, dried on sterilized filter paper, and placed on a potato dextrose PDA with lactic acid (3 ml/L), and incubated at 28°C in the dark for 3 to 5 days. Fungal colonies were initially white and later turned black with the onset ofsporulation. Conidia were single-celled, black, smooth, spherical to subspherical, and measured 9.2 to 15.6 µm long, and 7.1 to 11.6 µm wide (n=30). Each conidium was terminal and borne on a hyaline vesicle at the tip of conidiophores. Morphologically, the fungus was identified as Nigrospora osmanthi (Wang et al. 2017). Identification was confirmed by amplifying and sequencing the ITS region, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) and partial beta-tublin (TUB2) genes using primers ITS1/ITS4 (Mills et al. 1992), EF1-728F/EF-2 (Carbone and Kohn 1999; O’Donnell et al. 1998) and Bt-2a/Bt-2b (Glass et al. 1995), respectively. BLAST searches in GenBank indicated the ITS (MT860338), TUB2 (MT882054) and TEF1-α (MT882055) sequences had 99.80%, 99% and 100% similarity to sequences KX986010.1, KY019461.1 and KY019421.1 of Nigrospora osmanthi ex-type strain CGMCC 3.18126, respectively. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree constructed using MEGA7.0 with 1,000 bootstraps based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of the three genes indicated that our isolate was closely related to N. osmanthi. Pathogenicity test was performed using leaves of healthy F. tataricum plants. The conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml) collected from PDA cultures with 0.05% Tween 20 buffer was used for inoculation by spraying leaves of potted 20-day-old Tartary buckwheat cv. Pinku1. Five leaves of each plant were inoculated with spore suspensions (1 ml per leaf). An equal number of control leaves were sprayed with sterile water to serve as a control. The treated plants were kept in a greenhouse at 28°C and 80% relative humidity for 24 h, and then transferred to natural conditions with temperature ranging from 22 to 30°C and relative humidity ranging from 50 to 60%. Five days later, all N. osmanthi-inoculated leaves developed leaf spot symptoms similar to those observed in the field, whereas control leaves remained healthy. N. osmanthi was re-isolated from twelve infected leaves with frequency of 100%, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. The genus Nigrospora has been regarded by many scholars as plant pathogens (Fukushima et al. 1998) and N. osmanthi is a known leaf blight pathogen for Stenotaphrum secundatum (Mei et al. 2019) and Ficus pandurata (Liu et al. 2019) but has not been reported on F. tataricum. Nigrospora sphaerica was also detected in vegetative buds of healthy Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Jain et al. 2012). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. osmanthi causing leaf spot on F. tataricum in China and worldwide. Appropriate strategies should be developed to manage this disease.
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Liu, Qiuping, Renfen Wang, Qin Song, Jiahua Wang, Yiming Shi, Wei Ding, and Leitao Tan. "First Report of Colletotrichum boninense Causing Anthracnose on Aucuba japonica in Guizhou Province of China." Plant Disease, March 12, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-21-2629-pdn.
Анотація:
Aucuba japonica is a plant with colorful leaves that is widely used in landscaping. Due to its shade tolerance and cold resistance (Li et al. 2013), A. japonica has become a dominant plant species in Guiyang city, China. From 2018 to 2021, an anthracnose disease was observed on A. japonica in Huaxi District (26°23'03'' N, 106°37'58'' E), Guiyang, Guizhou Province. The incidence of anthracnose in newly planted A. japonica reached 90%, resulting in a mortality rate of 30%. This has become a major disease for A. japonica in Guiyang. Typical symptoms include faded spots that initially appear at the infection center, followed by black-brown lesions with irregular edges. At the latter stage, slightly raised black spots are seen arranged in a wheel pattern. In severe cases, diseased leaves fall off. To identify the pathogen, leaf pieces (5 mm × 3 mm) containing symptomatic tissue with healthy margins were excised. The pieces were sterilized with 75% ethanol for 1 min, rinsed three times with sterile water, and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in Petri dishes at 26°C. White to cream colonies were developed after growth on PDA for 2 days. Mycelial growth ranged from 4.8 to 5.0 mm/day. Conidia were cylindrical, obtuse apex, and protruding base, with dimensions of 18.5 to 20.0 × 7.0 to 9.0 μm (n = 20). Conidial length:breadth ratio was 2−3 (n = 20). Acervuli and sclerotia had not been seen on PDA. To confirm the species of the isolate, PCR was performed on extracted DNA to amplify the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), a 200-bp intron of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a partial sequence of the calmodulin (CAL) gene, and the large subunit (LSU) region by using the primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (Schoch et al. 2012), GDF1/GDR1 (Guerber et al. 2003), CAL228F/CAL737R (Carbone & Kohn 1999), and NL1/NL4 (Ziemiecki et al. 1990), respectively. The obtained 553 bp ITS sequence (Genbank accession no. MZ424503) showed 99.82% similarity with several C. boninense sequences (MN429163, MN542218, KM520024, and KM520014). The obtained 233 bp GAPDH sequence (OM643394) showed 99.07% similarity with C. boninense (MT602277, GQ221769, MK544890, and MK544888). The obtained 763 bp CAL sequence (OM313386) showed 99.32% similarity with C. boninense (MK569127). The obtained 584 bp LSU sequence (OK513272) showed 99.83% similarity with C. boninense (MH876452, MH877053, and MH876450). Phylogenic trees based on the sequences of ITS, GAPDH, and CAL (Damm et al. 2012), the species of isolate was confirmed as C. boninense. To confirm pathogenicity and to fulfill Koch’s postulates, leaves of five A. japonica plants were wounded with a sterilized hypodermic needle and inoculated with 1 μL of a conidial suspension (106 conidia/mL). As control, 5 plants were inoculated with 1 μL of sterile water. After 7 days in a moist climate chamber at 26°C under a 16 h/8 h light/dark cycle, symptoms appeared on all inoculated leaves, while the control leaves remained healthy. The pathogen was reisolated from the inoculated leaves, and was confirmed to be C. boninense using the same morphological and molecular methods as before. C. boninense has been reported to infect many plant species, including Capsicum annuum, Rosa chinensis, and Eucalyptus robusta (Ding et al. 2021; Tozze et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2018). Another Colletotrichum pathogen, C. fructicola, was reported to cause anthracnose on A. japonica in China (Gong et al. 2016). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. japonica anthracnose disease caused by C. boninense in Guizhou province, China. Identifying this pathogen provides a foundation to prevent this complex disease and to reduce economic loss.
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Wan, Yu, Yuan-Zhi Si, De-Wei Li, Lin Huang, and Li-Hua Zhu. "First Report of Diaporthe cercidis Causing Leaf Blotch of Acer pictum subsp. mono in China." Plant Disease, September 27, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-21-0744-pdn.
Анотація:
Acer pictum subsp. mono (Maxim.) H. Ohashi is a common deciduous tree species that is widely distributed in Northeast and Northern China, including all provinces of the Yangtze River Basin (Liu et al. 2014). A foliar disease, with an incidence of ~90% (19/21 trees), occurred on A. pictum subsp. mono in a community park, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China in July 2019. On average, ~80% of the leaves per individual tree were infected by this disease. The symptoms initially appeared as brown, necrotic lesions at leaf tips, and half the leaf would become dark brown with time, and finally almost all of leaves were infected. Small pieces of leaf tissue (3 to 5 mm2) cut from the lesion margins were surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol for 30 s and 1% NaClO for 90 s, rinsed with sterile H2O three times, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C in the dark. The same fungus was isolated from 92% of the samples. The pure cultures were obtained by single-spore isolation. Three representative isolates (WJF1, WJF3 and WJF4) were obtained, and WJF1 was deposited in China’s Forestry Culture Collection Center (CFCC 54806), and WJF3 and WJF4 were deposited at the Nanjing Forestry University (NFU 083 and NFU 084). The culture on PDA was white, with white vigorous aerial mycelia at the edge. Black pycnidia developed on the alfalfa stems at 25°C under a 14/10 h light/dark cycle for 20 days. Conidiophores were hyaline, branched, septate, straight, 16.4–34.7 × 1.5–3.0 μm (n = 30). Conidiogenous cells were 9.0–24.6 × 1.3–2.3 μm (n = 30). Alpha conidia were 7.0 ± 0.6 × 2.2 ± 0.2 μm (n = 30), fusiform, hyaline, smooth and multi-guttulate. Beta conidia were 25.5 ± 4.3 × 1.3 ± 0.1 μm (n = 30), hyaline, smooth and hamate. Morphological characters of all three isolates matched those of Diaporthe spp. (Gomes et al. 2013). DNA of three isolates were extracted and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), partial sequences of elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α), calmodulin (CAL), beta-tubulin (β-tub) and histone H3 (HIS) genes were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R and CAL228F/CAL737R (Carbone et al. 1999), βt2a/βt2b and CYLH3F/H3-1b (Glass and Donaldson, 1995, Crous et al. 2004), respectively. The sequences of WJF1, WJF3 and WJF4 were deposited in GenBank (WJF1: Accession Nos. MW301339 for ITS, MW363932 to MW363935 for EF1-α, β-tub, HIS, and CAL; WJF3: MW453062 and MW561566 to MW561569; WJF4: MW453063 and MW561570 to MW561573). BLAST results showed that the ITS, EF1-α, β-tub, HIS, and CAL sequences of WJF1 were similar with sequences of Phomopsis liquidambari C.Q. Chang, Z.D. Jiang & P.K. Chi JQ676191 (identity = 540/540; 100%), D. huangshanensis H. Zhou & C.L. Hou MN224671 (identity = 291/292; 99%), D. pescicola Dissan., J.Y. Yan, Xing H. Li & K.D. Hyde MK691230 (identity = 438/438; 100%), D. spinosa Y.S. Guo & G.P. Wang MK726170 (identity = 437/438; 99%), D. cercidis C.M. Tian & Qin Yang MK691114 (identity = 452/452; 100%), respectively. BLAST results of WJF3 and WJF4 are list in Table 1. A maximum likelihood and Bayesian posterior probability analyses using IQtree v. 1.6.8 and Mr. Bayes v. 3.2.6 with the concatenated sequences placed WJF1, WJF3 and WJF4 in the clade of D. cercidis. Based on the five-locus phylogeny and morphology, WJF1, WJF3 and WJF4 were identified as D. cercidis. The pathogenicity of three isolates were tested on potted 3-yr-old seedlings of A. pictum subsp. mono, grown in a greenhouse. Healthy leaves were wounded with a sterile needle and then inoculated with 10 μL of conidial suspensions (106 conidia/mL). Control leaves were treated with sterilized H2O. A total of twelve seedlings were used for the tests, 3 seedlings per treatment, and five leaves were inoculated per seedling. Each plant was covered with a plastic bag after inoculation and sterilized H2O was sprayed into the bag twice/day to maintain humidity and kept in a greenhouse at the day/night temperatures at 25 ± 2°C/16 ± 2°C. In 5 days, all the inoculated leaves had lesions similar to those observed in the field. D. cercidis was reisolated from the lesions of the inoculated leaves and was confirmed based on morphological characteristics and ITS sequence analysis. No symptoms were observed on the control leaves, and no fungus was isolated from them. D. cercidis was previously reported on twigs of Cercis chinensis (Yang et al. 2018) and causing pear shoot canker (Guo et al. 2020). This is the first report of D. cercidis causing leaf blotch on A. pictum subsp. mono. Identification of the pathogen is imperative for diagnosing and controlling this potentially high risk disease on A. pictum subsp. mono and also for the future studies.