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Статті в журналах з теми "Détection des conditions de surface de la route":
1
Ferraz, Antonio. "DÉTECTION À HAUTE RÉSOLUTION SPATIALE DE LA DESSERTE FORESTIÈRE EN MILIEU MONTAGNEUX." Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection 1, no. 211-212 (December 6, 2015): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2015.549.
Анотація:
En milieu montagneux et forestier, la localisation de la route et ses caractéristiques géométriques sont des informations cruciale pour de nombreuses applications écologiques et liées à la gestion forestière. Par ailleurs, le lidar aéroporté topographique est devenu une technique de télédétection reconnue pour la caractérisation fine de la surface terrestre : les Modèles Numériques de Terrain (MNT) en sont le produit standard.Cet article aborde le problème de la détection de routes sur de grandes surfaces (>1000 km2) dans de tels environnements. Pour cela, nous avons proposé une méthode fondée sur l’hypothèse que les routes peuvent être modélisées par des objets planaires suivant une direction privilégiée et avec de fortes variations du relief dans la direction orthogonale. La connaissance seule du MNT lidar à 1 m de résolution est suffisante dans notre processus, qui ne requiert donc pas le traitement supplémentaire des nuages de points 3D lidar ni de données à retour d’onde complète. L’intégralité de l’analyse se fait donc en deux dimensions. Tout d’abord, trois attributs morphologiques sont extraits du MNT et introduits dans une classification supervisée par Forêts Aléatoires des zones potentiellement "routes". Ensuite, un graphe est créé à partir de ce masque de focalisation afin de combler les éventuels manques et occlusions dus principalement à la végétation. En particulier, les noeuds sont sélectionnés avec un Processus Ponctuel, puis le graphe est élagué en suivant le modèle de route initial. Enfin, la largeur et la pente des routes sont estimées grâce au MNT avec une analyse orientée-objet. D’une part, on obtient une qualité de détection convaincante, tant au niveau de l’exhaustivité (>80%) que de la précision géométrique, supérieure à celle des bases de données topographiques 2D existantes. De plus, de nouvelles routes sont détectées grâce à la capacité du lidar à restituer le terrain sous le couvert végétal. Cependant, en présence d’un trop faible nombre de mesures lidar au niveau du sol, des routes peuvent ne pas être restituées. Enfin, nous montrons que notre méthode est adaptée à une analyse sur de grandes surfaces puisqu’elle permet des rendements de moins de 2 minutes par km2.
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Zhang, Ji Fa, Dong Li Xu, and Zhi Hui Wang. "Modeling Approach for Fiber Placement Routes on Complex Surface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 686 (October 2014): 560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.686.560.
Анотація:
According to the characteristics of a curve on the surface, the correlation between the placement feasibility for fiber tow and the surface shape of a composite component, width of the fiber tows is analyzed. The placement process route under the condition of fiber tow ultimate deformation is calculated. In addition, based on fiber loading orientation in the designed placement layers, the best mechanical route is calculated. Through the given proportionality coefficient of geodesic arc radii under the constrain conditions of the mechanics and fiber tow deformability on the present route point, a simple modeling approach is proposed to obtain the actual model of the route with the goal of satisfying the best mechanical route orientation . Take the placement of a free form surface as an example to verify the approach, with the result of indicating its reasonableness.
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Muraleetharan, Thambiah, Kunio Meguro, Takeo Adachi, Toru Hagiwara, and Sei'ichi Kagaya. "Influence of Winter Road Conditions and Signal Delay on Pedestrian Route Choice in Japan's Snowiest Metropolis." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1939, no. 1 (January 2005): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193900117.
Анотація:
Investigation of pedestrian route choice behavior on icy surfaces is important for the effective improvement of walkways in winter. The objective of this research was to investigate pedestrian route choice behavior in winter. Field surveys and questionnaire surveys were conducted to fulfill this objective. Video cameras were used in the field surveys to clarify the movements of pedestrians. How pedestrians chose their routes was investigated by observing their movements. According to the field survey, when the signal was green, the probability that the pedestrian would cross became extremely high, regardless of the road surface conditions. However, when the walkway surface was icy, the probability that the pedestrian would wait for a green signal decreased by a considerable value. This indicates that when the wait becomes long, the probability that the pedestrian will cross becomes low during the snowy season. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to clarify the factors affecting pedestrian route choice behavior. The questionnaire asked about different road surface conditions. The results from the survey indicate that even if part of a road section has a good surface condition, it has a strong influence on route choice behavior. It indicates that pedestrians feel uncomfortable in walking on slippery walkways and they prefer to choose bare walkways. On the basis of the data from the field survey and questionnaire survey, logit models were developed to express quantitatively the route choice behaviors of pedestrians. These models can be used to predict the probability that a pedestrian will select a route as a function of pedestrian delay at signalized intersections and the road surface conditions in winter.
4
Lu, Yun, Yi Xing Liu, Hai Peng Yu, and Qing Feng Sun. "Controlled Grown TiO2 on Cellulose Surface via a Hydrothermal Route." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 1173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.1173.
Анотація:
Controlled anatase TiO2 was grown on cellulose surface using a fragile hydrothermal method in different conditions. With the analysis of FTIR spectra, the grown TiO2 was chemically attached to the cellulose surface. The morphologies and amount of grown TiO2 on cellulose surface could be controlled through the adjustment of reacting factors. From the observation of SEM images, the morphology and content of TiO2 grown on cellulose surface could be controlled under appropriate reaction conditions. Under the regulation of reactant conditions, the content ranging from 8.7%-34.2% of TiO2 could be grown on cellulose surface.
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Masi, Maurizio, Alessandro Veneroni, A. Fiorucci, Francesco La Via, Gaetano Foti, Marco Mauceri, Stefano Leone, et al. "Film Morphology and Process Conditions in Epitaxial Silicon Carbide Growth via Chlorides Route." Materials Science Forum 556-557 (September 2007): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.556-557.93.
Анотація:
A simplified deposition model, involving both the description of the deposition and of the film morphology was adopted to quantitatively understand the experimental trends encountered in the epitaxial silicon carbide deposition in an industrial hot wall reactor. The attention was focused on the system involving chlorinated species because its really superior performances with respect the traditional silane/hydrocarbons process. The evolution of the crystalline structure (i.e., from poly to single) and of the surface roughness can be understood by simply comparing two characteristic times, like those inherent the surface diffusion and the matter supply to the surface.
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Dodukh, Kateryna, and Anton Palchyk. "Influence of road conditions on vehicles’ fuel consumption." Automobile Roads and Road Construction, no. 109 (2021): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/0365-8171-2021-109-166-173.
Анотація:
The article deals with the influence of road conditions on fuel consumption by vehicles when transporting goods and passengers, which depends on the speed of movement. The optimum fuel consumption corresponds to the optimum speed of movement which is distinctive for each type of car. Increase or decrease of the optimum speed leads to increased fuel consumption. Elevations reduce the speed and increase fuel consumption by up to 30%. Road conditions (width of roadway, condition of surface, presence of horizontal curves, longitudinal slopes, pedestrian crossings, settlements) cause a change in the speed of movement and consumption of fuel and lubricants. It is possible to take into account the road conditions by plotting the speed of movement along the route, the change in the speed occuring during the travel time and socio-economic indicators of the route. Based on this chart, fuel costs and route times are calculated. Since the cost of fuel is 50-52% of the cost of transportation of goods and passengers, the cost will be roughly 2 times higher. The cost of transportation of goods by trucks is characterized by the cost of transportation, and the transportation of passengers by the cost and time spent by passengers when traveling the route.
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Fu, Liping, Lalita Thakali, Tae J. Kwon, and Taimur Usman. "A risk-based approach to winter road surface condition classification." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 3 (March 2017): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0215.
Анотація:
This paper presents a risk-based approach for classifying the road surface conditions of a highway network under winter weather events. A relative risk index (RRI) is developed to capture the effect of adverse weather conditions on the collision risk of a highway in reference to the normal driving conditions. Based on this index, multiple risk factors related to adverse winter weather conditions can be considered either jointly or separately. The index can also be used to aggregate different types of road conditions observed on any given route into a single class for risk-consistent condition classification and reporting. Two example applications are shown to illustrate the advantages of the proposed approach.
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Alateyah, Abdulrahman I., Waleed H. El-Garaihy, Majed O. Alawad, Samar El Sanabary, Sally Elkatatny, Hany A. Dahish, and Hanan Kouta. "The Effect of ECAP Processing Conditions on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Pure Magnesium—Experimental, Mathematical Empirical and Response Surface Approach." Materials 15, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 5312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155312.
Анотація:
In this study, a quantitative evaluation approach was used to investigate how certain ECAP processing parameters affect the microstructural evolution, Vicker’s microhardness values and tensile properties of pure Mg. The ECAP processing parameters were number of passes, ECAP die channel angle and processing route type. The response surface methodology (RSM) technique was used to design 16 runs of the experiment using Stat-Ease design expert software. Billets of pure Mg were processed up to four passes of routes Bc, A and C at 225 °C. Two ECAP dies were used with internal channel angles of 90° and 120°. Experimental findings were used to establish empirical models to assess the influence of the ECAP processing parameters on grain size and mechanical properties of ECAPed billets. The established relationships were examined and validated for their adequacy and significance using ANOVA as well as several statistical criteria. Response surface plots and contour graphs were established to offer better understanding of the intended relationships. In addition, the optimum processing parameters for grain size, hardness values and tensile properties were defined. Both experimental results and the theoretical model revealed that route Bc is the most effective route in grain refining. The experimental findings showed that four passes of route Bc through the die channel angle 90° revealed a significant reduction in the grain size by 86% compared to the as-annealed counterparts. Similar to the grain size refining, four-passes processing through the ECAP die with an internal channel angle of 90° leads to improved Vicker’s microhardness values. Additionally, four passes of route Bc using the 90° die angle recorded a significant HV increase at the edge and central areas by 112% and 78%, respectively, compared to the as-annealed counterpart. On the other hand, according to the optimization findings, two passes of route Bc using a die angle of 120° resulted in the best ultimate tensile strength for pure Mg, whereas four passes of route Bc revealed the optimum ductility at fracture.
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Jeong, Soo-Hwan, Ju-Hye Ko, Jong-Bong Park, and Wanjun Park. "A Sonochemical Route to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes under Ambient Conditions." Journal of the American Chemical Society 126, no. 49 (December 2004): 15982–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0451867.
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Dahe, Qin, Paul A. Mayewski, W. Berry Lyons, Sun Junying, and Hou Shugui. "Lead pollution in Antarctic surface snow revealed along the route of the International Trans-Antarctic Expedition." Annals of Glaciology 29 (1999): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781820897.
Анотація:
AbstractThis paper reports the lead concentration and flux (where accumulation rate is available) along the route of the 1990 International Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The lead concentration in Larsen Ice Shelf and Antarctic Peninsula, the western part of the route, was 7.4 ± 4.1 pg g−1. The lead concentration in East Antarctic snow (South Pole to Mirny station) was 2 3 times higher than that in West Antarctica (Larsen Ice Shelf to South Pole). Taking into account the difference in site conditions, the difference between the above value over this area in 1989 and the value of 6.3 ±3.3 pg g−1 at a site within this area in 1980 (Wolff and Peel, 1985) is not significant. Because the relative contribution of soil dust, volcanoes and the oceans to lead concentration in Antarctica is about 0.5 pg g−1 under modern climatic conditions (Boutron and Patterson, 1987), it is believed that the lead in Antarctic surface snow is dominated by pollution input. The lead-concentration increase from west to east over the trans-Antarctic route suggests that remote Antarctica has been impacted by anthropogenic activities. The lowest lead flux (0.064 ng cn-2 a−1) was on the Antarctic Plateau, mainly reflecting the background global pollution. The mean flux of 0.273 ng cnT2 a−1 in the western part of the route (Larsen Ice Shelf to the Ellsworth Mountains) may result from the pollution input from the Southern Hemisphere. In addition to the influence of global and/or hemispheric pollution, local activities (notably the use of leaded gasolene) appear to have affected the region from Pionerskaya to Mirny.
Дисертації з теми "Détection des conditions de surface de la route":
1
Zhang, Hongyi. "Road surface condition detection for autonomous vehicle by NIR LED system and machine learning approaches." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPAST106.
Анотація:
Le domaine des véhicules autonomes a suscité un grand intérêt ces dernières années. Afin de garantir au passager une expérience sûre et confortable sur les véhicules autonomes, des systèmes d'obstacles avancés doivent être mis en œuvre. Bien que les solutions actuelles de détection d'obstacles aient montré de bonnes performances, elles doivent être encore améliorées pour une sécurité accrue des véhicules autonomes sur route, de jour comme de nuit. En particulier, les véhicules autonomes dans la vie réelle peuvent rencontrer de la glace, de la neige ou des flaques d'eau, qui peuvent être la cause de collisions graves et d'accidents de la circulation. Les systèmes de détection doivent donc permettre de détecter les changements d'état de la route pour anticiper la réaction du véhicule et/ou désactiver les fonctions automatisées. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un système pour les véhicules autonomes afin de détecter les conditions de chaussée induites par la météo. Après une étude approfondie de l'état de l'art, un système proche infrarouge (NIR) basé sur des LED et un système d'apprentissage automatique sont proposés pour la détection diurne et nocturne. Le système NIR a été conçu puis validé expérimentalement et, les spécifications techniques du système ont été définies. Le système d'apprentissage automatique est de plus proposé comme solution complémentaire au système NIR. Différents modèles d'apprentissage ont été testés et comparés en termes de performance. Enfin, les résultats sont discutés et une combinaison des deux systèmes est proposée afin de garantir une performance accrue pour la reconnaissance des conditions de routeThe field of autonomous vehicles has aroused great interest in recent years. In order to ensure the passenger to get a safe and comfortable experience on autonomous vehicles, advanced obstacle systems have to be implemented. Although current solutions for detecting obstacles have shown quite good performances, they have to be improved for an increased safety of autonomous vehicles on road, both in day-time and night-time conditions. In particular, autonomous vehicles in real life may encounter ice, snow or water puddles, which may be the cause of severe crashes and traffic accidents. The detection systems must hence allow detecting changes in road conditions to anticipate the vehicle reaction and/or deactivate the automated functions. The aim of this thesis is to propose a system implemented on the autonomous vehicles in order to detect the road surface conditions induced by the weather. After deep investigation of the state of art, a near infrared (NIR) system based on LEDs and a machine learning system were proposed for daytime and night-time detection. The NIR systems with three LEDs were investigated with experimental validations. In addition, the specifications of the NIR systems are carefully discussed. Furthermore, the machine learning system is proposed as a supplementary system. The performance of different models is compared in terms of classification accuracy and model complexity. Finally, the results are discussed and a combination of the two systems is proposed
Частини книг з теми "Détection des conditions de surface de la route":
1
Majumdar, Jyotsna Dutta, Andreas Weisheit, and I. Manna. "Laser Surface Processing for Tailoring of Properties by Optimization of Microstructure." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 121–71. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0329-3.ch006.
Анотація:
Laser surface processing involves modification of surface microstructure and/or composition of the near surface region of a component using a high power laser beam. The advantages of laser surface processing over conventional equilibrium surface processing include rapid processing rate, retention of non-equilibrium microstructure, alloying in liquid state and development of processed zone with superior properties as compared to the same developed by equilibrium processing route. Microstructure plays an important role to control the final properties of the tailored component. In the present contribution, with a brief introduction to laser, and its application, the microstructures developed under optimum conditions by different laser surface processing will be discussed with the corresponding improvement in properties. Finally, a brief review of the future scope of research in laser surface processing will be presented.
2
Dalgıç, Süleyman, and İbrahim Kuşku. "Geological and Geotechnical Investigations in Tunneling." In Environmental Information Systems, 1337–83. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7033-2.ch061.
Анотація:
The one of important matter of the design of tunnel is that choosing of the building materials and to make away rock material from tunnel walls or surface. Another important point is that these factors are effective for the building of tunnel process. It is necessary to investigation detailed the matters such as choosing the route of tunnel, the method of excavation, design of tunnel, choosing of the building material, to preparing to application Project, revision of the Project, recycling of the rest materials etc. The one of important duty of engineer is that to realize the importance of security and economic conditions together. It isn't random the economic and timing work about this type of project, on the contrary it is definitely depending on good geotechnical and geological pre-research. The research which is along the route of tunnel supply economic and feasible work for the Project. The unit of in this book we will describe the methodology of tunnel building by using suit geotechnical and geological processes.
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Dalgıç, Süleyman, and İbrahim Kuşku. "Geological and Geotechnical Investigations in Tunneling." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 482–529. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2709-1.ch014.
Анотація:
The one of important matter of the design of tunnel is that choosing of the building materials and to make away rock material from tunnel walls or surface. Another important point is that these factors are effective for the building of tunnel process. It is necessary to investigation detailed the matters such as choosing the route of tunnel, the method of excavation, design of tunnel, choosing of the building material, to preparing to application Project, revision of the Project, recycling of the rest materials etc. The one of important duty of engineer is that to realize the importance of security and economic conditions together. It isn't random the economic and timing work about this type of project, on the contrary it is definitely depending on good geotechnical and geological pre-research. The research which is along the route of tunnel supply economic and feasible work for the Project. The unit of in this book we will describe the methodology of tunnel building by using suit geotechnical and geological processes.
4
Ureta, Gabriel, Károly Németh, Felipe Aguilera, Matias Vilches, Mauricio Aguilera, Ivana Torres, José Pablo Sepúlveda, Alexander Scheinost, and Rodrigo González. "An Overview of the Mafic and Felsic Monogenetic Neogene to Quaternary Volcanism in the Central Andes, northern Chile (18-28°Lat.S)." In Volcanoes - Updates in Volcanology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93959.
Анотація:
Monogenetic volcanism produces small eruptive volumes with short eruption history, different chemical compositions, and relatively simple conduit. The Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes is internationally known as a natural laboratory to study volcanism, where mafic and felsic products are present. In this contribution, the spectrum of architectures, range of eruptive styles, lithological features, and different magmatic processes of the mafic and felsic monogenetic Neogene to Quaternary volcanoes from the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes in northern Chile (18°S-28°S) are described. The major volcanic activity occurred during the Pleistocene, where the most abundant activity corresponds to effusive and Strombolian eruptions. This volcanism is characterized by external (e.g., magma reservoirs or groundwater availability) and internal (e.g., magma ascent rate or interaction en-route to the surface) conditions, which determine the changes in eruptive style, lithofacies, and magmatic processes involved in the formation of monogenetic volcanoes.
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Ayaz, Muhammad, Azween Abdullah, and Ibrahima Faye. "A Taxonomy of Routing Techniques in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." In Wireless Sensor Networks and Energy Efficiency, 119–47. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0101-7.ch006.
Анотація:
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are finding different applications for offshore exploration and ocean monitoring. In most of these applications, the network consists of a significant number of sensor nodes deployed at different depth levels throughout the area of interest. Sensor nodes on the sea bed cannot communicate directly with the nodes near the surface level, so they require multihop communication assisted by an appropriate routing scheme. However, this appropriateness not only depends on network resources and application requirements, but environment constraints are involved as well. These factors all provide a platform where a resource aware routing strategy plays a vital role in fulfilling different application requirements with dynamic environment conditions. Realizing this fact, much of the attention has been given to construct a reliable scheme, and many routing protocols have been proposed in order to provide efficient route discoveries between the source and sink. In this chapter, the authors present a review and comparison of different algorithms proposed recently for underwater sensor networks. Later on, all of these have been classified into different groups according to their characteristics and functionalities.
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Skrobala, Viktor, and Sofiya Marutyak. "PECULIARITIES OF THE TERRITORY OF THE CITY OF LVIV (UKRAINE) AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE HYDROLOGICAL REGIME AND EROSION PROCESSES." In European vector of development of the modern scientific researches. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-077-3-28.
Анотація:
The object of research is the territory of the city of Lviv (Ukraine). Lviv (geographical coordinates: 49N50, 24E00) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, with a population of over 720,000 inhabitants. The city is located in the western part of the Volyn-Podilska Upland, on the line of the Main European Ridge of the Baltic and Black Sea basins. Subject of research is relief parameters (maximum, average and minimum heights, vertical dismemberment and steepness of the surface) and land use characteristics (building intensity, phytocenotic cover). The purpose of research is to study the features of the territory of Lviv from the standpoint of influence on the hydrological regime and erosion processes. Methodology. Peculiarities of the territory of Lviv were studied by processing topographic maps using aerial photography materials and route surveys. Morphometric analysis of the relief was performed on topographic maps of scale 1: 10000 by dividing the map into elementary squares with an area of 0.25 km2. The research covers an area of 100.25 km2 (401 elementary squares). Within the elementary squares, the maximum, average and minimum heights of the territory, the depth of local erosion bases, the average surface steepness, the intensity and nature of construction, and the features of vegetation were determined. Results. The territory of Lviv is characterized by a variety of relief conditions and related nature of surface use. On the basis of morphometric maps of maximum and minimum heights, vertical dismemberment and steepness of the surface, we can distinguish the flat peripheral part of the city and the middle band of elevations. The asymmetry of the territory of Lviv in relation to the watershed causes various potential dangers of erosion processes and related unproductive moisture losses. The intensity of construction increases from the periphery to the center, with the exception of modern multi-storey buildings of the Sykhiv massif and industrial areas in the western part of the city. Low specific weight of waterproof coatings is characterized by the eastern and northern parts of the city with a complex relief. The largest amount of greenery is concentrated in the eastern part of the city (Vysokyi Zamok Park, Shevchenkivskyi grove, Pohulyanka Forest Park, Lychakiv), where surfaces with maximum relative heights predominate. The great variety of the underlying surface on the territory of Lviv causes different conditions for the formation of surface runoff and associated unproductive moisture consumption. The high potential danger of erosion processes is primarily noted by the structural-denudation level of Roztochia, which is characterized by the highest values of surface steepness. Complex relief conditions, intensive anthropogenic impact determine the need for anti-erosion organization of the city and measures aimed at optimizing hydrological processes. Scientific novelty. One of the criteria that characterizes the degree of landscape transformation within the city is the intensity of construction, which is determined by the proportion of watertight areas in the overall balance of the territory. Peculiarities of spatial arrangement of elementary plots with different intensity of construction in combination with relief parameters and land use scheme are determined. Practical significance. Knowing the parameters of the terrain and the peculiarities of land use, it is possible to determine the potential intensity of erosion processes in the territory of Lviv, to assess the level of anthropogenic changes in the hydrological regime.
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Onur, Aslı, and Habibe Şahin. "Endokrin Bozucuların İmmün Sistem ve İnflamasyon Üzerine Etkileri." In Endokrin Bozucular ve Sağlık, 177–200. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-04-7.ch11.
Анотація:
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) often show their effects through steroid hormones or peptide/protein hormones, and they can disrupt any aspect of hormone activity. It is stated that EDCs not only affect endocrine function, but also negatively affect immune system function. They can affect immune function either directly through the action on immune cell surface receptors or indirectly through other physiological mediators. Exposure to EDCs typically impairs immune functions, either by suppressing immunity and increasing susceptibility to infections, or by enhancing the immune response, leading to inflammation, allergies, or autoimmune diseases. EDC-mediated immunotoxicity is an important human health concern, as long-term immune dysfunction increases the risk of many communicable and non-communicable diseases. The effect of EDCs on the immune system has largely been studied in the context of allergies and autoimmune disorders. It shows that EDC exposure results in an imbalance in oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses and consequent increase in inflammation. The dose, duration, route of exposure to these toxins, age, sex of the individual, microbiota status, and other environmental conditions (such as stress, diet, or concomitant exposure to other toxic substances) can also change their effects on immunity. In this chapter, the effects of some EDCs on innate and adaptive immune system cells and the development of inflammation are discussed.
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"Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering." In Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering, edited by Gary E. Johnson, Blaine D. Ebberts, Albert E. Giorgi, Karen A. Kuhn, Randall T. Lee, John H. Plump, David A. Stensby, and Charles E. Sweeney. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874028.ch13.
Анотація:
<em>Abstract.</em>—At Bonneville Dam’s second powerhouse (B2) on the Columbia River, a site near the downstream tip of Cascades Island was selected for the high-flow (>28.3 m<sup>3</sup>/s) outfall of the new surface-flow outlet (B2 corner collector or B2CC) for passing juvenile salmonids. The new passage route and outfall are a result of modifications to the original ice and trash sluice chute, which increased discharge capacity and improved passage conditions. Technical guidelines specifying the site and design for high-flow outfalls were established concurrently during this study. Critical design parameters for the new B2 outfall included discharge of 150 m3/s, jet entry velocities approaching 15.2 m/s, and a tailwater elevation range of 6.1 m. The selection process for siting the outfall began by identifying nine initial alternatives. The screening, evaluation, and selection process narrowed the list to two outfall sites—“D” was 122 m directly downstream from the existing sluice chute outfall, and “F” was 760 m downstream near the end of Cascades Island. We started the selection process for outfall type by identifying 13 alternatives. In the end, two outfall types were selected as viable solutions: the adjustable cantilever and the mid-level cantilever. The four combinations of outfall site/type were then evaluated using two physical hydraulic models (1:30 and 1:100 scale). Based on those hydraulic studies a mid-level cantilever at the tip of Cascades Island at site F was selected. Subsequent to our alternatives study, the cantilever design was refined, resulting in a monolith structure that reduced construction costs without compromising performance. Construction was completed in 2004, and subsequent biological evaluations indicated that smolt survival rates through the B2CC were near 100%, the highest of all passage routes at Bonneville Dam. The B2CC surface flow outlet with its high-flow outfall provided a major improvement for juvenile salmonid passage at Bonneville Dam.
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"Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering." In Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering, edited by Gary E. Johnson, Blaine D. Ebberts, Albert E. Giorgi, Karen A. Kuhn, Randall T. Lee, John H. Plump, David A. Stensby, and Charles E. Sweeney. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874028.ch13.
Анотація:
<em>Abstract.</em>—At Bonneville Dam’s second powerhouse (B2) on the Columbia River, a site near the downstream tip of Cascades Island was selected for the high-flow (>28.3 m<sup>3</sup>/s) outfall of the new surface-flow outlet (B2 corner collector or B2CC) for passing juvenile salmonids. The new passage route and outfall are a result of modifications to the original ice and trash sluice chute, which increased discharge capacity and improved passage conditions. Technical guidelines specifying the site and design for high-flow outfalls were established concurrently during this study. Critical design parameters for the new B2 outfall included discharge of 150 m3/s, jet entry velocities approaching 15.2 m/s, and a tailwater elevation range of 6.1 m. The selection process for siting the outfall began by identifying nine initial alternatives. The screening, evaluation, and selection process narrowed the list to two outfall sites—“D” was 122 m directly downstream from the existing sluice chute outfall, and “F” was 760 m downstream near the end of Cascades Island. We started the selection process for outfall type by identifying 13 alternatives. In the end, two outfall types were selected as viable solutions: the adjustable cantilever and the mid-level cantilever. The four combinations of outfall site/type were then evaluated using two physical hydraulic models (1:30 and 1:100 scale). Based on those hydraulic studies a mid-level cantilever at the tip of Cascades Island at site F was selected. Subsequent to our alternatives study, the cantilever design was refined, resulting in a monolith structure that reduced construction costs without compromising performance. Construction was completed in 2004, and subsequent biological evaluations indicated that smolt survival rates through the B2CC were near 100%, the highest of all passage routes at Bonneville Dam. The B2CC surface flow outlet with its high-flow outfall provided a major improvement for juvenile salmonid passage at Bonneville Dam.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Détection des conditions de surface de la route":
1
Slayter, David L., Christopher S. Hitchcock, Mike Oehlers, and Richard Chiles. "Automated Least-Cost Pipeline Route Development in Niger Using Remotely-Sensed Imagery and GIS." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31305.
Анотація:
An important part of successful pipeline route selection includes the identification of geologic hazards and man-made (anthropogenic) features along any proposed route. Fugro William Lettis & Associates, Inc. (Fugro WLA) was contracted to provide a preferred crude oil transmission pipeline route between the Agadem oil field and the Zinder refinery in south-central Niger. The development of the 460-km long, 500-meter wide corridor involved the use of new geologic mapping and a digital elevation model (DEM) derived from Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) remotely-sensed imagery and SPOT High Resolution Stereo (HRS), respectively. The base geologic, anthropogenic and DEM data were provided by Fugro NPA Ltd. (Fugro NPA) and augmented with additional mapping by Fugro WLA. The area of the proposed pipeline route covers varying geologic conditions such as active and relict sand dunes, bedrock outcrops and escarpments, wadis and areas of recent erosion. Anthropogenic features included reservoirs, roads, towns and settlements, agricultural areas and oases. Our study found significant height differences between the dunes and evidence for varying dune activity. Selection of the optimal pipeline route required minimization of total elevation change and exposure to geologic hazards and existing anthropogenic development while obtaining the safest, most direct and economic route between the oil field and refinery. Using a geographic information system (GIS) the digitally-mapped geologic and anthropogenic features and elevation-derived parameters were assigned a relative risk ranking surface. Next, a cumulative cost distance surface and a cost path surface were created between the oil field and the refinery. Lastly, using GIS we developed a least-cost pipeline route option from the cost path surface.
2
Ghosh, S., and J. Choi. "Three-Dimensional Transient Residual Stress Finite Element Analysis for a Laser Clad Surface." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41566.
Анотація:
Laser aided manufacturing process inherently includes many nonlinear and non-equilibrium transport phenomena due to non-uniform and rapid heat flow caused by the laser and the material interaction. Comprehensive understanding of the transport phenomenon and heat transfer analysis including phase transformation is essential to predict the effects of thermally induced residual stresses and distortions in deposited materials. It not only helps to improve the process but also reduces the long and cumbersome experimental route to compile sufficient data to predict the material behavior under similar loading conditions. This paper is an attempt towards a methodology of finite element analysis for the prediction of quenching related macroscopic as well as microscopic residual stress in a laser cladding process. A finite element program has been written to account for the micro-residual stress effects. The program is essentially a coupling between a preliminary estimation of temperature history of the system and the final prediction of residual stresses which also include the phase transformation kinetics of the material during its cooling. The importance of considering phase transformation effects during quenching is also verified through the comparison of the magnitudes of residual stresses with and without the inclusion of phase transformation kinetics. The FEA program for this model is a very useful tool for designing and optimizing Laseraided Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) process conditions so that products with the best internal quality and dimensional accuracy can be built.
3
Deng, Kam, David J. Queen, Andreas Felber, and Don W. Bergman. "Stress Analysis of Surface Pipelines Located in Regions of Differential Ground Movements." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10499.
Анотація:
Buried pipelines running through areas of large differential ground movements, such as active landslides, can be subject to severe overstress conditions. Moving these pipelines to the surface (i.e. surfacing) and resting them on timber skids reduces the impact of ground movements because slippage can occur between the pipe and the skids. This approach has been used successfully on several pipelines. Surfacing was recently considered for a 4.5 km section of a buried pipeline situated in northern British Columbia. The surfaced pipeline is supported by timber skids every 2 m and winds through mountainous terrain containing twenty different movement zones in which differential displacements range from 0 m to 3 m. Along the route, the direction of the ground movement varied with the terrain. The alignment also crossed a creek with a 45 m clear span. This paper describes the methodology used in completing the stress analysis for the surfaced pipeline. To capture various load effects, an existing construction stage analysis program was modified to facilitate the modelling of the surface pipeline under the various load paths. The evolution of the displacement and stress state of the pipeline was determined and tracked for several different load paths. For each state, a single plot that summarized the ground movement, slip distances, skid reactions and pipe stresses was produced. The results from this analysis are used to discuss the response of surface pipelines under thermal and ground movement loads.
4
Steensma, Gilein J., Mark A. Kappelhoff, Duncan A. McInnis, and Eric Gilson. "Pipeline Route Assessment at River Crossings and in Steep Terrain: Geophysical, Hydrologic and Geotechnical Characterization." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27423.
Анотація:
Pipeline river crossings and sections of pipeline routes where steep terrain requires directionally drilled borings have the highest chance of being successfully designed and constructed if subsurface geological conditions are understood. In this paper we present results of geophysical surveys conducted to characterize the subsurface at two pipeline river crossings and at a site where steep topography would likely require directional boring below the face of a steep hillside. The objective is to help assess and minimize the risk in engineering design in difficult terrain by analyzing subsurface geology from geophysical data and vertical geotechnical borings, and evaluating the dynamic behavior of the river itself through hydrologic analysis. Risk factors can be assigned on the basis of lithology and environmental considerations relating to the level of potential impact in different parts of the crossing. The laterally heterogeneous nature of river channels, consisting of stacked paleochannels and floodplains could require a significant number of vertical geotechnical borings for adequate characterization of the entire crossing. We find that a combination of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), seismic refraction tomography (SRT) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) data can efficiently provide us with an understanding of electrical and mechanical properties from which lateral variations and depth extent of lithology along the proposed boring can be inferred. Confirmatory vertical geotechnical borings allow us to verify our interpretation at two locations. Geophysical data are used to laterally extrapolate the lithologic interpretation and define, in conjunction with surface water hydrologic considerations, the minimum depth of directionally drilled borings and optimum locations of ingress/egress points. The investment in a geological assessment study to understand subsurface conditions prior to beginning horizontal boring operations is essential to mitigate risk and ultimately may save money. In the case of steep terrain, geophysical data can provide valuable information on the vertical and lateral variations in subsurface properties in areas where it would be impossible to safely drill vertical borings. Our last case history is an example of the geological information that can be efficiently inferred from geophysical surveys conducted in steep terrain.
5
Kiselev, Igor, and Sergey Voronov. "Methodic of Rational Cutting Conditions Determination for 3-D Shaped Detail Milling Based on the Process Numerical Simulation." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34894.
Анотація:
The paper is devoted for the analysis of the dynamics effect on the 5-axis milling process of flexible details. The integrated model of milling dynamics composed by block principle in the paper is presented. The model consist of: 1) dynamical model of tool; 2) dynamical model of machined detail based on Finite Element Method (FEM); 3) phenomenological model of cutting forces and 4) algorithm of geometry modeling for instant machined chip thickness calculation. Regeneration mechanism of cutting and calculation of the machined surface are into this algorithm embedded. The elaborated model is adapted for 5-axis processing of the profiled details with 3-D complex geometry. Alteration of workpiece dynamic characteristics while the allowance removal is considered by the special algorithm of FEM grid changing based on the results of cutting geometry modeling. The results of modeling give us opportunity determine cutting forces, estimate the machined surface quality, calculate the magnitude and the character of tool and detail vibrations under the specified cutting conditions. The conception of increasing the process quality and the machinability for 3-D shaped details machining is offered in the paper. Applying the specified efficient conditions the undesired dynamical effects can be excluded on the base of the results of multi-variant simulation for milling dynamics varying the technological parameters at the different region of the processing route.
6
Westgate, Zack, and Dave White. "Quantifying Spatial Variability of As-Laid Embedment for Subsea Pipeline Design." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42292.
Анотація:
In deep water, the pre-service embedment of on-bottom pipelines is mainly controlled by the lay process and its effects on the soil strength. Predicted ranges in local pipeline embedment are often very wide due to uncertainties associated with the surface soil properties, the influence of the sea state and vessel motions on soil remolding, and the complexity of the large-deformation process of pipe-seabed penetration. Pipeline embedment has a significant impact on pipe-soil interaction resistance — commonly described by the ‘friction factors’ used for pipeline design. Most design checks, such as for controlled lateral buckling, need to be satisfied under both low and high extremes of pipe-soil resistance and therefore pipe embedment. A wide range in pipe embedment can create significant design challenges for pipeline engineers, for example where engineered buckle mitigation structures are required to alleviate potential high strains in the pipeline. Data obtained from as-laid field surveys of subsea pipeline embedment have been analyzed to illustrate quantitatively how embedment varies along a pipeline route. This variation is linked to both anthropogenic influences, for example as a result of the stop-start pipeline construction process, as well as natural variability in (i) soil conditions along the route and (ii) sea state conditions during laying. Accounting for this variability through statistical analysis of as-laid embedment, and incorporation of appropriate length scales relevant to each design check, can have significant beneficial impacts on pipeline design through reductions in the ranges of pipe-soil friction factors. In some cases these may reduce or negate the need for expensive mitigation. The approaches illustrated in this paper have already found beneficial use on real projects.
7
Hédacq, S., F. Borit, V. Guipont, M. Jeandin, F. N. Guyen, R. Gibert, B. Guilhot, and C. Medard. "Plasma Spraying of Thick Stainless Steel Coating of a Stereolithography Resin." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0597.
Анотація:
Abstract The use of plasma spraying can be very beneficial in a rapid prototyping/manufacturing route for producing industrial metallic parts, e.g. tools and molds. Compared to the most recent and advanced laser-based or flame/arc spray-based methods, plasma spray basically shows a higher efficiency and process control in addition to a wider range of coating materials and better coating properties. This work deals with plasma spraying of AISI 316 stainless steel onto conventional MVA 200 acrylate resin as the second stage of a rapid prototyping route involving stereolithography plus plasma spray. This resulted in a 3 key issues : - Achieving a good coating/substrate adhesion, notwithstanding the preventing from previous grit blasting of the resin and poor physico-chemical bonding between the organic substrate and stainless steel ; - Good building-up of the sprayed particles up to a rather high thickness (i.e. of a few mm) through adequate plasma spray conditions, which limits the residual stress level; - Coating conforming closely to the substrate geometry, which precludes from surface damaging under spraying. The work showed that the process can meet all the previously-mentioned requirements combined with the achievement of high-quality coatings (i.e. with a low porosity in particular). A major part consisted in optimizing the plasma spray conditions using a CAPSATC ("Controlled Atmosphere/Temperature Plasma Spraying") unit. This included the development of an original thermal pre-treatment of the substrate (patented), namely "PINPRO", to promote coating/substrate adhesion. SEM, EDS, EPMA, FTIR, QIA (Quantitative Image Analysis), ... were particularly employed to study microstructures and interfaces. Phenomenological approaches to the involved adhesion mechanisms and coating build-up are discussed. For the latter, the first steps in the application of Lattice-Gas Modeling (LGM) of stainless steel layer build-up were made. LGM is a new and powerful simulation tool for the spray operator or user.
8
Krishnakumar, D., and K. S. Jaganathan. "Development of nasal HPV vaccine formulations." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685403.
Анотація:
Cervical cancer is the second most cancer in women worldwide with over 500000 new cases and 275000 deaths being registered every year. With nearly 73000 women dying every year, India now tops the world in cervical cancer deaths. India represents 26.4% of all women dying of cervical cancer globally. Cervical cancer estimated to be responsible for about 5% of human cancers worldwide. Currently available vaccines may not provide complete protection against all HPV types as the protection is primarily type specific. Furthermore, the available vaccines are delivered via intramuscular route and require three doses and require cold chain supply which increases the cost of vaccine. Therefore a single dose vaccine delivered via non-invasive route (nasal) that protects against multiple HPV types would be a cost effective and better alternative to the currently available HPV vaccines. The main objective of this study was to prepare HPV antigen loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and Tri Methyl Chitosan (TMC) coated PLGA microparticles and compare their efficacy as nasal vaccine. The developed formulations were characterized for size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, mucin adsorption ability, in vitro and in vivo studies. PLGA microparticles demonstrated negative zeta potential whereas PLGA-TMC microparticles showed higher positive zeta potential. The protein loading efficiency was found as above 80%. Results indicated that PLGA-TMC microparticles demonstrated substantially higher mucin adsorption when compared to PLGA microparticles. HPV antigen encapsulated in PLGA-TMC particles elicited a significantly higher secretory (IgA) immune response compared to that encapsulated in PLGA particles. Present study demonstrates that PLGA-TMC microparticles with specific size range can be a better carrier adjuvant for nasal subunit vaccines. Surface modified PLGA microparticles proved great potential as a nasal delivery system for HPV infections where systemic and mucosal responses are necessary particularly in conditions after viral pathogens invade the host through the mucosal surface.
9
Nayak, Tanvi, Nzikahyel Simon, Anil Kumar Yadav, Nikita Indrapalsingh Gour, Sandip Debnath, Malleboina Purushotham, and Pratima S. Kadam. "A Novel Green Synthesized Carbon Dots for the Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables." In International Conference on Recent Advancements in Biomedical Engineering. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-k04s03.
Анотація:
Green synthesized carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are successfully applied for the detection of organophosphate pesticides in fruits and vegetables. The banana fruit is used as a carbon source for the synthesis of CQDs via a one-pot hydrothermal route. The quenching in emission intensity of the synthesized carbon dots (CQDs) is observed for organophosphate pesticides (OPPS) in sample water. The hydroxyl and carboxylic functional groups over the surface of carbon dots exhibited a high binding affinity for detecting organophosphate pesticides. The amine group of Parathion was easily interacted with carboxylic group of CQDs which causes the fluorescence quenching via inner filter effect. The quenching in fluorescence intensity of CQDs was used to measure the inhibitory efficiency of OPPS. The quenching efficiency was proportional to the concentration of Parathion observed in sample water in the range of 0 to 500 nM under optimal conditions, with a detection limit of 12 nM. Moreover, the easy-to-use method had been used to detect Parathion in agricultural and environmental samples.
10
Oguz, Basak, Li Sun, and Patrick Kwon. "Perspirable Skin: A Multifuctional Material System for Self-Cooling." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-525.
Анотація:
Utilizing the negative thermal expansion property of ZrW2O8, Perspirable skin, an autonomous cooling system, was designed for externally heated surfaces of reentry vehicles such as Space Shuttle. In this material system, several ZrW2O8 pegs are shrink-fit into the Reinforced Carbon-Carbon composite (RCC) skin. At working conditions, a gap or interference forms between the two materials and the compressed gas within the vehicle can blow out through the gap. The atmospheric air, rather than contributing to the frictional heat between air and skin, is mixed with the cold compressed air over the surface. Due to the nonlinear thermoelastic properties within the operating temperatures, Finite Element Analysis was used to design the geometry of the ZrW2O8 pegs and the best fiber arrangement of the RCC for this material system. The geometry of the peg with a larger radius at the top surface and a smaller radius at the bottom part ensures the secure contact of two materials at the working condition. The design with the frustum of a cone shaped top offered a better and shorter route for the coolant gas to be passed. The best type of RCC is found to be 3D woven orthogonal.