Статті в журналах: "Detention ponds"

1

Macdonald, R. J., and A. Ernst. "Disinfection Efficiency and Problems Associated with Maturation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0107.

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Reductions in densities of indicator organisms and pathogens were measured in maturation ponds receiving secondary effluents from trickling filter and activated sludge treatment works. Effluent detention times in the ponds were determined using dye tracing techniques and compared with nominal detention times calculated from pond volumes and effluent flow rates. Median detention times were substantially less than nominal times because of short circuiting due to pond design aspects and thermal stratification. Maturation ponds of 10 days median detention time were found to successfully disinfect a poor quality trickling filter effluent and were effective at removing parasite ova and reducing virus densities. Continued use of maturation ponds should be encouraged in developed and developing countries as they have low cost, operational, maintenance and skilled operator requirements and are an effective disinfection process. Pond designs should minimize short circuiting and thus the areal requirements of the ponds.

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2

Macdonald, R. J., and A. Ernst. "Disinfection Efficiency and Problems Associated with Maturation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1987): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0235.

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Reductions in densities of indicator organisms and pathogens were measured in maturation ponds receiving secondary effluents from trickling filter and activated sludge treatment works. Effluent detention times in the ponds were determined using dye tracing techniques and compared with nominal detention times calculated from pond volumes and effluent flow rates. Median detention times were substantially less than nominal times because of short circuiting due to pond design aspects and thermal stratification. Maturation ponds of 10 days median detention time were found to successfully disinfect a poor quality trickling filter effluent and were effective at removing parasite ova and reducing virus densities. Continued use of maturation ponds should be encouraged in developed and developing countries as they have low cost, operational, maintenance and skilled operator requirements and are an effective disinfection process. Pond designs should minimize short circuiting and thus the areal requirements of the ponds.

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3

Shammaa, Y., D. Z. Zhu, L. L. Gyürék, and C. W. Labatiuk. "Effectiveness of dry ponds for stormwater total suspended solids removal." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-008.

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This paper reviews the factors and criteria for the design of new and the retrofitting of existing dry detention ponds to enhance removal of total suspended solids (TSS) from stormwater. Detention time is discussed as the most important factor affecting TSS removal. Two-stage facilities and multi-level outlet design are important means of enhancing TSS removal in dry ponds. Two dry ponds within the city of Edmonton were selected to evaluate their TSS removal. The level of expected TSS removal is low owing to the relatively short detention times for both ponds. Methods for retrofitting the dry ponds to enhance TSS removal are discussed.Key words: dry pond, stormwater, TSS removal, detention time, retrofitting.

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4

Papa, Fabian, Barry J. Adams, and Yiping Guo. "Detention time selection for stormwater quality control ponds." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l98-046.

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Current stormwater quality control pond design in Ontario typically includes the specification of a uniform detention time for extended detention ponds to ensure water quality control. In reality, the pollution-control performance of such facilities is governed by two opposing forces: improved pollutant removal efficiency over longer detention times and the decreased volume of runoff captured and treated by the facility for longer detention times. The combination of these effects produces a maximum attainable level of long-term pollution-control performance at an optimal detention time. Derived probability distribution models for runoff control are used to investigate the quality-control behaviour of extended detention dry ponds for the case where a design storm is specified to establish pond storage requirements and for the more general case where storage requirements may be selected on the basis of the level of control desired. Graphical relationships are developed to facilitate the planning and design process. The methodology presented encourages efficient engineering design while promoting environmental protection by ensuring a maximum level of long-term pollution control.Key words: stormwater management, water quality, probabilistic models, optimization, stormwater ponds, detention time, pond design.

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5

von Sperling, M., and L. C. A. M. Mascarenhas. "Performance of very shallow ponds treating effluents from UASB reactors." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (June 1, 2005): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0432.

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Polishing ponds are units conceived for the post-treatment of the effluents from anaerobic reactors, are designed as maturation ponds, and aim at a further removal of organic matter and a high removal of pathogenic organisms. The paper investigates the performance of four very shallow (H = 0.40 m) polishing ponds in series, with very low detention times (1.4–2.5 days in each pond), treating anaerobic effluent from the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The system was able to achieve excellent results in terms of BOD and E. coli removal, and good results in terms of ammonia removal, allowing compliance with European standards for urban wastewater and WHO guidelines for unrestricted irrigation. The paper presents the values of BOD and E. coli removal coefficients, which were much higher than those found in conventional pond systems. No statistically significant difference was found in the effluent E. coli concentrations from a pond with low depth and low detention time, and another pond in parallel, with double the depth and approximately double the detention time. The results endorse the applicability of the system composed by UASB reactors followed by very shallow ponds in series, with low detention times.

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6

Pettersson, Thomas J. R. "FEM-Modelling of Open Stormwater Detention Ponds." Hydrology Research 28, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1997): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1998.29.

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Stormwater in urban areas is polluted with suspended materials which transport heavy metals and degrade the quality of the receiving waters. Since open detention ponds improve water quality, an investigation of a constructed pilot-scale detention pond was carried out. Measurements of inflow and outflow were performed and two flow-weighted samplers were used to collect representative samples of suspended solids and heavy metals. The particle size distribution was analysed to allow an estimation of the settling of suspended solids. Particle removal from a rain event was defined as two different phases where the first phase occurs during the rain event and the second phase after the event. In this paper only the first phase is considered. A FEM-software package (FIDAP) was used to calculate the three dimensional velocity flow field for one rain event. A sedimentation approach was applied to the flow field where paths were calculated through the detention pond for different particle sizes. The results from four different particle sizes show satisfactory agreement between FEM-calculated and observed particle removal. The results show that FIDAP is a useful tool to predict pollutant removal for open detention ponds with arbitrary geometry.

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7

Li, Houng. "Investigation of Highway Stormwater Management Pond Capacity for Flood Detention and Water Quality Treatment Retention via Remote Sensing Data and Conventional Topographic Survey." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 7 (June 18, 2020): 514–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120923658.

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Stormwater management ponds are common best management practice (BMP) and green infrastructure (GI) for flood attenuation and water quality treatment in highway projects. Originally designed to provide storage volume for flood detention, stormwater ponds today often employ additional retention volume at pond bottom in a hope to improve water quality via sedimentation and other pollutant-removal mechanisms. It is commonly assumed that sediment accumulation and topographic variations (such as erosion, channelization, and in-pond plant growth and decay) over time often decrease the capacity of stormwater ponds. However, differences between design capacities and field capacities over time have never been verified and quantitatively analyzed before. This study presents such analysis using conventional topographic survey techniques and remote sensing data (topographic light detection and ranging digital elevation model [LIDAR DEM]) for 10 highway stormwater ponds along Interstate Highway-95 (I-95) systems in Baltimore City, Cecil County, and Harford County, Maryland, United States, with facility service life ranging from 14 to 26 years (1990–2015). Data derived from LIDAR DEM were compared with those from topographic survey; the LIDAR DEM data appear to be effective in measuring flood detention capacities and identifying silted ponds, but not in estimating the remaining retention volume for water quality treatment. Data from topographic survey indicate that the total volume in the ponds was relatively unchanged compared with the design, with increases in some instances. The increase typically occurred at the pond’s upper stages. Nonetheless, the water quality treatment capacity at pond bottom (wet pool volume) was drastically less (up to 100% of the design). As current maintenance practice of stormwater ponds relies heavily on visual inspection, the storage volume variations are often overlooked. As such, the findings prompt uncertainty on the long-term effectiveness of watershed implementation plan and models in the Chesapeake Bay watersheds, as many of them depend on wet pool volume design in BMP and GI.

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8

Darnell, Charles M., Hussain Lootah, Essa Alhaj Al Maidoor, and Sami A. H. Ghonim. "STORMWATER MANAGEMENT USING DETENTION PONDS." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2001, no. 13 (January 1, 2001): 582–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864701790864494.

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9

Krajewski, Adam, Kazimierz Banasik, and Anna E. Sikorska. "Stormflow and suspended sediment routing through a small detention pond with uncertain discharge rating curves." Hydrology Research 50, no. 4 (April 23, 2018): 1177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2018.131.

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Abstract Ratings curves are commonly used for computing discharge time series from recorded water stages or for hydrograph and sediment graph routing through detention ponds. Numerous studies have demonstrated that these rating curves are often linked with significant uncertainty. Nevertheless, the uncertainty related to the use of these rating curves in sediment estimates has not been investigated so far. Hence, in this work, we assess the impact of using such uncertain discharge rating curves on the estimation of the pond outflow (discharge, sediment concentration and load) from a small detention pond located in a small urban catchment in Poland. Our results indicate that the uncertainty in rating curves has a huge impact on estimates of discharge and sediment fluxes in the outlet from the reservoir, wherein the uncertainty in the inlet rating curve plays a more important role than the uncertainty in the outlet rating curve. Poorly estimated rating curve(s) may thus lead to serious errors and biased conclusions in the estimates and designs of detention ponds. To reduce this uncertainty, more efforts should be made to construct the rating curves at the pond inlet and to gather more data in extreme conditions.

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10

Istenič, Darja, Carlos A. Arias, Víctor Matamoros, Jess Vollertsen, and Hans Brix. "Elimination and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater wet detention ponds." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.525.

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The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediments of seven wet detention ponds receiving urban stormwater were investigated. The ponds comprised traditional wet detention ponds with a permanent wet volume and a storage volume as well as ponds that were expanded with sand filters and other means to improve the removal of micropollutants. The concentrations of ∑PAH in the sediments varied between 6 ± 5 and 2,222 ± 603 ng g−1 dry weight (mean ± standard deviation), and were highest in the ponds with lower pond volume per catchment area and did not clearly reflect different activities in the catchments. In general, the concentrations of PAHs in the sediments decreased from inlet to outlet, especially in the systems with good conditions for sedimentation such as systems with flow perpendicular sand dikes and extensive submerged vegetation. High molecular weight PAHs were predominant in the sediments indicating the pyrogenic origin of the PAHs. There was no correlation between PAH species concentrations in water or sediments and their hydrophobicity (log Kow). PAH concentrations in water fluctuated in response to intensity and frequency of rain events, whereas concentrations in the sediments integrated the pollutant load over time. Pond systems expanded with sand filters and other technologies to enhance removal of micropollutants consistently had concentrations of PAHs in the effluents below the detection level.

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11

Toet, C., T. Hvitved-Jacobsen, and Y. A. Yousef. "Pollutant Removal and Eutrophication in Urban Runoff Detention Ponds." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1990): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0305.

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A water quality model POND for eutrophication and pollutant removal in urban stormwater runoff detention ponds has been developed. The numerical simulation model is a relatively simple, one-dimensional deterministic water quality model consisting of a set of differential equations. Included are processes describing the removal and accumulation of dissolved and particulate constituents as well as processes concerning the yearly cycle of phytoplankton growth and nutrient transformations. The input to the pond is based on runoff quality data and a historical rainfall record. The model has been used to simulate eutrophication and removal of phosphorus and heavy metals in an urban runoff detention pond. Especially the importance of the pond volume, i.e. the residence time of the runoff water in the pond, for pollutant removal and eutrophication has been analysed. Simulations were carried out based on measured runoff quality data and a 33 years of rainfall record. Dry, normal and wet years and summers were selected for the analysis.

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12

Cahoon, Lawrence B., Michael A. Boller, Marc O. de Labry, Chandler A. Kosh, Matthew D. McDowell, Jessica E. Nixon, Robin L. Taylor, and Rebecca J. Wilson. "Phosphorus Partitioning in a Storm Water Pond." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 131, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5872-131.2.25.

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Abstract Storm water ponds are commonly employed to trap sediments, nutrients and other pollutants in non-point runoff. Aquatic macrophytes are thought to offer enhanced nutrient control via nutrient uptake and other processes. This study sampled and compared the phosphorus contents of water, sediment, and a dominant macrophyte, Stuckenia pectinata (Sago Pond Weed), in a storm water detention pond in the fall of 2013 and 2014. Phosphorus concentrations [ug P (g material)−1] were much higher in macrophyte tissues than in sediment and water, but the areal amounts of phosphorus (mg P m−2) bound in these three forms were ranked differently: sediment>>water>macrophyte, with macrophyte-bound P accounting for only <1–2% of total P in this pond. Macrophyte management may, therefore, have only marginal effectiveness in nutrient control by storm water detention ponds, although macrophytes support a variety of other ecosystem services.

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13

Chaibandit, Khanittha, and Supasit Konyai. "Flood Routing in Reservoirs Using Synthetic Unit Hydrograph: The Case of Bung Takreng Reservoir in Yom Basin, Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.818.

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The disastrous flood that inundated many areas of the Chao Phraya basin in 2011 caused many detrimental effects on the countrys economy and society. It is vital for all concerned to better plan and manage these effects in order to minimize future disasters areas. Flood reduction requires water flow detention or deceleration of during the storm water season. The construction of water detention ponds is one solution that should be taken into account. This study investigated the reduction of water flow in Yom basin (a sub-basin of Chao Phraya basin) using the synthetic unit hydrograph to synthesize deluge parameters. The objectives of this case study are to utilize natural lowland areas upstream of Yom Basin, namely Bung Takreng, Bung Kheerang, and Bung Raman. These three swamps are adjacent to one another, so one detention pond system could be constructed. The relationship between volume (S) and height (H) of the detention pond system was found to be S=18866224.8H1.15based on the analysis of elevation data using Geographic Information System (GIS). The estimated inflow to the detention pond at different return periods was based on the synthetic unit hydrograph. The maximum flow rate was analyzed by flood routing through a modeled reservoir system. The reservoir system was assigned a 3 m height dyke over the spillways, dividing into 2 m for the peak drainage and 1 m freeboard. Flood routing was performed at the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. We obtained the following safe lengths of spillway: 30, 70, 100, 140, 175, and 210 m, respectively. The detention pond system can detain water for 4 hr and reduce the peak flow in Yom River to 81.83, 84.44, 77.26, 81.00, 90.81, and 89.81m3/sec or 9.37, 5.75, 4.08, 3.30, 3.15, and 2.71 percent, respectively. Findings of this study can be applied in decision making regarding the construction size of the reservoirs. In addition, the results can be applied in developing other areas into detention ponds.

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14

Wium-Andersen, T., A. H. Nielsen, T. Hvitved-Jakobsen, and J. Vollertsen. "Heavy metals, PAHs and toxicity in stormwater wet detention ponds." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.075.

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Concentrations of 6 different heavy metals and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in stormwater runoff and in the pond water of two Danish wet detention ponds. The pond water samples were analyzed for toxic effects, using the algae Selenastrum capricornutum as a test organism. Stormwater and pond water from a catchment with light industry showed high levels of heavy metals, especially zinc and copper. The pond water showed high toxic effects and copper were found to be the main toxicant. Additionally, a large part of the copper was suspected to be complex bound, reducing the potential toxicity of the metal. Another catchment (residential) produced stormwater and pond water with moderate concentration of heavy metals. The pond water occasionally showed toxic effects but no correlation between heavy metals and toxicity was identified. PAHs concentrations were for both catchments low and no correlations between PAH concentrations in the pond and toxicity were found.

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15

Bentzen, T. R., T. Larsen, and M. R. Rasmussen. "Wind effects on retention time in highway ponds." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 11 (June 1, 2008): 1713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.267.

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The paper presents results from an experimental and numerical study of wind-induced flows and transportation patterns in highway wet detention ponds. The study presented here is part of a general investigation on road runoff and pollution in respect to wet detention ponds. The objective is to evaluate the quality of long term simulations based on historical rain series of the pollutant discharges from roads and highways. The idea of this paper is to evaluate the effects of wind on the retention time and compare the retention time for the situation of a spatial uniform wind shear stress with the situation of a “real” spatial non-uniform shear stress distribution on the surface of the pond. The result of this paper shows that wind plays a dominant role for the retention time and flow pattern. Furthermore, the results shows that the differences in retention time between the use of uniform and non-uniform wind field distributions are not significant to this study.

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16

Kim, Y., D. L. Giokas, P. G. Chung, and D. R. Lee. "Design of water hyacinth ponds for removing algal particles from waste stabilization ponds." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2004): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0818.

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In this study it was demonstrated that when water hyacinth ponds (WHPs) are used for polishing the effluent from waste stabilization ponds (WSPs), suspended solids (mostly algal particles) are efficiently separated, which also resulted in the reduction of insoluble forms of COD and nutrients. The high pH of the WSPs effluent was easily adjusted to 6-7 as it passed through the WHPs. However, the use of water hyacinth rapidly reduced dissolved oxygen at the first cell to less than three mg/L or very frequently to a level of anaerobic state. Reduction of suspended solids at the WHPs mainly depends on the detention time and pH. An empirical separation model incorporating the detention time and pH dependence was developed.

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17

Banerji, Shankha K., and Brent Ruess. "Evaluation of Waste Stabilization Pond Performance in Missouri and Kansas, U.S.A." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0124.

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Twenty waste stabilization ponds in Missouri and Kansas were evaluated as to their ability to meet the State effluent requirements. It was found that a large number of these ponds were violating the BOD or the suspended solids requirements on many occasions. The performance of these ponds did not correlate well with the traditional design parameters, such as BOD loading rates or mean hydraulic detention time. The use of multiple cells was also not found to be advantageous in all situations. Some of the pond design equations did not provide a valid method of estimating their performance. Effluent polishing methods are necessary to remove excess suspended solids during the critical summer months.

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18

Bruce N. Wilson and Billy J. Barfield. "Predicted and Observed Turbulence in Detention Ponds." Transactions of the ASAE 29, no. 5 (1986): 1300–1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30313.

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19

Yousef, Y. A., T. Hvitved-Jacobsen, J. Sloat, and Win Lindeman. "Sediment accumulation in detention or retention ponds." Science of The Total Environment 146-147 (May 1994): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90268-2.

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20

Zhoorov, Vladimir, and Dmitri Zhookov. "Tertiary Treatment of Wastewater in Biological Ponds." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 5 (September 1, 1991): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0110.

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Stabilization ponds for tertiary treatment of wastewater are characterised by low concentration of biomass and low rates of biodegradation processes.As in such condition the power requirements for effective mixing of the pond's content are 10–15 times superior to those necessitated by oxygen supply, it is sometimes considered that the introduction of artificial aeration into the pond's system is uneconomical. Nevertheless, analysis of the factors determining performance and efficiency of ponds shows that power requirement for aeration could be significantly increased by raising the oxidation capacity of the pond, while those for mixing purposes could be noticeably reduced by choosing the suitable equipment and appropriate manner of aeration. The first becomes possible through maintaining the highest concentration of biomass admissible from the standpoint of better separation of suspended solids from the effluent and by intensifying biochemical processes of treatment. The second is achievable by using intermittent aeration, dependent on the settleability of biomass, and suitable aerating equipment. This paper considers some analytical and practical aspects of such approach to the problem of determining detention time and capacity of an artificially aerated pond that could ensure required quality of the effluent expressed in terms of BOD and SS concentration parameters. All the main engineering features of this approach,such as the arrangement of a pond in three units(operated in series), two of which are aerated and the third one is designated for SS separation; the augmentation of pond's depth up to 5–6 m in order to reduce its surface area and, subsequently, the heat losses through it; the determination of biomass concentration on the basis of its settleability and of admissible SS concentration in the effluent; the employment of floating mechanical aerators designed to perform “ to and fro motion ” in its zone of influence, are reflected in a proposed series of equations, forming the method of calculation of aerated stabilization ponds.

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21

Bishop, Christine A., John Struger, David R. Barton, Leonard J. Shirose, Lesley Dunn, Anthony L. Lang, and David Shepherd. "Contamination and Wildlife Communities in Stormwater Detention Ponds in Guelph and the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, 1997 and 1998 Part I — Wildlife Communities." Water Quality Research Journal 35, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 399–436. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2000.026.

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Abstract There is veiy little information about the wildlife utilization of Stormwater detention ponds although such ponds often self-seed into wetland habitats. To inventory wildlife utilizing Stormwater ponds, a study was performed in 1997 and 1998 of 15 Stormwater ponds and one natural wetland varying in age from 3 to 22 years in the Guelph and the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in Ontario, Canada. Seven of the Stormwater ponds were primarily open water with the aquatic vegetation accounting for less than 50% of the surface area. However, 90% of the surface area of four ponds was covered in aquatic vegetation. The surface area of those ponds covered with vegetation was positively correlated with total organic carbon and copper concentrations in sediment Invertebrate populations in the Stormwater ponds were often dominated by a single taxon. The most abundant benthic animals were tubificid worms or chironomidae. The number of taxa in sweep-net samples ranged from 4 to 25 and correlated positively with the age of the pond and total organic carbon in sediment The number of taxa in the benthos correlated negatively with oil and grease concentrations in sediment The range in number of amphibian species was one to seven in Guelph and zero to four in the GTA. In total, 40 species of birds were observed in the GTA ponds and 71 species were observed in the Guelph ponds during April to November 1997. A mean of 1.6 to 1.7 bird species was observed per survey at Stormwater ponds in Guelph and the GTA. The number of species of amphibians and birds did not correlate with water quality, sedimentology, contaminant concentration, percentage of surface area of the pond covered with plants, or any benthic community parameter measured. Four species of reptiles and eight species of mammals were noted at or adjacent to the Stormwater ponds and six species of fish were found in the ponds. We concluded that wildlife made use of the ponds, but species richness at almost all sites was low to moderate indicating that the ponds did not provide high quality habitat for wildlife

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22

Carpenter, Jason Faber, Bertrand Vallet, Geneviève Pelletier, Paul Lessard, and Peter A. Vanrolleghem. "Pollutant removal efficiency of a retrofitted stormwater detention pond." Water Quality Research Journal 49, no. 2 (December 17, 2013): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2013.020.

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The objectives of this study were to characterize the stormwater runoff for a residential catchment, evaluate the present detention pond removal efficiency for different pollutants, and evaluate how its efficiency can be increased by controlling the pond stormwater retention time. The analysed pollutants were total suspended solids (TSS), total metals and ammonia. Runoff pollutant concentrations were generally found to agree with literature for the small residential catchment. The design of the original pond was such that low retention times of most analysed pollutants occurred, causing a lower than expected removal efficiency when compared to similar types of ponds. The retrofitting of the pond consisted of adding a sluice gate at the outlet in order to retain stormwater for longer periods of time. The retrofit allowed drastic improvement of the removal efficiency for TSS, NH3-N and zinc, from 39 to 90%, 10 to 84%, and 20 to 42%, respectively.

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23

Rad, Saeed, Supiah Shamsudin, Mohd Raihan Taha, and Shamsuddin Shahid. "Tropical stormwater nutrient degradation using nano-TiO2 in photocatalytic reactor detention pond." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 2 (September 29, 2015): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.465.

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The photo-degradation of nutrients in stormwater in photocatalytic reactor wet detention pond using nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) in concrete was investigated in a scale model as a new stormwater treatment method. Degradation of phosphate and nitrate in the presence of nano-TiO2 under natural ultra violet (UV) from tropical sunlight was monitored for 3 weeks compared with normal ponds. Two types of cement, including ordinary Portland and white cement mixed with TiO2 nano powder, were used as a thin cover to surround the body of the pond. Experiments with and without the catalyst were carried out for comparison and control. Average Anatase diameter of 25 nm and Rutile 100 nm nano particles were applied at three different mixtures of 3, 10 and 30% weight. The amounts of algae available orthophosphate and nitrate, which cause eutrophication in the ponds, were measured during the tests. Results revealed that the utilization of 3% up to 30% weight nano-TiO2 can improve stormwater outflow quality by up to 25% after 48 h and 57% after 3 weeks compared with the control sample in normal conditions with average nutrient (phosphate and nitrate) removal of 4% after 48 h and 10% after 3 weeks.

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24

Burtchett, Jade M., Michael A. Mallin, and Lawrence B. Cahoon. "Micro-zooplankton grazing as a means of fecal bacteria removal in stormwater BMPs." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 11 (March 24, 2017): 2702–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.170.

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A priority for environmental managers is control of stormwater runoff pollution, especially fecal microbial pollution. This research was designed to determine if fecal bacterial grazing by micro-zooplankton is a significant control on fecal bacteria in aquatic best management practices (BMPs); if grazing differs between a wet detention pond and a constructed wetland; and if environmental factors enhance grazing. Both 3-day grazing tests and 24-h dilution assays were used to determine grazing differences between the two types of BMP. Micro-zooplankton grazing was a stronger bacteria removal mechanism in stormwater wetlands rich in aquatic vegetation compared to a standard wet detention pond, although grazing was important in detention ponds as well. Our experiments indicated that the majority of grazers that fed on fecal bacteria were <20 μm in size. Grazing rates were positively correlated with fecal coliform abundance and increased water temperatures. Enumeration of grazers demonstrated that protozoans were significantly more abundant among wetland vegetation than in open water, and open wetland waters contained more flagellates and dinoflagellates than open wet detention pond waters. Grazing on fecal bacteria in BMPs is enhanced by aquatic vegetation, and grazing in aquatic BMPs in warmer climates should be greater than in cooler climates.

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25

Birkinshaw, Stephen J., and Vladimir Krivtsov. "Evaluating the Effect of the Location and Design of Retention Ponds on Flooding in a Peri-Urban River Catchment." Land 11, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081368.

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In order to reduce the flooding risk in urban and peri-urban river catchments, retention ponds or wet detention ponds are often used. However, there has been little work that uses distributed hydrological modeling to consider their optimum location and design in order to reduce the flood risk in a river catchment. This work considers two existing and two potential ponds in the 22.8 km2 Braid Burn catchment, Edinburgh, Scotland. Using the Shetran physically based distributed hydrological model, the effect of these ponds on the river discharges for eight measured rainfall events and two design rainfall events is considered. The results show the larger Blackford pond is best at reducing the peak discharge at the catchment outlet. The other three ponds are designed to be almost the same. The potential pond in the upper part of the catchment reduces the peak discharge at the outlet; the pond in the middle at Oxgangs makes little difference to the peak discharge, while the potential pond in the lower part of the catchment increases the peak discharge at the outlet. These results show that when considering flood risk, the location of a retention pond within a river catchment is important, and it can make the flooding worse at the outlet if it is located in the wrong location. This work suggests the pond should be located in the upper part of the catchment, although the ideal location will depend on the catchment’s shape and lag time.

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26

Bentzen, T. R. "3D modelling of transport, deposition and resuspension of highway deposited sediments in wet detention ponds." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.363.

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The paper presents results from an experimental and numerical study of flows and transport of primarily particle bound pollutants in highway wet detention ponds. The study presented here is part of a general investigation on road runoff and pollution in respect to wet detention ponds. The objective is to evaluate the quality of long term simulation based on historical rains series of the pollutant discharges from roads and highways. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and mud transport model is used for the investigation. The transport model has been calibrated and validated on e.g. experiments in a 30 m long concrete channel with width of 0.8 m and a water depth of approximately 0.8 m and in circular flume experiments in order to reproduce near-bed specific processes such as resuspension and consolidation. With a fairly good agreement with measurements, modelling of hydrodynamics, transport of dissolved pollutants and particles in wet detention ponds is possible with application of a three dimensional RANS model and the advection/dispersion equation taken physical phenomena like wind, waves, deposition, erosion and consolidation of the bottom sediment into account.

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27

Birkinshaw, Stephen J., Chris Kilsby, Greg O’Donnell, Paul Quinn, Russell Adams, and Mark E. Wilkinson. "Stormwater Detention Ponds in Urban Catchments—Analysis and Validation of Performance of Ponds in the Ouseburn Catchment, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK." Water 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 2521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182521.

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The impact of stormwater drainage and detention ponds on flooding is assessed using statistical analysis and physically based computer simulation of a 45-year case study for a peri-urban catchment. In 1978, the 54 km2 Ouseburn catchment in Newcastle upon Tyne was impacted by the connection of a new 2.1 km2 residential development, directly to the Ouseburn River, via a stormwater drain, which reduced the time to peak and increased flood risk. Further residential developments of 1.6 km2 have been built since 2004, again with separated sewer systems, but this time linked to stormwater detention ponds before draining into the Ouseburn River. Detailed analysis of the data, confirmed with computer simulation, shows that in contrast with the 1978 intervention, these new developments had only a minimal effect on the flows in the Ouseburn River, in fact achieving a small reduction in peak flows for large events. This study assesses the post-construction efficiency of such systems, and we show that the stormwater detention ponds are working as designed.

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28

Moore, J. A., S. M. Skarda, and R. Sherwood. "Wetland Treatment of Pulp Mill Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0201.

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Ten wetland ponds, each 1430 m2 (1/3 acre) in area are being utilized to evaluate the treatment of wastewater from a pulp mill. The ponds are being operated at a depth of 46 cm (18″) and detention times are 2 and 10 days. Six of the ponds have been planted to cattails (Typha latifolia) and three to bulrush (Scirpus acutus). One of the ponds is filled with large (150 mm) stone to compare a subsurface non-plant system. In 24 stock tanks, 8 aquatic plant species (Cattail, Hardstem Bulrush, Bolander's Rush, Common Spike Rush, Water Mannagrass, Beaked Sedge, Water Parsley and Yellow Pond Lily) are being grown to evaluate the effect of plants in the wetland treatment of wastewater. These same species are being evaluated in a larger area for competitiveness and hardiness in the wastewater. The ponds were planted in the winter of 1990/91. Results of this work on treatment of biochemical oxygen demand, solids and colour removal will be reported. Removals are in the range of 55%, 70% and less than 5% for the three parameters, respectively.

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29

Barzily, Ahuva, and Yehuda Kott. "Survival of Pathogenic Bacteria in Elevated Temperature Oxidation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0012.

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Oxidation ponds are commonly used as an inexpensive method for wastewater treatment. The overall treatment results are measured in terms of pH, oxygen concentration, number and type of algae, and order of magnitude of coliform bacteria reduction. It is often found that pond water temperatures, especially in the summer, reach levels which cause a rapid die-off of pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of the current study was to follow the die-off of pathogenic bacteria in an elevated temperature experimental oxidation pond. Raw wastewater was pumped from a suburban main sewer to the Environmental Engineering Department's pilot plant installations and was introduced daily into two experimental oxidation ponds to give a detention time of 10 - 12 days. One pond was held at 42 - 45°C whilst the other served as a control at ambient temperatures. Salmonellatyphimurium was introduced daily into the two ponds. In another set of experiments, the Salmonella were kept in dialysis bags placed in the ponds. The dialysis bags were filled with saline, control pond effluent, or raw wastewater. The results showed that it is very difficult to isolate the bacteria from the pond effluent. The number of Salmonella bacteria in the dialysis bags in the elevated temperature pond decreased by a few orders of magnitude within days. The Salmonella in the control pond survived for longer. It is thought that the high temperature and adverse environmental conditions caused the rapid die-off of the bacteria in the elevated temperature pond. Taking into account the fact that the numbers of the various pathogenic bacteria in nature are much smaller than the numbers introduced into the experimental ponds, it is thought that effluents from oxidation ponds operating at temperatures in the range 40 - 45°C will not contain any pathogenic bacteria.

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30

do Nascimento Batista, José Anderson. "Closed Formulas for Design of Combined Detention Ponds." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 26, no. 3 (March 2021): 06021002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0002073.

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31

Chen, Jieyun, and Barry J. Adams. "Urban Stormwater Quality Control Analysis with Detention Ponds." Water Environment Research 78, no. 7 (July 2006): 744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143005x72939.

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32

Mallin, Michael A., Scott H. Ensign, Tracey L. Wheeler, and David B. Mayes. "Pollutant Removal Efficacy of Three Wet Detention Ponds." Journal of Environment Quality 31, no. 2 (2002): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.0654.

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33

Mallin, Michael A., Scott H. Ensign, Tracey L. Wheeler, and David B. Mayes. "Pollutant Removal Efficacy of Three Wet Detention Ponds." Journal of Environmental Quality 31, no. 2 (March 2002): 654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.6540.

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34

Guo, Yiping. "Hydrologic Design of Urban Flood Control Detention Ponds." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 6, no. 6 (December 2001): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2001)6:6(472).

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35

Rodrigues, A. M., and J. F. Santos Oliveira. "Treatment of Wastewaters from the Tomato Concentrate Industry in High Rate Algal Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0187.

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High rate algal ponds are an important process of biological treatment used either for domestic sewage or food industries effluents and to produce single cell proteins. The results refer to the efficiency of treatment of wastewaters from the tomato concentrate industry and determination of the chemical composition of “Albazod” (microbial biomass) harvested in a pilot system of high rate algal ponds installed in the Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, at Monte da Caparica. Depending on the detention time and period of the year, the following removal efficiencies were obtained: COD 68.1 – 94.6%; TOD 57.6 – 85.0%; N-NH4+ 89.4 – 96.2%; colour 29.6 – 91.7% and turbidity 37.2 – 92.7%. Albazod separated from the effluent has a high nutritive value for low detention times (crude protein values of 31.50% and 30.75% dry matter for 4 days and 5 days of detention time, respectively). The highest productivity value was 30.82 g of dry matter/m2/day and was obtained for a detention time of 4 days.

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36

Dan'azumi, Salisu, Supiah Shamsudin, and Azmi Aris. "Optimization of pollution control performance of wet detention ponds in tropical urban catchments using particle swarm optimization." Journal of Hydroinformatics 15, no. 2 (December 13, 2012): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2012.206.

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Wet detention ponds are the best management systems for the control of urban stormwater. The objective of this study is to develop optimum pollution control performance of wet detention ponds using an analytical probabilistic model (APM) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). An urban catchment, in a tropical region, was selected as a case study and APM parameters were developed using long-term rainfall data. Firstly, the active storage was kept constant while the permanent pool was varied and PSO simulations conducted. Secondly, PSO simulations were conducted, keeping the permanent pool constant and varying the active storage. The pollution control increased with increasing detention time, reached a peak value and thereafter declined. However, the pollution control was more sensitive to permanent pool than active storage as higher pollution control is attained at a shorter time using the former. The PSO captures the optimum detention time and the corresponding peak pollution control performance by five iterations and the computational time required for the PSO is much shorter than the APM which has to be exhaustively enumerated. The optimum detention time in tropical climates is found to be shorter than temperate regions and recommendations given in existing literature cannot be applied to tropical regions.

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37

Bishop, Christine A., John Struger, Leonard J. Shirose, Lesley Dunn, and G. Douglas Campbell. "Contamination and Wildlife Communities in Stormwater Detention Ponds in Guelph and the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, 1997 and 1998 Part II — Contamination and Biological Effects of Contamination." Water Quality Research Journal 35, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 437–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2000.027.

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Abstract Due to concerns that wildlife may be attracted to Stormwater detention ponds and would be exposed to contaminants accumulating in these ponds, a field study of 15 Stormwater ponds and one natural wetland in Guelph and the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, was performed in 1997 and 1998. At 9 of 16 sites, copper levels in water exceeded the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines (CWQGs) for the protection of aquatic life. Canadian Water Quality Guidelines were also exceeded by average water concentrations for lead at four sites, for zinc at three sites, for chromium at seven sites, and turbidity at ten sites. At the natural wetland, only turbidity levels exceeded the CWQGs. Sediments from all ponds contained concentrations of at least one contaminant that exceeded the “lowest effects level” (LED of the Guidelines for the Protection and Management of Aquatic Sediment in Ontario. Stormwater pond sediments contained concentrations exceeding provincial sediment quality guidelines at the LEL for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (g-bhc), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP), turbidity, oil and grease, total PAHs, chromium, zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and arsenic. Concentrations of g-bhc, TKN, TP, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc and arsenic in the sediment of the natural wetland also exceeded the LEL. Sediments at one site exceeded the provincial guideline at the severe effect level for chromium. Concentrations of lead, zinc, cadmium and total PAHs in sediments were correlated with the age of the ponds. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs were low (<0.08 µg/g wet weight) in pump-kinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) collected from two ponds in Guelph. Red-winged blackbird [Agelaius phoeniceus) eggs from two ponds in Toronto contained up to 1130 ng/g pp’DDE and up to 670 ng/g total PCBs. Those concentrations were much higher than in a reference site, but an order of magnitude below concentrations associated with health effects in songbirds. Among four Stormwater ponds and one natural wetland in Guelph, there was statistically lower hatching success of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) eggs, and larvae took longer to metamorphose into frogs at two Stormwater ponds. Statistically fewer tadpoles survived to metamorphosis at one Stormwater pond. We conclude that Stormwater ponds do not offer clean ecosystems for wildlife and the monitoring of contamination and its effects within Stormwater ponds is necessary.

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38

Qin, D., P. J. Bliss, D. Barnes, and P. A. FitzGerald. "Bacterial (Total Coliform) Die-Off in Maturation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 7-9 (April 1, 1991): 1525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0606.

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A mathematical model of bacterial (total coliform) die-off in maturation ponds was developed based on first order kinetics. Laboratory single factor and dynamic model pond tests were carried out, using effluent from a municipal trickling filter wastewater treatment plant. Correlations were found between two groups of factors which were found to have a significant effect on the first order rate coefficient: the environmental factors, temperature, pH and organic loading; and the illumination-related factors, sunlight intensity, depth, algal concentration and turbidity. These correlations were used in the model along with the physical configuration factors, dimensions (depth, width and length), detention time and dispersion number and a calibrated dispersion model. Predictions of the bacterial die-off using the model agreed well with experimental results obtained from the dynamic model pond tests.

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39

Hanaeus, Jorgen. "Swedish field experiences with chemical precipitation in stabilization ponds." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-005.

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Historically, sewage treatment in Sweden shows a development towards the construction and use of package plants. These package plants, however, present several problems associated with flow and temperature.Year-long studies of chemical precipitation using slaked lime in stabilization ponds have demonstrated an overall reduction of organic matter (as COD (chemical oxygen demand)) of about 75% to a level somewhat below 100 mg/L, and a reduction of total phosphorus of 90% to approximately 0.7 mg/L as P. These values were reached under ordinary operating plant conditions. No efforts to optimize the process were made. Chemical precipitation treatment using slaked lime has shown good bacterial reduction at the high pH values obtained.Two tracer studies using Rhodamine B dye have demonstrated the appearance of strong short-circuiting flows in pond systems and the inserting of simple baffle walls in the pond has been recommended. Dewatering the sludge in the ponds by natural freezing has proven to be an excellent process, as the time for collecting sludge can be chosen almost arbitrarily during the year.The lack of design guidelines, especially with respect to detention time, is rather obvious. The conventionally used design criteria for pond surface area design have proven to be inadequate. Key words: sewage treatment, stabilization ponds, chemical precipitation, phosphorus removal, tracer, sludge treatment.

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40

Janke, Benjamin D., Jacques C. Finlay, Vinicius J. Taguchi, and John S. Gulliver. "Hydrologic processes regulate nutrient retention in stormwater detention ponds." Science of The Total Environment 823 (June 2022): 153722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153722.

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41

Guo, Yiping, and Barry J. Adams. "Analysis of detention ponds for storm water quality control." Water Resources Research 35, no. 8 (August 1999): 2447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900124.

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42

Gaborit, E., F. Anctil, G. Pelletier, and P. A. Vanrolleghem. "Exploring forecast-based management strategies for stormwater detention ponds." Urban Water Journal 13, no. 8 (July 10, 2015): 841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2015.1057172.

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43

Easly, D. H., and Y. K. Tung. "Evaluation of flow probabilities in run-off detention ponds." Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics 2, no. 3 (September 1988): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01550844.

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44

Mobley, John T., and Teresa B. Culver. "Design of Outlet Control Structures for Ecological Detention Ponds." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 140, no. 2 (February 2014): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000266.

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45

Van Meter, Robin J., Christopher M. Swan, and Joel W. Snodgrass. "Salinization alters ecosystem structure in urban stormwater detention ponds." Urban Ecosystems 14, no. 4 (May 24, 2011): 723–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-011-0180-9.

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46

Wang, Jun, and Yiping Guo. "Stochastic analysis of storm water quality control detention ponds." Journal of Hydrology 571 (April 2019): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.02.001.

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47

Jeon, Seol, Siyeon Kim, Moonyoung Lee, Heejin An, Kichul Jung, Myoung-Jin Um, Kyungjin An, and Daeryong Park. "Insights into the Pollutant Removal Performance of Stormwater Green Infrastructures: A Case Study of Detention Basins and Retention Ponds." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 10104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910104.

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The quality of water has deteriorated due to urbanization and the occurrence of urban stormwater runoff. To solve this problem, this study investigated the pollutant reduction effects from the geometric and hydrological factors of green infrastructures (GIs) to more accurately design GI models, and evaluated the factors that are required for such a design. Among several GIs, detention basins and retention ponds were evaluated. This study chose the inflow, outflow, total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), watershed area, GI area (bottom area in detention basins and permanent pool surface area in retention ponds), and GI volume (in both detention basins and retention ponds) for analysis and applied both ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and multiple linear regression (MLR). The geometric factors do not vary within each GI, but there may be a bias due to the number of stormwater events. To solve this problem, three methods that involved randomly extracting data with a certain range and excluding outliers were applied to the models. The accuracies of these OLS and MLR models were analyzed through the percentage bias (PBIAS), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR). The results of this study suggest that models which consider the influent concentration combined with the hydrological and GI geometric parameters have better correlations than models that consider only a single parameter.

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48

Milovanović, Ivan, Vojtěch Bareš, Annelie Hedström, Inga Herrmann, Tomas Picek, Jiri Marsalek, and Maria Viklander. "Enhancing stormwater sediment settling at detention pond inlets by a bottom grid structure (BGS)." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.101.

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Abstract Stormwater sediments of various sizes and densities are recognised as one of the most important stormwater quality parameters that can be conventionally controlled by settling in detention ponds. The bottom grid structure (BGS) is an innovative concept proposed in this study to enhance removal of stormwater sediments entering ponds and reduce sediment resuspension. This concept was studied in a hydraulic scale model with the objective of elucidating the effects of the BGS geometry on stormwater sediment trapping. Towards this end, the BGS cell size and depth, and the cell cross-wall angle were varied for a range of flow rates, and the sediment trapping efficiency was measured in the model. The main value of the observed sediment trapping efficiencies, in the range from 13 to 55%, was a comparative assessment of various BGS designs. In general, larger cells (footprint 10 × 10 cm) were more effective than the smaller cells (5 × 5 cm), the cell depth exerted small influence on sediment trapping, and the cells with inclined cross-walls proved more effective in sediment trapping than the vertical cross-walls. However, the BGS with inclined cross-walls would be harder to maintain. Future studies should address an optimal cell design and testing in an actual stormwater pond.

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49

Pereira Souza, Fernanda, Maria Elisa Leite Costa, and Sergio Koide. "Hydrological Modelling and Evaluation of Detention Ponds to Improve Urban Drainage System and Water Quality." Water 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081547.

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Paranoá Lake is an urban lake and it is being used as a source for urban water supply since last year. Until 1990, algal blooms occurred and improvements on wastewater treatment plants carried out improved the water quality very rapidly due to phosphorus load reduction. Recently, water quality is deteriorating, which is probably due to diffuse pollution. In Brazil, we adopt separated pipe networks for sewage and stormwaters, although cross flows occur. The evaluation of urban drainage stormwaters entering the lake and proposition of technical alternatives is crucial in minimizing the impacts on lake water quality. Quantitative and qualitative behavior of urban stormwaters were analyzed by means of monitoring the runoff flows and pollutant concentrations. Mathematical modelling while using the Storm Water Management Model—SWMM was carried out, and good correlations were found for flow modelling. However, poor response was achieved for water quality simulations, affecting the simulated pollutant loads entering the lake. The simulation of 13 alternatives for detention ponds location was also evaluated, as well as their influences on flow damping capability. The detention ponds that were tested were placed in line in the drainage mains to study the effects of their location on the removal of pollutants. As expected, the results showed that ponds located near the outfall are more efficient in reducing flow peaks. However, this layout requires construction woks in areas that are more sensitive to environmental and urbanistic problems and with higher land commercial values. Alternatives with smaller volumes in public areas near the center of the catchment area can lead to the peak flow damping required by the existing drainage network to avoid overflows. In conclusion, detention ponds can be a good alternative for improving the stormwater quantity and quality, but also alternatives that promote increased infiltration, should also be considered for compensating the infiltration lost due to urbanization.

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50

Lundberg, Karin, Maria Carling, and Per Lindmark. "Treatment of highway runoff: a study of three detention ponds." Science of The Total Environment 235, no. 1-3 (September 1999): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00236-3.

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